CN101374424A - 食品或饮料及其制造方法 - Google Patents
食品或饮料及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101374424A CN101374424A CNA2007800033361A CN200780003336A CN101374424A CN 101374424 A CN101374424 A CN 101374424A CN A2007800033361 A CNA2007800033361 A CN A2007800033361A CN 200780003336 A CN200780003336 A CN 200780003336A CN 101374424 A CN101374424 A CN 101374424A
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Abstract
本发明提供一种使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料的、含有从原料提取的一种以上成分的食品或饮料的制造方法,上述制造方法包含以下工序:将原料冷冻;将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎;然后将粉碎物浸泡在溶剂中提取一种以上的原料成分。粉碎工序中的温度优选控制在可从原料提取的香气成分、色素或精油的脆化温度以下。根据本发明的制造方法,可使所得到的食品或饮料中充分含有果实、蔬菜中含有的所希望的成分。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及使用由果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类及茶组成的组中选出的一种以上作为原料的食品或饮料的制造方法。本发明特别涉及包含将冷冻状态的原料进行粉碎的工序的食品或饮料的制造方法。
背景技术
为了将原料的特征体现在最终产品中,对作为食品或饮料的原料使用的果实等,在制备和处理上下了种种功夫。例如,作为不失果实具有的新鲜、清新的芳香且具有不产生因加热而生成的次生芳香的自然风味的蒸馏酒、浸泡酒的制造方法,有文献探讨了将新鲜果实浸泡于适当浓度的酒精水溶液中,并将所得到的酒精提取液用适当的减压度减压蒸馏后收集蒸馏液的方法(参照专利文献1)。还有不将果汁进行减压浓缩(加热),而直接通过冷冻后获得,使其不损失原料果汁的新鲜度的产品。
另外,虽不以作为酒精饮料的原料而使用为目的,但为了供给不损伤风味、色泽、可一年四季稳定供应的原料,还有文献探讨了将柿子用液氮冷冻,用低温粉碎机粉碎、真空冷冻干燥后粉末化的技术(参照专利文献2)。
专利文献1:日本特开2002-125653
专利文献2:日本特开昭61-166353
发明内容
但是,通过本发明者们研究发现,在这些技术中,很难充分赋予目的食品或饮料所期望的香味。本发明的课题在于提供具有期望香味的食品、饮料,本发明者们反复进行锐意研究的结果,发现在通过冷冻粉碎法将果实等进行粉末化提取出必要成分的情况下,不仅果实等部位的选择(采用果实整体等)、前处理、冷冻温度、粉碎处理物的粒径、提取条件,而且粉碎时的温度控制也很重要。即,本发明者们发现了冷冻后的果实由于粉碎时的温度不同、用于粉碎所需要的力也不同,另外果实等本身以及来自果实等的成分及精油等具有固有的脆化温度,因此通过控制粉碎时的温度,可以调整从粉碎物中提取的成分,从而完成了本发明。
即,本发明提供
(1)使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料的、含有从原料提取的一种以上成分的食品或饮料的制造方法,上述制造方法包含以下工序:
将原料冷冻;
将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎;然后
将粉碎物浸泡在溶剂中提取一种以上的原料成分。
(2)使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料的原料粉碎物的制造方法,上述制造方法包含以下工序:
将原料冷冻;
将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎。
(3)使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料的原料成分的提取方法,上述提取方法包含以下工序:
将原料冷冻;
将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎;然后
将粉碎物浸泡在溶剂中提取一种以上的原料成分。
以及
(4)一种含有柑橘类果实在-196℃~-135℃下的粉碎物的15%~100%酒精提取物的食品或饮料。
根据本发明,只要通过控制原料的粉碎温度来选择粉碎物的性质进行提取,就可以调节香味成分或组成,可以提供具有各种香味的食品或饮料。
本发明的说明书中所述的“果实”,除特殊情况外,包括仁果类、准仁果类(柑橘类等)、核果类、浆果类的果实,除此而外,还包括果菜类中在市场上作为果实看待的果实(例如草莓、西瓜、哈密瓜)。可只使用一种,也可多种组合使用。
本发明中,柑橘类果实可优选使用例如柠檬、西柚(grapefruit)(白肉型、红肉型)、酸橙(Lime)、橙子类(脐橙、伏令夏橙(valencia orange))、温州蜜柑、橘橙(tangor)、夏橙、甜夏橙(Citrus natsudaidai Hayata)、八朔柑(Citrus hassaku)、日向夏(Citrus tamurana hort.ex T.Tanaka)、扁实柠檬(Citrus depressa)、酸橘(Citrus sudachi)、柚子(Citrus junos)、香母醋(Citrus sphaerocarpa)、代代酸橙(Citrus aurantium)、伊予柑(Citrusiyo)、碰柑(Citrus reticulata)、金橘(Fortunella japonica)、三宝柑(Citrussulcata)、奥兰柚(Oroblanco)、文旦(Citrus grandis)。另外,核果类果实,可优选使用例如杏(apricot)、樱桃、梅子(Prunus mume)、李子类(日本李、欧洲李(prune))、桃类(桃子、油桃、黄桃);浆果类果实,可优选使用例如葡萄(麝香葡萄、雷司令葡萄、玫瑰露葡萄(Delawaregrape)、巨峰)、草莓。且可优选使用香蕉。而且可优选使用黑莓、蓝莓、树莓、鹅莓(别名西洋醋栗(Ribes grossularia L.))、石榴、苹果、梨类(日本梨、中国梨、西洋梨)、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)、猕猴桃、菠萝、西番莲(passion fruit)、西印度樱桃(acerola)、荔枝、哈密瓜、西瓜。其他例如木通(Akebia quinata)、凤梨释迦(atemoya)、鳄梨、无花果、橄榄、柿子、非洲角瓜(Cucumis metuliferus Naudin)、番石榴、胡颓子、椰子、杨桃(别名Star fruit)、橘柚(tangelo)、番荔枝、榴莲、枣、椰枣、蓝靛果忍冬(Lonicera caerulea L.var.emphyllocalyx Nakai)、番木瓜、火龙果、枇杷(Japanese loquat)、龙眼、香肉果(Casimiroa edulis)、香瓜(oriental melon)、榅桲、芒果、山竺、杨梅(bayberry)。
本发明的说明书中所述的“蔬菜”,包括叶茎菜类、果菜类(但除去市场上作为果实看待的蔬菜)、花菜类、根菜类。还包括紫苏、姜、辣椒、药草(具有药效的植物。例如薄荷、柠檬香茅、香菜、意大利香芹、迷迭香、罗勒、甘菊、木槿、玫瑰果、木天蓼、草木瓜)、山嵛菜、山椒、树皮(松、橡树、杨梅等的树皮)、芦荟等。可只使用一种,也可多种组合使用。本发明中可优选使用西红柿、芹菜、胡萝卜、欧芹、菠菜、水田芥、甜椒、生菜、圆白菜、甜菜、姜类(姜、带叶姜)、紫苏(绿紫苏、红紫苏)、玉米、羽衣甘蓝。
本发明的说明书中所述的“豆”,包括咖啡豆、可可豆、大豆(黄豆、青豆、黑豆)、小豆(大纳言、中纳言、少纳言、白小豆)、菜豆(虎豆、手芒豆、金时豆、鹌鹑豆)、蚕豆、豇豆、豌豆(谷实豌豆、嫩豌豆)、蔓小豆(Vigna angularis var.nipponensis)、鹰嘴豆、红花菜豆(Phaseoluscoccineus)。本发明中可以使用整粒、脱皮的豆、生豆、干燥豆、加热的豆(例如煮过的豆)、发酵豆中的任何一种。
本发明的说明书中的“种子”,除特殊情况外,是指植物的种子或坚果类的果实中成为食用的物质。其中包括芝麻、罂粟籽、栗子、核桃、落花生、杏仁、腰果、榛子、澳洲坚果、美洲山核桃、椰子、巴西坚果、开心果(pistachio)、白果、松籽、甜栎子(sweet acorn)、娑罗子(aesculusturbinata seed)、莲子、菱角(water chestnut)、南瓜籽、西瓜籽、向日葵籽、枸杞子、橄榄仁、爱玉子(Ficus awkeotsang Makino)。
本发明的说明书中的“蘑菇”,除特殊情况外,是指菌类中产生大型子实体的菌。本发明可适用蘑菇中成为食用的物质,其中包括香菇、松口蘑、柳松菇(Agrocybe cylindracea(DC.:Fr.)Maire)、姬菇类(真姬离褶伞(Lyophyllum shimeji)、真姬菇(Hypsizigus marmoreus(Peck)Bigelow)、荷叶离褶伞(Lyophyllum decastes))、金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)、侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus(Jacq.:Fr.)Kummer)、杏鲍菇、灰树花(grifolafrondosa)、白黄侧耳、黑鲍菇、双孢蘑菇(white mushroom,agaricusbisporus)、洋蘑菇、黑木耳、灵芝。
本发明的说明书中的“藻类”,除特殊情况外,是指淡水或海水中生长繁殖的植物。本发明可适用藻类中成为食用的物质,其中包括海蕴、石花菜(Gelidiaceae)、羊栖菜、裙带菜(裙带菜梗、裙带菜根芽)、海带类(真海带(Laminaria japonica)、利尻海带(Laminaria ochotensis)、罗臼海带(rausu kombu)、三石海带(mitsuishi kombu))、海莴苣、青海苔(greenlaver)、紫菜(Porphyra sp.)、黑海带(Eisenia bicyclis)、岩海苔、牛毛石花菜(Campylaephora hypnaeoides)、真江蓠(Gracilaria vermiculophylla)、河海苔(Prsiola japonica)、水前寺海苔(Aphanothece sacrum)、鸡冠海苔(Meristotheca papulosa)、布海苔(Gloiopeltis)、回鱼蛋(海葡萄)、松藻。
本发明的说明书中的“茶”,是指以茶类为原料的茶叶、茶茎、茶籽等,其中包括发酵茶类的茶叶(乌龙茶叶、红茶叶)、绿茶类(玉露、煎茶、番茶、焙茶)的茶叶、桑叶、柿叶、决明的种子(Senna obtusifolia seed)(哈布茶原料)、竹叶、番石榴叶、大麦、薏苡(Job′s tears)、糙米、甘茶蔓(Gynostemma)。它们可以为干燥物、焙煎物。
此外,本发明的说明书中,关于本发明有时以果实为例进行说明,但除特殊情况外,此种说明也适用于蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类及茶。
根据本发明的制造方法,可在所得到的食品或饮料中充分发挥原料的自然香味,所以本发明中,可特别优选使用芳香良好,甜味、酸味、苦味等呈味非常协调的果实。由此观点来看,本发明中可优选使用香味好的柑橘类(特别是柠檬、西柚(白肉型、红肉型)、酸橙、橙子类(脐橙、伏令夏橙)、橘橙、夏橙、甜夏橙、八朔柑、日向夏、扁实柠檬、酸橘、柚子、香母醋、奥兰柚)。
此外,根据本发明的制造方法所得到的酒类中可含有果实、蔬菜中所含有的有效成分,例如维生素P。由此观点来看,本发明中可使用从富含维生素P的柑橘类(特别是柠檬、西柚、橘子、橙子)、杏、樱桃、黑莓、菠萝及番木瓜中选择的一种以上。维生素P是柑橘类中含有的色素(黄酮类)、荞麦中含有的芦丁等的类黄酮化合物的总称,包含具有以下结构的圣草次甙(Eriocitrin)
[化学式1]
以及具有以下结构的橙皮甙(Hesperidin)
[化学式2]
维生素P也有时称为“类黄酮”或“柠檬多酚”。
本发明的说明书中,与原料有关的果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类及茶,除特殊情况外,指含有汁液及固形成分的原料全部。此外,本发明的说明书中,与原料有关的“果汁”、“蔬菜汁”等,除特殊情况外,指经压榨等工序后预先得到的果实、蔬菜等的汁液,不包括作为使用原料全部的结果而使最终产品等中含有的果实、蔬菜等的汁液。
本发明的说明书中所述的“食品”包括加工食品,“饮料”中包括酒类、清凉饮料及果汁饮料、保健饮料。
本发明的说明书中所述的“酒类”,除特殊情况外,指含有酒精的饮料、或作为饮料的原料而使用的含有酒精的液体(有时也称作“原料酒”)。
本发明的说明书中所述的“酒精”,除特殊情况外,指饮用的酒精(乙醇、乙基醇),不只是纯酒精,还指含有酒精的可饮用液体和/或含有酒精的可用于食品制造的液体。此外,除特殊情况外,有关酒精的浓度“~%”与酒精度数同义,表示溶液100mL中含有的纯酒精的量(容积/容积)。
本发明的说明书中的“低酒精饮料”,除特殊情况外指含有低于9%酒精的饮料。
本发明使用的原料,在冷冻处理前和/或粉碎处理前,可以进行前处理。前处理包括分割、部位的选择或去除、预冷冻,以及它们的组合。对原料的大小无特别限制,只要可放入冷冻机和粉碎机即可,但为了尽可能用短时间冷冻,有时适于切成小块,为尽量不损伤且不使其暴露在空气中,有时又不适于切得太小。分割前进行预冷冻,可以防止果汁或成分的流出。原料可包含果皮及种子等整个使用,也可去除不可食部分、不含有效成分的部分和/或含有不需要的成分的部分。这样的部分去除可在冷冻前进行,也可在冷冻后、粉碎处理前进行。例如,使用柑橘类果实时,可将带果皮的整个果实在-4℃~-80℃下进行预冷冻,再分割成2~16份,或者切割成约1cm的小块后用于粉碎处理。另外,使用核果类果实时,可将包含果皮及种子的整个果实冷冻后直接用于粉碎处理。
本发明的冷冻处理,是为了通过冷冻原料使其固化,防止成分的劣化,在低温下充分且容易地进行粉碎处理而进行的。只要可以达到该目的,对冷冻机、冷冻方法无特别限定,空气冷冻法、鼓风冷冻法、接触式冷冻法、盐水冷冻法、液氮冷冻法等均可使用。从可快速冷冻的观点来看,优选使用液氮冷冻法。
另外,本发明的方法中,冷冻原料的粉碎处理在控制温度下进行。温度优选为了从原料得到与所需味道等相关的成分或成分组合物而能进行有效粉碎的温度,即对粉碎有效的温度。对粉碎有效的温度可以基于原料、或来自原料的成分或组合物的脆化温度而确定。温度的控制,可以将温度控制为处于特定的温度范围,也可以将温度控制为特定的温度以下(例如脆化温度以下)。
本发明的说明书中所述的“脆化温度(有时也称为脆化点)”,除特殊情况外,是指对象物在低温下迅速脆化(变成发脆、易被破坏)的温度。脆化温度可以使用高分子等实施的现有方法来确定。例如,如本发明的说明书的实施例13所示,将样品中心温度与破坏荷重用图表示,可以将破坏荷重降低最显著的温度确定为脆化温度。
本发明中,基于脆化温度,可以确定对粉碎有效的温度。所确定的温度,可以是脆化温度、某成分的脆化温度以下的温度、所有成分的脆化温度以下的温度、介于某成分的脆化温度和其他成分的脆化温度之间的温度。
对粉碎有效的温度优选是基于来自原料的香气成分、色素或精油的脆化温度而确定的温度。香气成分中含有柠檬烯,色素中含有叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色素、类黄酮。
在使用柑橘类果实的情况下,可以基于柠檬烯的脆化温度和/或柑橘类果实精油(例如柠檬精油、酸橙精油、西柚精油)的脆化温度来确定。作为脆化温度的示例,柠檬烯为-156℃,柠檬精油为-148℃、酸橙精油为-136℃、西柚精油为-143℃。
粉碎处理中,对粉碎机、粉碎方法均无特别限定,但由于粉碎时多伴有发热,为了确保粉碎处理在希望的控制温度(例如目标成分等的脆化温度以下的温度)下进行,优选使用具备温度控制功能的粉碎机。当在某种成分的脆化温度以下的温度下进行粉碎处理时,只要能将冷冻物保持在该温度以下,可以适当选择粉碎处理时的温度控制方法,例如,可以使用液氮这样的冷却介质。当粉碎处理中使用液氮时,与将原料冷冻至-196℃并进行粉碎时相比较,液氮的量通常可以为少量。
只要是能充分且容易地进行提取,对粉碎的程度无特别限定,但粉碎可进行到下述程度为止:用本领域使用的通常手段测定时,冷冻物的平均粒径为约1μm~约1000μm,优选为约1μm~约400μm,更优选为约1μm~约200μm,进一步优选为约1μm~约100μm。考虑到柠檬等柑橘类的细胞大小为10μm~50μm,外果皮(柑橘类水果的外皮)的储油囊为约250μm(市川收著《食品组织学》(东京光生馆)参照p239)(日语原名:市川収著「食品組織学」(東京光生館)p239参照),为了可充分利用精油等的细胞内成分,优选粉碎到平均粒径低于约50μm的程度,例如粉碎到约40μm或约30μm。另外,粉碎物可以为微粉碎物。此外,除特别情况外,本发明的说明书中通过粉碎处理得到的粉碎物的平均粒径称为中值粒径(对应于筛上分布曲线的50%的粒径。也叫中位径或50%粒径)。
由此得到的冷冻粉碎物可用于提取工序。冷冻粉碎物可直接用于提取工序,也可解冻形成糊状后用于提取工序。
实施提取处理时,使用适当的溶剂(例如酒精)对冷冻粉碎物进行提取。当使用酒精时,从可充分和/或均衡地提取目标水溶性成分和/或脂溶性成分,且从香味、稳定性、微生物控制等观点来看,使用的酒精浓度为约15%~约100%,优选为约25%~约60%。通过改变酒精浓度,可改变具有香味或功效的成分的种类或量。具体地说,使用果实(特别是柑橘类,尤其是柠檬)时,从使其充分具有香味的观点来看,酒精浓度可为约20%以上,优选为约30%以上,更优选为约40%以上;从使其不具有不受欢迎的呈味(例如苦味)及臭味(例如霉味)的观点来看,可为约60%以下,优选为约50%以下。另外,从重视透明性的观点来看,可选择使浊度为约120Helm以下的酒精浓度,使用果实(特别是柑橘类,尤其是柠檬)时,例如可为约15%~约50%,优选为约20%~约45%。为得到均衡性良好的产品,使用果实(特别是柑橘类,尤其是柠檬)时,酒精浓度例如可为约20%~约60%,优选为约30%~约50%,更优选为约40%。
使用的酒精可以是原料酒精,也可以是酒类。对制法无特别限定,可以是酿造酒、蒸馏酒、混合酒的任一种。对原料也无特别限定。用于浸泡提取的酒精可只使用一种,也可多种组合使用。
提取中可优选使用原料酒精、蒸馏酒、混合酒。蒸馏酒优选使用烧酒(可将米、薯类、麦、玉米、荞麦、红糖、糖蜜、椰枣、粗馏酒精等的任一种作为原料,也可为甲类、乙类的任一种)、伏特加、烈性酒,此外,还可使用威士忌、白兰地、杜松子酒、朗姆酒、龙舌兰酒等。
对于浸泡比和提取时间,可根据材料的种类、粉碎物的粒径、欲提取成分的种类、量及所需的提取效率等适当确定。对于浸泡比,一般来说,相对于1L酒精,冷冻粉碎物为约1g~约500g,优选为约5g~约300g,更优选为约10g~约200g。对于提取时间,一般来说,为约半天~数月,但柑橘类果实优选为约1天~约3天,梅子等核果类果实可为数月。
通过调整提取条件(例如提取时间、酒精度数、果实的量等),可调整香味、成分。因此,即使鲜果的品质等不稳定,也可在所得到的酒精浸泡物或使用此浸泡物的食品或饮料中保持稳定的品质。
从提取工序结束后的浸出液中,可直接得到酒精浸泡物,或过滤去除固形成分后得到酒精浸泡物。可使用本领域中以同样目的使用的通常手段进行过滤,例如使用硅藻土的方法。根据需要,所得到的酒精浸泡物也可用于蒸馏等的追加处理。
本发明的方法可减少来自原料的成分损失及氧化劣化等。此外,通过本发明的方法获得的食品或饮料可充分和/或均衡地含有所需成分,即使不补充香料、果汁等也可充分具有香味。而且令人惊奇的是,通过在基于脆化温度而确定的对粉碎有效的温度下粉碎冷冻物,除了容易进行粉碎以外,还可以进行目标成分的浓度、比例的调整。通过本发明的制造方法得到的食品或饮料,其香味等成分的劣化少,保存稳定性也很优异。此种食品或饮料是以往技术中没有的新型物质。因此,本发明还提供一种通过本发明的制造方法得到的食品或饮料。
本发明的食品或饮料,因可充分和/或均衡地含有所需成分,即使不补充香料、果汁等也能具有充分的香味,所以可不添加果汁、蔬菜汁以及香料、酸味剂、着色剂等的食品添加剂或只添加少量,即可获得香味十分优异的食品或饮料。此外,本发明的食品或饮料,由于是在基于脆化温度而确定的温度下对原材料进行冷冻微粉碎处理,因而可得到充分含有所需成分同时降低了不需要成分的食品或饮料。
不添加香料的低酒精饮料是本发明的优选形态之一。不添加香料,果汁为5%(容积/容积)以下,优选为3%以下,更优选为1.5%以下或不含有果汁且十分美味的低酒精饮料也是本发明的优选形态之一。另外,通过添加香料,可制成香味浓郁的低酒精饮料。
本发明的饮料或食品中,除酒类以外还包括果汁、蔬菜汁、碳酸饮料、保健饮料、果酱、糊状食品、果冻、冰淇淋、酸奶、口香糖、蛋糕、沙拉。
本发明的食品及饮料中,也可添加糖类、酸味剂。糖类例如可使用砂糖、果糖、葡萄糖及果葡糖浆等。酸味剂例如可使用柠檬酸、苹果酸、磷酸等。
附图说明
图1A是市售碳酸酒(CHU-HI)A的HPLC图。
图1B是市售碳酸酒(CHU-HI)B的HPLC图。图中,箭头表示圣草次甙的色谱峰(以下图中也相同)。
图1C是市售碳酸酒(CHU-HI)C的HPLC图。
图1D是实施例1的原料酒的HPLC图。
图1E是100ppm圣草次甙的HPLC图。
图2A是表示柠檬烯的脆化温度的图。
图2B是表示柠檬精油的脆化温度的图。
图2C是表示酸橙精油的脆化温度的图。
图2D是表示西柚精油的脆化温度的图。
图3A是针对实施例14中使用-160℃下的粉碎物的浸泡酒,利用GC分析得到的色谱图(前半部分)。
图3B是针对实施例14中使用-160℃下的粉碎物的浸泡酒,利用GC分析得到的色谱图(后半部分)。
图3C是针对实施例14中使用-60℃下的粉碎物的浸泡酒,利用GC分析得到的色谱图(前半部分)。
图3D是针对实施例14中使用-60℃下的粉碎物的浸泡酒,利用GC分析得到的色谱图(后半部分)。
实施例
实施例1 <柠檬冷冻粉碎浸泡酒的制造>
为了能放入后述的冷冻粉碎机,将新鲜柠檬果实切割成4块后,用-196℃液氮冷冻。将其放入冷冻粉碎机(Linrexmill;ホソカワミクロン(株)制造)中,通过在冷冻状态下粉碎,可得到粒径约为30μm的白色松散的粉末状冷冻粉碎物。另外,粒径的测定是将冷冻粉碎物用约20倍量的水稀释,用激光衍射式粒度分布测定装置(SALD-3100;株式会社岛津制作所)测定粒度分布。之后,将冷冻粉碎物浸泡于40%原料酒精中2天(100g/L)。将所得的浸泡液使用硅藻土过滤,除去固形成分,得到酒精40%的柠檬冷冻粉碎浸泡酒。
实施例2 <西柚冷冻粉碎浸泡酒的制造>
为了能放入冷冻粉碎机中,将新鲜的西柚果实切割成8块后,用-196℃液氮冷冻。将其放入冷冻粉碎机(参照实施例1)中,通过在冷冻状态下粉碎,可得到粒径约为50μm的白色松散的粉末状冷冻粉碎物。另外,粒径的测定与实施例1同样进行。之后,将冷冻粉碎物浸泡于40%原料酒精中2天(100g/L)。将所得的浸泡液使用硅藻土过滤,除去固形成分,得到酒精40%的西柚冷冻粉碎浸泡酒。
实施例3 <低酒精饮料的制造>
以用实施例1及实施例2得到的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒为原料酒,用下表的配量制造随即饮料(RTD)。
表1
表1 配量
使用了实施例1或实施例2的原料酒的RTD分别具有与以往的柠檬或西柚碳酸酒不同的清新及柔和的香味。
实施例4 <与以往产品的成分比较>
对于实施例1的原料酒、市售的碳酸酒A(柠檬果汁3%、酒精度数7%)、碳酸酒B(柠檬果汁10%、酒精度数7%)及碳酸酒C(柠檬果汁5%、酒精度数7%),使用HPLC进行分析。
前处理:
实施例1的原料酒直接用0.45μm过滤膜过滤,并使用所得到的上清液。市售的碳酸酒使用了下述处理后的产物:抽取10mL,用蒸发器浓缩10倍,再用0.45μm过滤膜过滤。
HPLC分析条件:
色谱柱:Develosil C30-UG-5(4.6φ×150mm)
洗脱条件:0→100%CH3CN、0.05%TFA/30分钟
检测:UV280nm
流速:1ml/分钟
进样量:10μL
结果如图1及下表所示。使用了实施例1原料酒的本发明的RTD中大量含有柠檬多酚。此外,与含有较多果汁成分的碳酸酒B相比,其杂质成分少。
表2
表2.柠檬多酚的含量
(ppm)
*相当于将实施例1的原料酒配成10%(v/v)
实施例5 <制法比较1>
比较使用了实施例1的原料酒的RTD、使用不进行冷冻粉碎而通过使用搅拌机粉碎得到的原料酒的RTD以及市售的碳酸酒B(参照实施例4)。RTD的制造:
与实施例1同样,不冷冻柠檬果实而直接用家庭用搅拌机进行粉碎。将粉碎物浸泡于40%原料酒精中2天后,过滤得到原料酒。分别使用在实施例1中得到的原料酒和此处得到的原料酒(比较例1),并用下表的配量制造RTD。
表3
表3.配量
冷冻粉碎RTD与搅拌机粉碎RTD相比,具有清新的香味。
强制劣化加速试验:
在50℃条件下,进行各自RTD的强制劣化加速试验。强制劣化后的RTD用于感官检查。
感官检查由4名专业评委用5分满分法进行。以各对照为5分(理想品质),未达到商品价值时为0分。结果如下表所示。
表4
表4.感官评分(4名专业评委的平均分)
经过冷冻粉碎处理的RTD与搅拌机粉碎的RTD和碳酸酒B相比,其香味的劣化少。这是因为通过冷冻粉碎,防止劣化的成分变得易被提取。
实施例6 <制法比较2>
使用整个柠檬果实,比较使用冷冻粉碎物的浸泡酒的RTD(RTD1)和不浸泡冷冻粉碎物而直接混合后过滤得到的RTD(RTD2)。
RTD的制造:
表5
表5.配量
强制劣化加速试验:
以5℃保管为对照,在50℃条件下,进行各自RTD的强制劣化加速试验。强制劣化后的RTD用于感官检查。
感官检查由4名专业评委用5分满分法进行。以各对照为5分(理想品质),未达到商品价值时为0分。结果如下表所示。
表6
表6.感官评分(4名专业评委的平均分)
将冷冻粉碎物制成浸泡酒使用的RTD1与直接混合冷冻粉碎物后的RTD2相比,其香味的劣化少。这是因为防止劣化的成分通过浸泡而被充分提取。
另外,进行对照物间的香味比较时,将冷冻粉碎物制成浸泡酒使用的RTD1与直接混合冷冻粉碎物后的RTD2相比,感受到新鲜而浓郁的柠檬香味。
实施例7 <香气成分分析>
对于使用实施例1原料酒的RTD和加入手榨果汁的RTD,使用GC-MS分析香气成分。
RTD的制造:
表7
表7.配量
前处理:
从各样品中采取20mL吸附于Extrelut20,用60mL二氯甲烷提取香气成分,并在35℃、-450mmHg下减压浓缩到4mL。
GC-MS分析条件:
仪器型号:HP6890(GC)·HP5973(MS)
色谱柱:HP-WAX(60m×0.32mm×0.5μm)
色谱柱温度:40℃(5min)—10℃/min升温—100℃—5℃/min升温—230℃(20min)
进样口温度:230℃
进样量:1μL
载气:He(2.7mL/min恒流)
进样方法:不分流(1min)
扫描范围:35~450m/z
接口温度:230℃
离子源温度:230℃
结果如下表所示。冷冻粉碎RTD与手榨RTD相比,含有的香气成分多。
表8
表8.分析结果
按照实施例4中所述方法测定。(ppm)
实施例8 <浸泡酒精度数的探讨>
方法
将浸泡时原料酒精的度数变为20%、30%、40%、50%、60%,制造冷冻粉碎浸泡酒(柠檬)。制造方法按照实施例1,放入冷冻粉碎机的柠檬切割成四块以上(约1cm的块)。另外,不解冻冷冻粉碎品,以冷冻状态浸泡,用4层纱布代替硅藻土进行过滤。
将各酒精度数的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒(柠檬)稀释10倍,进行感官评价和浊度测定。稀释时,使用原料酒精和水,使最终酒精度数均统一为6%。
感官检查由9名专业评委用5分满分法进行。
此外,测定最终酒精度数为6%时的浊度。浊度测定使用SIGRIST浊度仪(型号KTL30-2M;SIGRIST公司制)。
结果:
由9名专业评委进行感官评价,平均分及浊度用下表表示。
表9
表9.感官评分(9名专业评委的平均分)
20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | |
分(5分满分) | 2.1 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.3 |
随机评价 | 多汁但略有生味。香味整体弱。 | 多汁但香味较弱。 | 酸味、甜味协调,充分体现出自然的柠檬的感觉。 | 充分体现出啤酒味,但苦味增强。 | 有浓郁而强烈的柠檬的感觉,但有霉味。 |
表10
表10.浊度
20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | 60% | |
浊度(Helm) | 118 | 70 | 120 | 332 | 348 |
浸泡时的酒精度数,当酒精为40%以上时,可感觉到浓郁的柠檬的香味。酒精为50%以上时会出现苦味和霉味,另外,低酒精时观察到浑浊。所以,酒精度数为40%时最适合。
实施例9 <粉碎处理物的粒径的探讨>
方法
通过改变冷冻粉碎的条件(时间等),将平均粒径调整为40μm、100μm、200μm,并冷冻粉碎柠檬和西柚,制造冷冻粉碎浸泡酒。
制造方法按照实施例1及2进行。放入冷冻粉碎机的柠檬切割成4块以上(约1cm的块)。另外,不解冻冷冻粉碎品,以冷冻状态浸泡,用4层纱布代替硅藻土进行过滤。
将各粒径的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒(柠檬、西柚)用水稀释4倍,进行感官评价。感官检查与实施例8同样,由9名专业评委用5分满分法进行。
结果:
由9名专业评委进行感官评价,平均分用下表表示。
表11
表11.感官评分(9名专业评委的平均分)
从香味考虑,粉碎时的粒径为40μm最佳。
柠檬等柑橘类的细胞大小为10μm~50μm,外果皮(柑橘类水果的外皮)的储油囊为约250μm(市川收著《食品组织学》(东京光生馆)参照p239)(日语原名:市川收著「食品組織学」(東京光生館)p239参照)。因此,可以认为由于粉碎到40μm,精油等细胞内成分全部作为粉末而被均匀提取。
实施例10 <有关冷冻粉碎处理效果的探讨>
方法
制造柠檬的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒。制造方法按照实施例1进行。将柠檬切割成4块以上(约1cm的块)后放入冷冻粉碎机的产物作为对照(有FC),与只将柠檬切割成4块以上(约1cm的块)而不放入冷冻粉碎机、直接以冷冻状态浸泡于原料酒精中的产物(无FC)比较。另外,不解冻进行冷冻粉碎和不进行冷冻粉碎的产物,均以冷冻状态浸泡,并用4层纱布代替硅藻土进行过滤。
将各粒径的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒(柠檬、西柚)用水稀释4倍,进行感官评价。感官检查与实施例8同样,由9名专业评委用5分满分法进行。
结果:
由9名专业评委进行感官评价,平均分用下表表示。
表12
表12.感官评分(9名专业评委的平均分)
有FC | 无FC | |
分(5分满分) | 4.2 | 2.8 |
随机评价 | 充分体现出清新、自然、完整的柠檬的感觉。柠檬的酸味和苦味也很协调。 | 香味的总量弱,缺少清新感。酸味和苦味不协调。 |
与单纯将柠檬粉碎到1cm左右相比,粉碎到40μm时,在香味方面可感觉到浓郁的柠檬感觉,所以最好冷冻粉碎到40μm。
实施例11 <梅子冷冻粉碎浸泡酒及低酒精饮料的制造>
制作梅子的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒。制造方法按照实施例1进行。梅子需使用青梅,将其整个(包含种子)直接放入冷冻粉碎机。另外,不解冻冷冻粉碎物,以冷冻状态浸泡于酒精中。
然后,将由此获得的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒为原料酒,用以下配量制造RTD。
表13
表13.配量
此RTD与以往的梅子碳酸酒不同,与稀释梅酒的形式和梅子果汁的形式也不同,具有如青梅一样的浓郁、新鲜的味道。此外,通常的梅酒从浸泡后到好喝为止最少需3个月(通常半年~1年),但本制法只需浸泡1~3天,即可品尝到浓郁的青梅味。
实施例12 <α-生育酚(维生素E)的分析>
制作柠檬、西柚、梅子的冷冻粉碎浸泡酒。且对于柠檬,按实施例9进行,将粒径变为40μm、100μm、200μm进行粉碎。用以下方法测定各自冷冻粉碎浸泡酒中α-生育酚(维生素E)的量。
表14
冷冻粉碎浸泡酒 1ml
↓ ← 1ml 6%焦酚/乙醇
↓ ← 1ml PMC(0.15μg)
预加热 70℃ 3min
↓ ← 0.2ml 60%KOH
加热 70℃ 30min
↓
在冰水中冷却
↓ ← 4.5ml 1%NaCl
萃取 (3ml10%乙酸乙酯/己烷)
↓
离心分离 3000rpm5min
↓
收集正己烷层(2ml)
↓
蒸发(在氮气流下)
↓
残留物
用200μl正己烷再溶解
↓
HPLC进样量10μl
注)PMC:内标物质(2,2,5,7,8-五甲基-6-色满醇)
HPLC分析条件:
分析色谱柱:Nucleosil NH2(250mm×4.6mm i.d.)
流动相:正己烷/异丙醇(97:3v/v)
流速:1.2ml/min
检测器:RF10Axl(荧光检测器)(Ex.297nm,Em.327nm)
各冷冻粉碎浸泡酒的α-生育酚浓度,以及改变柠檬粒径粉碎时,冷冻粉碎浸泡酒中的α-生育酚浓度如下所示。
表15
表15.α-生育酚浓度
可证明通过冷冻粉碎浸泡法,柠檬、西柚、梅子的浸泡酒中均含有维生素E。并且,粒径变小,提取效率更高。
实施例13 <来自柑橘类果实的精油成分的脆化温度的测定>
测定柠檬烯、柠檬精油、酸橙精油、西柚精油的脆化温度。
方法:
使用万能材料试验机(东洋BALLWIN、TENSILON UTM-4-200)。
在试验机的测定部周围设置发泡聚苯乙烯制造的绝热箱,将其与液氮瓶相连。通过与温度调节器连接的电磁阀的开放程度来控制液氮的喷雾量。通过该方法,可以将绝热箱内的温度控制在设定温度的±0.5℃以内。
在试验机的测定部安装自制的压缩用工具(推杆(plunger)直径3.0mm),通过推杆压入试验法,测定冷冻柑橘类果实精油的破坏荷重。
在测定部的台上,设置装满样品的铝制的样品容器,将绝热箱冷却至设定温度。在样品中心温度确认达到设定温度后,进行推杆压入试验。由于测定结果以破坏荷重(单位:kgf)来进行测定,将其换算成SI单位(N:牛顿),进而通过用柱塞截面积(7.07×10-6m2)去除破坏荷重,得到破坏应力(Pa:帕斯卡),整理测定结果。
结果及考察:
测定结果如下表及图2A~D所示。
表16
柠檬烯(图2A)中,从-140℃附近破坏应力开始增加,在-153℃附近显示最大值,进而一旦冷却可见破坏应力的急剧降低。脆化温度为-156℃。柠檬精油(图2B)中,从-140℃附近破坏应力开始增加,在-145℃附近显示最大值,进而一旦冷却可见破坏应力的急剧降低。脆化温度为-148℃。酸橙精油(图2C)中,从-125℃附近破坏应力开始增加,在-133℃附近显示最大值,进而一旦冷却可见破坏应力的急剧降低。脆化温度为-136℃。西柚精油(图2D)中,从-135℃附近破坏应力开始增加,在-141℃附近显示最大值,进而一旦冷却可见破坏应力的急剧降低。脆化温度为-143℃。本次测定的四种来自于柑橘类果实的精油成分的脆化温度为-156℃~-136℃。当通过冷冻粉碎法将果实中含有的精油成分进行粉末化时,只要在脆化温度下冷冻,则可以充分地进行微粉末化,只要通过适当选择冷冻温度、选择粉碎物的性质并提取,就能调整香味成分或组成、得到目标食品或饮料的香味。
实施例14 <柠檬果皮冷冻粉碎浸泡酒的制造>
为了能放入后述的冷冻粉碎机,将含有较多柠檬烯及柠檬精油的新鲜柠檬果实的果皮进行分割,在-80℃的冷库里冷冻。将其放入冷冻粉碎机(1018桌上型高速锤式粉碎机;(株)吉田制作所制造)中,调整投放的液氮量,使粉碎时的温度成为-60℃或-160℃,通过在冷冻状态下粉碎,可得到粉末状冷冻粉碎物。之后,将冷冻粉碎物在40%原料酒精中浸泡1分钟(100g/L)。将所得的浸泡液使用滤纸及0.45μm的滤膜过滤,除去固形成分,得到粉碎温度为-60℃或-160℃的柠檬果皮冷冻粉碎浸泡酒。
将各冷冻粉碎浸泡酒稀释5倍,进行感官评价。
感官检查由7名专业评委用5分满分法进行。
评价标准:
5分:感觉到清新、浓郁的柠檬香味;
3分:感觉到清新的柠檬香味;
1分:感觉到清新、但感觉不到浓郁的柠檬香味。
结果:
由7名专业评委进行感官评价,平均分用下表表示。
表17
表17 感官评分(7位专业评委的平均分)
使用-160℃下的冷冻粉碎物的浸泡酒,比使用-60℃下的冷冻粉碎物的浸泡酒感觉到更清新、更浓郁的柠檬香味。
实施例15 <香气成分分析>
对于实施例14的浸泡酒,使用GC分析香气成分,根据色谱的峰面积比较各成分的含量。
前处理:
从各样品中采取3mL,吸附于Extrelut3,用15mL二氯甲烷提取香气成分,并在35℃、-450mmHg下减压浓缩到0.8mL。
GC分析条件:
仪器型号:HP6890(GC)
色谱柱:HP-WAX(60m×0.32mm×0.25μm)
色谱柱温度:60℃(10min)—3.5℃/min升温—220℃(30min)
进样口温度:200℃
进样量:1μL
载气:He(1mL/min恒流)
进样方法:不分流
检测:FID
结果如图3A~D及下表所示。使用-160℃下的冷冻粉碎物的浸泡酒,比使用-60℃下的冷冻粉碎物的浸泡酒含有的香气成分多6~20%。通过基于柠檬烯及柠檬精油的脆化点适当选择粉碎时的温度,可以使其充分含有有效的香味成分。
表18
表18 GC色谱的香气成分的峰面积比较
工业实用性
本发明可用于食品或饮料的制造。根据本发明的方法,可提供充分和/或均衡地含有所需成分的食品或饮料。
Claims (11)
1.一种使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料的、含有从原料提取的一种以上成分的食品或饮料的制造方法,所述制造方法包含以下工序:
将原料冷冻;
将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎;然后
将粉碎物浸泡在溶剂中提取一种以上的原料成分。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制造方法,所述控制温度为可从原料提取的香气成分、色素或精油的脆化温度以下。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制造方法,使用柑橘类果实作为原料,所述控制温度为柠檬烯和/或柑橘类果实精油的脆化温度以下。
4.根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的制造方法,所述粉碎物的粒径为约1μm~约400μm。
5.根据权利要求1~4任一项所述的制造方法,在将原料冷冻的工序之前,包含在比冷冻温度高的温度下将原料进行预冷冻的工序。
6.一种使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料的原料粉碎物的制造方法,所述制造方法包含以下工序:
将原料冷冻;
将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制造方法,所述控制温度为原料或可从原料提取的成分的脆化温度以下。
8.一种使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料的原料成分的提取方法,所述提取方法包含以下工序:
将原料冷冻;
将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎;然后
将粉碎物浸泡在溶剂中提取一种以上的原料成分。
9.根据权利要求8所述的提取方法,所述控制温度为原料或可从原料提取的成分的脆化温度以下。
10.使用果实、蔬菜、豆、种子、蘑菇、藻类或茶作为原料,根据含有下述工序的制造方法制造的、含有从原料提取的一种以上成分的食品或饮料,所述制造方法包含以下工序:
将原料冷冻;
将冷冻物在控制温度下进行粉碎;然后
将粉碎物浸泡在溶剂中提取一种以上的原料成分。
11.一种含有柑橘类果实在-196℃~-135℃下的粉碎物的15%~100%酒精提取物的食品或饮料。
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EP (1) | EP1987725B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5154230B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101303401B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN101374424B (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2007206263B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2640060A1 (zh) |
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Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102697119A (zh) * | 2012-06-09 | 2012-10-03 | 东莞市照燕生物科技有限公司 | 一种保健抗疲劳的果蔬汁配方及其制备工艺 |
CN102823904A (zh) * | 2012-09-03 | 2012-12-19 | 孔宪国 | 一种石元素菌植奶饮料及其制备方法 |
CN104886695A (zh) * | 2015-04-30 | 2015-09-09 | 威海永丰海洋食品有限公司 | 一种小分子海带饮品及其制备方法 |
CN106689360A (zh) * | 2015-08-05 | 2017-05-24 | 内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司 | 一种益生发酵乳及其制备方法 |
CN105231208A (zh) * | 2015-10-20 | 2016-01-13 | 恩施州硕品农业有限公司 | 一种富硒马齿苋复合鲜蔬营养汁及制备方法 |
CN110876443A (zh) * | 2019-12-19 | 2020-03-13 | 武汉轻工大学 | 一种通过冷冻粉碎制备糯米粉的方法 |
CN113349413A (zh) * | 2021-07-13 | 2021-09-07 | 云南中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种增香减害的低温馏分的制备及其在加热卷烟中的应用 |
CN113679087A (zh) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-11-23 | 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 | 一种卷烟香料及卷烟制品 |
CN115047127A (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2022-09-13 | 中国检验检疫科学研究院 | 一种利用挥发性代谢组学技术鉴别nfc和fc橙汁的方法 |
CN115047127B (zh) * | 2022-04-25 | 2024-03-08 | 中国检验检疫科学研究院 | 一种利用挥发性代谢组学技术鉴别nfc和fc橙汁的方法 |
CN115746983A (zh) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-03-07 | 武汉爱民制药股份有限公司 | 一种娑罗子淀粉糯米生产栗香小曲黄酒的方法 |
CN116584651A (zh) * | 2023-05-17 | 2023-08-15 | 岩香甩 | 一种藤三七即食速溶粉及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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AU2007206263A2 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
EP1987725A1 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
JPWO2007083812A1 (ja) | 2009-06-18 |
TW200806786A (en) | 2008-02-01 |
US8993024B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 |
KR101303401B1 (ko) | 2013-09-05 |
AU2007206263B2 (en) | 2012-08-23 |
KR20080094077A (ko) | 2008-10-22 |
CN101374424B (zh) | 2013-03-27 |
WO2007083812A1 (ja) | 2007-07-26 |
EP1987725A4 (en) | 2011-12-07 |
ES2663653T3 (es) | 2018-04-16 |
AU2007206263A1 (en) | 2007-07-26 |
EP1987725B1 (en) | 2018-03-07 |
US20100233348A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
JP5154230B2 (ja) | 2013-02-27 |
TWI450960B (zh) | 2014-09-01 |
CA2640060A1 (en) | 2007-07-26 |
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