JP2003068732A - 原子層堆積法を用いて基板上に高誘電率材料を堆積する方法 - Google Patents
原子層堆積法を用いて基板上に高誘電率材料を堆積する方法Info
- Publication number
- JP2003068732A JP2003068732A JP2002180523A JP2002180523A JP2003068732A JP 2003068732 A JP2003068732 A JP 2003068732A JP 2002180523 A JP2002180523 A JP 2002180523A JP 2002180523 A JP2002180523 A JP 2002180523A JP 2003068732 A JP2003068732 A JP 2003068732A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- layer deposition
- atomic layer
- deposition chamber
- substrate
- introducing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910000449 hafnium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- WIHZLLGSGQNAGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(4+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Hf+4] WIHZLLGSGQNAGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- TZNXTUDMYCRCAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(4+);tetranitrate Chemical compound [Hf+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O TZNXTUDMYCRCAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitrate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 46
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002052 molecular layer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000000887 hydrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 25
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 3
- KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dichloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane Chemical compound ClCC(CCl)(CCl)CCl KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004129 HfSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910006501 ZrSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZWWCURLKEXEFQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitrogen pentaoxide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)O[N+]([O-])=O ZWWCURLKEXEFQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000013110 organic ligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YRAJNWYBUCUFBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C(=O)CC(=O)C(C)(C)C YRAJNWYBUCUFBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 101150097381 Mtor gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PDPJQWYGJJBYLF-UHFFFAOYSA-J hafnium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Hf](Cl)(Cl)Cl PDPJQWYGJJBYLF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Hf]=O CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)[O-] OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02225—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer
- H01L21/0226—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process
- H01L21/02263—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase
- H01L21/02271—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition
- H01L21/0228—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the process for the formation of the insulating layer formation by a deposition process deposition from the gas or vapour phase deposition by decomposition or reaction of gaseous or vapour phase compounds, i.e. chemical vapour deposition deposition by cyclic CVD, e.g. ALD, ALE, pulsed CVD
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/40—Oxides
- C23C16/405—Oxides of refractory metals or yttrium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
- C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
- C23C16/45527—Atomic layer deposition [ALD] characterized by the ALD cycle, e.g. different flows or temperatures during half-reactions, unusual pulsing sequence, use of precursor mixtures or auxiliary reactants or activations
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- H01L21/02172—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides
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- H01L21/02181—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal the material containing hafnium, e.g. HfO2
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- H01L21/02172—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides
- H01L21/02175—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal
- H01L21/02189—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal the material containing zirconium, e.g. ZrO2
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
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- H01L21/022—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being a laminate, i.e. composed of sublayers, e.g. stacks of alternating high-k metal oxides
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
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- H01L21/02205—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates the layer being characterised by the precursor material for deposition
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/30—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26
- H01L21/31—Treatment of semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/26 to form insulating layers thereon, e.g. for masking or by using photolithographic techniques; After treatment of these layers; Selection of materials for these layers
- H01L21/314—Inorganic layers
- H01L21/316—Inorganic layers composed of oxides or glassy oxides or oxide based glass
- H01L21/31604—Deposition from a gas or vapour
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
- H01L21/02112—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer
- H01L21/02172—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides
- H01L21/02175—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal
- H01L21/02178—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal the material containing aluminium, e.g. Al2O3
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02107—Forming insulating materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02109—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates
- H01L21/02112—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer
- H01L21/02172—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides
- H01L21/02175—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal
- H01L21/02192—Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the type of layer, e.g. type of material, porous/non-porous, pre-cursors, mixtures or laminates characterised by the material of the layer the material containing at least one metal element, e.g. metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal oxynitrides or metal carbides characterised by the metal the material containing at least one rare earth metal element, e.g. oxides of lanthanides, scandium or yttrium
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Abstract
を堆積する方法を提供すること。 【解決手段】 本発明による基板上にHigh−k誘電
体膜を形成する方法は、a)原子層堆積チャンバ内に半
導体基板を提供する工程と、b)基板を原子層堆積レジ
ーム内の温度まで加熱する工程と、c)無水ハフニウム
硝酸塩を原子層堆積チャンバ内に導入する工程と、d)
原子層堆積チャンバを窒素または不活性ガスでパージす
る工程と、e)水和ガスを原子層堆積チャンバに導入し
て、ハフニウム酸化物の分子層を堆積する工程とを包含
する。
Description
(IC)製造プロセスに関し、より詳細には、シリコン
上に高誘電率材料を形成する方法に関する。
バイスのゲート誘電体としてSiO2が用いられてい
る。デバイスのサイズが縮小されていくにつれ、ゲート
領域とチャネル領域との間で同じキャパシタンスを維持
するためには、SiO2層の厚さも薄くする必要があ
る。将来的には、2ナノメートル(nm)未満の厚さが
予想される。しかしながら、そのようなSiO2薄層で
は高いトンネル電流を無視できなくなるため、別の材料
を考える必要がある。高誘電率材料を用いれば、ゲート
誘電体層をさらに薄くすることができ、その結果トンネ
ル電流の問題も解消する。これらのいわゆるHigh−
k誘電体膜を、本明細書中では、二酸化シリコンと比べ
て高誘電率を有する誘電体膜として定義する。典型的に
は、二酸化シリコンの誘電率は約4であるが、約10を
超える誘電率を有するゲート誘電体材料を用いることが
望ましい。
般に、高い直接トンネル電流が生じるため、CMOSデ
バイスのゲート誘電体として用いることはできない。現
在、SiO2をTiO2およびTa2O5に置き換える
ための研究における多大な努力が、最大の関心を呼んで
いる。しかしながら、堆積後の高温アニーリングを行う
と、該酸化膜とSiの反応により界面にSiO2層が形
成される為、1.5nm未満の等価SiO2厚さ(これ
は、酸化物換算膜厚(EOT)としても知られている)
の実現を非常に困難にしている。0.07マイクロメー
トルデバイス世代では、約1.0nm(およびこれ以
下)のEOTを用いることが予想される。
コニウム酸化物(ZrO2)等の材料は、High−k
誘電体材料の主用な候補である。これらの材料の誘電率
は、約20〜25であり、二酸化シリコンの誘電率の5
〜6倍である。このことは、膜全体が、基本的に、Hi
gh−k材料から構成されていると仮定した場合、これ
らの材料の約5〜6nmの厚さを用いれば、約1.0n
mのEOTを実現することができるということを意味し
ている。High−k材料を用いる1つの問題は、低誘
電率を有する二酸化シリコン界面層またはシリケート層
が、標準のプロセシング時に形成するということであ
る。
とを用いた、ZrO2またはHfO 2の堆積が報告され
ている。300℃〜400℃まで加熱された基板をZr
Cl 4またはHfCl4、水蒸気を含んだ別の前駆体に
曝して、ZrO2膜またはHfO2膜をそれぞれ形成す
る。しかしながら、水素終端したシリコン表面上に堆積
するのは困難である。水素終端したシリコン表面は、標
準的な産業の洗浄プロセスによって得られる。これらの
標準洗浄プロセスは、HF最終洗浄と呼ばれる場合が多
く、典型的には、HFに一瞬だけ浸漬させて終了する。
このプロセスによって、水素終端した表面(水素パッシ
ベーションとも呼ばれる)が生成する。シリコン表面を
反応物に十分に曝すことによって、最終的には、堆積を
開始することができる。
果得られる膜は、均一性に欠ける粗い膜である。四塩化
物前駆体に伴う別の問題は、膜内に残留する塩化物が入
ることである。塩素不純物は、長期間の信頼性および性
能の問題となり得る。
TMHD(2,2,6,6−テトラメチル−3,5−ヘ
プタンジオネート)等の有機リガンド、または、有機リ
ガンドと塩素とを合わせたものと結合されたHf金属ま
たはZr金属が用いられる。これらの前駆体もまた、水
素終端したシリコン表面上への膜堆積の開始問題を有
し、膜中に残留する炭素を取り込む。大きなリガンドは
また、立体障害が均一な分子層の堆積を防ぐだけの十分
な空間を設けることになり得る。現在まで、ALDによ
るZr酸化物およびHf酸化物は、シリコン酸化物およ
びシリコン酸窒化物の初期層上に堆積するか、または、
ZrSiO4またはHfSiO4等の低誘電率シリケー
ト膜の形態で堆積するかのいずれかで達成され得る。こ
れらの初期層は、EOT全体に大きく寄与し得る。
igh−k誘電体膜を形成する方法は、a)原子層堆積
チャンバ内に半導体基板を提供する工程と、b)該基板
を原子層堆積レジーム内の温度まで加熱する工程と、
c)無水ハフニウム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積チャンバ内に
導入する工程と、d)該原子層堆積チャンバを窒素また
は不活性ガスでパージする工程と、e)水和ガスを該原
子層堆積チャンバに導入して、ハフニウム酸化物の分子
層を堆積する工程とを包含し、これにより上記目的を達
成する。
たは、水素であってもよい。
してもよい。
温度まで加熱されてもよい。
ャンバ内に導入する工程と、前記原子層堆積チャンバを
パージする工程と、前記水和ガスを原子層堆積チャンバ
に導入する工程とを繰り返す工程をさらに包含してもよ
い。
ム未満の厚さの酸化物換算膜厚を有するハフニウム酸化
物膜が得られるまで繰り返されてもよい。
膜を形成する方法は、a)原子層堆積チャンバ内に半導
体基板を提供する工程と、b)該基板を原子層堆積レジ
ーム内の温度まで加熱する工程と、c)無水ジルコニウ
ム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積チャンバ内に導入する工程と、
d)該原子層堆積チャンバを窒素でパージする工程と、
e)水和ガスを該原子層堆積チャンバに導入して、ジル
コニウム酸化物の分子層を堆積する工程とを包含し、こ
れにより上記目的を達成する。
たは、水素であってもよい。
してもよい。
温度まで加熱されてもよい。
チャンバ内に導入する工程と、前記原子層堆積チャンバ
をパージする工程と、前記水和ガスを原子層堆積チャン
バに導入する工程とを繰り返す工程をさらに包含しても
よい。
ム未満の厚さの酸化物換算膜厚を有するジルコニウム酸
化物膜が得られるまで繰り返されてもよい。
ウム酸化物とを含むナノ積層を形成する方法は、a)原
子層堆積チャンバ内に半導体基板を提供する工程と、
b)該基板を原子層堆積レジーム内の温度まで加熱する
工程と、c)i)無水ハフニウム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積
チャンバ内に導入する工程と、ii)該原子層堆積チャ
ンバをパージする工程と、iii)水和ガスを該原子層
堆積チャンバ内に導入して、ハフニウム酸化物の分子層
を形成する工程と、iv)該原子層堆積チャンバを再度
パージする工程とを包含するプロセスによってハフニウ
ム酸化物層を形成する工程と、d)i)無水ジルコニウ
ム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積チャンバ内に導入する工程と、
ii)該原子層堆積チャンバをパージする工程と、ii
i)水和ガスを該原子層堆積チャンバ内に導入して、ジ
ルコニウム酸化物の分子層を形成する工程と、iv)該
原子層堆積チャンバを再度パージする工程とを包含する
プロセスによってジルコニウム酸化物層を形成する工程
とを包含し、これにより上記目的を達成する。
ム酸化物層を形成する工程c)を繰り返す工程をさらに
包含してもよい。
ウム酸化物層を形成する工程d)を繰り返す工程をさら
に包含してもよい。
c)と、前記ジルコニウム酸化物層を形成する工程d)
とを繰り返す工程をさらに包含し、これにより所望の合
計厚さの前記ナノ積層が形成されてもよい。
fO2)を形成する方法を提供する。上記方法は、水素
終端したシリコン表面上に高誘電率材料を形成するに適
していが、上記方法を種々の基板上にこれらの材料を形
成するために用いることも可能である。
法が提供される。上記方法は、原子層堆積チャンバ内に
半導体基板を提供する工程と、上記基板を原子層堆積レ
ジーム内の温度まで加熱する工程と、無水ジルコニウム
硝酸塩を上記チャンバ内に導入する工程と、上記チャン
バを窒素でパージする工程と、水蒸気を上記チャンバに
導入して、ジルコニウム酸化物の分子層を堆積する工程
とを包含する。無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩を導入する工程
と、チャンバを窒素でパージする工程と、水蒸気を導入
する工程とは、必要に応じて繰り返され、所望の厚さの
ジルコニウム酸化物膜を生成することができる。
が提供される。上記方法は、原子層堆積チャンバ内に半
導体基板を提供する工程と、上記基板を原子層堆積レジ
ーム内の温度まで加熱する工程と、無水ハフニウム硝酸
塩を上記チャンバ内に導入する工程と、上記チャンバを
窒素でパージする工程と、水蒸気を上記チャンバに導入
して、ハフニウム酸化物の分子層を堆積する工程とを包
含する。無水ハフニウム硝酸塩を導入する工程と、チャ
ンバを窒素でパージする工程と、水蒸気を導入する工程
とは、必要に応じて繰り返され、所望の厚さのハフニウ
ム酸化物膜を生成することができる。
を含むナノ積層を形成する方法が提供される。上記方法
は、ジルコニウム酸化物を形成する方法について上述し
た上記工程を繰り返す工程と、ハフニウム酸化物を形成
する方法について上述した上記工程を繰り返す工程と、
所望ならば、上記工程を交互に行って、HfO2/Zr
O2/HfO2/ZrO2等のナノ積層を生成する工程
とを包含する。
2膜を堆積するプロセスの工程を示すフローチャートを
示す。工程110において、ALDチャンバ内に半導体
基板を提供する。市販のALDツールが入手可能であ
る。FinlandのMicrochemistry.
Ltd(現在は、ASM部)がALDツール(Mode
l F120)を製造している。このALDツールは、
本明細書中に記載のプロセスとともに用いられ得る。好
適な実施形態において、半導体基板は、水素終端したシ
リコン表面を有する。本明細書中に記載のプロセスは、
水素終端したシリコン表面にHfO2またはZrO2を
堆積する工程に関する問題の解決に適しているが、この
プロセスを用いて、二酸化シリコン、シリコン酸窒化
物、シリコンゲルマニウムを含む他の表面上、および、
ZrSiO4およびHfSiO4等のシリケート上にH
fO2またはZrO2を堆積することが、もっぱら可能
である。
を加熱する。例えば、約160〜200℃の温度で無水
ハフニウム硝酸塩を用いた場合、原子層堆積レジーム内
において水素パッシベーションシリコン表面が得られ
た。
塩(Hf(NO3)4)または無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩
(Zr(NO3)4)をALDチャンバ内に導入する。
ハフニウム硝酸塩またはジルコニウム硝酸塩は、半導体
基板のシリコン表面が水素終端されている場合であって
も、その基板表面上に吸着する。
ウム硝酸塩は、現在市販されていないが、これらの材料
の合成法および精製法は公知である。ジルコニウム硝酸
塩の合成については、1962年に報告されている。ハ
フニウムとジルコニウムとが類似しているため、ハフニ
ウム硝酸塩もまた、同様の合成法によって単離すること
ができる。ハフニウム硝酸塩は、30℃の五酸化二窒素
中で四塩化ハフニウムを還流することによって調製され
得、その後、そのハフニウム硝酸塩を100℃/0.1
mmHgで昇華して精製し得る。ジルコニウム硝酸塩も
同様に、95℃/0.1mmHgで精製され得る。
素ガスまたは不活性ガス(アルゴン、ヘリウムまたはネ
オン)でパージして、過剰な無水ハフニウム硝酸塩また
は無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩、あるいは、不要な反応物を
少なくするか、または、除去する。
水和ガスを導入する。水和ガスは、水素を提供して、硝
酸塩および二酸化窒素を含む窒化物の除去を促進する。
水和ガスは、ハフニウム酸化物膜またはジルコニウム酸
化物膜を形成するために用いられる、NO3または酸素
原子を伴ったNO2の形態のいずれかであるNO3リガ
ンドの除去を促進する。水和ガスは、水蒸気、メタノー
ル、または、水素であり得る。正確な化学メカニズム
は、完全には理解されておらず、特許請求の範囲を限定
するものではない。
素または不活性ガスでパージして、チャンバ内の水和ガ
スおよび恐らく不要となり得る反応物を少なくするか、
または、除去する。
0、140および145を繰り返し、所望の厚さの膜を
生成する。ALDプロセスは、適切にパージした状態
で、硝酸塩、ハフニウム硝酸塩またはジルコニウム硝酸
塩、および、水和ガスに交互に曝すサイクル数によって
制限された固有の成長速度を有する。
け繰り返した後に、膜をアニーリングして、その膜と界
面とを調整する。
r)のALDチャンバ内に配置し、約180℃まで加熱
することによって、ハフニウム酸化物膜は、表面が水素
終端したシリコン基板上に形成される。基板は、ALD
サイクルを複数回行って処理された。各ALDサイクル
には、無水ハフニウム硝酸塩を導入する工程と、窒素で
パージする工程と、水蒸気を導入する工程とが含まれ
る。各ALDサイクルを約7回、13回、17回および
400回行ってサンプルを生成した。
厚さを測定した。400サイクルのサンプルの厚さは、
128.1nmであった。これは、約3.2Å/サイク
ルの堆積速度に相当する。より薄いサンプルでは、堆積
速度は、3.6Å/サイクルであった。ハフニウム酸化
物のバルク密度が9.68g/cm3と記載されている
ことを考慮すれば、1モル相当の換算膜厚は36.1Å
であり、1分子層は、約3.3Å厚であると予想され
る。従って、3.2Å/サイクル〜3.6Å/サイクル
の堆積速度は、1サイクル当りの1分子層の堆積に匹敵
する。また、堆積速度は温度によっても影響を受けるこ
とが分かった。170℃で生成されたサンプルの堆積速
度は、2.8Å/サイクルであった。
ウム酸化物層を含むナノ積層または多層膜を生成するた
めのフローチャートを図2に示す。工程210におい
て、ALDチャンバ内に半導体基板を提供する。半導体
基板を原子層堆積レジームの温度まで加熱する。
塩(Hf(NO3)4)または無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩
(Zr(NO3)4)のいずれか(第1の硝酸塩)をA
LDチャンバ内に導入する。この工程220で導入され
たハフニウム硝酸塩またはジルコニウム硝酸塩は半導体
基板の表面に吸着する。
素ガスまたは不活性ガスでパージして、過剰な無水ハフ
ニウム硝酸塩または無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩、あるい
は、不要な反応物を少なくするか、または、除去する。
ャンバ内に導入する。水和ガスは、ハフニウム酸化物膜
またはジルコニウム酸化物膜を形成するために用いられ
る、NO3または酸素原子を伴ったNO2の形態のいず
れかであるNO3リガンドの除去を促進する。
または不活性ガスでパージして、チャンバ内の水和ガス
および恐らく不要となり得る反応物を少なくするか、ま
たは、除去する。
0、240および245を繰り返して、第1の硝酸塩の
所望の厚さの材料層(ハフニウム酸化物またはジルコニ
ウム酸化物のいずれかの層)を生成する。ALDプロセ
スは、適切にパージした状態で、硝酸塩、ハフニウム硝
酸塩またはジルコニウム硝酸塩、および、水和ガスに交
互に曝すサイクル数によって制限された固有の成長速度
を有する。工程250によって示されるサイクルを繰り
返して、各層がハフニウム酸化物またはジルコニウム酸
化物のいずれかの材料からなり、所望の厚さを有した層
を形成することができる。
なかった無水ハフニウム硝酸塩(Hf(NO3)4)ま
たは無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩(Zr(NO3)4)(第
2の硝酸塩)をALDチャンバに導入する。この工程3
20で導入されるハフニウム硝酸塩またはジルコニウム
硝酸塩は、半導体基板の表面に吸着する。
素ガスまたは不活性ガスでパージして、過剰の無水ハフ
ニウム硝酸塩または無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩、あるい
は、不要な反応物を少なくするか、または、除去する。
水和ガスを導入する。水和ガスは、工程240で形成さ
れたなかったハフニウム酸化物膜またはジルコニウム酸
化物膜のいずれかを形成するために用いられる、NO3
または酸素原子を伴ったNO 2の形態のいずれかである
NO3リガンドの除去を促進する。
素ガスまたは不活性ガスでパージして、チャンバ内の水
和ガスおよび恐らく不要となり得る反応物を少なくする
か、または、除去する。
0、340および345を繰り返して、所望の厚さのハ
フニウム酸化物またはジルコニウム酸化物のいずれかの
材料の層を生成する。さらに、工程350では、再度、
工程220から上述の工程を繰り返す工程を包含する。
これにより、複数の交互層を有する膜、例えば、HfO
2/ZrO2/HfO2/ZrO2、または、ZrO2
/HfO2/ZrO2/HfO2/ZrO2が形成され
得る。この場合、個々の層の厚さを別々に測定してもよ
いし、全体の厚さを測定してもよい。
よび所望のサブサイクル数を行った後、膜をアニーリン
グして、その膜と材料層間の界面とを調整する。
フニウム酸化物を形成する方法、ジルコニウム酸化物を
形成する方法、および、ハフニウム酸化物とジルコニウ
ム酸化物とのナノ積層を形成する方法が提供される。こ
れらの方法は、ハフニウム硝酸塩およびジルコニウム硝
酸塩等の硝酸塩を用いた前駆体を取り入れた原子層堆積
法を利用する。これらの硝酸塩を用いた前駆体の使用
は、水素パッシベーションシリコン表面上に高誘電率材
料を形成するに適している。
体膜を形成する方法は、a)原子層堆積チャンバ内に半
導体基板を提供する工程と、b)基板を原子層堆積レジ
ーム内の温度まで加熱する工程と、c)無水ハフニウム
硝酸塩を原子層堆積チャンバ内に導入する工程とを包含
する。上記工程によって、ハフニウム酸化物ソースであ
る無水ハフニウム硝酸塩が半導体基板に吸着する。上記
方法は、さらに、d)原子層堆積チャンバを窒素または
不活性ガスでパージする工程と、e)水和ガスを原子層
堆積チャンバに導入して、ハフニウム酸化物の分子層を
堆積する工程とを包含する。上記窒素または不活性ガス
で原子層堆積チャンバをパージすることによって、過剰
な無水ハフニウム硝酸塩が除去される。上記水和ガスを
原子層堆積チャンバに導入することによって、窒化物の
除去を促進し、不純物のないHigh−k誘電体膜(ハ
フニウム酸化物膜)が得られる。
ロセスのフローチャートである。
堆積するプロセスのフローチャートである。
Claims (18)
- 【請求項1】 基板上にHigh−k誘電体膜を形成す
る方法であって、 a)原子層堆積チャンバ内に半導体基板を提供する工程
と、 b)該基板を原子層堆積レジーム内の温度まで加熱する
工程と、 c)無水ハフニウム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積チャンバ内に
導入する工程と、 d)該原子層堆積チャンバを窒素または不活性ガスでパ
ージする工程と、 e)水和ガスを該原子層堆積チャンバに導入して、ハフ
ニウム酸化物の分子層を堆積する工程とを包含する、方
法。 - 【請求項2】 前記水和ガスは、水蒸気、メタノール、
または、水素である、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 【請求項3】 前記基板はシリコン表面を有する、請求
項1に記載の方法。 - 【請求項4】 前記基板は水素終端したシリコン表面を
有する、請求項2に記載の方法。 - 【請求項5】 前記基板は、約160〜200℃の範囲
の温度まで加熱される、請求項2に記載の方法。 - 【請求項6】 前記無水ハフニウム硝酸塩を原子層堆積
チャンバ内に導入する工程と、前記原子層堆積チャンバ
をパージする工程と、前記水和ガスを原子層堆積チャン
バに導入する工程とを繰り返す工程をさらに包含する、
請求項1に記載の方法。 - 【請求項7】 前記繰り返す工程は、20オングストロ
ーム未満の厚さの酸化物換算膜厚を有するハフニウム酸
化物膜が得られるまで繰り返される、請求項6に記載の
方法。 - 【請求項8】 基板上にHigh−k誘電体膜を形成す
る方法であって、 a)原子層堆積チャンバ内に半導体基板を提供する工程
と、 b)該基板を原子層堆積レジーム内の温度まで加熱する
工程と、 c)無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積チャンバ内
に導入する工程と、 d)該原子層堆積チャンバを窒素でパージする工程と、 e)水和ガスを該原子層堆積チャンバに導入して、ジル
コニウム酸化物の分子層を堆積する工程とを包含する、
方法。 - 【請求項9】 前記水和ガスは、水蒸気、メタノール、
または、水素である、請求項8に記載の方法。 - 【請求項10】 前記基板はシリコン表面を有する、請
求項8に記載の方法。 - 【請求項11】 前記基板は水素終端したシリコン表面
を有する、請求項9に記載の方法。 - 【請求項12】 前記基板は、約160〜200℃の範
囲の温度まで加熱される、請求項9に記載の方法。 - 【請求項13】 前記無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩を原子層
堆積チャンバ内に導入する工程と、前記原子層堆積チャ
ンバをパージする工程と、前記水和ガスを原子層堆積チ
ャンバに導入する工程とを繰り返す工程をさらに包含す
る、請求項8に記載の方法。 - 【請求項14】 前記繰り返す工程は、20オングスト
ローム未満の厚さの酸化物換算膜厚を有するジルコニウ
ム酸化物膜が得られるまで繰り返される、請求項13に
記載の方法。 - 【請求項15】 ハフニウム酸化物とジルコニウム酸化
物とを含むナノ積層を形成する方法であって、 a)原子層堆積チャンバ内に半導体基板を提供する工程
と、 b)該基板を原子層堆積レジーム内の温度まで加熱する
工程と、 c)i)無水ハフニウム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積チャンバ
内に導入する工程と、 ii)該原子層堆積チャンバをパージする工程と、 iii)水和ガスを該原子層堆積チャンバ内に導入し
て、ハフニウム酸化物の分子層を形成する工程と、 iv)該原子層堆積チャンバを再度パージする工程とを
包含するプロセスによってハフニウム酸化物層を形成す
る工程と、 d)i)無水ジルコニウム硝酸塩を該原子層堆積チャン
バ内に導入する工程と、 ii)該原子層堆積チャンバをパージする工程と、 iii)水和ガスを該原子層堆積チャンバ内に導入し
て、ジルコニウム酸化物の分子層を形成する工程と、 iv)該原子層堆積チャンバを再度パージする工程とを
包含するプロセスによってジルコニウム酸化物層を形成
する工程とを包含する、方法。 - 【請求項16】 所望の厚さが得られるまで、前記ハフ
ニウム酸化物層を形成する工程c)を繰り返す工程をさ
らに包含する、請求項15に記載の方法。 - 【請求項17】 所望の厚さが得られるまで、前記ジル
コニウム酸化物層を形成する工程d)を繰り返す工程を
さらに包含する、請求項15に記載の方法。 - 【請求項18】 前記ハフニウム酸化物層を形成する工
程c)と、前記ジルコニウム酸化物層を形成する工程
d)とを繰り返す工程をさらに包含し、これにより所望
の合計厚さの前記ナノ積層が形成される、請求項15に
記載の方法。
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US09/894,941 US6420279B1 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2001-06-28 | Methods of using atomic layer deposition to deposit a high dielectric constant material on a substrate |
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KR100396694B1 (ko) * | 2000-07-27 | 2003-09-02 | 주식회사 하이닉스반도체 | 원자층 증착법을 이용한 박막 제조 방법 |
KR20020064126A (ko) * | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-07 | 주식회사 다산 씨.앤드.아이 | 원자층 화학기상증착을 이용한 게이트 산화막 형성방법 |
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- 2002-06-27 KR KR10-2002-0036308A patent/KR100432411B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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Cited By (5)
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JP2004153238A (ja) * | 2002-10-31 | 2004-05-27 | Sharp Corp | CMOSアプリケーション用の多重高κゲート誘電体を堆積する方法 |
JP2004224688A (ja) * | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-12 | Sharp Corp | ALCVDプロセスを介するHfO2薄膜成膜用の硝酸ハフニウムの合成方法 |
JP2007505993A (ja) * | 2003-09-16 | 2007-03-15 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | バッチタイプ処理システムにおける順次ガス露出による金属含有膜の形成 |
JP2005135914A (ja) * | 2003-10-28 | 2005-05-26 | Asm Internatl Nv | 酸化膜の作製方法 |
KR100685748B1 (ko) * | 2006-02-09 | 2007-02-22 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 박막 형성 방법 및 이를 이용한 게이트 구조물의 제조 방법 |
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TW577130B (en) | 2004-02-21 |
US6420279B1 (en) | 2002-07-16 |
JP4055941B2 (ja) | 2008-03-05 |
CN1184673C (zh) | 2005-01-12 |
KR100432411B1 (ko) | 2004-05-22 |
KR20030003046A (ko) | 2003-01-09 |
CN1396638A (zh) | 2003-02-12 |
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