KR101434259B1 - 탄화수소 함유 지층을 처리하기 위한 병합 발생 시스템 및방법 - Google Patents
탄화수소 함유 지층을 처리하기 위한 병합 발생 시스템 및방법 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
- B60L1/02—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to electric heating circuits
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- E21B43/281—Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent using heat
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
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Abstract
탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템은 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비를 포함한다. 하나 이상의 주입 웰은 지층의 제 1 부분에 위치하고, 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 설비로부터 증기를 상기 지층의 제 1 부분에 공급하도록 구성된다. 하나 이상의 제조 웰은 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 내에 위치하고, 제 1 탄화수소를 공급하도록 구성된다. 하나 이상의 전기 히터는 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 및/또는 지층의 제 2 부분 내에 위치하고, 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비로부터 주어지는 전기에 의해 가동되도록 구성된다. 하나 이상의 제조 웰은 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 및/또는 상기 지층의 제 2 부분 내에 위치하고, 제 2 탄화수소를 공급하도록 구성된다. 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비는 상기 제 1 탄화수소 및/또는 상기 제 2 탄화수소를 사용하여 전기를 생산하도록 구성된다.
탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
Description
본 발명은 일반적으로 탄화수소 함유 지층 (formation) 과 같은 다양한 지하 지층으로부터 탄화수소, 수소 및/또는 다른 생성물을 형성하는 방법 및 시스템에 관한 것이다. 특히, 특정 실시형태는, 증기 주입 회수 및 탄화수소 함유 지층의 현장 처리와 함께 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 시설을 사용하는 것에 관한 것이다.
지하 지층으로부터 얻어진 탄화수소는 공급원료 등의 에너지 자원으로서 그리고 소비재로서 종종 사용된다. 이용가능한 탄화수소 자원의 고갈에 대한 걱정 그리고 형성되는 탄화수소의 전체 질의 감소에 대한 걱정으로 인해, 이용가능한 탄화수소 자원의 더욱 효과적인 회수, 처리 및/또는 사용을 위한 처리가 개발되고 있다. 지하 지층으로부터 탄화수소 재료를 제거하기 위해 현장 처리가 이용될 수 있다. 지하 지층 속의 탄화수소 재료의 화학적 및/또는 물리적 특성은 지하 지층으로부터 탄화수소 재료를 더욱 용이하게 제거할 수 있도록 변화될 필요가 있을 수 있다. 화학적 및 물리적 변화는 제거가능한 유체를 형성하는 현장 반응, 지층 속의 탄화수소 재료의 조성 변화, 용해도 변화, 밀도 변화, 상 변화 및/또는 점도 변화를 포함할 수 있다. 유체는 가스, 액체, 에멀젼, 슬러리 및/또는 액체 유동과 유사한 유동 특성을 갖는 고체 입자의 스트림일 수 있고, 이에 국한되지 않는다.
비교적 투과성인 지층 (예컨대 타르 모래) 내에 함유된 중질 탄화수소 (중질유 및/또는 타르) 의 큰 퇴적물이 북아메리카, 남아메리카, 아프리카 및 아시아에서 발견된다. 타르는 표면 채굴되어, 원유, 나프타 (naphta), 등유 및/또는 경유와 같은 경질 탄화수소로 개량될 수 있다. 표면 채굴 처리는 또한 모래로부터 역청 (bitumen) 을 분리할 수도 있다. 분리된 역청은 종래의 정제 방법을 사용하여 경질 탄화수소로 변환될 수 있다. 타르 모래의 채굴 및 개량은 보통 종래의 오일 저장소로부터 경질 탄화수소를 제조하는 것보다 실질적으로 비용이 많이 든다.
타르 모래로부터 탄화수소의 현장 제조는 가열 및/또는 지층 내의 가스 주입에 의해 달성될 수 있다. Ostapovich 등의 미국 특허 제 5,211,230 호 및 Leaute 의 5,339,897 호는 오일 저장소 내에 위치한 수평 제조 웰을 개시하고 있다. 현장 연소를 위해 저장소 내에 산화제 가스를 주입하기 위해 수직 도관이 사용될 수도 있다.
Ljungstrom 의 미국 특허 제 2,780,450 호는 역청 지질층의 현장에서 가열하여 액체 타르 형태의 물질을 오일 및 가스로 변환 또는 분해하는 것을 개시하고 있다.
Ware 등의 미국 특허 제 4,597,441 호는 오일, 열, 수소를 저장소 내에서 동 시에 접촉시키는 것을 개시하고 있다. 수소화는 저장소로부터의 오일 회수를 향상시킨다.
Glandt 등의 미국 특허 제 5,046,559 호 및 Glandt 등의 미국 특허 제 5,060,726 호는 주입 웰과 제조 웰 사이의 타르 모래 지층의 일부를 예열하는 것을 개시하고 있다. 제조 웰에서 탄화수소를 제조하기 위해 지층 내에는 주입 웰로부터 증기가 주입될 수 있다.
상기에 개설한 바와 같이, 탄화수소 함유 지층으로부터 탄화수소, 수소 및/또는 다른 생성물을 경제적으로 제조하기 위한 방법 및 시스템을 개발하기 위해 상당한 노력이 있어 왔다. 증기 주입 및 현장 열 처리 모두를 통하여 탄화수소를 제조하는 것은 탄화수소 함유 지층으로부터 탄화수소의 총 회수를 증가시킬 수 있다. 두 처리 모두를 사용하는 것은 둘 중 어느 하나의 처리를 사용하는 것보다 더 경제적일 수 있다.
여기서 설명하는 실시형태는 일반적으로 지하 지층을 가열하기 위한 시스템, 방법 및 히터에 관한 것이다. 또한, 여기서 설명하는 실시형태는 신규한 구성요소를 포함하는 히터에 관한 것이다. 여기서 설명하는 시스템 및 방법을 이용함으로써 그러한 히터를 얻을 수 있다.
특정 실시형태에서, 본 발명은 1 이상의 시스템, 방법 및/또는 히터를 제공한다. 몇몇의 실시형태에서, 상기 시스템, 방법 및/또는 히터는 지하 지층을 처리하기 위해 사용된다.
특정 실시형태에서, 본 발명은, 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비; 지층의 제 1 부분 내에 위치하고, 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 설비로부터 증기를 상기 지층의 제 1 부분에 공급하도록 구성된 하나 이상의 주입 웰; 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 내에 위치하고, 제 1 탄화수소를 공급하도록 구성된 하나 이상의 제조 웰; 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 및/또는 지층의 제 2 부분 내에 위치하고, 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비로부터 주어지는 전기에 의해 가동되도록 구성된 하나 이상의 전기 히터; 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 및/또는 상기 지층의 제 2 부분 내에 위치하고, 제 2 탄화수소를 공급하도록 구성된 하나 이상의 제조 웰; 및 상기 제 1 탄화수소 및/또는 상기 제 2 탄화수소를 사용하여 전기를 발생하도록 구성된 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비를 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템을 제공한다.
몇몇 실시형태에서, 본 발명은, 상기 지층의 제 1 부분에 증기를 공급하는 단계;
상기 지층의 제 1 부분으로부터 제 1 탄화수소를 제조하는 단계;
하나 이상의 전기 히터로부터 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 및/또는 상기 지층의 제 2 부분에 열을 공급하는 단계;
상기 히터로부터 상기 지층의 제 1 부분 및/또는 상기 지층의 제 2 부분에 상기 공급된 열을 전달하는 단계;
상기 지층의 제 2 부분으로부터 제 2 탄화수소를 제조하는 단계; 및
증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비에서 상기 제 1 탄화수소 및/또는 상기 제 2 탄화수소를 사용하는 단계를 포함하고, 상기 설비는 증기를 상기 지층의 제 1 부분에 공급하고, 히터에는 전기를 공급하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법을 제공한다.
다른 실시형태에서, 특정 실시형태의 특징은 다른 실시형태의 특징과 조합될 수 있다. 예컨대, 한 실시형태의 특징은 임의의 다른 실시형태의 특징과 조합될 수 있다.
다른 실시형태에서, 지하 지층의 처리는 여기서 설명하는 방법, 시스템 또는 히터를 이용하여 행해진다.
다른 실시형태에서, 부가적인 특징이 여기서 설명하는 특정 실시형태에 부가될 수 있다.
본 발명의 이점은 이하의 상세한 설명과 첨부 도면을 참조하면 본 기술분야의 당업자에게 명백해질 것이다.
도 1 은 탄화수소 함유 지층의 가열 단계를 보여준다.
도 2 는 탄화수소 함유 지층을 처리하기 위한 현장 열처리 시스템 중 일부의 실시형태의 개략도이다.
도 3 은 탄화수소 함유 지층으로부터 탄화수소를 제조하기 위한 실시형태의 개념을 나타낸다.
본 발명은 다양한 수정과 다른 형태가 가능하지만, 본 발명의 특정 실시형태를 예로써 도면에 나타내고 여기서 상세히 설명한다. 도면은 일정한 축척이 아 닐 수 있다. 도면과 상세한 설명은 본 발명을 개시된 특정 형태로 제한하려는 것이 아니고, 오히려 첨부된 청구범위에 기재된 본 발명의 보호범위에 속하는 모든 수정, 균등물 및 변형을 포함하려는 것임을 이해해야 한다.
이하의 설명은 일반적으로 지층 내 탄화수소를 처리하기 위한 시스템 및 방법에 관한 것이다. 그러한 지층을 처리하여, 탄화수소 생성물, 수소 및 다른 생성물을 얻을 수 있다.
"탄화수소"는 일반적으로 주로 탄소와 수소 원자로 형성된 분자로 정의된다. 탄화수소는 할로겐, 금속원소, 질소, 산소 및/또는 황과 같은 다른 원소를 또한 포함할 수 있으며, 이에 국한되지 않는다. 탄화수소는 케로겐, 역청, 피로역청, 오일, 천연 광랍 및 아스팔타이트일 수 있으며, 이에 국한되지 않는다. 탄화수소는 땅 속 광물 매트릭스 내에 또는 인접하게 위치될 수 있다. 매트릭스는 퇴적암, 모래, 실리실라이트 (silicilyte), 탄산염, 규조토 및 다른 다공성 매체를 포함할 수 있으며, 이에 국한되지 않는다. "탄화수소 유체"는 탄화수소를 포함하는 유체이다. 탄화수소 유체는 수소, 질소, 일산화탄소, 이산화탄소, 황화수소, 물 및 암모니아와 같은 비탄화수소 (non-hydrocarbon) 유체를 포함 또는 동반하거나 비탄화수소 유체에 동반될 수 있다.
"지층"은 1 이상의 탄화수소 함유 층, 1 이상의 비탄화수소 층, 상부 퇴적물 (overburden) 및/또는 하부 퇴적물 (underburden) 을 포함한다. "상부 퇴적물" 및/또는 "하부 퇴적물"은 1 이상의 상이한 종류의 불투과성 재료를 포함한다. 예컨대, 상부 퇴적물 및/또는 하부 퇴적물은 암석, 셰일, 이암, 또는 습식/기밀 탄 산염을 포함할 수 있다. 현장 열처리 과정의 일부 실시형태에서, 상부 퇴적물 및/또는 하부 퇴적물은, 상대적으로 불투과성이며 또 현장 열처리 동안 상부 퇴적물 및/또는 하부 퇴적물의 탄화수소 함유 층의 중요한 특성 변화를 발생시키는 온도를 거치지 않는 탄화수소 함유 층(들)을 포함할 수 있다. 예컨대, 하부 퇴적물은 셰일 또는 이암을 포함할 수 있지만, 하부 퇴적물은 열현장 열처리 과정 동안 열분해 온도까지 가열되는 것은 허용되지 않는다. 몇몇의 경우에, 상부 퇴적물 및/또는 하부 퇴적물은 약간 투과성일 수 있다.
"지층 유체"는 지층 내 유체를 가리키며, 열분해 유체, 합성가스, 가동화된 탄화수소 및 물 (증기) 을 포함할 수 있다. 지층 유체는 비탄화수소 유체뿐만 아니라 탄화수소 유체를 포함할 수 있다. 용어 "가동화 유체"는 지층의 열처리 결과 유동할 수 있는 탄화수소 함유 지층 내 유체를 가리킨다. "비스브로큰 유체 (Visbroken fluid)" 는 상기 지층의 열 처리 결과 점성이 감소된 유체를 가리킨다.
"형성된 유체"는 지층으로부터 제거된 지층 유체를 가리킨다.
"열원"은 실질적으로 전도 및/또는 복사 열전달에 의해 지층의 적어도 일부에 열을 제공하는 임의의 시스템이다. 예컨대, 열원은 절연된 도체, 기다란 부재 및/또는 도관 내에 배치된 도체와 같은 전기 히터를 포함할 수 있다. 열원은 지층 외부 또는 내부에서 연료를 연소시킴으로써 열을 발생시키는 시스템을 또한 포함할 수 있다. 이 시스템은 표면 버너, 다운홀 가스 버너, 무염 (flameless) 분배 연소기 및 천연 분배 연소기일 수 있다. 몇몇의 실시형태에 서, 1 이상의 열원에 제공되거나 열원에서 발생되는 열은 다른 에너지원에 의해 공급될 수 있다. 다른 에너지원은 지층을 직접 가열하거나, 또는 지층을 직접 또는 간접적으로 가열하는 전달 매체에 에너지가 가해질 수 있다. 지층에 열을 가하는 1 이상의 열원은 상이한 에너지원을 이용할 수 있다. 따라서, 예컨대, 주어진 지층의 경우, 일부 열원은 전기 저항 히터로부터 열을 공급하고, 일부 열원은 연소로부터 열을 공급하며, 또 일부 열원은 1 이상의 다른 에너지원 (예컨대, 화학 반응, 태양에너지, 풍력, 바이오매스 (biomass), 또는 재생가능한 다른 에너지원) 으로부터 열을 공급할 수 있다. 화학 반응은 발열 반응 (예컨대, 산화 반응) 을 포함할 수 있다. 열원은 히터 웰 (heater well) 과 같은 가열 위치에 가까운 구역 및/또는 가열 위치를 둘러싸는 구역에 열을 제공하는 히터를 또한 포함할 수 있다.
"히터"는 웰 (well) 내에 또는 웰보어 구역 근방에 열을 발생시키는 임의의 시스템 또는 열원이다. 히터는 지층 내 재료 또는 지층에서 형성된 재료와 반응할 수 있는 전기 히터, 버너, 연소기 및/또는 이들의 조합일 수 있으며, 이에 국한되지 않는다.
"현장 열처리 과정"은, 지층 내에 가동화 유체, 비스브레이킹 (visbreaking) 된 유체, 또는 열분해 유체가 형성되도록, 열원으로 탄화수소 함유 지층을 가열하여 지층 중 적어도 일부의 온도를 가동화, 또는 비스브레이킹, 또는 열분해 온도 이상으로 높이는 과정을 가리킨다.
"온도 제한 히터"는 일반적으로 온도 제어기, 전력 조절기, 정류기, 또는 다 른 장치와 같은 외부 제어의 사용 없이 특정 온도 이상에서 열 출력을 제한하는 (예컨대, 열 출력을 감소시키는) 히터를 가리킨다. 온도 제한 히터는 AC (교류) 또는 변조된 (예컨대, "절단된 (chopped)") DC (직류) 전력 전기 저항 히터일 수 있다.
용어 "웰보어"는 드릴링 또는 지층에의 도관 삽입에 의해 형성된 지층 내 구멍을 가리킨다. 웰보어는 실질적으로 원형의 단면 또는 다른 단면 형상을 가질 수 있다. 여기서 사용되는 용어 "웰"과 "개구"는 지층 내 개구를 나타내는 경우 용어 "웰보어"와 서로 교환가능하게 사용될 수 있다.
"u자형 웰보어"는 지층 내 제 1 개구로부터 적어도 지층의 일부를 통해 그리고 지층 내 제 2 개구까지 연장된 웰보어를 가리킨다. 본 명세서에서, 웰보어는 단지 개략적으로 "v" 또는 "u"자 형상일 수 있으며, "u자형"으로 간주되는 웰보어의 경우, "u"의 "다리부 (leg)"가 서로 평행하거나 "u"의 "저부 (bottom)"에 수직일 필요는 없다.
"비스브레이킹 (Visbreaking)"은 열 처리 동안 유체 내의 분자의 엉킴이 풀리고, 그리고/또는 열 처리 동안 큰 분자들이 보다 작은 분자로 파괴되어, 유체의 점성 감소가 일어나는 것을 나타낸다.
"열분해"는 열 공급으로 인한 화학 결합의 파괴이다. 예컨대, 열분해는 단지 열만으로 화합물을 1 이상의 다른 물질로 변환시키는 것을 포함할 수 있다. 열은 지층의 구획에 전달되어 열분해를 야기할 수 있다.
"열분해 유체" 또는 "열분해 생성물"은 실질적으로 탄화수소의 열분해 동안 형성된 유체를 가리킨다. 열분해 반응에 의해 형성된 유체는 지층 내 다른 유체와 혼합될 수 있다. 이 혼합물은 열분해 유체 또는 열분해 생성물로 간주된다. 여기서 사용되는 "열분해 구역"은 반응되거나 반응하여 열분해 유체를 형성하는 지층의 체적 (예컨대, 역청 지층과 같은 비교적 투과성인 지층) 을 가리킨다.
"크래킹 (Cracking)"은 처음에 존재했던 것보다 더 많은 수의 분자를 제조하기 위해 유기 화합물을 분해 및 분자 재결합하는 것을 포함한다. 크래킹에서는, 일련의 반응이 일어날 때 분자간 수소 원자 전달이 수반된다. 예를 들면, 나프타는 열 크래킹 반응으로 에탄 및 H2 를 형성한다.
"열 중첩" 은 적어도 열원 사이의 지점에서의 지층 온도가 열원에 의해 영향을 받도록, 둘 이상의 열원으로부터 지층의 선택된 영역에 열을 가하는 것을 말한다.
"유압"은 지층 내에서 유체에 의해 발생한 압력이다. "지반압력" ("지반응력"으로도 칭함) 은 상부 암석체량의 단위 면적당 무게와 동일한 지층 내의 압력이다. "정수압"은 물기둥에 의해 가해지는 지층 내의 압력이다.
"API 중량" 은 15.5℃ (60℉) 에서의 API 중량을 나타낸다. API 중량은 ASTM 법 D6822 에 의해 정해진 바와 같다.
층의 "두께"는 층 단면의 두께를 나타내며, 이 단면은 층 면에 수직이다.
"중질 탄화수소"는 점성 탄화수소 유체이다. 중질 탄화수소는 중질유, 타르 및/또는 아스팔트와 같은 높은 점성의 탄화수소 유체를 포함할 수 있다. 중질 탄화수소는 탄소 및 수소 뿐만 아니라 보다 작은 농도의 황, 산소 및 질소를 포함할 수 있다. 중질 탄화수소에는 추가 원소들이 미량 존재할 수도 있다. 중질 탄화수소는 API 중량에 의해 분류될 수 있다. 중질 탄화수소는 일반적으로 약 20°미만의 API 중량을 갖는다. 예컨대 중질유는 일반적으로 약 10∼20°미만의 API 중량을 갖는 반면, 타르는 일반적으로 약 10°미만의 API 중량을 갖는다. 중질 탄화수소의 점성은 일반적으로 15℃ 에서 약 100 센티푸아즈를 초과한다. 중질 탄화수소는 방향족 또는 다른 복합 고리 탄화수소를 포함할 수 있다.
중질 탄화수소는 상대적으로 투과성인 지층 내에서 발견될 수 있다. 상대적으로 투과성인 지층은 예컨대 모래 또는 탄산염 내에 혼입된 중질 탄화수소를 포함할 수 있다. "상대적으로 투과성"이란 지층 또는 그 일부에 대해, 10 millidarcy 이상의 평균 투과도로서 정의된다 (예컨대 10 또는 100 millidarcy). "상대적으로 저투과성"이란, 지층 또는 그 일부에 대해, 약 10 millidarcy 미만의 평균 투과도로서 정의된다. 1 darcy 는 약 0.99 평방 마이크로미터와 같다. 불투과성 층은 일반적으로 약 0.1 millidarcy 미만의 투과도를 갖는다.
"타르"는 일반적으로 15℃에서 약 10,000 센티푸아즈를 초과하는 점도를 갖는 점성 탄화수소이다. 타르의 비중은 일반적으로 1.000 초과이다. 타르는 10°미만의 API 중량을 가질 수 있다.
"타르 모래 지층"은 탄화수소가 주로 중질 탄화수소 및/또는 광물 입자 구조 내에 혼입된 타르 또는 다른 모암석 (예컨대 모래 또는 탄산염) 의 형태로 존재하는 지층이다. 타르 모래 지층은 캐나다 앨버타에 있는 아타바스카(Athabasca) 타르 모래 지층 및 그로스몬트(Grosmont) 탄산염 지층과 같은 지층을 포함한다.
몇몇의 경우에, 상대적으로 투과성인 지층의 탄화수소 부분의 일부 또는 전부는, 주로 중질 탄화수소 및/또는 지지 광물 입자 구조를 갖지 않고 부유 광물질 (예컨대 아스팔트 레이크) 만을 갖는 (또는 광물질을 전혀 갖지 않는) 타르일 수 있다.
중질 탄화수소를 포함하는 어떤 종류의 지층은 또한, 천연 광물 왁스 또는 천연 아스팔트광일 수도 있으며, 이에 한정되는 것은 아니다. "천연 광물 왁스"는 수미터의 폭, 수킬로미터의 길이, 및 수백미터의 깊이를 갖는 실질적으로 관형인 광맥 내에서 전형적으로 발생한다. "천연 아스팔트광"은 방향족 조성의 고체 탄화수소를 포함하고 통상적으로 대형 광맥 내에서 발생한다. 천연 광물 왁스 및 천연 아스팔트광과 같은 지층으로부터 탄화수소를 현장 회수하는 것은 액체 탄화수소 형성을 위한 용융 및/또는 지층으로부터 탄화수소의 용액 채굴을 포함할 수 있다.
"개량"은 탄화수소의 품질을 개선하는 것을 말한다. 예를 들면, 중질 탄화수소의 개량은 중질 탄화수소의 API 중량의 증가를 가져온다.
지층 내 탄화수소는 많은 상이한 생성물을 형성하기 위해 다양한 방식으로 처리될 수 있다. 특정 실시형태에서, 지층 내 탄화수소는 여러 단계로 처리된다. 도 1 은 탄화수소 함유 지층을 가열하는 여러 단계의 실례를 보여준다. 또한, 도 1 은 가열된 지층의 온도 ("T", 단위:℃, x축) 에 대해 지층의 지층 유체 1 톤당 오일 상당물의 수득량 ("Y", 단위: 배럴, y축) 을 보여준다.
메탄의 탈착과 물의 증발이 제 1 단계 가열 동안 이루어진다. 지층의 제 1 단계 가열은 가능한 한 빨리 행해질 수 있다. 예컨대, 탄화수소 함유 지층이 처음 가열될 때, 지층 내 탄화수소는 흡착된 메탄을 탈착시킨다. 탈착된 메탄이 지층으로부터 형성될 수 있다. 탄화수소 함유 지층이 더 가열되면, 탄화수소 함유 지층 내 물이 증발된다. 몇몇의 탄화수소 함유 지층에서, 물은 지층 내 공극 체적의 10 ∼ 50 % 를 차지할 수 있다. 다른 지층의 경우, 물은 공극 체적의 더 많은 또는 더 적은 부분을 차지한다. 물은 일반적으로 600 kPa ∼ 7000 kPa 의 절대압력에서 160 ℃ ∼ 285 ℃ 의 지층에서 증발된다. 몇몇의 실시형태에서, 증발된 물은 지층의 젖음성 변화 및/또는 증가된 지층 압력을 발생시킨다. 젖음성 변화 및/또는 증가된 압력은 지층 내 열분해 반응 또는 다른 반응에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 특정 실시형태에서, 증발된 물은 지층으로부터 형성된다. 다른 실시형태에서, 증발된 물은 지층 내에서 또는 지층 외부에서 스팀 추출 및/또는 증류에 사용된다. 지층에서 물을 제거하고 지층 내 공극 체적을 증가시키는 것은 공극 체적 내 탄화수소용 저장 공간을 증가시킨다.
특정 실시형태에서, 제 1 단계 가열 후, 지층 내 온도가 (적어도) 초기 열분해 온도 (제 2 단계의 온도 범위에서의 하단측 온도 등) 에 도달하도록 지층은 더 가열된다. 지층 내 탄화수소는 제 2 단계 내내 열분해될 수 있다. 열분해 온도 범위는 지층 내 탄화수소의 종류에 따라 변한다. 열분해 온도 범위는 250 ℃ ∼ 900 ℃ 의 온도를 포함할 수 있다. 원하는 생성물을 형성하기 위한 열분해 온도 범위는 전체 열분해 온도 범위의 단지 일부일 수 있다. 몇몇의 실시형태에서, 원하는 생성물을 형성하기 위한 열분해 온도 범위는 250 ℃ ∼ 400 ℃ 의 온도 또는 270 ℃ ∼ 350 ℃ 의 온도를 포함할 수 있다. 지층 내 탄화수소의 온도가 250 ℃ ∼ 400 ℃ 의 온도 범위에서 느리게 올려진다면, 열분해 생성물의 형성은 실질적으로 온도가 400 ℃ 에 도달하는 때에 완료될 수 있다. 탄화수소의 평균 온도는 원하는 생성물을 형성하기 위한 열분해 온도 범위에서 하루에 5 ℃ 미만, 하루에 2 ℃ 미만, 하루에 1 ℃ 미만, 또는 하루에 0.5 ℃ 미만의 속도로 올려질 수 있다. 탄화수소 함유 지층을 복수의 열원으로 가열하면, 열분해 온도 범위에서 지층 내 탄화수소의 온도를 느리게 올리는 열원 주위의 열적 구배가 발생할 수 있다.
원하는 생성물을 위한 열분해 온도 범위에서의 온도 증가 속도는 탄화수소 함유 지층으로부터 생성된 지층 유체의 질과 양에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 원하는 생성물을 위한 열분해 온도 범위에서 느리게 온도를 올리는 것은, 지층 내 큰 사슬 분자 (chain molecule) 의 가동화를 억제할 수 있다. 원하는 생성물을 위한 열분해 온도 범위에서 느리게 온도를 올리는 것은, 원하지 않는 생성물을 생산하는 가동화된 탄화수소들 사이의 반응을 제한할 수 있다. 원하는 생성물을 위한 열분해 온도 범위에서 지층의 온도를 느리게 올리면, 지층으로부터 높은 품질, 높은 API 중량 탄화수소를 제조할 수 있다. 원하는 생성물을 위한 열분해 온도 범위에서 지층의 온도를 느리게 올리면, 탄화수소 생성물으로서 지층 내에 존재하 는 많은 양의 탄화수소를 제거할 수 있다.
몇몇의 현장 열처리 실시형태에서, 온도 범위에서 지층을 느리게 가열하는 대신, 지층의 일부가 원하는 온도까지 가열된다. 몇몇의 실시형태에서, 원하는 온도는 300 ℃, 325 ℃, 또는 350 ℃ 이다. 원하는 온도로 다른 온도가 선택될 수 있다. 열원으로부터의 열을 중첩시키면, 지층 내에서 원하는 온도를 비교적 빠르고 효율적으로 얻을 수 있다. 열원으로부터 지층으로의 에너지 입력은 지층 내 온도를 실질적으로 원하는 온도로 유지하기 위해 조절될 수 있다. 지층의 가열된 부분은, 열분해가 쇠퇴하여 지층으로부터 원하는 지층 유체의 제조가 비경제적이 될 때까지 실질적으로 원하는 온도로 유지된다. 열분해되는 지층의 부분은 단 하나의 열원으로부터의 열전달에 의해 열분해 온도로 되는 영역을 포함할 수 있다.
특정 실시형태에서, 열분해 유체를 포함하는 지층 유체가 지층으로부터 생성된다. 지층의 온도가 증가함에 따라, 생성된 지층 유체의 응축가능한 탄화수소의 양은 감소할 수 있다. 고온에서, 지층은 대개 메탄 및/또는 수소를 생성할 수 있다. 탄화수소 함유 지층이 전체 열분해 범위를 통해 가열되면, 지층은 열분해 범위의 상한을 향해 단지 소량의 수소를 생성할 수 있다. 이용가능한 수소 전부가 고갈된 후에는, 지층으로부터 최소량의 유체 생성이 일반적으로 발생할 것이다.
탄화수소의 열분해 후, 다량의 탄소와 약간의 수소가 지층 내에 여전히 존재할 수 있다. 지층 내 남아 있는 탄소의 많은 부분은 합성가스의 형태로 지층으 로부터 생성될 수 있다. 합성가스 생성은 도 1 에 나타낸 제 3 단계 가열 동안 이루어질 수 있다. 제 3 단계는 합성가스가 생성되기에 충분한 온도까지 탄화수소 함유 지층을 가열하는 것을 포함할 수 있다. 예컨대, 합성가스는 약 400 ℃ ∼ 약 1200 ℃, 약 500 ℃ ∼ 약 1100 ℃, 또는 약 550 ℃ ∼ 약 1000 ℃ 의 온도 범위에서 생성될 수 있다. 합성가스 생성 유체가 지층에 도입되는 때의 지층의 가열된 부분의 온도에 의해, 지층에서 생성되는 합성가스의 조성이 결정된다. 생성된 합성가스는 제조 웰(들)을 통해 지층으로부터 제거될 수 있다.
탄화수소 함유 지층으로부터 형성된 유체의 총 에너지 함량은 열분해와 합성가스 생성에 걸쳐 비교적 일정하게 유지될 수 있다. 비교적 낮은 지층 온도에서의 열분해 동안, 형성된 유체의 많은 부분은 높은 에너지 함량을 갖는 응축성 (condensable) 탄화수소일 수 있다. 그러나, 더 높은 열분해 온도에서는, 더 적은 지층 유체가 응축성 탄화수소를 포함할 수 있다. 더욱 비응축성인 지층 유체가 지층으로부터 생성될 수 있다. 형성된 유체의 단위 체적당 에너지 함량은 주로 비응축성 지층 유체의 생성 동안 약간 감소할 수 있다. 합성가스 생성 동안, 생성된 합성가스의 단위 체적당 에너지 함량은 열분해 유체의 에너지 함량에 비해 크게 감소한다. 그러나 생성된 합성가스의 체적은 많은 경우 실질적으로 증가하고, 이로써 감소된 에너지 함량을 보상한다.
도 2 는 탄화수소 함유 지층을 처리하기 위한 현장 열처리 시스템의 일부의 실시형태의 개략도를 보여준다. 현장 열처리 시스템은 장벽 (barrier) 웰 (200) 을 포함할 수 있다. 장벽 웰은 처리 영역 주위에 장벽을 형성하기 위해 사용된다. 장벽은 처리 영역 내외로의 유체 유동을 금지한다. 장벽 웰은 탈수 웰, 진공 웰, 캡쳐 (capture) 웰, 주입 웰, 그라우트 (grout) 웰, 프리즈 (freeze) 웰, 또는 이들의 조합을 포함하지만, 이에 국한되지 않는다. 몇몇의 실시형태에서, 장벽 웰 (200) 은 탈수 웰이다. 탈수 웰은 액체 물을 제거하고/하거나 액체 물이 가열되는 지층의 부분에 또는 가열되는 지층에 들어가는 것을 막을 수 있다. 도 2 에 나타낸 실시형태에서, 장벽 웰 (200) 은 단지 열원 (202) 의 한 측을 따라서만 연장되어 있고, 장벽 웰은 일반적으로 지층의 처리 영역을 가열하기 위해 사용되는 또는 사용될 열원 (202) 을 둘러싸지 않는다.
열원 (202) 은 지층의 적어도 일부에 위치된다. 열원 (202) 은 절연된 도체, 도관 내 도체 히터, 표면 버너, 무염 분배 연소기, 및/또는 천연 분배 연소기와 같은 히터를 포함할 수 있다. 또한, 열원 (202) 은 다른 종류의 히터를 포함할 수 있다. 열원 (202) 은 지층 내 탄화수소를 가열하기 위해 지층의 적어도 일부에 열을 제공한다. 에너지가 공급 라인 (204) 을 통해 열원 (202) 에 공급될 수 있다. 공급 라인 (204) 의 구조는 지층을 가열하는데 사용되는 열원(들)의 종류에 따라 다를 수 있다. 열원을 위한 공급 라인 (204) 은 전기 히터를 위한 전기를 전달하거나, 연소기를 위한 연료를 운반하거나, 또는 지층에서 순환되는 열교환 유체를 운반할 수 있다.
제조 웰 (206) 은 지층으로부터 지층 유체를 제거하기 위해 사용된다. 몇몇의 실시형태에서, 제조 웰 (206) 은 열원을 포함한다. 제조 웰의 열원은 제조 웰에서 또는 제조 웰 근방에서 지층의 1 이상의 부분을 가열할 수 있다. 몇몇의 현장 열처리 과정 실시형태에서, 제조웰 1 미터당 제조 웰로부터 지층에 공급되는 열량은 열원의 1 미터당 지층을 가열하는 열원으로부터 지층에 공급되는 열량보다 작다.
제조 웰 (206) 로부터 생성된 지층 유체는 수집관 (208) 을 통해 처리 설비 (210) 로 운반될 수 있다. 또한, 지층 유체는 열원 (202) 으로부터 생성될 수 있다. 예컨대, 유체는 열원에 인접한 지층 내 압력을 제어하기 위해 열원 (202) 으로부터 생성될 수 있다. 열원 (202) 으로부터 형성된 유체는 튜브 또는 파이프를 통해 수집관 (208) 으로 운반되거나 또는 튜브 또는 파이프를 통해 처리 설비 (210) 로 직접 운반될 수 있다. 처리 설비 (210) 는 분리 유닛, 반응 유닛, 개량 (upgrading) 유닛, 연료 셀, 터빈, 저장 용기, 및/또는 생성된 지층 유체를 처리하기 위한 다른 시스템과 유닛을 포함할 수 있다. 처리 설비는 지층으로부터 생성된 탄화수소의 적어도 일부로부터 운반 연료를 형성할 수 있다. 몇몇의 실시형태에서, 운반 연료는 JP-8 과 같은 제트 연료일 수 있다.
도 3 은 탄화수소 함유 지층 (예컨대 타르 모래 지층) 으로부터 탄화수소를 제조하기 위한 실시 형태의 개념을 나타낸다. 탄화수소 층 (212) 은 중질 탄화수소를 갖는 하나 이상의 부분을 포함한다. 탄화수소는 하나 이상의 처리를 이용하여 탄화수소 층 (212) 으로부터 제조될 수 있다. 특정 실시형태에서, 탄화수소는 증기 주입 처리 (예컨대, 주기적인 증기 주입 또는 증기 보조 중력 배수) 를 이용하여 탄화수소 층 (212) 의 제 1 부분으로부터 제조되거나, 현장 처리 과정을 사용해 탄화수소 층의 제 2 부분으로부터 제조된다. 증기 주입 처리에서, 증기는 주입 웰 (216) 을 통해 탄화수소 층 (212) 의 제 1 부분 내로 주입된다. 제 1 탄화수소는 제조 웰 (206A) 을 통하여 상기 제 1 부분으로부터 제조된다. 제 1 탄화수소는 증기의 주입에 의해 가동화된 탄화수소를 포함한다. 특정 실시형태에서, 제 1 탄화수소는 많으면 15°,10°,8°, 또는 6°의 API 중량을 갖는다.
히터 (214) 는 탄화수소 층 (212) 의 제 2 부분을 가동화, 비스브레이킹 및/또는 열분해 온도까지 가열하기 위해 사용된다. 제 2 탄화수소는 제조 웰 (206B) 을 통하여 상기 제 2 부분으로부터 제조된다. 몇몇 실시형태에서, 제 2 탄화수소는 적어도 몇몇의 열분해된 탄화수소를 포함한다. 특정 실시형태에서, 제 2 탄화수소는 15°이상, 20°이상, 또는 25°이상의 API 중량을 갖는다.
몇몇 실시형태에서, 탄화수소 층 (212) 의 제 1 부분은 증기 주입 처리 이후에 히터를 사용하여 처리된다. 히터는 현장 열 처리 과정을 이용하여 상기 제 1 부분의 온도를 증가시키고 그리고/또는 상기 제 1 부분을 처리하기 위해 사용된다. 제 2 탄화수소 (적어도 일부의 열분해된 탄화수소를 포함) 는 제조 웰 (206A) 을 통하여 상기 제 1 부분으로부터 제조될 수 있다.
몇몇 실시형태에서, 탄화수소 층 (212) 의 제 2 부분은, 제 2 부분의 처리를 위해 히터 (214) 를 사용하기 전에 증기 주입 처리를 이용하여 처리된다. 증기 주입 처리는 상기 제 2 부분으로부터 제조 웰 (206B) 을 통하여 약간의 유체 (예컨대, 제 1 탄화수소 또는 증기 주입에 의해 가동화된 탄화수소) 를 제조하고 그리고/또는 히터 (214) 를 사용하기 전에 상기 제 2 부분을 예열하기 위해 사용될 수 있 다. 몇몇 실시형태에서, 증기 주입 처리는 상기 제 1 부분 및/또는 제 2 부분을 처리하기 위해 히터 (214) 를 사용한 이후에 사용될 수도 있다.
두 가지 처리 모두를 통하여 탄화수소를 제조하는 것은 탄화수소 층 (212) 으로부터의 탄화수소의 총 회수를 증가시키며, 둘 중 어느 한 처리만을 사용하는 것보다 더욱 경제적일 수 있다. 몇몇 실시형태에서, 상기 제 1 부분은 증기 주입 처리가 완료된 후에 현장 열 처리로 처리된다. 예를 들면, 증기 주입 처리가 상기 제 1 부분으로부터 뚜렷한 양의 탄화수소를 더 이상 제조하지 않게 된 후에, 현장 처리 과정이 상기 제 1 부분에 사용될 수 있다.
증기는 설비 (218) 로부터 주입 웰 (216) 에 제공된다. 설비 (218) 는 증기 및 전기 병합 설비이다. 설비 (218) 는 발전기 내에서 탄화수소를 연소시켜 전기를 만들 수 있다. 설비 (218) 는 기체 탄화수소 및/또는 액체 탄화수소를 연소시켜 전기를 만들 수 있다. 생산된 전기는 히터 (214) 에 전력을 공급하는 데 사용된다. 발전기의 폐열은 증기를 만드는 데 사용된다. 몇몇 실시형태에서, 히터가 지층에 열을 공급하기 위해 가스를 이용하는 경우에는, 지층으로부터 제조되는 약간의 탄화수소가 히터 (214) 를 위한 가스를 공급하는 데 사용된다. 설비 (218) 에 의해 생산된 전기 및 증기의 양은, 탄화수소 층 (212) 의 상기 제 1 부분 및/또는 제 2 부분으로부터 제조되는 탄화수소의 제조 속도 및/또는 품질을 변화시키도록 제어될 수 있다. 상기 제 1 부분 및/또는 제 2 부분으로부터 제조되는 탄화수소의 제조 속도 및/또는 품질은, 상기 제 1 탄화수소를 제 2 탄화수소와 혼합하여 만들어진 혼합물에서 선택된 API 중량을 얻기 위해 변경될 수 있다. 제 1 탄화수소 및 제 2 탄화수소는 상기 선택된 API 중량을 얻기 위해 제조 후에 혼합될 수도 있다. 상기 제 1 부분 및/또는 제 2 부분에서의 제조는, 제 1 탄화수소, 제 2 탄화수소, 및/또는 제 1 탄화수소와 제 2 탄화수소의 혼합물 중 하나에 대한 시장의 변화에 따라 변경될 수도 있다.
제조 웰 (206A) 로부터 제조된 제 1 탄화수소 및/또는 제조 웰 (206B) 로부터 제조된 제 2 탄화수소는 설비 (218) 의 연료로 사용될 수 있다. 몇몇 실시형태에서, 제 1 탄화수소 및/또는 제 2 탄화수소는 설비 (218) 의 연료로서 사용되기 전에 처리 (예컨대 바람직하지 않는 생성물의 제거) 된다. 설비 (218) 의 연료로 사용되는 제 1 탄화수소 및 제 2 탄화수소의 양은, 예를 들면 전체 과정의 경제성, 제 1 또는 제 2 탄화수소 중 하나에 대한 시장, 제 1 또는 제 2 탄화수소에 대한 처리 설비의 가용성, 및/또는 제 1 또는 제 2 탄화수소에 대한 가용 운송 설비에 의해 결정된다. 몇몇 실시형태에서, 탄화수소 층 (212) 으로부터 제조되는 탄화수소 가스의 대부분 또는 전부는 설비 (218) 의 연료로 사용된다. 설비 (218) 에서 탄화수소 가스를 전부 연소시키면 탄화 수소 층 (212) 으로부터 제조된 가스의 처리 및/또는 운송의 필요성이 없어진다.
제조된 제 1 탄화수소 및 제 2 탄화수소는 설비 (220) 에서 처리 및/또는 혼합될 수 있다. 몇몇 실시형태에서, 상기 제 1 탄화수소 및 제 2 탄화수소는 혼합되어 수송관을 통하여 운송 가능한 혼합물을 만들게 된다. 몇몇 실시형태에서는, 제 1 탄화수소 및 제 1 탄화수소는 혼합되어 정제 장치를 위한 공급물로 사용가능한 혼합물을 만들게 된다. 제조된 제 1 탄화수소 및 제 2 탄화수소의 양 은 상기 탄화수소의 처리 및/또는 혼합을 위한 요건의 변화에 기초하여 변경될 수 있다. 몇몇 실시형태에서는, 처리된 탄화수소가 설비 (218) 에 사용된다.
본 발명의 다양한 측면에서의 다른 수정 및 대안적인 실시형태가 이 명세서로부터 본 기술분야의 당업자가에게 명백할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 명세서는 단지 설명적인 것으로 해석되어야 하며, 본 발명을 실시하는 일반적인 방식을 본 기술분야의 당업자에게 설명하기 위한 것이다. 여기서 설명한 본 발명의 형태는 현재 바람직한 실시형태로서 이해해야 한다. 요소 및 재료는 여기서 설명하는 것으로 대체될 수 있고, 구성요소 및 과정은 역으로 될 수 있으며, 본 발명의 특정 측면들은 본 명세서의 이점을 가진 후 본 기술분야의 당업자에게 명백한 것처럼 독립적으로 이용될 수 있다. 이하의 청구범위에 기재된 본 발명의 보호범위를 벗어나지 않으면서 여기서 설명한 요소에 변형이 가해질 수 있다. 그리고, 여기서 독립적으로 설명한 측면들은 특정 실시형태에서 조합될 수 있다.
Claims (23)
- 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비;지층의 제 1 부분 내에 위치하고, 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 설비로부터 증기를 상기 지층의 상기 제 1 부분에 공급하도록 구성된 하나 이상의 주입 웰;상기 지층의 상기 제 1 부분 내에 위치하고, 제 1 탄화수소를 공급하도록 구성된 하나 이상의 제조 웰;상기 지층의 제 2 부분 내에 위치하고, 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비로부터 주어지는 전기에 의해 가동되도록 구성되는 하나 이상의 전기 히터; 및상기 지층의 상기 제 2 부분 내에 위치하고, 제 2 탄화수소를 공급하도록 구성된 하나 이상의 제조 웰을 포함하고,상기 제 1 부분 및 제 2 부분은 장벽에 의하거나 지층의 불투과성 구역에 의하여 서로 분리되어 있고,상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비는 상기 제 1 탄화수소의 일부, 상기 제 2 탄화수소의 일부, 또는 상기 제 1 탄화수소의 일부와 상기 제 2 탄화수소의 일부를 사용하여 전기를 발생하도록 구성되는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비는 탄화수소를 사용하여 전기를 만들도록 구성되고, 상기 제조 웰에 있거나, 또는 상기 제조 웰 근방에 있는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비는 탄화수소를 사용하여 증기를 만들도록 구성되는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 제 1 탄화수소는 15°이하의 API 중량을 갖는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 제 2 탄화수소는 20°이상의 API 중량을 갖는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 처리 시스템은 상기 제 1 탄화수소의 적어도 일부 및 상기 제 2 탄화수소의 적어도 일부를 혼합하도록 구성되는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 처리 시스템은, 발생되는 전기의 양 및 만들어진 증기의 양을 변화시켜, 상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두의 제조를 변경하도록 구성되는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 처리 시스템은, 상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두를 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비에서 사용하기 전에 처리하기 위한 처리 설비를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 처리 시스템은, 상기 지층의 상기 제 2 부분 내에 위치하고 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비로부터 상기 제 2 부분에 증기를 공급하도록 구성되는 하나 이상의 주입 웰을 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 있어서,상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비는 기체 탄화수소 및 액체 탄화수소 모두를 연소시키도록 구성되는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 시스템.
- 지층의 제 1 부분에 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비로부터 증기를 공급하는 단계;상기 지층의 상기 제 1 부분으로부터 제 1 탄화수소를 제조하는 단계;하나 이상의 전기 히터로부터 상기 지층의 제 2 부분에 열을 공급하고, 상기 제 1 부분 및 상기 제 2 부분은 장벽에 의하거나 지층의 불투과성 구역에 의하여 서로 분리되어 있는 단계;상기 히터로부터 상기 지층의 상기 제 2 부분에 상기 공급된 열을 전달하는 단계;상기 지층의 상기 제 2 부분으로부터 제 2 탄화수소를 제조하는 단계; 및상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비에서 상기 제 1 탄화수소의 일부, 상기 제 2 탄화수소의 일부, 또는 상기 제 1 탄화수소의 일부와 상기 제 2 탄화수소의 일부를 사용하는 단계를 포함하고, 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비는 증기를 상기 지층의 상기 제 1 부분에 공급하고, 상기 히터에는 전기를 공급하는, 제 1 항 또는 제 2 항에 따른 처리 시스템을 사용하는 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 하나 이상의 전기 히터는 제조 웰에 있거나, 또는 상기 제조 웰 근방에 있고,상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두를 사용하여 전기를 만드는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두를 사용하여 증기를 만드는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 제 1 탄화수소는 10°이하의 API 중량을 갖는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 제 2 탄화수소는 15°이상의 API 중량을 갖는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 제 1 탄화수소의 적어도 일부와 상기 제 2 탄화수소의 적어도 일부를 혼합하는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 제 1 탄화수소의 적어도 일부와 상기 제 2 탄화수소의 적어도 일부를 혼합하여 상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비를 위한 연료를 만드는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 제 2 탄화수소의 적어도 일부를 상기 지층 내의 하나 이상의 히터를 위한 가스로서 사용하는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두의 전부를 전기를 발생시키기 위한, 증기를 만들기 위한, 또는 전기를 발생시키고 증기를 만들기 위한 연료로서 사용하는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,발생된 전기의 양 및 만들어진 증기의 양을 변화시켜, 상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두의 제조를 변경하는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 전기 히터로부터 열을 공급하기 전에 상기 제 2 부분에 증기를 공급하는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비 내에서 상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두를 사용하기 전에 상기 제 1 탄화수소, 상기 제 2 탄화수소, 또는 이들 모두를 처리하는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,상기 증기 및 전기 병합 발생 설비로부터 상기 지층의 상기 제 2 부분에 증기를 공급하는 단계를 추가로 포함하는, 탄화수소 함유 지층의 처리 방법.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US72976305P | 2005-10-24 | 2005-10-24 | |
| US60/729,763 | 2005-10-24 | ||
| US79429806P | 2006-04-21 | 2006-04-21 | |
| US60/794,298 | 2006-04-21 | ||
| PCT/US2006/040980 WO2007050445A1 (en) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | Cogeneration systems and processes for treating hydrocarbon containing formations |
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| KR1020087012429A KR20080064889A (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 액체 스트림을 수소처리하여 막히게 하는 화합물을제거하는 방법 |
| KR1020087012317A KR101348117B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 원료 생성물을 분해하여 부가적인 원료 생성물을 생성하는방법 |
| KR1020087012469A KR101434232B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 탄화수소 함유 지층을 처리하기 위한 솔루션 마이닝 시스템 |
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| KR1020087012458A KR101434248B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 열 발생 배출 경로를 갖는 타르 모래로부터 탄화수소를제조하기 위한 시스템 및 그 제조 방법 |
| KR1020087011678A KR101434226B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 지층으로부터 실질적으로 전기절연된 도관을 갖는 온도제한 히터 |
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| KR1020087012438A KR20080059331A (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 현장 열처리 과정으로부터 생성된 액체 스트림을 여과하는방법 |
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| KR1020087012429A KR20080064889A (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 액체 스트림을 수소처리하여 막히게 하는 화합물을제거하는 방법 |
| KR1020087012317A KR101348117B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 원료 생성물을 분해하여 부가적인 원료 생성물을 생성하는방법 |
| KR1020087012469A KR101434232B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 탄화수소 함유 지층을 처리하기 위한 솔루션 마이닝 시스템 |
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| KR1020087011678A KR101434226B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 지층으로부터 실질적으로 전기절연된 도관을 갖는 온도제한 히터 |
| KR1020087012435A KR101359313B1 (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 현장 열처리로부터 생성된 액체로부터 알킬화 탄화수소를생성하는 방법 |
| KR1020087012438A KR20080059331A (ko) | 2005-10-24 | 2006-10-20 | 현장 열처리 과정으로부터 생성된 액체 스트림을 여과하는방법 |
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| EP (8) | EP1941127A1 (ko) |
| JP (8) | JP5570723B2 (ko) |
| KR (9) | KR20140003620A (ko) |
| AT (1) | ATE499428T1 (ko) |
| AU (9) | AU2006306471B2 (ko) |
| CA (9) | CA2626970C (ko) |
| DE (1) | DE602006020314D1 (ko) |
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