Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2803—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily
  • C07K16/2809—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the immunoglobulin superfamily against the T-cell receptor (TcR)-CD3 complex
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
  • A61P5/50—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones for increasing or potentiating the activity of insulin
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
  • G01N33/6854—Immunoglobulins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/545—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
  • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
  • G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates in general to compositions and methods of preventing or delaying the onset of clinical type 1 diabetes (T1D) in subjects at risk, and more particularly the use of anti-CD3 antibodies.
• T1D clinical type 1 diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes is caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans leading to dependence on exogeneous insulin injections for survival. Approximately 1.6 million Americans have Type 1 diabetes, and after asthma, it remains one of the most common diseases of childhood 1 . Despite improvements in care most affected individuals with T1D are not able to consistently achieve desired glycemic targets 2 . For individuals with type 1 diabetes, there are persisting concerns for increased risk of both morbidity and mortality. Two recent studies noted loss of 17.7 life-years for children diagnosed before age 10, and 11 and 13 life-years lost for adult-diagnosed Scottish men and women respectively 3 ⁇ 4 .
• T1D progresses through asymptomatic stages prior to overt hyperglycemia, characterized first by the appearance of autoantibodies (Stage 1) and then dysglycemia (Stage 2).
• Stage 2 metabolic responses to a glucose load are impaired but other metabolic indices, for example glycosylated hemoglobin, are normal and insulin treatment is not needed 5 .
• Stage 3 metabolic features identify individuals who are at high-risk for development of clinical disease with overt hyperglycemia and requirement for insulin treatment.
• Several immune interventions have been shown to delay decline in beta cell function when studied in recent-onset clinical T1D 6 .
• FcR non-binding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab One promising therapy is the FcR non-binding anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody teplizumab, as several studies have shown that short-term treatment reduces loss of b cell function durably, with an observable effect seen as long as 7 years after diagnosis and treatment 7 11 .
• the drug modifies the function of CD8+ T lymphocytes, which are thought to be important effector cells that cause beta cell killing 12 13 .
• T1D clinical type 1 diabetes
• non-diabetic subject (1) is substantially free of antibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), (2) is HLA-DR4+, and/or (3) is not HLA-DR3+;
• the non-diabetic subject is a relative of a patient with T1D.
• the non-diabetic subject has 2 or more diabetes-related autoantibodies selected from islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2/ICA512) or ZnT8.
• ICA islet cell antibodies
• IAA insulin autoantibodies
• GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase
• IA-2/ICA512 tyrosine phosphatase
• the detection of TID-associated autoantibodies is done by point- of-care (POC) screening methods in the general population, or relatives of patients with T1D.
• POC methods can be qualitative rapid lateral flow tests.
• the non-diabetic subject has an infection by coxsackie B virus (CVB) and/or other beta-cell tropic virus(es).
• CVB coxsackie B virus
• this subject infected with a beta cell-tropic virus has HLA-DR4 and is more responsive to teplizumab.
• the non-diabetic subject has abnormal glucose tolerance on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
• OGTT oral glucose tolerance test
• Abnormal glucose tolerance on OGTT is defined as a fasting glucose level of 110-125 mg/dL, or 2 hour plasma of > 140 and ⁇ 200 mg/dL, or an intervening glucose value at 30, 60, or 90 minutes on OGTT > 200 mg/dL.
• the non-diabetic subject does not have antibodies against ZnT8. In certain embodiments, the non-diabetic subject is HLA-DR4+ and is not HLA-DR3+.
• the anti-CD3 antibody is teplizumab.
• the prophylactically effective amount comprises a 10 to 14 day daily course of subcutaneous (SC) injection or intravenous (IV) infusion of the anti-CD3 antibody, e.g., teplizumab, at 10-1000 micrograms/meter squared (pg/m 2 ), for a total dose of 6-15 milligrams of anti-CD3/teplizumab, preferably a 14-day course IV infusion of teplizumab at 51 pg/m 2 , 103 pg/m 2 , 207 pg/m 2 , and 413 pg/m 2 , on days 0-3, respectively, and one dose of 826 pg/m 2 on each of days 4-13.
• SC subcutaneous
• IV intravenous
• the prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody delays median time to clinical diagnosis of T1D by at least 50%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 12 months, at least 18 months, at least 24 months, at least 36 months, at least 48 months, or at least 60 months, or longer.
• the anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab
• the anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab
• the anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab
• pharmacological agents such as metabolic agents, B cell inhibitors or other immune modulating agents.
• the anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab
• the antigen-specific immune therapies and/or vaccines is administered with antigen-specific immune therapies and/or vaccines.
• the method further comprises determining, by flow cytometry, a frequency of TIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the non-diabetic subject, wherein an increase in the frequency after administrating the anti-CD3 antibody, e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab, indicates responsiveness to the anti- CD3 antibody, e.g., teplizumab.
• the anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab
• Another aspect relates to a method of prognosing responsiveness of an anti-CD3 antibody, e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab, in preventing or delaying the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D), comprising:
• the anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab.
• the method can further include determining that the non-diabetic subject (1) is substantially free of antibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), (2) is HLA- DR4+, and/or (3) is not HLA-DR3+.
• ZnT8 zinc transporter 8
• Figure 1 Screening, enrollment and follow-up of the participants. A total of 112 subjects were screened for eligibility at TrialNet sites (see Appendix for a listing of study sites). Seventy-six of the subjects were randomized to the drug or placebo arms. They were infused with study drug at one of 14 TrialNet sites and followed, as per study protocol at one of 33 sites. All randomized subjects are included in the analysis.
• Figures 2 A-2C Effects of teplizumab treatment on development of T1D.
• Figure 2B Frequency of type I diabetes by treatment group and cumulative and interval hazard ratios (95% confidence Intervals) by year on-study.
• Figures 3A-3E Immunologic effects and subgroup analysis of responses to teplizumab.
• Figure 3B Figure 3B.
• the ladder plot shows the hazard rate for each of the indicated features of the participants at baseline.
• the development of diabetes in patients with or without anti-ZnT8 antibodies at baseline Figure 3C
• Figure 3D positive or negative for HLA-DR3
• HLA-DR4 Figure 3E
• Figure 4 Monoclonal antibodies used in flow cytometry.
• FIG. 6 FACS contour plots showing staining of TIGIT (Y axis) vs KLRG1 (X axis). Electronic gates were placed on live CD8+CD57- T cells and the expression of KLRG1 and TIGIT are shown in peripheral blood cells from 3 subjects treated with teplizumab (top row) and 3 subjects treated with placebo. The numbers refer to the proportion of the total gated cells in each quadrant. The quadrants were placed based on staining controls.
• Figures 7A-7B Frequency of T cell subsets in the treatment groups. The frequency of CD4+ Tregs ( Figure 7A) CD4+CD127i 0 Foxp3+ and ( Figure 7B) CD8+TIGIT-KLRG1-CD57- T cells at the study visits is shown. The differences in both cell subsets between teplizumab and placebo and from baseline to after treatment for each treatment arm were not statistically significant when compared by ANCOVA for each time point and corrected for the baseline values.
• non-diabetic subjects who will respond to anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab
• treatment does not have antibodies against ZnT8.
• non-diabetic subjects are HLA-DR4+ and are not HLA-DR3+.
• TIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+ T-cells demonstrate an increase, following teplizumab administration (e.g., after 1 month, after 2 months, after 3 months, or longer or shorter), in the frequency (or relative amount) of TIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+ T-cells (e.g., by flow cytometry) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
• a method of preventing or delaying the onset of clinical type 1 diabetes comprising: providing a non-diabetic subject who is at risk for T1D; determining that the non-diabetic subject (1) is substantially free of antibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), (2) is HLA-DR4+, and/or (3) is not HLA-DR3+; and administering a prophylactically effective amount of an anti-CD3 antibody, e.g., teplizumab, to the non diabetic subject.
• ZnT8 zinc transporter 8
• an anti-CD3 antibody e.g., teplizumab
• a method of prognosing responsiveness of an anti-CD3 antibody in preventing or delaying the onset of T1D.
• the method can include: providing a non-diabetic subject who is at risk for T1D; administering a prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody, e.g., teplizumab, to the non diabetic subject; and determining, by flow cytometry, a frequency of TIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the non-diabetic subject, wherein an increase in the frequency indicates responsiveness to the anti-CD3 antibody, e.g., teplizumab.
• the articles“a” and“an” refer to one or more than one, e.g., to at least one, of the grammatical object of the article.
• the use of the words “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” herein may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”
• “about” and“approximately” generally mean an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Exemplary degrees of error are within 20 percent (%), typically, within 10%, and more typically, within 5% of a given range of values.
• the term“substantially” means more than 50%, preferably more than 80%, and most preferably more than 90% or 95%.
• compositions, methods, and respective component(s) thereof are used in reference to compositions, methods, and respective component(s) thereof, that are present in a given embodiment, yet open to the inclusion of unspecified elements.
• the term “consisting essentially of' refers to those elements required for a given embodiment. The term permits the presence of additional elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel or functional characteristic(s) of that embodiment of the disclosure. [0037] The term “consisting of refers to compositions, methods, and respective components thereof as described herein, which are exclusive of any element not recited in that description of the embodiment.
• antibody herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses various antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity.
• an "antibody fragment” refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds.
• antibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab', Fab'-SH, F(ab')2; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g. scFv); and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
• prophylactic agent refers CD3 binding molecules such as teplizumab which can be used in the prevention, treatment, management or amelioration of one or more symptoms of T1D.
• onset of disease with reference to Type-1 diabetes refers to a patient meeting the criteria established for diagnosis of Type-1 diabetes by the American Diabetes Association (see, Mayfield et al, 2006, Am. Fam. Physician 58: 1355-1362).
• the terms “prevent”, “preventing” and “prevention” refer to the prevention of the onset of one or more symptoms of T1D in a subject resulting from the administration of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent.
• a “protocol” includes dosing schedules and dosing regimens.
• the protocols herein are methods of use and include prophylactic and therapeutic protocols.
• a “dosing regimen” or “course of treatment” may include administration of several doses of a therapeutic or prophylactic agent over 1 to 20 days.
• the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably.
• the terms “subject” and “subjects” refer to an animal, preferably a mammal including a non-primate (e.g., a cow, pig, horse, cat, dog, rat, and mouse) and a primate (e.g., a monkey or a human), and more preferably a human.
• a non-primate e.g., a cow, pig, horse, cat, dog, rat, and mouse
• a primate e.g., a monkey or a human
• prophylactically effective amount refers to that amount of teplizumab sufficient to result in the delay or prevention of the development, recurrence or onset of one or more symptoms of T1D.
• a prophylactically effective amount preferably refers to the amount of teplizumab that delays a subject's onset of T1D by at least 20%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 35%, by at least 40%, by at least 45%, by at least 50%, by at least 55%, by at least 60%, by at least 65%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%.
• anti-CD3 antibody and “an antibody that binds to CD3” refer to an antibody or antibody fragment that is capable of binding cluster of differentiation 3 (CDS) with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a prophylactic, diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting CD3.
• CDS cluster of differentiation 3
• the extent of binding of an anti-CD3 antibody to an unrelated, non-CD3 protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to CD3 as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA).
• RIA radioimmunoassay
• an antibody that binds to CD3 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of ⁇ 1 mM, ⁇ 100 nM, ⁇ 10 nM, ⁇ 1 nM, ⁇ 0.1 nM, ⁇ 0.01 nM, or ⁇ 0.001 nM (e.g. 10 8 M or less, e.g. from 10 8 M to 10 13 M, e.g., from 10 9 M to 10 13 M).
• Kd dissociation constant
• an anti-CD3 antibody binds to an epitope of CD3 that is conserved among CD3 from different species.
• the anti-CD3 antibody can be ChAglyCD3 (otelixizumab).
• Otelixizumab is a humanized Fc nonbinding anti-CD3, which was evaluated initially in phase 2 studies by the Belgian Diabetes Registry (BDR) and then developed by Tolerx, which then partnered with GSK to conduct the phase 3 DEFEND new onset T1D trials (NCT00678886, NCT01123083, NCT00763451).
• Otelixizumab is administered IV with infusions over 8 days. See, e.g., Wiczling et al., J. Clin. Pharmacol. 50 (5) (May 2010) 494-506; Keymeulen et al., N Engl J Med.
• the anti-CD3 antibody can be visilizumab (also called HuM291; Nuvion).
• Visilizumab is a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody characterized by a mutated IgG2 isotype, lack of binding to Fey receptors, and the ability to induce apoptosis selectively in activated T cells. It has evaluated in patients in graft-versus-host disease (NCT00720629; NCT00032279) and in ulcerative colitis (NCT00267306) and Crohn’s Disease (NCT00267709). See, e.g., Sandbom et al, Gut 59 (11) (Nov 2010) 1485-1492, incorporated herein by reference.
• the anti-CD3 antibody can be foralumab, a fully human anti- CD3 monoclonal antibody being developed by Tiziana Life Sciences, PLC in NASH and T2D (NCT03291249). See, e.g., Ogura et al., Clin Immunol. 2017;183:240-246; Ishikawa et al, Diabetes. 2007;56(8):2103-9; Wu et al, J Immunol 2010;185(6):3401-7; all incorporated herein by reference.
• the anti-CD3 antibody can be teplizumab.
• Teplizumab also known as hOKT3yl(Ala-Ala) (containing an alanine at positions 234 and 235) is an anti-CD3 antibody that had been engineered to alter the function of the T lymphocytes that mediate the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of the pancreas.
• Teplizumab binds to an epitope of the CD3s chain expressed on mature T cells and by doing so changes their function. Sequences and compositions of teplizumab are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,491,916; 8,663,634; and 9,056,906, each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The full sequences of light and heavy chains are set forth below. Bolded portions are the complementarity determining regions.
• Teplizumab Heavy Chain (SEQ ID NO: 2):
• compositions comprise a prophylactically effective amount of an anti-CD3 antibody, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• pharmaceutically acceptable means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
• carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant (e.g., Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete)), excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered.
• Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
• Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like (See, for example, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, Arthur H. Kibbe (ed., 2000, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), Am. Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C.
• compositions can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.
• These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like.
• Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E. W. Martin.
• Such compositions will contain a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
• the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
• the pharmaceutical compositions are sterile and in suitable form for administration to a subject, preferably an animal subject, more preferably a mammalian subject, and most preferably a human subject.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be desirable to administer the pharmaceutical compositions locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion, by injection, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.
• an implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.
• care must be taken to use materials to which the anti-CD3 antibody does not absorb.
• the composition can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al, in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353- 365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.).
• a liposome see Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al, in Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez-Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353- 365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generally ibid.).
• the composition can be delivered in a controlled release or sustained release system.
• a pump may be used to achieve controlled or sustained release (see Langer, supra; Sefton, 1987, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:20; Buchwald et al, 1980, Surgery 88:507; Saudek et al., 1989, N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574).
• polymeric materials can be used to achieve controlled or sustained release of the antibodies of the invention or fragments thereof (see e.g., Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.), CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla.
• polymers used in sustained release formulations include, but are not limited to, poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(methacrylic acid), polyglycolides (PLG), polyanhydrides, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol), polylactides (PLA), poly(lactide- co-glycolides) (PLGA), and polyorthoesters.
• the polymer used in a sustained release formulation is inert, free of leachable impurities, stable on storage, sterile, and biodegradable.
• a controlled or sustained release system can be placed in proximity of the therapeutic target, i.e., the lungs, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)).
• Controlled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (1990, Science 249: 1527-1533). Any technique known to one of skill in the art can be used to produce sustained release formulations comprising one or more antibodies of the invention or fragments thereof. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,526,938; PCT publication WO 91/05548; PCT publication WO 96/20698; Ning et al, 1996, Radiotherapy & Oncology 39: 179-189; Song et al, 1995, PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 50:372-397; Cleek et al, 1997, Pro. Int'l. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24:853-854; and Lam et al., 1997, Proc. Int'l. Symp. Control Rel. Bioact. Mater. 24:759-760, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• a pharmaceutical composition can be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
• routes of administration include, but are not limited to, parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral, intranasal (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
• the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intranasal or topical administration to human beings.
• a pharmaceutical composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures for subcutaneous administration to human beings.
• compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer.
• the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocamne to ease pain at the site of the injection.
• compositions may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
• the disclosure provides dosage forms that permit administration of the anti-CD3 antibody continuously over a period of hours or days (e.g., associated with a pump or other device for such delivery), for example, over a period of 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours. 16 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 4 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days or 14 days.
• the invention provides dosage forms that permit administration of a continuously increasing dose, for example, increasing from 51 ug/m 2 /day to 826 ug/m 2 /day over a period of 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 4 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days or 14 days.
• compositions can be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
• the ingredients of the compositions disclosed herein are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
• a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
• the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline.
• an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
• the disclosure provides that the anti-CD3 antibodies, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, can be packaged in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of the agent.
• the anti-CD3 antibody, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof is supplied as a dry sterilized lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container and can be reconstituted, e.g., with water or saline to the appropriate concentration for administration to a subject.
• the anti-CD3 antibody, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof is supplied as a dry sterile lyophilized powder in a hermetically sealed container at a unit dosage of at least 5 mg, more preferably at least 10 mg, at least 15 mg, at least 25 mg, at least 35 mg, at least 45 mg, at least 50 mg, at least 75 mg, or at least 100 mg.
• the lyophilized prophylactic agents, or pharmaceutical compositions herein should be stored at between 2 and 8 °C in its original container and the prophylactic or therapeutic agents, or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention should be administered within 1 week, preferably within 5 days, within 72 hours, within 48 hours, within 24 hours, within 12 hours, within 6 hours, within 5 hours, within 3 hours, or within 1 hour after being reconstituted.
• the pharmaceutical composition is supplied in liquid form in a hermetically sealed container indicating the quantity and concentration of the agent.
• the liquid form of the administered composition is supplied in a hermetically sealed container at least 0.25 mg/ml, more preferably at least 0.5 mg/ml, at least 1 mg/ml, at least 2.5 mg/ml, at least 5 mg/ml, at least 8 mg/ml, at least 10 mg/ml, at least 15 mg/kg, at least 25 mg/ml, at least 50 mg/ml, at least 75 mg/ml or at least 100 mg/ml.
• the liquid form should be stored at between 2 °C and 8 °C in its original container.
• the disclosure provides that the composition of the invention is packaged in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of the anti-CD3 antibody.
• compositions may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device that may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredient.
• the pack may for example comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
• composition of the invention which will be effective in the prevention or amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with T1D can be determined by standard clinical techniques.
• dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the condition, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.
• the present disclosure encompasses administration of anti human CD3 antibodies such teplizumab to individuals predisposed to develop type 1 diabetes or with pre-clinical stages of type 1 diabetes, but who do not meet the diagnosis criteria as established by the American Diabetes Association or the Immunology of Diabetes Society to prevent or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes and/or to prevent or delay the need for administration of insulin to such patients.
• anti human CD3 antibodies such teplizumab
• high-risk factors for identification of predisposed subjects include having first or second degree relatives with diagnosed type-1 diabetes, an impaired fasting glucose level (e.g., at least one determination of a glucose level of 100-125 mg/dl after fasting (8 hour with no food)), an impaired glucose tolerance in response to a 75 g OGTT (e.g., at least one determination of a 2-hr glucose level of 140-199 mg/dl in response to a 75 g OGTT), an HLA type of DR3, DR4 or DR7 in a Caucasian, an HLA type of DR3 or DR4 in a person of African descent, an HLA type of DR3, DR4 or DR9 in a person of Japanese descent, exposure to viruses (e.g., coxsackie B virus, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, rubella, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus), a positive diagnosis according to art accepted criteria of at least one other autoimmune disorder (e.g.
• viruses
• the subject identified as predisposed to developing type 1 diabetes has at least one of the risk factors described herein and/or as known in the art.
• the present disclosure also encompasses identification of subjects predisposed to development of type 1 diabetes, wherein said subject presents a combination of two or more, three or more, four or more, or more than five of the risk factors disclosed herein or known in the art.
• Serum autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes or with a predisposition for the development of type 1 diabetes are islet-cell autoantibodies (e.g., anti-ICA512 autoantibodies), glutamic acid decarbamylase autoantibodies (e.g., anti-GAD65 autoantibodies), IA2 antibodies, ZnT8 antibodies and/or anti-insulin autoantibodies.
• islet-cell autoantibodies e.g., anti-ICA512 autoantibodies
• glutamic acid decarbamylase autoantibodies e.g., anti-GAD65 autoantibodies
• IA2 antibodies e.g., ZnT8 antibodies and/or anti-insulin autoantibodies.
• the invention encompasses the treatment of an individual with detectable autoantibodies associated with a predisposition to the development of type 1 diabetes or associated with early stage type 1 diabetes (e.g., anti-IA2, anti-ICA512, anti-GAD or anti-insulin autoantibodies), wherein said individual has not been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and/or is a first or second degree relative of a type-1 diabetic.
• the presence of the autoantibodies is detected by ELISA, electrochemoluminescence (ECL), radioassay (see, e.g., Yu et al., 1996, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
• b-cell function prior to, during, and after therapy may be assessed by methods described herein or by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• DCCT Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
• HA1 and HAlc percentage glycosylated hemoglobin
• characterization of daily insulin needs, C-peptide levels/response, hypoglycemic episodes, and/or FPIR may be used as markers of b-cell function or to establish a therapeutic index (See Keymeulen et al, 2005, N. Engl. J. Med.
• FPIR is calculated as the sum of insulin values at 1 and 3 minutes post IGTT, which are performed according to Islet Cell Antibody Register User's Study protocols (see, e.g., Bingley et al, 1996, Diabetes 45: 1720-1728 and McCulloch et al., 1993, Diabetes Care 16:911-915).
• the individuals predisposed to develop T1D can be a non diabetic subject who is a relative of a patient with T1D.
• the non diabetic subject has 2 or more diabetes-related autoantibodies selected from islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2/ICA512) or ZnT8.
• ICA islet cell antibodies
• IAA insulin autoantibodies
• GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase
• IA-2/ICA512 tyrosine phosphatase
• ZnT8 ZnT8.
• the non-diabetic subject has abnormal glucose tolerance on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
• Aabnormal glucose tolerance on OGTT is defined as a fasting glucose level of 110-125 mg/dL, or 2 hour plasma of > 140 and ⁇ 200 mg/dL, or an intervening glucose value at 30, 60, or 90 minutes on OGTT > 200 mg/dL.
• the non-diabetic subject who will respond to the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab does not have antibodies against ZnT8.
• such non-diabetic subject is HLA-DR4+ and is not HLA-DR3+.
• such non-diabetic subject who will respond to the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab demonstrates an increase, following administration (e.g., after 1 month, after 2 months, after 3 months, or longer or shorter), in the frequency (or relative amount) of TIGIT+KLRG1+CD8+ T-cells (e.g., by flow cytometry) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
• the prophylactically effective amount comprises a 10 to 14 day course of subcutaneous (SC) injection or intravenous (IV) infusion of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab at 10-1000 micrograms/meter squared (pg/m 2 ).
• the prophylactically effective amount comprises a 14-day course IV infusion of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab at 51 pg/m 2 , 103 pg/m 2 , 207 pg/m 2 , and 413 pg/m 2 , on days 0-3, respectively, and one dose of 826 pg/m 2 on each of days 4-13.
• the prophylactically effective amount delays median time to clinical diagnosis of T1D by at least 50%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, or at least 12 months, at least 18 months, at least 24 months, at least 36 months, at least 48 months, or at least 60 months, or longer.
• the course of dosing with the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab can be repeated at 2 month, 4 month, 6 month, 8 month, 9 month, 10 month, 12 month, 15 month, 18 month, 24 month, 30 month, or 36 month intervals.
• efficacy of the treatment with the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab is determined as described herein or as is known in the art at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 15 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, or 36 months subsequent to the previous treatment.
• a subject is administered one or more unit doses of approximately 0.5-50 ug/kg, approximately 0.5-40 ug/kg, approximately 0.5-30 ug/kg, approximately 0.5-20 ug/kg, approximately 0.5-15 ug/kg, approximately 0.5-10 ug/kg, approximately 0.5-5 ug/kg, approximately 1-5 ug/kg, approximately 1-10 ug/kg, approximately 20-40 ug/kg, approximately 20-30 ug/kg, approximately 22-28 ug/kg or approximately 25-26 ug/kg of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab to prevent, treat or ameliorate one or more symptoms of T1D.
• the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab
• a subject is administered one or more unit doses of about 200 ug/kg, 178 ug/kg, 180 ug/kg, 128 ug/kg, 100 ug/kg, 95 ug/kg, 90 ug/kg, 85 ug/kg, 80 ug/kg, 75 ug/kg, 70 ug/kg, 65 ug/kg, 60 ug/kg, 55 ug/kg, 50 ug/kg, 45 ug/kg, 40 ug/kg, 35 ug/kg, 30 ug/kg, 26 ug/kg, 25 ug/kg, 20 ug/kg, 15 ug/kg, 13 ug/kg, 10 ug/kg, 6.5 ug/kg, 5 ug/kg, 3.2 ug/kg, 3 ug/kg, 2.5 ug/kg, 2 ug/kg, 1.6 ug/kg, 1.5 ug/kg, 1
• a subject is administered one or more doses of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab at about 5-1200 ug/m2, preferably, 51-826 ug/m2.
• a subject is administered one or more unit doses of 1200 ug/m2, 1150 ug/m2, 1100 ug/m2, 1050 ug/m2, 1000 ug/m2, 950 ug/m2, 900 ug/m2, 850 ug/m2, 800 ug/m2, 750 ug/m2, 700 ug/m2, 650 ug/m2, 600 ug/m2, 550 ug/m2, 500 ug/m2, 450 ug/m2, 400 ug/m2, 350 ug/m2, 300 ug/m2, 250 ug/m2, 200 ug/m2, 150 ug/m2, 100 ug/m2, 50 ug/m2, 40
• the subject is administered a treatment regimen comprising one or more doses of a prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, wherein the course of treatment is administered over 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days or 14 days.
• the treatment regimen comprises administering doses of the prophylactically effective amount every day, every 2nd day, every 3rd day or every 4th day.
• the treatment regimen comprises administering doses of the prophylactically effective amount on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday of a given week and not administering doses of the prophylactically effective amount on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday of the same week until 14 doses, 13, doses, 13 doses, 12 doses, 11 doses, 10 doses, 9 doses, or 8 doses have been administered.
• the dose administered is the same each day of the regimen.
• a subject is administered a treatment regimen comprising one or more doses of a prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, wherein the prophylactically effective amount is 200 ug/kg/day, 175 ug/kg/day, 150 ug/kg/day, 125 ug/kg/day, 100 ug/kg/day, 95 ug/kg/day, 90 ug/kg/day, 85 ug/kg/day, 80 ug/kg/day, 75 ug/kg/day, 70 ug/kg/day, 65 ug/kg/day, 60 ug/kg/day, 55 ug/kg/day, 50 ug/kg/day, 45 ug/kg/day, 40 ug/kg/day, 35 ug/kg/day, 30 ug/kg/day, 26 ug/kg/day, 25 ug/kg/day, 20 u
• the total dosage over the duration of the regimen is preferably a total of less than 9000 ug/m2, 8000 ug/m2, 7000 ug/m2, 6000 ug/m2, and may be less than 5000 ug/m2, 4000 ug/m2, 3000 ug/m2, 2000 ug/m2, or 1000 ug/m2.
• the total dosage administered in the regimen is 100 ug/m2 to 200 ug/m2, 100 ug/m2 to 500 ug/m2, 100 ug/m2 to 1000 ug/m2, or 500 ug/m2 to 1000 ug/m2.
• the dose escalates over the first fourth, first half or first 2/3 of the doses (e.g., over the first 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days of a 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 or 20 day regimen of one dose per day) of the treatment regimen until the daily prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab is achieved.
• the daily prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab
• a subject is administered a treatment regimen comprising one or more doses of a prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, wherein the prophylactically effective amount is increased by, e.g., 0.01 ug/kg, 0.02 ug/kg, 0.04 ug/kg, 0.05 ug/kg, 0.06 ug/kg, 0.08 ug/kg, 0.1 ug/kg, 0.2 ug/kg, 0.25 ug/kg, 0.5 ug/kg, 0.75 ug/kg, 1 ug/kg, 1.5 ug/kg, 2 ug/kg, 4 ug/kg, 5 ug/kg, 10 ug/kg, 15 ug/kg, 20 .XI.g/kg, 25 ug/kg, 30 ug/kg, 35 ug/kg, 40 ug/kg, 45 ug/kg, 50 ug/kg,
• a subject is administered a treatment regimen comprising one or more doses of a prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, wherein the prophylactically effective amount is increased by a factor of 1.25, a factor of 1.5, a factor of 2, a factor of 2.25, a factor of 2.5, or a factor of 5 until the daily prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab is achieved.
• a prophylactically effective amount of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab
• a subject is intramuscularly administered one or more doses of a 200 ug/kg or less, preferably 175 ug/kg or less, 150 ug/kg or less, 125 ug/kg or less, 100 ug/kg or less, 95 ug/kg or less, 90 ug/kg or less, 85 ug/kg or less, 80 ug/kg or less, 75 ug/kg or less, 70 ug/kg or less, 65 ug/kg or less, 60 ug/kg or less, 55 ug/kg or less, 50 ug/kg or less, 45 ug/kg or less, 40 ug/kg or less, 35 ug/kg or less, 30 ug/kg or less, 25 ug/kg or less, 20 ug/kg or less, 15 ug/kg or less, 10 ug/kg or less, 5 ug/kg or less, 2.5 ug/kg or less
• a subject is subcutaneously administered one or more doses of a 200 ug/kg or less, preferably 175 ug/kg or less, 150 ug/kg or less, 125 ug/kg or less, 100 ug/kg or less, 95 ug/kg or less, 90 ug/kg or less, 85 ug/kg or less, 80 ug/kg or less, 75 ug/kg or less, 70 ug/kg or less, 65 ug/kg or less, 60 ug/kg or less, 55 ug/kg or less, 50 ug/kg or less, 45 ug/kg or less, 40 ug/kg or less, 35 ug/kg or less, 30 ug/kg or less, 25 ug/kg or less, 20 ug/kg or less, 15 ug/kg or less, 10 ug/kg or less, 5 ug/kg or less, 2.5 ug/kg or less, 2
• a subject is intravenously administered one or more doses of a 100 ug/kg or less, preferably 95 ug/kg or less, 90 ug/kg or less, 85 ug/kg or less, 80 ug/kg or less, 75 ug/kg or less, 70 ug/kg or less, 65 ug/kg or less, 60 ug/kg or less, 55 ug/kg or less, 50 ug/kg or less, 45 ug/kg or less, 40 ug/kg or less, 35 ug/kg or less, 30 ug/kg or less, 25 ug/kg or less, 20 ug/kg or less, 15 ug/kg or less, 10 ug/kg or less, 5 ug/kg or less, 2.5 ug/kg or less, 2 ug/kg or less, 1.5 ug/kg or less, 1 ug/kg or less, 0.5 ug/kg or less, or 0.5
• the intravenous dose of 100 ug/kg or less, 95 ug/kg or less, 90 ug/kg or less, 85 ug/kg or less, 80 ug/kg or less, 75 ug/kg or less, 70 ug/kg or less, 65 ug/kg or less, 60 ug/kg or less, 55 ug/kg or less, 50 ug/kg or less, 45 ug/kg or less, 40 ug/kg or less, 35 ug/kg or less, 30 ug/kg or less, 25 ug/kg or less, 20 ug/kg or less, 15 ug/kg or less, 10 ug/kg or less, 5 ug/kg or less, 2.5 ug/kg or less, 2 ug/kg or less, 1.5 ug/kg or less, 1 ug/kg or less, 0.5 ug/kg or less, or 0.5 ug/kg or less of the anti-CD3 antibody such as
• a subject is orally administered one or more doses of a 100 ug/kg or less, preferably 95 ug/kg or less, 90 ug/kg or less, 85 ug/kg or less, 80 ug/kg or less, 75 ug/kg or less, 70 ug/kg or less, 65 ug/kg or less, 60 ug/kg or less, 55 ug/kg or less, 50 ug/kg or less, 45 ug/kg or less, 40 ug/kg or less, 35 ug/kg or less, 30 ug/kg or less, 25 ug/kg or less, 20 ug/kg or less, 15 ug/kg or less, 10 ug/kg or less, 5 ug/kg or less, 2.5 ug/kg or less, 2 ug/kg or less, 1.5 ug/kg or less, 1 ug/kg or less, 0.5 ug/kg or less, or 0.5
• the dose on day 1 of the regimen is 5-100 ug/m2/day, preferably 51 ug/m2/day and escalates to the daily dose as recited immediately above by day 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.
• the subject is administered a dose of approximately 51 ug/m 2 /day, on day 2 approximately 103 ug/m 2 /day, on day 3 approximately 207 ug/m 2 /day, on day 4 approximately 413 ug/m 2 /day and on subsequent days of the regimen (e.g., days 5-14) 826 ug/m 2 /day.
• the subject on day 1, is administered a dose of approximately 227 ug/m 2 /day, on day 2 approximately 459 ug/m 2 /day, on day 3 and subsequent days, approximately 919 ug/m 2 /day.
• the subject on day 1, is administered a dose of approximately 284 ug/m 2 /day, on day 2 approximately 574 ug/m 2 /day, on day 3 and subsequent days, approximately 1148 ug/m 2 /day.
• the initial dose is 1/4, to 1/2, to equal to the daily dose at the end of the regimen but is administered in portions at intervals of 6, 8, 10 on 12 hours.
• a 13 ug/kg/day dose is administered in four doses of 3-4 ug/kg at intervals of 6 hours to reduce the level of cytokine release caused by administration of the antibody.
• the first 1, 2, 3, or 4 doses or all the doses in the regimen are administered more slowly by intravenous administration.
• a dose of 51 ug/m 2 /day may be administered over about 5 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 10 hours, about 12 hours, about 14 hours, about 16 hours, about 18 hours, about 20 hours, and about 22 hours.
• the dose is administered by slow infusion over a period of, e.g., 20 to 24 hours.
• the dose is infused in a pump, preferably increasing the concentration of antibody administered as the infusion progresses.
• a set fraction of the doses for the 51 ug/m 2 /day to 826 ug/m 2 /day regimen described above is administered in escalating doses.
• the fraction is 1/10, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3 or 3/4 of the daily doses of the regimens described above. Accordingly, when the fraction is 1/10, the daily doses will be 5.1 ug/m 2 on day 1, 10.3 ug/m 2 on day 2, 20.7 g/m 2 on day 3, 41.3 ug/m 2 on day 4 and 82.6 ug/m 2 on days 5 to 14.
• the doses When the fraction is 1/4, the doses will be 12.75 ug/m 2 on day 1, 25.5 ug/m 2 on day 2, 51 ug/m 2 on day 3, 103 ug/m 2 on day 4, and 207 ug/m 2 on days 5 to 14.
• the fraction When the fraction is 1/3, the doses will be 17 ug/m 2 on day 1, 34.3 ug/m 2 on day 2, 69 ug/m 2 on day 3, 137.6 ug/m 2 on day 4, and 275.3 ug/m 2 on days 5 to 14.
• the doses When the fraction is 1/2, the doses will be 25.5 ug/m 2 on day 1, 51 ug/m 2 on day 2, 103 ug/m 2 on day 3, 207 ug/m 2 on day 4, and 413 ug/m 2 on days 5 to 14.
• the fraction When the fraction is 2/3, the doses will be 34 ug/m 2 on day 1, 69 ug/m 2 on day 2, 137.6 ug/m 2 on day 3, 275.3 ug/m 2 on day 4, and 550.1 ug/m 2 on days 5 to 14.
• the doses When the fraction is 3/4, the doses will be 38.3 ug/m 2 on day 1, 77.3 ug/m 2 on day 2, 155.3 ug/m 2 on day 3, 309.8 ug/m 2 on day 4, and 620 ug/m 2 on days 5 to 14.
• the regimen is identical to one of those described above but only over days 1 to 4, days 1 to 5, or days 1 to 6.
• the doses will be 17 ug/m 2 on day 1, 34.3 ug/m 2 on day 2, 69 ug/m 2 on day 3, 137.6 ug/m 2 on day 4, and 275.3 ug/m 2 on days 5 and 6.
• the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab
• the infusion may be constant or may start out at a lower dosage for, for example, the first 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, or 8 hours of the infusion and then increase to a higher dosage thereafter. Over the course of the infusion, the patient receives a dose equal to the amount administered in the 5 to 20 day regimens set forth above.
• the speed and duration of the infusion is designed to minimize the level of free anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab in the subject after administration.
• the level of free anti- CD3 antibody such as teplizumab should not exceed 200 ng/ml free antibody.
• the infusion is designed to achieve a combined T cell receptor coating and modulation of at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or of 100%.
• the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab is administered chronically to treat, prevent, or slow or delay the onset or progression, or ameliorate one or more symptoms of type 1 diabetes.
• a low dose of the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab is administered once a month, twice a month, three times per month, once a week or even more frequently either as an alternative to the 6 to 14 day dosage regimen discussed above or after administration of such a regimen to enhance or maintain its effect.
• Such a low dose may be anywhere from 1 ug/m 2 to 100 ug/m 2 , such as approximately 5 ug/m 2 , 10 ug/m 2 , 15 ug/m 2 , 20 ug/m 2 , 25 ug/m 2 , 30 ug/m 2 , 35 ug/m 2 , 40 ug/m 2 , 45 ug/m 2 , or 50 ug/m 2 .
• the subject may be re-dosed at some time subsequent to administration of the the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab dosing regimen, for example, based upon one or more physiological parameters or may be done as a mater of course.
• the anti-CD3 antibody such as teplizumab, otelixizumab or foralumab dosing regimen, for example, based upon one or more physiological parameters or may be done as a mater of course.
• redosing may be administered and/or the need for such redosing evaluated 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 8 months, 9 months, 1 year, 15 months, 18 months, 2 years, 30 months or 3 years after administration of a dosing regimen and may include administering a course of treatment every 6 months, 9 months, 1 year, 15 months, 18 months, 2 years, 30 months or 3 years indefinitely.
• Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to destruction of insulin producing beta cells and dependence on exogenous insulin for survival.
• Some interventions have shown success in atenuating the loss of insulin production in patients who present with clinical disease but no intervention to date has been able to affect progression to the disease in individuals who are at high risk for its development.
• Teplizumab can delay the diagnosis of T1D in high-risk individuals. Subgroups of individuals may be more likely to respond to therapy and the effects. Methods
• Eligible participants were nondiabetic relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes, age > 8 years at time of randomization, who were at high risk for development of clinical diabetes. They had 2 or more diabetes-related autoantibodies on 2 sample collections within 6 months prior to randomization. In addition, they had abnormal glucose tolerance on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), defined to be a fasting glucose level of 110-125 mg/dL, or 2 hour plasma of > 140 and ⁇ 200 mg/dL, or an intervening glucose value at 30, 60, or 90 minutes on OGTT > 200 mg/d on two occasions within 52 days of enrollment.
• OGTT oral glucose tolerance test
• the protocol was amended in 2014 to allow enrollment of participants ⁇ age 18 with a single abnormal OGTT because the rates of T1D progression were similar with and without a confirmatory OGTT in this age group.
• the second pre-treatment OGTT was done on the first day of study drug administration. Individuals with other significant medical history, abnormal laboratory chemistries or blood counts were excluded.
• PTP TrialNet Pathway to Prevention
• the primary outcome was the elapsed time from randomization to the diagnosis of diabetes, using criteria defined by the American Diabetes Association 15 .
• C-peptide was measured from frozen plasma by two-site immunoenzymometric assay (Tosoh Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA). HbAic was measured using ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (Variant II, Bio-Rad Diagnostics, Hercules, CA). Reliability coefficients for each assay were above 0.99 from split duplicate samples. mlAA, GAD-65Ab, ICA-512Ab, ZnT8A were measured using radio-immunobinding assays at the Barbara Davis Diabetes Center, Anschultz CO, and ICA using indirect immunofluorescence at the University of Florida at Gainesville. C-peptide, glucose and HbAic were measured at the Northwest Research Laboratory, Seattle, WA.
• C-peptide was measured from frozen plasma by two-site immunoenzymometric assay (Tosoh Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA) at the HbAic was measured using ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (Variant II, Bio-Rad Diagnostics, Hercules, CA). Reliability coefficients for each assay were above 0.99 from split duplicate samples. EBV and CMV viral loads were measured in whole blood at the University of Colorado using previously described methods 1 .
• PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• Frozen vials of PBMC were sent to Benaroya Research Institute for analysis by flow cytometry with antibody panels shown in Figure 4.
• T-cell phenotyping was performed on PBMC as previously described on an LSR-Fortessa (BD Biosciences) with FACS Diva software and analyzed with FlowJo software version 9.5 (Tree Star, Ashland, OR).
• CD8+ T-cells that were TIGIT+KLRG+CD57-, TIGIT-KLRG1-CD57- , or CD4+CD127 lo Foxp3+ (CD4+Tregs) were determined as described previously 2 . The quadrants were placed based on staining controls.
• T1D is a chronic T-cell mediated disease 21 ⁇ 22 .
• this therapy impacts disease progression before, and loss of beta cell function after diagnosis suggests that there is a continuum in the autoimmune process, and validates the effort to use immunomodulation prior to the onset of clinical disease 9 11 ⁇ 23 25 .
• Teplizumab preserves C-peptide in recent- onset type 1 diabetes: two-year results from the randomized, placebo-controlled Protege trial. Diabetes 2013;62:3901-8.
• Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet A Multifaceted Approach to Bringing Disease-Modifying Therapy to Clinical Use in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2018;41 :653-61.

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• 2021
  • 2021-11-02 JO JOP/2021/0298A patent/JOP20210298A1/ar unknown
• 2022
  • 2022-09-02 US US17/929,573 patent/US20230013752A1/en not_active Abandoned
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• 2025
  • 2025-02-05 JP JP2025017278A patent/JP2025072504A/ja active Pending
  • 2025-05-16 US US19/210,427 patent/US20260008850A1/en active Pending

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