TWI450960B - Food or beverage and its manufacturing method - Google Patents
Food or beverage and its manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
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- TWI450960B TWI450960B TW096102600A TW96102600A TWI450960B TW I450960 B TWI450960 B TW I450960B TW 096102600 A TW096102600 A TW 096102600A TW 96102600 A TW96102600 A TW 96102600A TW I450960 B TWI450960 B TW I450960B
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- raw material
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- alcohol
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Description
本發明係關於使用選自果實、蔬菜、豆類、種實、菇類、藻類或茶所成之群中之一種以上為原料之食品或飲料之製造方法。本發明特別係關於含有將原料以冷凍狀態下進行破碎步驟之食品或飲料之製造方法。
使用為食品或飲料之原料的果實等物,為使原料特徵展現於最終製品上,已投注許多心力在調製及處理過程方面。例如,正檢討之不損失果實的多汁感及新鮮果香,且不會有因加熱而產生的新的香味,具有天然風味蒸餾酒及浸漬酒的製造方法,其係將新鮮的果實浸漬於適當濃度的酒精水溶液中,將所得之酒精萃取液於適當的減壓下進行減壓蒸餾,再收集蒸餾液之方法(參照專利文件1)。且有藉由不將果汁進行減壓濃縮(加熱)而直接進行冷凍再調製,不損失原料果汁的多汁感之製品。
另外為供給目的不以做為酒精性飲料之原料,但可不損失風味、色澤而於一年四季均可安定供給之原料,亦檢討了將柿子以液態氮進行冷凍,再以低溫破碎機進行破碎,冷凍真空乾燥後再進行粉末化之技術(參照專利文件2)。
專利文件1:特開2002-125653號公報專利文件2:特開昭61-166353號公報
然而,根據本發明之發明者的檢討後,得知這些技術難以充分給予標的食品及飲料所期望的香味。本發明係以提供具有所期望香味的食品.飲料為課題,但根據本發明之研究者們專心研究結果,發現將果實等藉由冷凍破碎法粉末化而後萃取出必須成分時,不僅是果實等部位的選擇(是否選取果實全體等)、前處理、冷凍溫度、破碎處理物之粒徑、萃取條件,破碎時控制之溫度亦十分重要。亦即,本發明之研究者們,發現冷凍後之果實等根據其粉碎時之溫度,為使其粉碎需要不同的力量,及果實本身與來自果實等成分以及精油等皆有其原有之脆化溫度,也因此藉由控制粉碎時之溫度,而可調整自粉碎物中所萃取之成分,本發明遂至完成。
亦即本發明係(1)一種食品或飲料之製造方法,其係使用果實、蔬菜、豆類、種實、菇類、藻類或茶為原料,且含有一種以上萃取自原料的成分,該製造方法係包含步驟為:將原料冷凍;以控制之溫度將冷凍物破碎;而後,將破碎物浸漬於溶劑中萃取原料成分之一種以上。
(2)一種原料破碎物之製造方法,其係使用果實、蔬菜、豆類、種實、菇類、藻類或茶為原料,且該製造方法係包含步驟為:將原料冷凍;以控制之溫度將冷凍物破碎。
(3)一種原料成分之萃取方法,其係使用果實、蔬菜、豆類、種實、菇類、藻類或茶為原料,且該萃取方法係包含步驟為:將原料冷凍;以控制之溫度將冷凍物破碎;而後,將破碎物浸漬於溶劑中萃取原料成分之一種以上。
(4)提供一種食品或飲料,其係含有柑橘類果實於-196~-135℃下之破碎物之15%~100%酒精萃取物。
根據本發明,藉由控制原料之破碎溫度再選擇破碎物之物性後再將其萃取,可調節其香味成分及組成,而可提供具有各種香味之食品及飲料。
於本說明書中,除特別使用之外,「果實」係包含仁果類、準仁果類(柑橘類等)、核果類、漿果類,以及本身為果菜類但市場上將其視為果實者(例如草莓、西瓜、哈密瓜)。可單獨使用一種,亦可組合數種而加以使用。
本發明中適用之柑橘類果實係例如檸檬、葡萄柚(白色種、紅寶石種)、萊姆、橙類(臍橙、瓦倫西亞橙)、溫州蜜柑、桔橙、夏蜜柑、甘夏橙、八朔柑、日向夏柑、扁實檸檬、醋橘、桔子、酸桔、橙、伊予柑、椪柑、金柑、三寶柑、白金柚、文旦。適合使用之核果類果實係例如杏桃(別名甜杏仁)、櫻桃、梅子、李子類(日本李、加州梅)、桃子類(桃子、油桃、黃桃),及漿果類果實例如葡萄(麝香、瑞思琳、得拉威、巨峰)、草莓。另外,亦適合使用香蕉。進而,也相當適合使用黑莓、藍莓、懸鉤子、西印度醋粟(別名醋粟花)、萊姆橙、蘋果、梨子類(日本梨、中國梨、西洋梨)、果梨、奇異果、鳳梨、百香果、西印度櫻桃、荔枝、哈密瓜、西瓜。其他也可舉出例如木通、鳳梨釋迦、酪梨、無花果、橄欖、柿子、犄角洋香瓜、番石榴、椰子、五斂子(別名楊桃)、橘欒果、番荔枝、榴槤、紅棗、椰棗、忍冬、木瓜、火龍果、枇杷、龍眼、白柿、甜瓜、太平洋溫桲、芒果、山竹、山桃等。
於本說明書中「蔬菜」係包含葉莖菜類、果菜類(其中除去市場上將其視為果實者)、花菜類、根菜類。亦包含紫蘇、生薑、辣椒、香草類(具藥效植物。例如薄荷、香矛、芫荽、荷蘭芹、迷迭香、羅勒、洋甘菊、木槿、玫瑰果、木天蓼、日本海棠)、山葵、山椒、樹皮(松樹、橡樹、山桃等樹皮)、蘆薈等。可單獨使用一種,亦可組合數種而加以使用。番茄、西洋芹、胡蘿蔔、荷蘭芹、波菜、西洋菜、青椒、萵苣、高麗菜、甜菜根、生薑類(生薑、帶葉生薑)、紫蘇(綠蘇紫、紅紫蘇)、玉米、甘藍亦適於使用在本發明中。
於本說明書中「豆類」係包含咖啡豆、可可豆、大豆(黃大豆、青大豆、黑大豆)、紅豆(大納言、中納言、少納言、白小豆)、扁豆(虎豆、手芒、金時豆、鵪鶉豆)、雞豆、菜豆、豌豆(豌豆仁、豌豆)、蔓小豆、埃及豆、花豆。於本發明中,豆類形式為整粒、經脫皮者、新鮮、乾燥物、加熱物(例如經過水煮後者)、發酵物均可使用。
於本說明書中「種實」除去特別的狀況之外,係指植物的種子或堅果類的果實。包含芝麻、芥子、栗子、核桃、花生、杏仁、腰果、榛子仁、火山豆、美洲薄殼胡桃、椰子、巴西核桃、開心果、銀杏、松子、七葉樹子、蓮子、菱角、南瓜子、西瓜子、向日葵子、枸杞子、寒蘭果實、愛玉子(天拋藤)。
於本說明書中「菇類」除去特別的狀況之外,係指真菌類中,具大型子實體者。本發明之菇類中,適合使用之菇類為可食用者,包含香菇、松茸、柳松菇、鴻喜菇類(鴻喜菇、真姬菇、北風菇)、金針菇、舞茸菇、杏鮑菇、舞菇、鳳尾菇、平菇、滑菇、蘑菇、木耳、靈芝。
於本說明書中「藻類」除去特別的狀況之外,係指生長於淡水或海水之植物。本發明之藻類中,適合使用之藻類為可食用者,包含褐藻、石花菜、羊栖菜、海帶芽(裙帶菜、海藻根)、昆布類(昆布、利尻昆布、羅臼昆布、三石昆布)、海菜、滸苔、紫菜、黑藻、岩藻、鉤凝菜、龍鬚菜、綠藻、藍綠藻、雞冠菜、海蘿、葡萄藻(海葡萄)、松藻。
於本說明書中「茶」係指做為茶類原料之茶葉、茶莖、種子等,其包含發酵茶類的茶葉(烏龍茶葉、紅茶茶葉)、綠茶類(玉露、煎茶、番茶、焙茶)的茶葉、桑葉、柿葉、決明子(香草茶原料)、麻竹葉、芭樂葉、大麥、薏仁、玄米、七葉膽。或亦可為這些植物的乾燥物、焙煎物。
於本說明書中,與本發明有關之果實會舉例加以說明,但該說明除去特別的狀況之外,也適用於蔬菜、豆類、種實、菇類、藻類及茶。
根據本發明之製造方法,因可使所得之食品或飲料充分產生原料自然的香味,適合使用香味佳,且甜味、酸味、苦味等均衡,特別受歡迎的果實於本發明中。自該觀點,以使用香氣佳之柑橘類(特別為檸檬、葡萄柚(白色種、紅寶石種)、萊姆、橙類(臍橙、瓦倫西亞橙)、桔橙、夏蜜柑、甘夏橙、八朔柑、日向夏柑、扁實檸檬、醋橘、桔子、酸桔、白金柚)於本發明為佳。
根據本發明之製造方法,於所得之酒類中可使其含有含於果實.蔬菜中之具功效成分例如維他命P。自該觀點,可使用一種以上選自含大量維他命P之柑橘類(特別為檸檬、葡萄柚、蜜柑、橙類)、杏桃、櫻桃、黑莓、鳳梨及木瓜。維他命P係柑橘類所含色素(類黃酮類)、蕎麥所含芸香素等類黃酮素化合物之總稱,係包含具有下述構造之聖草枸櫞苷(Eriocitrin),
以及具有下述構造之柑果苷(hesperidin)。
維他命P有時亦稱做「類黃酮素」或「檸檬多酚」。
於本說明書中,關於原料,說明果實、蔬菜、豆類、種實、菇類、藻類及茶時,除去特別的狀況,係指包含汁液及固形份之原料全體。於本說明書中,關於原料,使用「果汁」、「蔬菜汁」時除去特別的狀況,係指藉由榨汁等步驟所得之果實.蔬菜等之汁液,使用原料全體但結果於最終製品等中並未含有果實.蔬菜等之汁液。
本說明書中所指「食品」係包含加工食品,「飲料」係包含酒類、清涼飲料及果汁飲料、機能飲品。
本說明書中所指「酒類」除去特別的狀況,係指含酒精飲料,或使用含酒精之液體(有時稱為「原料酒」)做為飲料原料。
本說明書中所指「酒精」除去特別的狀況,係指可飲用酒精(乙醇、乙基醇),不僅指純酒精,亦指含酒精而可飲用之液體及/或可使用於食品製造之含酒精液體。關於酒精濃度使用「~%」時除去特別的狀況,與酒精度數同義,係表示100mL溶液中所含純酒精之量(容積/容積)。
本說明書中所指「低酒精飲料」除去特別的狀況,係指所含酒精未達9%之飲料。
本發明所使用之原料可於冷凍處理前,及/或破碎處理前進行前處理。前處理係包含分割、部位之選擇或去除、預備冷凍、及這些步驟之組合。原料的大小若為可投入冷凍機及破碎機中者,則無特別限制其尺寸大小,但為於最短時間內進行冷凍有時需切成小塊較為合適,以及為儘量不損傷原料,或為不暴露於空氣中而進行冷凍,會有幾乎不分割原料較為合適之狀況。於分割前進行預備冷凍可防止果汁及成分流出。原料可使用完整包含果皮及種子等物者,亦可將不可食用部分、未含有有效成分部分及/或含不期望的成分加以去除而使用。這些部分的去除可於冷凍前進行,亦可於冷凍後,於破碎處理前進行。例如,使用柑橘類果實時,將帶者果皮完整的果實於-4℃~-80℃下進行預備冷凍後,可將其分割為2~16片,或將其切碎成1cm左右的立方塊,再提供進行破碎處理。使用核果類果實時,可將含果皮及種子完整的果實進行冷凍後,再保持該狀態提供進行破碎處理。
本發明中之冷凍處理係將原料藉由進行冷凍而加以固化,因防止成分劣化,可使其於低溫下充分且容易地實施破碎處理。若可達成該目的,冷凍機與冷凍方法均未加以限制,可使用氣體冷凍法、強風冷凍法、接觸冷凍法、冷凍液冷凍法、使用液態氮冷凍法等任何一種方法。自可急速冷凍之觀點而言,以使用液態氮冷凍法為佳。
本發明之方法中冷凍後原料的破碎處理係於控制之溫度下進行。溫度係可自原料獲得關於所期望味道等的成分或成分組成物,且可有效進行破碎之溫度,亦即以可有效進行破碎之溫度為佳。可有效進行破碎之溫度,可根據原料、原料來源成分或組成物之脆化溫度而決定。控制之溫度為可於特定溫度範圍下進行,亦可於特定溫度以下(例如脆化溫度以下)而進行。
本說明書中所指「脆化溫度(亦稱做脆化點)」,除出特別情況外,係對象物於低溫下急遽地脆化(變脆、變為易於破壞)之溫度。脆化溫度係實施於高分子等可適用以往之方法而加以決定。例如如本說明書中實施例13所示,將試樣中心溫度與破壞荷重以圖形表示,破壞荷重降低最為顯著之溫度,可決定為脆化溫度。
本發明中可根據脆化溫度而決定有效進行破碎之溫度。所決定之溫度可發現係脆化溫度、某些成分之脆化溫度以下之溫度、全部成分之脆化溫度以下之溫度、某些成分之脆化溫度於其他成份之脆化溫度中間之溫度。
有效進行破碎之溫度以根據原料來源之香氣成分、色素或精油之脆化溫度而決定者為佳。香氣成分係包含檸檬油精,色素係包含葉綠素、胡蘿蔔素、花青素、類黃酮素。
使用柑橘類果實時,可依據檸檬油精之脆化溫度及/或柑橘類果實精油(例如檸檬精油、萊姆精油、葡萄柚精油)之脆化溫度而決定。舉一脆化溫度之例,檸檬油精係-156℃,檸檬精油係-148℃,萊姆精油係-136℃,葡萄柚精油係-143℃。
進行破碎處理時,均未限制破碎機、破碎方法,但因進行破碎時多伴隨發熱情形,破碎處理以可確實於控制之溫度(例如目標成分等脆化溫度以下之溫度)下進行,且使用具備溫度控制機能者為佳。當破碎處理以某些成分之脆化溫度以下之溫度而進行時,若可保持冷凍物於該溫度以下,可適宜地選擇進行破碎處理時,控制溫度之方法,例如亦可使用液態氮等冷煤。使用液態氮進行破碎處理時,該液態氮之量與將原料至-196℃冷凍而進行破碎時相比,一般係以少量即可。
破碎程度若為可使萃取充分且容易進行者,則無特別限制。冷凍物之平均粒徑藉由該領域一般使用之方法而測定時約1 μm~約1000 μm,以約1 μm~約400 μm為佳,約1 μm~約200 μm更佳,進而以約1 μm~約100 μm而進行為最佳。考慮檸檬等柑橘類之細胞大小約為10~50 μm,及外果皮(黃皮層)之油囊約250 μm(參照市川收所著『食品組織學』(東京光生館)p239),為可充分利用精油等細胞內成分,以進行破碎至平均粒徑未達約50 μm,或例如進行破碎至約40 μm或約30 μm為佳。破碎物以可為微破碎物。針對本說明書中藉由進行破碎處理而得之破碎物說明其平均粒徑時,除去特別的狀況外,係指中間粒徑(對應篩上分布曲線之50%之粒徑。又稱為中位徑或50%粒子徑)。
可將如上述所得之冷凍破碎物提供於萃取步驟。可以原狀態之冷凍破碎物提供於萃取步驟,以可將其解凍,成為泥狀而提供。
實施萃取處理時,可使用適當之溶劑(例如酒精)於冷凍破碎物。使用酒精時,可充分且均衡地萃取標的之水溶性成分及/或脂溶性成分,另外,自香味、安定性、微生物管理等觀點而言,使用之酒精濃度為約15%~約100%者,以使用25%~約60%者為佳。藉由改變酒精濃度,可改香味及具有功效成分之種類及其量。具體而言,使用果實(柑橘類、特別為檸檬)時,自可充分帶有香味之觀點,酒精濃度以約20%以上為佳,約30%以上更佳,約40%以上最佳,而自不帶有不希望呈現的味道(例如苦味)及氣味(例如黴味)之觀點,以約60%以下為佳,約50%以下更佳。進而自重視透明性之觀點,可選擇濁度在120He1m以下之酒精濃度,使用果實(柑橘類、特別為檸檬)時,為例如約15%~約50%為佳,約20%~約45%更佳。為得到均衡的結果物,使用果實(柑橘類、特別為檸檬)時,酒精濃度為例如約20%~約60%為佳,約30%~約50%更佳,以約40%最佳。
所使用之酒精可為原料酒精,亦可為酒類。並未特別限制製作方法,可為釀造酒、蒸餾酒、混成酒之任一種。亦未特別限制原料。使用為浸漬萃取之酒精,可單獨使用一種,亦可組合數種以上而使用。
於萃取時,可使用原料酒精、蒸餾酒、混成酒。蒸餾酒以燒酌(原料為米、芋頭、小麥、玉米、蕎麥、黑糖、糖蜜、椰棗、粗餾酒精等任一種均可。甲類、乙類均可)、伏特加、蒸餾酒為佳,此外亦可使用威士忌、白蘭地、琴酒、萊姆酒、龍舌蘭酒等。
浸漬比及萃取時間可依照材料種類、破碎物粒徑、希望萃取成分之種類‧量、需求之萃取效率等適宜地加以決定。浸漬比一般係相對於1L酒精,冷凍破碎物以約1g~約500g為佳,約5g~約300g更佳,約10g~約200g更佳。萃取時間一般需約半日~數個月,柑橘類果實則以約1天~約3天為佳,梅子等核果類果實亦可浸漬數個月。
藉由調整萃取條件(例如萃取時間、酒精度數、果實量等),可調整香味及成分。因此,即便新鮮果實之品質參差不齊,仍可保持所得酒精浸漬物或使用其之食品及飲料安定品質。
可自完成萃取步驟後之浸出液,保持原狀或經由過濾除去固形份,而得酒精浸漬物。進行過濾時可使用於該領域中同樣目的而使用之方法,例如使用珪藻土。所得酒精浸漬物,亦可因應需要,提供蒸餾等追加處理。
本發明之方法係可減低原料來源成分之損失及氧化劣化等。根據本發明之方法所得之食品或飲料可充分及/或均衡地含有所期望之成分,無須再補添加香料、果汁即可具有充分香味。進而令人驚異的是,藉由以根據冷凍物之脆化溫度所決定之破碎上有效溫度而進行破碎時,除易於進行破碎外,亦可調整目標成分之濃度.比。根據本發明之方法所得之食品或飲料可得香味等成分之劣化少,且保存安定性佳之產品。該食品或飲料未曾出現於以往技術而係新穎產物。因此,亦提供根據本發明之製造方法可得之食品或飲料。
本發明之食品或飲料因可充分及/或均衡地含有所期望之成分,無須再補添加香料、果汁即可具有充分香味,不需添加果汁.蔬菜汁、香料、酸味料、著色料等食品添加物,或藉由僅少量添加,而可成為具有充分且優異的香味產物。本發明之食品或飲料係以根據原材料之脆化溫度所決定之溫度,而進行冷凍微破碎處理,而可使其充分地含有所期望之成分,且減低不期望成分。
未添加香料之低酒精飲料係本發明所希望的型態之一。因未添加香料,且果汁為5%(容積/容積)以下為佳,3%以下更佳,1.5%以下或不含果汁,且可口之低酒精飲料為最佳且為本發明所希望的型態之一。進而藉由添加香料,而可製成香味強之低酒精飲料。
本發明之飲料或食品,除酒類之外,尚包含果實.蔬菜汁、碳酸飲料、飲品、果醬、果糊、果凍、冰淇淋、優格、口香糖、蛋糕、沙拉。
亦可於本發明之食品及飲料中添加糖類、酸味料。糖類可使用例如砂糖、果糖、葡萄糖及果糖葡萄糖液糖等。酸味料可使用例如檸檬酸、蘋果酸、磷酸等。
〈檸檬冷凍破碎浸漬酒之製造〉將新鮮檸檬果實切割為成為4份使其可投入後述之冷凍破碎機,並使用-196℃之液態氮加以冷凍。將其投入冷凍破碎機(Rinrekusumiru;Hosokawa Micron(股份有限)製)中,藉由保持於冷凍狀態下進行破碎,可得粒徑約30 μm之白色乾爽分明之粉末狀冷凍破碎物。關於粒徑之測定係將冷凍破碎物以約20倍量之水稀釋後,再藉由電射折射式粒度分布測定裝置(SALD-3100;(股份有限)島津製作所)測定粒度分布。其次,將冷凍破碎物浸漬於40%之原料用酒精中2天〔100g/L)。將所得之浸漬物使用珪藻土過濾除去固形份,而得40%酒精之檸檬冷凍破碎浸漬酒。
〈葡萄柚冷凍破碎浸漬酒之製造〉將新鮮葡萄柚果實切割為成為8份使其可投入後述之冷凍破碎機,並使用-196℃之液態氮加以冷凍。將其投入冷凍破碎機(參照實施例1)中,藉由保持於冷凍狀態下進行破碎,可得粒徑約50 μm之白色乾爽分明之粉末狀冷凍破碎物。關於粒徑之測定係與實施例1相同。其次,將冷凍破碎物浸漬於40%之原料用酒精中2天(100g/L)。將所得之浸漬物使用珪藻土過濾除去固形份,而得40%酒精之葡萄柚冷凍破碎浸漬酒。
〈低酒精飲料之製造〉將實施例1及實施例2所得之冷凍破碎浸漬酒做為原料酒,以下表之混合比例而製造RTD。
使用實施例1及實施例2之原料酒之RTD,分別具有和以往調味酒不同之檸檬或葡萄柚的新鮮且溫和的香味。
〈與以往產品之成分比較〉針對實施例1之原料酒、市售之調味酒A(含3%檸檬果汁,7%酒精)、市售之調味酒B(含10%檸檬果汁,7%酒精)及市售之調味酒C(含5%檸檬果汁,7%酒精),使用HPLC加以分析。
前處理:將實施例1之原料酒保持原來狀態以0.45 μm之濾紙過濾,使用該上清液。採取10mL市售之調味酒,以濃縮機進行10倍濃縮,再使用經0.45 μm之濾紙過濾後之濾液。
HPLC分析條件:管柱:Develosil C30-UG-5(4.6×150mm)溶出條件:0→100%CH3
CN,0.05%TFA/30分鐘檢測:UV280流速:1mL/分鐘注入試樣量:10 μ L
結果示於圖1及下表。使用實施例1之原料酒之本發明之RTD,含有大量的檸檬多酚。且與果汁成分含量較多之調味酒B相比,夾雜成分較少。
〈製法比較1〉比較使用實施例1之原料酒之RTD、使用未進行冷凍破碎而係藉由果汁機進行破碎所得原料酒之RTD及市售之調味酒B(參照實施例4)。
RTD之製造:使用與實施例1相同之檸檬果實,未經冷凍直接以家庭用之果汁機進行破碎。將破碎物浸漬於40%之原料用酒精中2天,進行過濾而得原料酒。分別使用於實施例1中所得之原料酒及此處所得之原料酒(比較例1),以下表之混合比例製造RTD。
冷凍破碎之RTD較果汁機破碎之RTD具有較新鮮之香味。
強制加速劣化試驗:針對各種RTD,於50℃之條件下進行強制加速劣化試驗。再將強制劣化後之RTD提供進行官能檢查。
官能檢查係以4位專門之評鑑員以5點滿分法而進行。將各控制組訂為5點(理想品質),未達商品價值時評為0點。結果示於下表。
藉由冷凍破碎處理之RTD,較經果汁機破碎後之RTD及調味酒B其香味的劣化較少。認為係因藉由冷凍破碎而變為易萃取出防止劣化成分。
〈製法比較2〉比較使用完整的檸檬果實取使用冷凍破碎物之浸漬酒之RTD(RTD1)、及未浸漬冷凍破碎物而直接混合後再過濾之RTD(RTD2)。
RTD之製造:
強制加速劣化試驗:針對各種RTD,將保管於5℃做為控制組,於50℃條件下進行強制加速劣化試驗。再將強制劣化後之RTD提供進行官能檢查。
官能檢查係以4位專門之評鑑員以5點滿分法而進行。將各控制組訂為5點(理想品質),未達商品價值時評為0點。結果示於下表。
使用冷凍破碎物之浸漬酒之RTD1,較直接混合冷凍破碎物之RTD2,其香味的劣化較少。認為防止劣化成分係藉由浸漬而被充分萃取出。
進行控制組間之香味比較,使用冷凍破碎物之浸漬酒之RTD1,較直接混合冷凍破碎物之RTD2,可感覺到新鮮的且實在的檸檬香味。
〈香氣成分分析〉針對使用實施例1之原料酒之RTD及加入手榨果汁之RTD,使用GC-MS分析其香氣成分。
RTD之製造:
前處理:取各試樣20mL以液相萃取管20將其吸著,再以60mL之二氯甲烷萃取出香氣成分,於35℃-450mmHg下減壓濃縮至4mL。
GC-MS分析條件:機種:HP6890(GC).HP5973(MS)管柱:HP-WAX(60m×0.32mm×0.5 μm)管柱溫度:40℃(5min)-10℃/min昇溫-100℃-5℃/min昇溫-230℃(20min)注入口溫度:230℃注入量:1 μ L載送氣體:He(2.7 mL/min固定流量)注入口方式:splitless(1min)掃描範圍:35~450m/z偵測器溫度:230℃離子源溫度:230℃
結果示於下表。冷凍破碎之RTD較手榨果汁RTD含許多香氣成分。
以實施例4所載之方法為準而測定。(ppm)
〈浸漬酒精度數之檢討〉方法:將浸漬時之原料用酒精之度數改為20、30、40、50、60%而製造冷凍破碎浸漬酒(檸檬風味)。製造方法以實施例1為基準,但將投入冷凍破碎機之檸檬切成4份(約1cm立方塊)以上。且冷凍破碎品不經解凍直接近進行浸漬,並以4層紗布取代珪藻土進行過濾。
將各酒精度數之冷凍破碎浸漬酒(檸檬風味)10倍稀釋,進行官能評價及濁度測定。稀釋時,使用原料用酒精及水使最終酒精度數統一均為6%。
官能檢查係以9位專門之評鑑員以5點滿分法而進行。
測定最終酒精度數為6%時之濁度。濁度測定係使用Sigrist濁度計(型號KTL30-2M;Sigrist公司製)。
結果:根據9位專門之評鑑員之官能評價之平均點數及濁度測定示於下表。
浸漬時之酒精度數以40%以上可以感受到實在的檸檬味道而為佳。酒精度數50%以上時會出現苦味及霉味,但於低酒精度數時有觀察到渾濁。最合適之酒精度數為40%。
〈破碎處理物粒徑之檢討〉方法:藉由改變冷凍破碎之條件(時間等),而調整平均粒徑為40、100、200 μm,再將檸檬及葡萄柚進行冷凍破碎。
製造方法以實施例1及2為基準。但將投入冷凍破碎機之檸檬切成4份(約1cm立方塊)以上。且冷凍破碎品不經解凍直接近進行浸漬,並以4層紗布取代珪藻土進行過濾。
將各粒徑之冷凍破碎浸漬酒(檸檬、葡萄柚風味)以水進行4倍稀釋,進行官能評價。官能檢查係與實施例8相同根據9位專門之評鑑員以5點滿分法而進行。
結果:根據9位專門之評鑑員之官能評價之平均點數示於下表。
進行破碎時之粒徑以40 μm最能引出香味。
檸檬等柑橘類之細胞大小約為10~50 μm,及外果皮(黃皮層)之油囊約250 μm(參照市川收所著『食品組織學』(東京光生館)p239)。因此,推測係因進行破碎至40 μm而使精油等細胞內成分成為粉末而均勻地被萃取出來所致。
〈關於冷凍破碎處理效果之檢討〉方法:製造檸檬冷凍破碎浸漬酒。製造方法以實施例1為基準。其中,比較將檸檬切成4份(約1cm立方塊)以上再投入冷凍破碎機之控制組(經FC),與僅將檸檬切成4份(約1cm立方塊)以上而未投入冷凍破碎機,直接以冷凍狀態浸漬於原料用酒精者(未經FC)。而經.未經冷凍破碎步驟者均不加以解凍而保持冷凍狀態進行浸漬,並以4層紗布取代珪藻土進行過濾。
將各粒徑之冷凍破碎浸漬酒(檸檬、葡萄柚風味)以水進行4倍稀釋,進行官能評價。官能檢查係與實施例8相同根據9位專門之評鑑員以5點滿分法而進行。
結果:根據9位專門之評鑑員之官能評價之平均點數示於下表。
較單純地將檸檬破碎為1cm立方塊,以破碎至40 μm者,於香味面可感受到實在的檸檬感,而以破碎至40 μm為佳。
〈梅子冷凍破碎浸漬酒及低酒精飲料之製造〉製造梅子冷凍破碎浸漬酒。製造方法以實施例1為基準。其中,梅子係使用青梅,直接將整顆(含果核)投入冷凍破碎機。冷凍破碎物不加以解凍直接以冷凍狀態浸漬於酒精。
將所得之冷凍破碎浸漬酒做為原料酒,以下述之混合比例製作RTD。
該梅子風味之RTD和以往調味酒不同,亦與梅子酒濃度較低種類及梅子果汁種類不同,係具有實在青梅口感的新口味。另外,一般的梅子酒於浸漬後至少須3個月(一般為半年~1年)方能飲用,但以本製作方法僅需1天~3天之浸漬,即可感受到實在的青梅風味。
〈α-生育酚(維他命E)之分析〉製造檸檬、葡萄柚、梅子之冷凍破碎浸漬酒。檸檬係依據實施例9,將粒徑改變為40、100、200 μm而進行粉碎。以下述方法分別測定冷凍破碎浸漬酒中α-生育酚(維他命E)之量。
HPLC分析條件:分析管柱:Nucleosil NH2
(250mm×4.6mm i.d.)移動相:n-hexane/2-propanol(97:3 v/v)流速:1.2mL/分鐘檢測器:RF10Ax1(螢光檢測器)(Ex.297nm,Em.327nm)
各冷凍破碎浸漬酒之α-生育酚(維他命E)濃度,及改變檸檬粒徑進行破碎後各冷凍破碎浸漬酒之α-生育酚(維他命E)濃度如下所示。
由結果可知檸檬、葡萄柚、梅子藉由冷凍破碎浸漬法所得之浸漬酒均含有維他命E。亦可知粒徑愈小者萃取效率愈高。
〈測定來自柑橘類果實精油成分之脆化溫度〉針對檸檬油精、檸檬精油、萊姆精油、葡萄柚精油測定其脆化溫度。
方法:使用萬能材料試驗機(東洋,TENSILON UTM-4-200)。
於試驗機測定部周圍,設置發泡苯乙烯製之隔熱盒,並將其與液態氮瓶連接。將液態氮之噴霧量與溫度調節器連結屆油電磁開關而加以控制。藉由該方法可將隔熱盒內之溫度控制於設定溫度之±0.5℃以內。
於試驗機測定部機上自製之壓縮用工具(押棒直徑3.0mm),藉由押棒押入試驗法,測定冷凍柑橘類果實精油之破壞荷重。
於測定部之台上,設製裝滿試樣之鋁製試樣容器,並將其冷卻至隔熱盒所設定之溫度。確認試樣中心溫度達到設定溫度後,即進行押棒押入試驗。測定結果係以破壞荷重(單位:kgf)而加以測定,將其換算為S1單位(N:牛頓),進而除以押棒之截面積(7.07×10-6
m2
)而為破壞應力(Pa:帕斯卡),整理出測定結果。
測定結果示於下表及圖2A~D。
於檸檬油精(圖2A)發現,自-140℃附近開始增加破壞應力,於-153℃附近顯示最大值,進而冷卻後破壞應力即急遽的下降。脆化溫度為-156℃。於檸檬精油(圖2B)發現,自-140℃附近開始增加破壞應力,於-145℃附近顯示最大值,進而冷卻後破壞應力即急遽的下降。脆化溫度為-148℃。於萊姆精油(圖2C)發現,自-125℃附近開始增加破壞應力,於-133℃附近顯示最大值,進而冷卻後破壞應力即急遽的下降。脆化溫度為-136℃。於葡萄柚精油(圖2D)發現,自-135℃附近開始增加破壞應力,於-141℃附近顯示最大值,進而冷卻後破壞應力即急遽的下降。脆化溫度為-143℃。此次所測定之4種來自柑橘類果實精油成分之脆化溫度,係於-156℃~-136℃。將含於果實之精油成分藉由冷凍破碎法而粉末化時,於脆化溫度以下進行冷凍時,可將其充分地粉末化,而藉由適宜地選擇冷凍溫度,並選擇破碎物之物性進行萃取時,可調整其香味成分及組成,而獲得做為目標之食品或飲料之香味。
〈製造檸檬果皮冷凍破碎浸漬酒〉將富含檸檬油精及檸檬精油之新鮮檸檬果實之果皮,以可投入後述之冷凍破碎機之大小加以切割,於-80℃之冷凍庫中進行冷凍。再將其投入冷凍破碎機(1018桌上型高速Hummer Mill;(股份有限)吉田製作所製),以使進行破碎時之溫度為-60℃或-160℃而調整注入之液態氮量,藉由於其冷凍狀態進行粉碎,可得粉末狀之冷凍破碎物。其次,將該冷凍破碎物浸漬於40%之原料用酒精1分鐘(100g/L)。再將所得之浸漬液使用濾紙及0.45 μm之薄膜過濾器過濾而除去固形份,得破碎溫度為-60℃及-160℃之檸檬果皮冷凍破碎浸漬酒。
將各冷凍破碎浸漬酒進行5倍稀釋,進行官能評價。
官能檢查係根據7位專門之評鑑員以5點滿分法進行。
評價基準:5點:可感覺到新鮮且實在的檸檬香味;3點:可感覺到新鮮的檸檬香味;1點:無法感覺到新鮮且實在的檸檬香味。
結果:7位專門之評鑑員官能檢查之平均點數示於下表。
使用-160℃之冷凍破碎物之浸漬酒較使用-60℃之冷凍破碎物之浸漬酒可感覺到新鮮且實在的檸檬香味。
針對實施例14之浸漬酒,使用GC分析其香氣成分,根據於圖譜上所佔面積比較各成份之含有量。
取各試樣3mL以液相萃取管3將其吸著,再以15mL之二氯甲烷萃取出香氣成分,於35℃、-450mmHg下減壓濃縮至0.8mL。
機種:HP6890(GC)
管柱:HP-WAX(60m×0.32mm×0.25μm)
管柱溫度:60℃(10min)-3.5℃/min昇溫-220℃(30min)
注入口溫度:200℃
注入量:1μL
載送氣體:He(1mL/min固定流量)
注入方式:splitless
偵測器:FID
結果示於圖3A~D及下表。使用-160℃之冷凍破碎物之浸漬酒較使用-60℃之冷凍破碎物之浸漬酒,其香氣成分多出6~20%。可藉由以檸檬油精及檸檬精油之脆化點為基礎,適宜地選擇進行破碎時之溫度,可充分地使其含有有效的香味成分。
本發明可使用於製造食品或飲料。根據本發明之方法,可提供充分及/或均衡地含有所期望成分之食品或飲料。
〔圖1A〕係針對市售調味酒A之HPLC分析圖。
〔圖1B〕係針對市售調味酒B之HPLC分析圖。圖中箭頭指示處係聖草枸櫞苷之波形(以下圖中均相同)。
〔圖1C〕係針對市售調味酒C之HPLC分析圖。
〔圖1D〕係針對實施例1之原料酒之HPLC分析圖。
〔圖1E〕係100ppm之聖草枸櫞苷之HPLC分析圖。
〔圖2A〕係顯示檸檬油精之脆化溫度圖。
〔圖2B〕係顯示檸檬精油之脆化溫度圖。
〔圖2C〕係顯示萊姆精油之脆化溫度圖。
〔圖2D〕係顯示葡萄柚精油之脆化溫度圖。
〔圖3A〕係針對實施例14之使用於-160℃下之破碎物之浸漬酒,以GC分析所得之波形圖(前半部分)。
〔圖3B〕係針對實施例14之使用於-160℃下之破碎物之浸漬酒,以GC分析所得之波形圖(後半部分)。
〔圖3C〕係針對實施例14之使用於-60℃下之破碎物之浸漬酒,以GC分析所得之波形圖(前半部分)。
〔圖3D〕係針對實施例14之使用於-60℃下之破碎物之浸漬酒,以GC分析所得之波形圖(後半部分)。
Claims (15)
- 一種食品或飲料之製造方法,其係使用柑橘類果實為原料,且含有一種以上萃取自原料的成分,該製造方法係包含:將原料冷凍;以控制之溫度將冷凍物破碎;而後,將破碎物浸漬於15~60%之酒精中,萃取一種以上之原料成分;又,自完成萃取步驟後之浸出液,保持原狀或經由過濾除去固形份,而得酒精浸漬物,且將所得之酒精浸漬物作為原料調配至飲食品,等步驟;此時,控制之溫度係檸檬精油及/或柑橘類果實精油的脆化溫度以下;且,破碎物之粒徑係40μm~100μm。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之製造方法,其中包含將原料冷凍之步驟前,以較冷凍溫度為高之溫度使原料進行預備冷凍之步驟。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之製造方法,其係將原料以-80℃~-4℃預備冷凍。
- 如申請專利範圍第1~3項中任一項之製造方法,其中萃取時間需半日~數個月。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之製造方法,其中萃取時間為1天~3天。
- 一種原料成分之萃取方法,其係使用柑橘類果實為 原料,且該萃取方法係包含:將原料冷凍;以控制之溫度將冷凍物破碎;將破碎物浸漬於15~60%之酒精中,萃取一種以上之原料成分;又,自完成萃取步驟後之浸出液,保持原狀或經由過濾除去固形份,而得酒精浸漬物,且將所得之酒精浸漬物作為原料調配至飲食品,等步驟;此時,控制之溫度係檸檬精油及/或柑橘類果實精油的脆化溫度以下;且,破碎物之粒徑係40μm~100μm。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之萃取方法,其中包含將原料冷凍之步驟前,以較冷凍溫度為高之溫度使原料進行預備冷凍之步驟。
- 如申請專利範圍第7項之萃取方法,其係將原料以-80℃~-4℃預備冷凍。
- 如申請專利範圍第6~8項中任一項之萃取方法,其中萃取時間需半日~數個月。
- 如申請專利範圍第9項之萃取方法,其中萃取時間為1天~3天。
- 一種食品或飲料,其係根據包含下述步驟之製造方法所製造,使用柑橘類果實為原料,且含有自原料所萃取之成分的一種以上,該製造方法係包含:將原料冷凍; 以控制之溫度將冷凍物破碎;而後,將破碎物浸漬於15~60%之酒精中,萃取一種以上之原料成分;又,自完成萃取步驟後之浸出液,保持原狀或經由過濾除去固形份,而得酒精浸漬物,且將所得之酒精浸漬物作為原料調配至飲食品,等步驟;此時,控制之溫度係檸檬精油及/或柑橘類果實精油的脆化溫度以下;且,破碎物之粒徑係40μm~100μm。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之食品或飲料,其中包含將原料冷凍之步驟前,以較冷凍溫度為高之溫度使原料進行預備冷凍之步驟。
- 如申請專利範圍第12項之食品或飲料,其係將原料以-80℃~-4℃預備冷凍。
- 如申請專利範圍第11~13項中任一項之食品或飲料,其中萃取時間需半日~數個月。
- 如申請專利範圍第14項之食品或飲料,其中萃取時間為1天~3天。
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CN101374424A (zh) | 2009-02-25 |
AU2007206263A2 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
EP1987725A1 (en) | 2008-11-05 |
JPWO2007083812A1 (ja) | 2009-06-18 |
TW200806786A (en) | 2008-02-01 |
US8993024B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 |
KR101303401B1 (ko) | 2013-09-05 |
AU2007206263B2 (en) | 2012-08-23 |
KR20080094077A (ko) | 2008-10-22 |
CN101374424B (zh) | 2013-03-27 |
WO2007083812A1 (ja) | 2007-07-26 |
EP1987725A4 (en) | 2011-12-07 |
ES2663653T3 (es) | 2018-04-16 |
AU2007206263A1 (en) | 2007-07-26 |
EP1987725B1 (en) | 2018-03-07 |
US20100233348A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
JP5154230B2 (ja) | 2013-02-27 |
CA2640060A1 (en) | 2007-07-26 |
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