JP4948766B2 - 光電子デバイス、太陽電池、及びフォトディテクタ - Google Patents
光電子デバイス、太陽電池、及びフォトディテクタ Download PDFInfo
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- JP4948766B2 JP4948766B2 JP2004518992A JP2004518992A JP4948766B2 JP 4948766 B2 JP4948766 B2 JP 4948766B2 JP 2004518992 A JP2004518992 A JP 2004518992A JP 2004518992 A JP2004518992 A JP 2004518992A JP 4948766 B2 JP4948766 B2 JP 4948766B2
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- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035209—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures
- H01L31/035227—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures the quantum structure being quantum wires, or nanorods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Description
本願は2002年7月8日に出願された米国仮出願60/393.835号に基づく優先権を主張するものであり、本引用により当該出願の全内容を本願に繰り入れる。また、2003年4月4日に出願された米国仮出願60/459,982の全内容も本引用により本願に繰り入れるものとする。
本発明の参考例はナノウィスカや一次元半導体ナノ結晶であって、例えばヒ化インジウムのウィスカがリン化インジウムのセグメントを含む場合のようにウィスカの諸セグメントが異なる組成を有するナノウィスカや一次元半導体ナノ結晶の生成方法を包含し、該方法において、はっきり明確な(abrupt)境界および単層数個分から数百ナノメートルまでの厚さのヘテロ構造障壁の形成を許容し、それにより電子がそれに沿って移動可能な1次元ランドスケイプを生成するような成長条件とする。好適な化学ビームエピタキシー法(CBE)において、急速に交互交代する組成を、前駆物質原子を基板およびシード粒子共融メルト内に、超高真空チャンバ内に供給される分子ビームとして与えることにより制御する。異なる組成の急速な切り替えを、成長を停止するかあるいは少なくとも微々たる量まで低下させ、また成長のための過飽和状態を再確立するというシーケンスによってなすものであり、少なくとも組成の変更と過飽和はいかなる感知可能な成長よりも速く変化する。ウィスカ物質のはっきり明確な移行により、格子不整合に起因する応力や歪みはウィスカの径方向外向きの膨張または少なくとも接合部付近の格子面内の原子の横方向移動によって調整される。
・プロセスの温度を低下させる−この場合自由端に向かってテーパのついたウィスカが生成される。
・V族物質の圧力を増加させる。
・III族およびV族物質両方の圧力を増加させる。
図1および3はいくつかのIII−V族物質から成長させた所定サイズのウィスカを示しており、詳しくは幅が10nmから50nmの間のGaAsウィスカである。前に報告されているエピタキシャル成長によるナノウィスカは下部から頂上に向かって狭まるテーパ形状となる傾向があるが、それとは異なり、ここに示したウィスカは、均一な径でロッド状に成長させることができる。触媒としてはサイズを選定した金エアロゾル粒子を用い、それによって表面被覆率をウィスカ径とは独立して変化させることができる。
ナノウィスカの成長諸条件は単層数個分の厚さから数百ナノメートルまでの厚さのヘテロ構造障壁および境界のはっきりした界面の生成を可能なものとし、これにより電子がそれに沿って移動可能な1次元ランドスケイプを生成する。結晶完全性、界面品質および格子定数の変動は高解像度透過型電子顕微鏡によって検証され、0.6eVの伝導帯オフセットがInP障壁上における電子の熱励起による電流から生ずる。
本発明の光電子デバイスはまた、少なくともその好適な実施形態及び参考例において、III/V族ナノウィスカにおける異なる半導体物質の設計セグメントのボトムアップ組織化によって得られる機能的1D(1次元)共鳴トンネルダイオード(RTD)を含む。このようなRTDは順に、エミッタセグメント、第1障壁セグメント、量子井戸セグメント、第2障壁セグメント、コレクタセグメント、を含む。当業者には公知のように、RTDにおける各障壁セグメントは、トンネリング(通り抜け)に適した条件の時に電荷キャリアの有意な量子トンネリングが可能となる程度に十分薄くなされる。ナノウィスカ内に作製されるRTDでは、ナノウィスカは中央の量子井戸が実質的に量子ドットとなるように十分薄くしてよい。具体的な例では、エミッタ、コレクタ、量子ドットはInAsから、障壁物質はInPから形成してよい。一つの例において、山−谷比が50:1まで達する良好な共鳴トンネル現象が見られた。
図15は1個の光子を射出可能な極小のLEDを図式的に示している。1個の光子の射出は例えば量子写真や分子種内の個々の分子の検出用として重要である。ウィスカ150はヒ化インジウムから作られた内側領域156の両側にリン化インジウムのアノードおよびカソード外側領域152を有し、量子井戸を形成している。領域152はそれぞれ金属化領域158に形成されたアノードおよびカソード電気接点に接続されている。格子整合の必要性および不整合歪み解放の必要性から可能な波長が限られている平面デバイスとは異なり、本参考例の重要な点はLEDの波長が全般的に可変であるところである。これは所望の射出波長を実現すべく、ダイオードを構成する物質を所望の任意の物質としてよいからである(上に説明した図14を参照)。なぜなら格子不整合はウィスカの径方向外向きの膨張によって調整されるからである。物質は化学量論的組成としてよいので、波長を1.5eVから0.35eVの範囲で連続的に変えられる。1次元構造は従来の層構造に比してかなり少ないプロセスしか必要とせず、また自己組織化プロセスにより生成され、すべての構造が電気接点の間に備わる。レーザー構造が求められる場合は、ファブリ・ペロー裂開面159が適度な離間距離で形成される。別の例では領域159が超格子からなるミラーとして形成される。当業者には公知のように、この超格子はInP/InAsの交互に交代するシーケンスとして形成されてもよく、該シーケンスは格子面数個分のみで交代する。
図22(a)〜22(g)は本発明の実施形態及び参考例として、光電子デバイスの基板上に所望の物質のエピタキシャル層を成長させるための構造及び方法を示す。図22(a)および22(b)に示すように、シリコンまたはゲルマニウムのヒ化物基板220を金またはインジウムまたはガリウムの四角片222の上面上に形成する。これらの四角片はNIL工程のスタンプ223により、または例1に説明したようにして基板上に配置する。たとえば二酸化シリコンまたは窒化シリコンの数ナノメートル幅の誘電体物質であるエピタキシャルマスクデポジット224を基板220上の四角片222の周りに形成する。熱を加えて図22(c)に示すように四角片をボール226にアニールし、図22(d)に示すように例えばInPまたはGaAsのウィスカ228を成長させる。別の例では、デポジット224として炭素ベースの物質を用いる(炭素ベースの物質は誘電体物質が脱着されボールがアニールによって形成されたときに粒子を安定させる)。ボールはバルク成長即ち所望物質の層のためのシードオープニング(seed openings)として用いられる。誘電体層は基板と結晶層間の格子不整合効果および原子結合を防止する。図22(e)に示すように、ウィスカはInPまたはGaAsのバルク層229と共に成長する。ウィスカから層へと成長条件が徐々に変化する。このようにして、欠陥を形成しないウィスカ上の核生成(nucleation)がもたらされる。小さな核生成ステップが存在し、歪み効果は転移を起こさないように思われる。物質がIII−V族物質である場合の重要な利点は、ミスフィット転移を起こすことなく基板上に格子不整合層を形成する点である。
Claims (18)
- 電気的接続用の接点領域を備えた基板(193)と、
前記接点領域から延在する少なくとも1つのナノウィスカ(190)であって、光吸収用のP−N接合の少なくとも一部を形成するナノウィスカ(190)と、
各ナノウィスカの自由端上に延在して該ナノウィスカとの電気的接触をなす透明電極(196)とからなり、
該ナノウィスカは、透明物質(194)内に封入されている光電子デバイス。 - 前記基板(193)は前記接点領域に導電する請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記接点領域はドープされた半導体物質からなる請求項1又は2に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 各ナノウィスカ(190)はナノメートル寸法の径のコラムからなり、該コラムは半導体長さ方向のセグメント(191、192、198)間に少なくとも1つのヘテロ接合を含み、前記半導体長さ方向セグメントは異なる組成、異なるドーピング、又は異なる組成かつ異なるドーピングからなる請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記半導体長さ方向セグメント(191、192、198)間のヘテロ接合は境界がはっきりしている請求項4に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記半導体長さ方向セグメント(191、192、198)間のヘテロ接合は、ドーピング及び/又は組成が徐々に変化する請求項4に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 第1の半導体長さ方向セグメント(191)はP型にドープされ、第2の半導体長さ方向セグメント(192)はN型にドープされ、前記第1及び第2の半導体長さ方向セグメント(191、192)は両セグメント間に前記P−N接合を形成する界面を有する請求項4乃至6のいずれか一項に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記コラムは前記第1および第2の半導体長さ方向セグメント間に第3の真性半導体長さ方向セグメント(188)を有してPINダイオードを形成する、請求項7に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記接点領域はダイオードが形成されたベース部分(189)を含み、このダイオードを介して前記ナノウィスカが前記ベース部分から延在する請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記ベース部分(189)は金属化接点として形成されており、該金属化接点とナノウィスカとの間の界面がショットキーダイオードを形成し、前記界面が前記P−N接合を形成する請求項9に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 各ナノウィスカは半導体長さ方向セグメント間に複数のP−N接合を有し、該半導体長さ方向セグメントは複数の異なる波長の光放射を吸収するP−N接合を形成するように選択されている請求項4乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記P−N接合はトンネルダイオードによって接点領域と直列に電気的接続されている請求項1乃至11のいずれか一項に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 少なくとも1つのトンネルダイオードは、異なる半導体物質の長さ方向のセグメント間の急激な組成変化によって形成されている請求項12に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記光電子デバイスは基板から延在する複数のナノウィスカを含み、前記ナノウィスカは該ナノウィスカを成長サイトとして用いてバルク層(229)と共に成長するようになされることによって、前記基板上にバルク層(229)を形成する請求項1に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 前記バルク層(229)はエピタキシャルである請求項14に記載の光電子デバイス。
- 請求項1乃至15のいずれか一項に記載の光電子デバイスを含む太陽電池であって、前記光電子デバイスは太陽光を電力に変換することに適用される太陽電池。
- 複数のナノウィスカが互いに平行に延在する請求項16に記載の太陽電池。
- 請求項1乃至15のいずれか一項に記載の光電子デバイスを含むフォトディテクタであって、前記光電子デバイスは光放射検出に適用されるフォトディテクタ。
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