JP2005504508A5 - - Google Patents

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JP2005504508A5
JP2005504508A5 JP2002570692A JP2002570692A JP2005504508A5 JP 2005504508 A5 JP2005504508 A5 JP 2005504508A5 JP 2002570692 A JP2002570692 A JP 2002570692A JP 2002570692 A JP2002570692 A JP 2002570692A JP 2005504508 A5 JP2005504508 A5 JP 2005504508A5
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迅速かつ明確な微生物の特定が、産業、医療、環境、品質、及び研究上の様々な理由から望まれている。伝統的には、微生物学の研究室が標本の直接検査及び培養を通して感染症の病原体を特定する機能を果たしてきた。1980年代中期から、研究者は分子生物学技術の実践的な有用性を繰り返し実証してき、その多くは臨床診断アッセイの基礎となっている。これら技術のなかには、核酸ハイブリダイゼーション分析、制限酵素分析、遺伝子配列分析、及び核酸の分離及び精製が含まれる(例えば、J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd, Ed., Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989)。これら方法は、一般に、時間がかかり、長々としている。もう1つの選択肢は、使用する隣接プライマーに基づいて特定の標的DNA配列を増幅する、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)又は他の増幅法である。最終的に、検出とデータ分析により、ハイブリダイゼーション事象が分析結果へ変換される。
本発明の1つの態様は、未知の生物学的物質を特定する方法であって、前記方法は、(a)該生物学的物質からの核酸を、該核酸の配列へハイブリダイズしかつ可変核酸配列に隣接している少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーと接触させる工程;(b)増幅産物を産生するために該可変核酸配列を増幅する工程;(c)該増幅産物の分子量を決定する工程;及び、(d)該分子量を、複数の既知生物について工程(a)〜(c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える分子量と比較する工程であって1つの合致が該未知の生物学的物質を特定する工程を含んでなる。この好ましい態様の1つの側面においては、該少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーはハイブリダイズする配列は高度に保存されている。好ましくは、該増幅工程はポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を含む。また、該増幅工程は、リガーゼ連鎖反応又は鎖追出増幅 (strand displacement amplification) を含む。この好ましい態様の1つの側面においては、該生物学的物質は、細菌、ウイルス、細胞、又は胞子である。有利には、該核酸はリボソームRNAである。もう1つの側面においては、該核酸はRNアーゼP又はRNA依存性RNAポリメラーゼをコードする。好ましくは、該増幅産物は分子量決定に先立ってイオン化される。本方法は、さらに、該生物学的物質から核酸を単離する工程を、該少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに該核酸を接触させる工程に先立って含むことができる。本方法は、異なるオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー対を使用して工程(a)〜(d)を行って、その結果を、工程(d)におけるものとは異なる複数の既知生物について工程(a)〜(c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える分子量と比較する工程をさらに含むことができる。好ましくは、該1又はそれを越える分子量が分子量のデータベースに含有される。この好ましい態様のもう1つの側面においては、該増幅産物が、エレクトロスプレーイオン化、マトリックス介助レーザーデソープション、又は高速原子衝突によりイオン化される。有利には、該分子量が質量スペクトル法により決定される。好ましくは、該質量スペクトル法は、フーリエ変換イオンサイクロトロン共鳴質量スペクトル法(FT−ICR−MS)、イオントラップ、四重極、磁気セクター、飛行時間型(TOF)、Q−TOF、又は三重の四重極である。本方法は、アデノシン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンとは異なる分子量を有する、アデニン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンの類似体の存在下で、工程(b)を行うことをさらに含むことができる。1つの側面においては、該オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーは、該プライマー内の各トリプレットの1及び2位に塩基類似体又は代替塩基を含み、該塩基類似体又は代替塩基は、天然塩基に比較して高められた親和性でその相補体へ結合する。好ましくは、該プライマーは、該プライマー内の各トリプレットの3位にユニバーサル塩基を含む。該塩基類似体又は代替塩基は、2,6−ジアミノプリン、プロピンT、プロピンG、フェノキサジン類、及びG−クランプであり得る。好ましくは、該ユニバーサル塩基は、イノシン、グアニジン、ウリジン、5−ニトロインドール、3−ニトロピロール、dP若しくはdK、又は1−(2−デオキシ−β−D−リボフラノシル)−イミダゾール−4−カルボキサミドである。
本発明のもう1つの態様は、未知の生物学的物質を特定する方法であって、(a)該生物学的物質からの核酸を、該核酸の配列へハイブリダイズしかつ可変核酸配列に隣接している少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーと接触させる工程;(b)増幅産物を産生するために該可変核酸配列を増幅する工程;(c)該増幅産物の塩基組成を決定する工程;及び、(d)該塩基組成を、複数の既知生物について工程(a)〜(c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える塩基組成と比較する工程であって1つの合致が該未知の生物学的物質を特定する工程を含んでなる。この好ましい態様の1つの側面においては、該少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーはハイブリダイズする配列が高度に保存されている。好ましくは、該増幅工程はポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を含む。また、該増幅工程は、リガーゼ連鎖反応又は鎖追出増幅を含む。この好ましい態様の1つの側面においては、該生物学的物質は、細菌、ウイルス、細胞、又は胞子である。有利には、該核酸はリボソームRNAである。もう1つの側面においては、該核酸はRNアーゼP又はRNA依存性RNAポリメラーゼをコードする。好ましくは、該増幅産物は分子量決定に先立ってイオン化される。本方法は、さらに、該生物学的物質から核酸を単離する工程を、該少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに該核酸を接触させる工程に先立って含むことができる。本方法は、異なるオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー対を使用して工程(a)〜(d)を行って、その結果を、工程(d)におけるものとは異なる複数の既知生物について工程(a)〜(c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える塩基組成シグネチャーと比較する工程をさらに含むことができる。好ましくは、該1又はそれを越える塩基組成は塩基組成のデータベースに含有される。この好ましい態様のもう1つの側面においては、該増幅産物は、エレクトロスプレーイオン化、マトリックス介助レーザーデソープション、又は高速原子衝突によりイオン化される。有利には、該分子量は質量スペクトル法により決定される。好ましくは、該質量スペクトル法は、フーリエ変換イオンサイクロトロン共鳴質量スペクトル法(FT−ICR−MS)、イオントラップ、四重極、磁気セクター、飛行時間型(TOF)、Q−TOF、又は三重の四重極である。本方法は、アデノシン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンとは異なる分子量を有する、アデニン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンの類似体の存在下で工程(b)を行う工程をさらに含むことができる。1つの側面においては、該オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーは、該プライマー内の各トリプレットの1及び2位に塩基類似体又は代替塩基を含み、該塩基類似体又は代替塩基は、天然塩基に比較して高められた親和性でその相補体へ結合する。好ましくは、該プライマーは、該プライマー内の各トリプレットの3位にユニバーサル塩基を含む。該塩基類似体又は代替塩基は、2,6−ジアミノプリン、プロピンT、プロピンG、フェノキサジン類、及びG−クランプであり得る。好ましくは、該ユニバーサル塩基は、イノシン、グアニジン、ウリジン、5−ニトロインドール、3−ニトロピロール、dP、又はdK、又は1−(2−デオキシ−β−D−リボフラノシル)−イミダゾール−4−カルボキサミドである。
【0011】
本発明は、ある個体において単ヌクレオチド多型性を検出する方法を提供し、前記方法は、(a)該個体から核酸を単離する工程;(b)該潜在多型性を含んでなる領域に隣接している該核酸の領域へハイブリダイズするオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに該核酸を接触させる工程;(c)増幅産物を産生するために該領域を増幅する工程;(d)該増幅産物の分子量を決定する工程;及び(e)該分子量を、該多型性を有することが分かっている個体における該領域の分子量と比較する工程であって該分子量が同一であるなら該個体が該多型性を有する工程を含んでなる。
この好ましい態様の1つの側面においては、該プライマーは高度保存配列へハイブリダイズする。好ましくは、該多型性はある疾患に関連している。他のやり方では、該多型性は血液型抗原である。好ましい態様の1つの側面においては、該増幅工程はポリメラーゼ連鎖反応である。また、該増幅工程は、リガーゼ連鎖反応又は鎖追出増幅である。好ましくは、該増幅産物は質量決定に先立ってイオン化される。1つの側面においては、該増幅産物は、エレクトロスプレーイオン化、マトリックス介助レーザーデソープション、又は高速原子衝突によりイオン化される。有利には、該分子量は質量スペクトル法により決定される。好ましくは、該質量スペクトル法は、フーリエ変換イオンサイクロトロン共鳴質量スペクトル法(FT−ICR−MS)、イオントラップ、四重極、磁気セクター、飛行時間型(TOF)、Q−TOF、及び三重の四重極である。
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明の文脈において、「生物学的物質」は、生きているか若しくは死んでいるあらゆる生物、又はそのような生物に由来する核酸である。生物学的物質の例には、細胞(ヒト臨床サンプル、細菌細胞、及び他の病原体を含むがこれらに限定されない)、ウイルス、毒素遺伝子、及び生体調節化合物が含まれるがこれらに限定されない。サンプルは、生きていても死んでいても、又は植物状態(例えば、植物性の細菌又は胞子)でもよく、被包化されていても生物工学処理されたものでもよい。
本明細書に使用される「塩基組成シグネチャー」(BCS)は、標的遺伝子と供給源生物をユニークに特定する核酸配列の選択されたフラグメントからの正確な塩基組成である。BCSは、特定遺伝子の特有の索引と考えることができる。
本明細書に使用される「識別力のあるプライマー」は、介在する可変領域に隣接している配列領域へ結合するプライマーである。好ましい態様においては、可変領域に隣接しているこれら配列領域は、異なる生物学的物質の種間で高度に保存されている。例えば、この配列領域は、すべてのバチルス種の間で高度に保存されていることができる。「高度に保存されている」という用語は、この配列領域が、約80〜100%、より好ましくは約90〜100%、そして最も好ましくは約95〜100%の同一性を示すことを意味する。16S及び23SrRNAの領域を増幅する識別力のあるプライマーの例を図1A〜1Iに示す。16SrRNA中の典型的なプライマー増幅領域を図2に示す。矢印は、16SrRNAドメインIII中の可変領域に隣接している高度に保存された領域へ結合するプライマーを表す。この増幅領域は、「1100〜1188」の下にあるステムループ構造である。
本明細書に使用される「合致」は、統計的に有意な確率上の判定若しくは結果を意味する。
本発明の検出法の1つの主たる利点は、それらプライマーが、特定の細菌種や、バチルス又はストレプトマイセスのような属にさえ特異的である必要がないことである。むしろ、それらプライマーは、本明細書に記載の種を含むがそれらに限定されない数百の細菌種にわたって高度に保存された領域を認識する。このように、望まれる細菌を特定するために同一のプライマー対を使用することが可能であるのは、それが、単一の種に特異的であるか、又はいくつかの細菌種に共通した可変領域に隣接している保存領域へ結合し、介在配列の核酸増幅とその分子量及び塩基組成の決定を可能にするからである。例えば、16S_971〜1062、16S_1228〜1310、及び16S_1100〜1188領域は、約900種の細菌において98〜99%保存されている(16S=16SrRNA、数字は、ヌクレオチドの位置を示す)。本発明の1つの態様においては、本方法に使用されるプライマーが、1又はそれを越えるこれら領域又はその部分へ結合する。
本発明は、非PCRバイオマス検出モード、好ましくは高解像MSと、保存領域へハイブリダイズしかつ(諸)生物学的物質をユニークに特定する可変領域を纏めて扱う「識別力のあるプライマー」を使用する核酸増幅ベースのBCS技術との組み合わせを提供する。PCRの使用が好ましいが、リガーゼ連鎖反応(LCR)及び鎖追出増幅(SDA)を含む他の核酸増幅技術も使用可能である。高解像MS技術は、高度に騒乱した環境にあるバックグラウンドスペクトル線からの、生物学的物質スペクトル線の分離を可能にする。次いで、その解像されたスペクトル線をBCSへ翻訳し、1又はそれを越える既知BCSのスペクトルに対して合致させる最大確度検出アルゴリズムへこれを入力する。好ましくは、この生物学的物質BCSスペクトルを、膨大な数の生物学的物質からの1又はそれを越えるBCSのデータベースに対して合致させる。好ましくは、このマッチングは、最大確度検出アルゴリズムを使用してなされる。
好ましい態様においては、塩基組成シグネチャーが、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)、好ましくは多重PCR、及び質量スペクトル(MS)法を使用して、大量並行方式で定量的に測定される。MSによる生物学的物質の検出には十分量の核酸が存在しなければならない。大量の精製された核酸又はそのフラグメントを調製するための多種多様な技術が当業者によく知られている。PCRには、増幅すべき(諸)標的配列に隣接している領域へ結合するオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーの1又はそれを越える対が必要とされる。これらプライマーはDNAの異なる鎖の合成を始動させ、一方のプライマーから他方のプライマーへの方向で合成が起こる。プライマー、増幅すべきDNA、熱安定性DNAポリメラーゼ(例、Taqポリメラーゼ)、4種のデオキシヌクレオチド三リン酸、及び緩衝液が組み合わされてDNA合成が始まる。この溶液を加熱によって変性してから、冷却して新たに追加されるプライマーをアニールさせ、別のラウンドのDNA合成が続く。典型的には、このプロセスを約30サイクル繰り返して、標的配列の増幅をもたらす。
1つの態様においては、標的遺伝子が、(+)鎖RNAウイルスによりコードされるRNA依存性RNAポリメラーゼ若しくはヘリカーゼ、又は(−)鎖RNAウイルスからのRNAポリメラーゼである。(+)鎖RNAウイルスは二本鎖RNAであり、RNA依存性RNAポリメラーゼと鋳型としてのポジティブ鎖を使用するRNA指向性RNA合成により複製する。ヘリカーゼはRNA二重鎖を巻き戻して、一本鎖RNAの複製を可能にする。これらウイルスには、ピコナウイルス科(例、ポリオウイルス、コクサッキーウイルス、エコーウイルス)、トガウイルス科(例、アルファウイルス、フラビウイルス、ルビウイルス)、アレナウイルス科(例、リンパ球性脈絡髄膜炎ウイルス、ラッサ熱ウイルス)、コロナウイルス科(例、ヒト呼吸器ウイルス)、及びA型肝炎ウイルスが含まれる。これらタンパク質をコードする遺伝子は、可変領域と、その可変領域に隣接している高度に保存された領域を含む。
好ましい態様においては、(諸)生物学的物質から産生されるPCR産物の検出スキームは3つの特徴を取込む。第一に、この技術は、複数の(概して約6〜10)PCR産物を同時に検出して差別化する。第二に、この技術は、可能なプライマー部位から生物学的物質をユニークに特定するBCSを提供する。最後に、この検出技術は、迅速で、多数のPCR反応が並行して実行されることができる。
1つの態様においては、多数のコア遺伝子からのシグナルを測定することによって各生物を「三角にする」戦略を使用して、偽陰性及び偽陽性のシグナルを抑え、原型又はハイブリッド、又は他のやり方で工学処理された生物学的物質の再構築を可能にする。多数のコア遺伝子の特定の後で、核酸配列データベースからのアライメントを創出する。次いで、保存及び変異の領域についてこのアライメントを分析し、可変領域に隣接している潜在的なプライマー結合部位を特定する。次に、特定のゲノム差異(即ち、塩基組成)に基づいて生物を識別するシグネチャー分析のための増幅標的領域を選択する。例えば、B. anthracis ゲノムから予測されるシグネチャーの不存在下での、B. anthracis に典型的な3つの部分の毒素遺伝子(Bowen, J. E. 及び C. P. Quinn, J. Appl. MIcrobiol. 1999, 87, 270-278)のシグネチャーの検出は、遺伝子工学事象を示唆するであろう。
本方法は、単ヌクレオチド多型性(SNP)又は多ヌクレオチド多型性を迅速かつ正確に検出するためにも使用できる。SNPは、一つの個体から別の固体へ異なるゲノム中の単一の塩基対部位として定義される。この差異は、欠失、挿入又は置換のいずれかとして表現することができ、しばしば疾患状態に関連する。それらは100〜1000塩基対ごとに起こるので、SNPは、ヒトゲノム中で最も頻繁に束縛された (bound) タイプの遺
伝マーカーである。
【0035】
例えば、鎌状赤血球貧血は、グルタミン酸残基ではなくバリンをコードするA−T転位から生じる。オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを、それらがSNP部位に隣接しているある配列へ結合するように設計してから、ヌクレオチド増幅とその増幅産物の質量決定をすることができる。鎌状赤血球貧血を有さない個体から生じる産物の分子量は、その疾患を有する個体からの産物のそれとは異なるので、この方法は、2つの個体を識別するために使用できる。このように、本方法は、個体中の既知SNPを検出し、それによりある疾患又は状態への高められた感受性を診断するか又は判定するために使用することができる。
1つの態様においては、個体から血液を採取し、末梢血液単核細胞(PBMC)を単離し、SNP領域に隣接している既知配列に基づいた適切なプライマーを使用して、好ましくはハイスループットスクリーニング方法において、1又はそれを越えるSNPについて同時に試験する。National Center for Biotechnology Information は公衆に利用可能なSNPのデータベース(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/)を保持している。
本発明の方法は、血液型判定にも使用できる。A,B又はO血液型をコードする遺伝子は、4つの単ヌクレオチド多型性により異なることができる。この遺伝子が配列:CGTGGTGACCCTT(配列番号5)を含有すればA抗原が生じる。この遺伝子が配列:CGTCGTCACCGCTA(配列番号6)を含有すればB抗原が生じる。この遺伝子が配列:CGTGGT−ACCCCTT(配列番号7)を含有すれば血液型Oが生じる(「−」は欠失を示す)。これら配列は、これら領域に隣接している単一プライマー対を設計してから、増幅と質量決定を行うことにより識別することができる。
本発明をその好ましい態様のいくつかに従って具体的に記載してきたが、以下の実施例
は、本発明を例示するためだけのもので、本発明を限定するものではない。
【実施例】

Claims (3)

  1. 未知の生物学的物質(bioagent)を特定する方法であって:
    a)前記生物学的物質からの核酸を、前記核酸の諸配列へハイブリダイズする少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに接触させる工程であって、前記諸配列が該生物学的物質の可変核酸配列に隣接している工程;
    b)増幅産物を産生するために前記可変核酸配列を増幅する工程;
    c)前記増幅産物の分子量を決定する工程;及び
    d)前記分子量を、複数の既知生物について工程a)〜c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える分子量と比較する工程であって1つの合致が前記未知の生物学的物質を特定する工程
    を含んでなる方法。
  2. 未知の生物学的物質を特定する方法であって:
    a)前記生物学的物質からの核酸を、可変核酸配列に隣接している、前記核酸の諸配列へハイブリダイズする少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに接触させる工程;
    b)増幅産物を産生するために前記可変核酸配列を増幅する工程;
    c)前記増幅産物の塩基組成を決定する工程;及び
    d)前記塩基組成を、複数の既知生物について工程a)〜c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える塩基組成と比較する工程であって1つの合致が前記未知の生物学的物質を特定する工程
    を含んでなる方法。
  3. ある個体において単ヌクレオチド多型性を検出する方法であって:
    a)前記個体から核酸を単離する工程;
    b)前記潜在多型性を含んでなる領域に隣接している前記核酸の領域へハイブリダイズする諸オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに前記核酸を接触させる工程;
    c)増幅産物を産生するために前記領域を増幅する工程;
    d)前記増幅産物の分子量を決定する工程;及び
    e)前記分子量を、前記多型性を有することが分かっている個体における前記領域の分子量と比較する工程であって前記分子量が同一であるならば前記個体が前記多型性を有する工程
    を含んでなる方法。
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