JP2002504863A - 向上した巧緻性および感度で最低侵襲性外科手術を行うための連結外科手術器具 - Google Patents

向上した巧緻性および感度で最低侵襲性外科手術を行うための連結外科手術器具

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JP2002504863A
JP2002504863A JP54259997A JP54259997A JP2002504863A JP 2002504863 A JP2002504863 A JP 2002504863A JP 54259997 A JP54259997 A JP 54259997A JP 54259997 A JP54259997 A JP 54259997A JP 2002504863 A JP2002504863 A JP 2002504863A
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ジェイ. マドハニ,アクヒル
サリスバリー,ジェイ.ケニス
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インチュイティブ サージカル,インコーポレイテッド
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/00234Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/28Surgical forceps
    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B34/35Surgical robots for telesurgery
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B34/37Master-slave robots
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/71Manipulators operated by drive cable mechanisms
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/76Manipulators having means for providing feel, e.g. force or tactile feedback
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/77Manipulators with motion or force scaling
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25JMANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
    • B25J3/00Manipulators of master-slave type, i.e. both controlling unit and controlled unit perform corresponding spatial movements
    • B25J3/04Manipulators of master-slave type, i.e. both controlling unit and controlled unit perform corresponding spatial movements involving servo mechanisms
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25JMANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
    • B25J9/00Programme-controlled manipulators
    • B25J9/10Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements
    • B25J9/104Programme-controlled manipulators characterised by positioning means for manipulator elements with cables, chains or ribbons
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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    • A61B17/28Surgical forceps
    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/2926Details of heads or jaws
    • A61B2017/2927Details of heads or jaws the angular position of the head being adjustable with respect to the shaft
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/2926Details of heads or jaws
    • A61B2017/2927Details of heads or jaws the angular position of the head being adjustable with respect to the shaft
    • A61B2017/2929Details of heads or jaws the angular position of the head being adjustable with respect to the shaft with a head rotatable about the longitudinal axis of the shaft
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/28Surgical forceps
    • A61B17/29Forceps for use in minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/2926Details of heads or jaws
    • A61B2017/2932Transmission of forces to jaw members
    • A61B2017/2939Details of linkages or pivot points
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B2034/305Details of wrist mechanisms at distal ends of robotic arms
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/30Surgical robots
    • A61B2034/305Details of wrist mechanisms at distal ends of robotic arms
    • A61B2034/306Wrists with multiple vertebrae
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B34/00Computer-aided surgery; Manipulators or robots specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/70Manipulators specially adapted for use in surgery
    • A61B34/71Manipulators operated by drive cable mechanisms
    • A61B2034/715Cable tensioning mechanisms for removing slack
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/20Control lever and linkage systems
    • Y10T74/20207Multiple controlling elements for single controlled element
    • Y10T74/20305Robotic arm
    • Y10T74/20329Joint between elements
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T74/00Machine element or mechanism
    • Y10T74/20Control lever and linkage systems
    • Y10T74/20207Multiple controlling elements for single controlled element
    • Y10T74/20305Robotic arm
    • Y10T74/20329Joint between elements
    • Y10T74/20335Wrist

Abstract

(57)【要約】 本発明は、最低侵襲性外科手術手順の動作を向上させる連結外科手術用器具(12)である。器具(12)は、高度の巧緻性、低い摩擦、低い慣性、および良好な力反映を有する。独特なケーブルおよびプーリー駆動システムにより、摩擦が減少し力反映が向上する。独特なリスト機構により、標準的な腹腔鏡器具(12)に比べて外科手術の巧緻性が向上する。システムを最適化することにより、必要なアクチュエータ数が減少し、これにより最小サイズで十分に機能的な連結外科手術用器具が製造される。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 向上した巧緻性および感度で最低侵襲性外科手術を行うための 連結外科手術器具発明の分野 本発明は、広義には、最低侵襲性外科手術の遂行を高めるための方法および装 置に関する。具体的には、本発明は、最低侵襲性外科手術手順を行う外科医の能 力を増大させる、外科手術器具に関する。より具体的には、本発明は、高い巧緻 性、小さな摩擦、小さな慣性および良好な力反映(force reflection)を提供する 最低侵襲性外科手術のための新規な連結(articulated)外科手術器具に関する。発明の背景 最低侵襲性医療技術は、診断上または外科手術手順の間に損傷される無関係な 組織の量を低減し、これにより、患者の回復時間、不快感および有害な副作用を 低減することを目的としている。今日、米国において毎年約21,000,00 0件の外科手術が行われている。これらの外科手術の内約8,000,000件 は潜在的に最低侵襲に行うことが可能であると推定されている。しかし、最低侵 襲性外科手術器具および技術ならびにこれらを修得するために必要なさらなる外 科手術訓練の制限のために、現在のところ、わずかに約1,000,000件の 外科手術でしかこれらの技術は用いられていない。 最低侵襲性外科手術技術の進歩は、劇的な影響をもたらし得る。標準的な外科 手術の場合の平均入院日数は8日間であり、同等の最低侵襲性外科手術の場合の 平均日数は4日間である。従って、最低侵襲性技術を全面的に採用することによ って、28,000,000日間の入院日数ならびに入院費用だけでも年間数十 億ドルを節減し得る。患者の回復時間、患者の不快感、外科的副作用および仕事 から離れる時間も最低侵襲性外科手術によって低減される。 最低侵襲性外科手術の最も一般的な形態は内視鏡検査である。おそらく、最も 一般的な形態の内視鏡検査は、最低侵襲性の検査および腹腔内外科手術である腹 腔鏡検査である。標準的な腹腔鏡検査外科手術の場合、患者の腹部にガスを注入 し、カニューレスリーブを小さな切開部(約1/2インチ)に通し、これにより 、腹腔鏡検査外科手術器具のための入口を得る。 腹腔鏡検査外科手術器具は、広義には、外科手術部位(surgical field)を見る ための腹腔鏡、ならびに、鉗子、把持具(graspers)、鋏、ホチキス(staplers)お よび把針器(needle holder)のような作業工具(working tools)を含む。作業工具 は、長さ約12インチの延長チューブによって各工具の作業端がハンドルから離 れていることを除けば、従来の(開腹)手術で使用されるものと同様である。 外科手術手順を行う際、外科医は、カニューレに器具を通し、カニューレを通 して器具を前後に摺動させ、カニューレ内で器具を回転させ、腹壁内において器 具を梃子で動かし(即ち、旋回させ)、そして器具の遠位端上のエンドエフェク タ(end effector)を作動させることによって器具を操作する。器具は、概ね腹壁 筋肉内の切開部によって規定される回転中心を中心に旋回する。外科医は、腹腔 鏡検査カメラによって提供される腹部作業部位(worksite)の画像を表示するテレ ビモニタによって、手順を監視する。 関節鏡検査、後腹膜鏡検査(retroperitoneoscopy)、骨盤鏡検査(pelviscopy) 、腎盂尿管鏡検査(nephroscopy)、膀胱鏡検査、脳槽鏡検査(cisternoscopy)、洞 房鏡検査(sinoscopy)、子宮鏡検査および尿道鏡検査においても同様の内視鏡検 査技術が用いられる。これらの最低侵襲性外科手術技術全てに共通する特徴は、 人体内の作業部位を可視化し、特別設計された外科手術器具を自然の細孔または 小さな切開部を介して作業部位まで通すことにより人体の組織および器官を操作 し、これにより、開腹外科手術的アクセスを形成することによって周辺組織にも たらされる付随外傷を回避することである。 現在の最低侵襲性外科手術技術には多くの欠点がある。例えば、現存のMIS 器具は、開腹外科手術における工具を配置する際の柔軟性を外科医に与えない。 ほとんどの腹腔鏡検査工具は、剛性シャフトを有しており、小さな切開部の方向 からの作業部位への接近が制限される。さらに、多くの内視鏡検査器具の長さお よび構造は、組織および器官によって工具のエンドエフェクタ上にかかる力を感 じる外科医の能力を低減する。内視鏡検査工具によって提供される巧緻性および 感度の欠如は、最低侵襲性外科手術の拡張に対する大きな課題である。 外科医の巧緻性を向上するとともに、外科医が遠れた場所から患者を手術する ことを可能にする、外科手術用の遠隔外科手術システム(Telesurgery systems) が開発されつつある。遠隔外科手術は、外科医が工具を直接保持して動かすので はなく、外科手術器具の動きを操作する何らかの形態のサーボ機構を使用する外 科手術システムの総称である。遠隔外科手術用のシステムの場合、遠れた場所に いる患者の画像が外科医に提供される。外科医は、3次元画像を見ながら、サー ボ機構駆動器具(servomechanism-actuated instrument)の動きを制御するマスタ ーデバイスを操作することによって患者に対して外科手術手順を施す。行為に対 して器具が位置決めされる方位と同じ方位で、手術部位の画像に対して外科医の 手およびマスターデバイスを位置決めする。手術中、この器具は、組織把持具、 持針器等のような様々な外科手術器具の機械的な駆動および制御を提供し、それ ぞれが外科医のために様々な機能、即ち、針の保持または駆動、血管の把持また は組織の切開を行う。 このような遠隔外科手術システムは、開腹手順および内視鏡検査手順の両方の ために提案されている。遠隔外科手術技術に関する最新技術の概要は“Computer Integrated Surgery:Technology And Clinical Applications”(MIT Press,19 96)に見られる。さらに、遠隔外科手術用の従来のシステムは、米国特許第5,417 ,210号、第5,402,801号、第5,397,323号、第5,445,166号、第5,279,309号、およ び第5,299,288号に記載されている。 しかし、遠隔操作器(telemanipulators)を用いた遠隔外科手術を行うための方 法は、依然、外科医が遠隔外科手術システムを操作する際に、位置、力および触 覚を外科手術器具から外科医の手に伝達して、外科手術器具を直接手で操作した 場合と同じ感覚を外科医が持つようにすることができる巧緻性の高い外科手術器 具の開発を必要とする。力反映を提供するシステムの能力は、機構内の摩擦、重 力、外科手術器具の慣性および外科的切開部において器具にかかる力のような要 因によって制限される。 従って、外科医が内視鏡検査外科手術手順を行う際の巧緻性を高める外科手術 器具が必要である。 自由度2のリスト(wrist)を有する巧緻性の高い外科手術装置を提供すること も望まれる。 外科手術器具にかかる力の敏感なフィードバックを外科医に提供するために摩 擦の小さなリスト機構を提供することもさらに望まれる。 遠隔操作器機構における動作に適した最低侵襲性外科手術のためのリスト機構 を有する外科手術器具を提供することもさらに望まれる。発明の要旨および目的 従って、本発明の目的の1つは、外科医が内視鏡検査外科手術手順を行う際の 巧緻性を高める外科手術器具を提供することである。 自由度2のリストを有する巧緻性の高い外科手術装置を提供することも本発明 の目的の1つである。 外科手術器具にかかる力の敏感なフィードバックを外科医に提供するために摩 擦の小さなリスト機構を提供することも本発明のさらに別の目的の1つである。 遠隔操作器機構における動作に適した最低侵襲性外科手術のためのリスト機構 を有する外科手術器具を提供することも本発明のさらに別の目的の1つである。 本発明の上記目的に従って、本願出願人らは、内視鏡検査外科手術に適したコ ンパクトな連結外科手術器具を記載する。器具は、2つの対向する旋回顎および 旋回リスト部材を有する。器具は、力反映を高感度に提供することができる。器 具は、外科医が操作するマスターコントロールにサーボ機構を介して接続するよ うに調節される。図面の簡単な説明 本発明の上記およびその他の目的、特徴ならびに利点は、図面の好適な実施形 態の以下のより具体的な説明から明らかになるであろう。図面を通して、同じ参 照符号は、同じ部分を示す。図面は、必ずしも一定の縮尺で示されている訳では なく、本発明の原理を説明する場所には強調を加えている。 図1は、位置決めメカニズムに取り付けられる力反映外科手術器具を含むサー ボ機構外科手術システムの概略図である。 図2は、外科手術器具を患者に挿入した状態で位置決めメカニズムが前および 後ろの位置にある場合の概略図である。 図3は、力反映外科手術器具の斜視図である。 図4は、力反映外科手術器具の回転運動をケーブル駆動により作動させる場合 の概略図である。 図5は、力反映外科手術器具の遠位端の斜視図である。 図6は、ケーブルとプーリーとの関係を示す力反映外科手術器具の簡略化され た概略図である。 図7aは、駆動モータの駆動シャフトに巻き付けられたケーブルの斜視図であ る。 図7bは、本発明による別の好適なケーブル駆動方法を示す概略図である。 図8は、別の好適な力反映外科手術器具のリスト部材の上面図である。好適な実施形態の詳細な説明 第1の実施形態の外科手術器具は、長手方向の軸に沿う近位端および遠位端を 有する細長い支持部材を含む。遠位リスト部材は、リストジョイントにより、支 持部材の遠位部に回転可能に連結される。第1および第2の対向する作業部材は 、それぞれ第1および第2の駆動されるキャプスタンに取り付けられる。第1お よび第2の駆動されるキャプスタンはそれぞれ、第1および第2のキャプスタン ジョイントにより、リスト部材に回転可能に取り付けられる。第1および第2の キャプスタンジョイントは、好ましくは共通の軸を有する。第1、第2、第3お よび第4の中間アイドラプーリーは、リストジョイントを中心に回転可能にリス ト部材に取り付けられる。第1、第2、第3および第4のケーブルを含むケーブ ル駆動システムが設けられる。中間アイドラプーリーの各々は、1つのケーブル によって係合され、駆動されるキャプスタンの各々は、2つのケーブルによって 係合されて駆動される。ケーブル駆動システムは、リスト部材をリストジョイン トを中心に旋回させることができ、且つ、キャプスタンジョイントを中心に作業 部材を互いに独立して旋回させることができる。 好適な実施形態では、線形ベアリングが、支持部材と摺動的に係合される状態 で取り付けられ、支持部材の遠位部が支持部材の近位部に対して長手方向の軸に 沿って往復運動することを可能にする。そのような実施形態では、ケーブル駆動 システムは、支持部材を長手方向の軸に沿って並進させることができる。好適な 実施形態では、支持部材はまた、支持部材の近位部と遠位部とを分離して、遠位 部が近位部に対して長手方向の軸を中心に回転することを可能にする回転式ジョ イントを含み得る。そのような実施形態では、第1から第4のケーブルは、遠位 部の回転中に長手方向の軸を中心にねじれることが可能であり、ケーブル駆動シ ステムは、遠位部を長手方向の軸を中心に回転させるための回転式ジョイントに 連結される第5のケーブルを含む。 本発明はまた、第1、第2、第3および第4のケーブルを引っ張るための新規 なシステムを提供する。第1の近位アイドラプーリーは、第1および第2のケー ブルを回転可能に係合して引っ張る。第2の近位アイドラプーリーは、第3およ いび第4のケーブルを回転可能に係合して引っ張る。第5および第6のケーブル は、第1および第2の近位アイドラプーリーに接続され、第1および第2の近位 アイドラプーリーを引っ張る。第3のより近位のアイドラプーリーは、支持部材 に回転可能に取り付けられ、第5および第6のケーブルを回転可能に係合して引 っ張る。 外科手術器具は、複数のアクチュエータをさらに含み、アクチュエータの各々 は、ケーブル駆動システムのケーブルのうちの1つを駆動する。器具は、好まし くは、器具の1自由度当たり1つのアクチュエータを含む。アクチュエータは、 好ましくは、中間アイドラプーリーと近位アイドラプーリーとの間に配置される サーボモータである。サーボモーターは、好ましくは、サーボモータの駆動シャ フトに取り付けられる駆動キャプスタンによってケーブルに直接連結される。 外科手術器具は、マスターデバイスおよびコントローラによって制御されるス レーブデバイスとなるように適合される。器具およびマスターデバイスの動きと 、器具およびマスターデバイスに与えられる力とは、器具とマスターデバイスと の間でスケーリング(scale)され得る。自由度2の位置決めメカニズムは、器 具に取り付けられ得、作業部位に対して器具を位置決めする。位置決めメカニズ ムは、器具に、終点を位置決めするため余剰(redundant)自由度を与え得る。位 置 決めメカニズムと、本出願人の連結外科手術器具との組み合わせは、マスターデ バイスを操作している外科医が、器具の位置決めおよび使用の間に器具が受ける 力を、従来のシステムよりも高い感度で感じることを可能にするように適合され る。 外科手術システムの好適な属性についての詳細はまた、本出願人による、「Fo rce-Reflecting Surgical Instrument And Positioning Mechanism For Perform ing Minimally Invasive Surgery With Enhanced Dexterity And Sensitivity」 および「Wrist Mechanism For Surgical Instrument For Performing Minimally Invasive Surgery With Enhanced Dexterity And Sensitivity」と題された、 本願と同日出願の同時係属中の出願に記載される。本明細書において、上記出願 の開示を参考として援用する。 図1を参照して、遠隔外科手術システム10は、ある場所にいる外科医が、別 の場所にいる患者に外科手術を行うことを可能にする。外科医は、患者と同じ手 術室にいてもよく、何マイルも離れた場所にいてもよい。遠隔外科手術システム 10は、ブラケット36により位置決めメカニズム14に取り付けられる力反映 外科手術器具12を含む。器具12および位置決めメカニズム14は、コンピュ ータ11およびマスターデバイス150によって制御される。マスターデバイス 150は、遠隔地にいる外科医によって操作される。器具12および位置決めメ カニズム14は、駆動モータM1、M2、M3、M4、M5、M6およびM7( 図3、図4、図6および図7a〜図7b)によって、一連のケーブルおよびプー リーとともに駆動される。 器具12は、低摩擦、低慣性、および高帯域幅(bandwidth)を有するが、移動 範囲は小さい。位置決めメカニズム14は、移動範囲は大きいが、典型的には、 器具よりも高い慣性および低い帯域幅を有する。マクロ−マイクロ作動方式にお いて器具12と位置決めメカニズム14とを組み合わせることにより、その個々 の構成要素のいずれよりも、高い動作範囲(dynamic range)を有するシステム が得られる。位置決めメカニズム14は、余剰自由度を有する遠隔外科手術シス テム10を与え、外科手術作業部位において器具12を位置決めするのを助け、 器具12がほぼ、必要な外科手術を行うための適切な位置にされる。このように 、 器具12を位置決めメカニズム14に取り付けることにより、遠隔外科手術シス テム10には、器具12の使用を通して良質な力制御が与えられ、それと同時に 、遠隔外科手術システム10は、位置決めメカニズム14のため、大きい移動範 囲を有する。器具12は、取り付けブラケット36により位置決めメカニズムに 取り付けられる。好ましくは、器具12は、ねじ、ボルト、クランプなどの任意 の適切な解放自在な取り付け手段を用いて位置決めメカニズム14に解放自在に 取り付けられる。 器具12は、回転式ジョイント26によって遠位部28bに回転可能に連結さ れる近位部28aを有する。近位部28aは、摺動ジョイント30を形成する摺 動ブラケット96に摺動自在に連結される。摺動ブラケット96は、ブラケット 36に固定される。ブラケット36は、器具12を位置決めメカニズム14に解 放自在に接続する取り付けブラケットである。器具12の遠位部28bは、リス トジョイント16によって管状支持部材24に回転可能に連結されるリスト部材 を含む。2つの対向する作業部材20aおよび20bはそれぞれ被駆動キャプス タン18aおよび18bに固定され、被駆動キャプスタン18aおよび18bは それぞれキャプスタンジョイント19aおよび19bを中心に回転可能にリスト 部材22に連結される。作業部材20aおよび20bは、鋏、開創器、針ドライ バおよび電気焼灼器具などの標準の外科手術器具の操作端であり得る。 器具12は、自由度5を有し、摺動ジョイント30が、長手方向の軸C−Cに 沿って線形動作を与え、回転ジョイント26が、軸C−Cを中心とする回転動作 を与え、リストジョイント16が、軸B−Bを中心とする回転動作を与え、キャ プスタンジョイント19aおよび19bが、作業部材20aおよび20bに対し て、軸A−Aを中心とする回転動作を与える。器具12は、マスターデバイス1 50に4段階の力反映を与えるため、外科医は、外科手術処置の触知(tactile )フィードバックを有し得る。これらの力反映段階は、作業部材20aおよび2 0bに与えられるx、yおよびzの力と、作業部材20aと20bとの間の保持 力とを含む。しかし、力の反映は、任意の特定の実施形態において必要に応じて より多いまたはより少ない動作軸に与えられ得る。 位置決めメカニズム14は、自由度2のリンケージである。好ましくは、この リンケージは、軸E−Eを中心に回転する、4つのバーを有するリンケージであ る。位置決めメカニズム14は、ジョイント34、38、48、50、52、5 4および56によって結合される一連の剛性部材36、40、42、60および 62を有する。位置決めメカニズム14はまた、耳部58を有する基部68を含 み、耳部58は、シャフト64および66を係合して、軸E−Eを中心に旋回す るジョイント57を形成する。ジョイント56は、リンク62が、軸E−Eに直 交する軸D−Dを中心に回転することを可能にする。剛性部材36、40、42 、60および62の4つのバーを有するリンケージは、この回転をブラケット3 6を介して器具12に伝え、器具12を軸E−Eおよび軸D’−D’を中心に回 転させる(軸D’−D’は、軸D−Dに平行であり、軸E−Eに直交する)。こ のように、4つのバーを有するリンケージは、器具12の点Psを、遠隔中心1 11に中心を有する球体の表面の周りで移動させるように動作する。ここでは4 つのバーを有するリンケージが示されているが、本発明の連結外科手術器具は、 任意の適切な位置決めメカニズムによって支持され得る。侵入が最小である外科 手術に適切なものとするために、位置決めメカニズムは、外科手術器具を、器具 が患者に挿入される開口で交差する軸を中心に旋回させなければならない。 器具12を制御するに適した触覚型マスターデバイス150は、自由度7を有 する入力器具である。使用中、マスター150は、取付が固定された基準点を提 供するように、コンソールまたはカートまたは同様の支持体の適切な位置に安定 的に取り付けられる。使用中、外科医はマスター機構の、静止支持体に対する位 置および方向を操作する。マスターの連結部、モータおよびエンコーダは外科医 の動きを検出してコンピュータに伝送する。マスターのモータは好適には、外科 医への力フィードバックをさらに供給する。これは、器具12および位置決め機 構14の動きを制御し、従って器具12の遠位端の、外科手術部位に対する位置 を制御する。 記載しているシステムにおいてマスターとして用いられるに適した装置の1つ は、参考のためここに援用する、“Force Reflecting Haptic Interface”いう 名称の米国特許第5,587,937号に記載されている。別の適切なマスター デバイスは、参考のためここに援用する、“Electromechanical Human-Computer In terface With Force-Feedback”という名称の米国特許第5,576,727号 に記載されている。上記文献に開示された触覚型のマスター装置は、作業部材を 把持することからの力反映を提供するために、より大きな(powered)更なる自由 度の追加を要する。例えば、フィンガグリッパは、外科医の別の手て操作される ように別個の機構上のモータおよびエンコーダに取り付けられ得る。あるいは、 フィンガグリッパは、外科医が操作するために、同一のデバイス上のモータおよ びエンコーダに取り付けられ得る。 腹腔鏡を用いる外科手術のために遠隔外科手術システム10を用いる場合、位 置決め機構14を、手動操作セットアップジョイント(図示せず)に取り付ける 。セットアップジョイントを用いてツールを位置決めしてツールを適切な位置に ロックした後、外科医は、マスターデバイス150を操作して患者の腹壁110 の小さい切開112を介して挿入されるカニューレ113を通して器具12を移 動させる。マスターデバイス150の操作に応答して、器具12の遠位部28b が、摺動ジョイント30に沿って位置決め機構14に対して下流に並進移動して 、カニューレ113および腹壁110を通って挿入される。 一旦腹部内に入ると、器具12の遠位部28bはさらに、所望の手術部位上に 位置づけられる。図2は、大きな位置移動を行うために前方および後方位置にお ける、D−D軸周りに旋回する機構14の動きを示す。位置決め機構14は、D −D軸およびE−E周りに旋回して、遠隔外科手術システム10の大きな移動を 行う。その間、細かい動きは、器具12のジョイントによって行われる。器具1 2上のポイント111は、位置決め機構14からの回転のリモートポイントであ り、これはエントリ創傷112に一致する。位置決め機構14がD軸およびE軸 周りに旋回すると、器具12は点111周りに旋回する。切開112近傍のポイ ント111は、器具12が患者内で旋回している間、静止したままであることに 留意されたい。その結果、切開112は、器具12を受け入れるに十分な大きさ であればよい。 位置決め機構14が旋回すると、リスト部材22または作業部材20a/20 bが組織と係合してジョイント16または19a/19b周りの回転を引き起こ す場合、器具12は、器具12が位置決め機構14に対して作業スペースの中央 部に維持されるように、それ自体を再び方向付ける。必要であれば、位置決め機 構14は、器具12が再方向づけしている間、速度を弛め得る。 器具12が一旦適切な位置にくると、外科医は、さらにマスターデバイス15 0を操作することにより、器具12で患者に必要な外科手術手順を行う。器具1 2が受ける力は、マスターデバイス150によって外科医に戻って反映される(r eflected back)。反映された力は、外科医が外科手術手順をよりよく「感じる」 ことを可能にするために、スケールアップされ得る。その結果、外科医は、器具 12が、あまり抵抗を与えないタイプの組織に係合することを感じることができ る。さらに、マスターデバイス150の、器具12に対する移動は、器具12の 精度および巧緻性が増加し得るように、スケールダウンされ得る。 位置決め機構14は広範囲の動きを有するように最適化されているため、器具 12よりも大きい慣性、大きい摩擦、および低い分解能を有する傾向にある。さ らに、カニューレ113内の摩擦力および切開112における妨げとなる力が、 位置決め機構に適用され得る。しかし、出願人による好適な実施形態において、 主に外科用器具が力反映のために力を検出する。そのため、位置決め機構のより 大きい慣性および摩擦、ならびにそれに作用する外的な力は、力反映系から除外 される。従って、器具12の先端とマスターデバイスとの間の力反映の質は、大 幅に向上する。 図3、図4および図5を参照して、器具12をより詳細に述べる。遠位部の管 状支持部材24はC−C軸に沿って延び、管状支持部材24の長さ方向に延びる 一連のケーブルC1、C2、C3およびC4を収容している。ケーブルC1、C 2、C3およびC4は、作業部材20aおよび20bの動作並びにリスト部材2 2の方向を制御するジョイント19a、19bおよび16の回転を制御する。リ スト部材22は、2つの互いに対向する遠位の耳21aおよび21bを含む。耳 21aおよび21bは、A−A軸に沿って延びるキャプスタンジョイント19a および19bのそれぞれにおいて、駆動されるキャプスタン18aおよび18b を支持するUリンク(clevis)を形成する。リスト部材22はさらに、2つの対向 する近位の耳23aおよび23bを含む。耳23aおよび23bは、B−B軸に 沿って耳23aと舌24aとの間に延びる中間アイドラプーリー70および72 を、リストジョイント16において支持するUリンクを形成する。中間アイドラ プーリー74および76は、耳23bと舌24aとの間で支持される。ケーブル C1、C2、C3およびC4は、以下に詳細に記載するように、駆動されるキャ プスタン18a/18b、並びに中間アイドラプーリー70、72、74および 76と係合する。 作業部材20aおよび20bは、それぞれの駆動されるキャプスタン18aお よび18bに取り外し可能に安定的に取り付けられる。作業部材20aおよび2 0bは図中グリッパとして示しているが、作業部材20aおよび20bは、鋏、 カッタ、把持具、鉗子または縫合をステッチするニードルホルダなどの他のタイ プの作業部材に置換され得る。典型的には、作業部材は、ねじ、クリップまたは 他の適切な固定具により、駆動されるキャプスタン18aおよび18bに安定的 に取り付けられる。しかし、作業部材はまた、半田付けまたは溶接などによって 、駆動されるキャプスタンに恒久的に取り付けられ得、または駆動されるキャプ スタンと一体的に形成され得る。 作業部材20aおよび20bは共に、1形態の外科用エンドエフェクタを含む 。本発明の外科用器具において、他の外科用エンドエフェクタも用いられ得る。 エンドエフェクタは単に、ハンドルが取り外された標準の外科用または内視用器 具を含み、これらは、例えば、リトラクタ、電気メス(electrocautery)器具、マ イクロ鉗子、マイクロニードルホルダ、切開鋏、ブレード、イリガートルおよび 縫合糸を含む。エンドエフェクタは典型的には、1つまたは2つの作業部材を含 む。 器具12の近位部28aは、支持ロッド100並びに2つのガイドレール10 4および106によって互いに連結された支持ブラケット98および102を含 む。ロータリジョイント26を形成するロータリベアリング91は、管状支持部 材24を支持する支持ブラケット98内に収容される。摺動ブラケット96は線 形ベアリングに沿って摺動可能にガイドレール104および106に取り付けら れる。図1に示すように、摺動ブラケット96は、ブラケット36によって位置 決め機構14に連結される。摺動ブラケット96は好適には、外科的用途のため に、約8インチの移動を行う。 駆動モータM1、M2、M3、M4およびM5は、摺動ブラケット96に取り 付けられ、対応するケーブルC1、C2、C3、C4およびC5を駆動する。摺 動ブラケット96は、駆動モータの各々を支持する。動作中、摺動ブラケット9 6は、取付ブラケット36によって位置決め機構14に連結される。器具12が 位置決め機構14に取り付けられると、駆動モータは、遠位部28bを摺動ブラ ケット96に対して移動させるように動作する。それにより、摺動ブラケット9 6は外科用器具の支持ブラケットを形成する。各駆動モータM1、M2、M3、 M4およびM5は、コンピュータ11にそれぞれの駆動シャフトの回転位置を供 給する、対応するエンコーダE1、E2、E3、E4およびE5を含む。 図4に示すように、駆動モータM5は、ケーブルC5からなるケーブル駆動ル ープと係合する駆動シャフトキャプスタン93を有する。ケーブルは、後部張力 プーリー83に回り掛けられている。ケーブルは、アイドラプーリー84および 85、並びに、管状支持部材24の近位端を形成する駆動キャプスタン90に回 り掛けられている。従って、モータM5の作動の回転は、管状支持部材24およ びそれが支持するエンドエフェクタを回転させるために用いられ得る。 図6を参照して、器具12のケーブル駆動系をより詳細に述べる。作業部材2 0aおよび20b、リスト部材22、および器具12の長手方向C−C軸に沿っ た並進運動は、N+1作動方式を為して配列されているケーブルC1、C2、C 3およびC4によって駆動される。N+1作動方式は、4つのケーブルを用いて 自由度3を有するリストの作動を可能にする。4つのケーブルは、自由度3を駆 動するために必要な張力要素の、理論的に可能な最小の数であり、従って器具が 最小サイズおよび重量を有することを可能にする。異なる動きの作動に必要な力 の大きさが大幅に異なる場合には、より多くのケーブルを用いる別の作動方式が 望まれ得る。より多くのケーブルを用いることの不利な点は、重量、複雑さ、お よび最小サイズが増加することである。 図6において、ケーブルC1〜C4をより容易に示すために、ジョイント26 のC−C軸周りの回転運動は省略されている。このような回転は、モータM1〜 M4並びにプーリー70、72、74および76間においてケーブルC1〜C4 をねじる結果となるにすぎない。しかし、ケーブルは、このねじれがケーブルの 経路の長さを大幅に変更しないように、管状支持部材24内に配置されている。 しかし、器具の過剰な回転を防止するように注意する必要がある。器具の過剰な 回転は、ケーブルをねじれさせて互いに接触させ、ケーブル間に摩擦を引き起こ す。 図6に示すように、ケーブルC1およびC2は、連続ケーブルループ44の2 つの側を形成する。ループ44のケーブルC1は、近位のアイドラプーリー80 、モータM1の駆動シャフト、中間アイドラプーリー70、および駆動されるキ ャプスタン18aと係合する。ケーブルループ44は、駆動されるキャプスタン 18aからケーブルC2として戻り、中間アイドラプーリー76、モータM2の 駆動シャフトおよび近位のアイドラプーリー80と係合する。 図6に示すように、ケーブルC3およびC4は、ケーブル46の連続ループの 2つの側を形成する。ケーブルループ46のケーブルC3は、近位のアイドラプ ーリー78、モータM3の駆動シャフト、中間アイドラプーリー72、および駆 動されるキャプスタン18bと係合する。ケーブルループ46は、駆動されるキ ャプスタン18bからケーブルC4として戻り、中間アイドラプーリー74、モ ータM4の駆動シャフトおよび近位のアイドラプーリー78と係合する。 図6に示すように、近位のアイドラプーリー78および80は、近位のアイド ラプーリー78および80の中心に安定的に取り付けられたケーブルC7および C6によって張力を与えられる。ケーブルC7およびC6は、近位のアイドラプ ーリー82と係合する単一のケーブル45の2つの側を形成する。近位のアイド ラプーリー82は、シャフト82aによって支持ブラケット102に回転可能に 取り付けられる。シャフト82aは好適には、リードねじなどの機構によって支 持ブラケット102に移動可能に取り付けられる。リードねじは、その後、ケー ブルC7およびC6を適切な張力に調節し得る。張力はまた、アイドラプーリー 78および80を介してケーブルC1、C2、C3およびC4にも付与される。 同様のリードねじ張力付与方式が、アイドラプーリー83の長手方向移動によっ て、ケーブルC5に張力を与えるために用いられ得る。これらの目的のために、 アイドラプーリー82および83は、図3に示す単一のシャフト82aではなく 、別々に調節可能なシャフト上に取り付けられることが必要であり得る。 駆動されるキャプスタン18aおよび18bは、ケーブルC1からC4がそれ ぞれの中間アイドラプーリーと適切に係合することができるように、異なる直径 を有し得る。ケーブルC1およびC2は、外側中間アイドラプーリー70および 76と係合し、一方、ケーブルC3およびC4は、内側中間アイドラプーリー7 2および74と係合する。近位アイドラプーリー78および80は、プーリー8 0がプーリー78よりも大きく、ケーブルを直線状に保つような大きさになって いる。 駆動モータM1、M2、M3およびM4は、ケーブルC1、C2、C3および C4を駆動させることによって、軸B−B周りのリスト部材22の回転、軸C− Cに沿った器具12の長手方向の平行移動、および軸A−A周りの互いに独立し た作業部材22aおよび22bの回転を制御する。駆動モータM1およびM2は 、駆動モータM3およびM4によって駆動されるケーブルC3/C4に対して同 時にケーブルC1/C2を駆動させ、リスト部材22を軸B−B周りに回転させ る。駆動モータM1は、駆動モータM2によって駆動されるケーブルC2に対し てケーブルC1を駆動し、キャプスタン18aおよびそれに取り付けられた作業 部材20aを軸A−A周りに回転させる。さらに、駆動モータM3は、駆動モー タM4によって駆動されるケーブルC4に対してケーブルC3を駆動させ、キャ プスタン18bおよびそれに取り付けられた作業部材20bを軸A−A周りに回 転させる。4つの駆動モータM1、M2、M3およびM4はすべて、ケーブルC 1、C2、C3およびC4を同時に駆動させ、器具12を長軸C−Cに沿って並 進させる。 摺動ブラケット96上の位置決め駆動モータM1、M2、M3、M4およびM 5は、器具12の遠位部28bが小さな移動性質量(small moving mass)を有 するようにする。なぜなら、モータ自体は、器具の作動中に静止しているからで ある。モータは、位置決め機構14によって移動されるが、モータの重量および 慣性は、力反映に影響しない。これは、上記のように、好ましい実施態様では、 器具12のみが、マスターへ力を反映させるために用いられるからである。さら に、器具12を制御するためにギアの代わりにケーブルを用いると、器具12内 の摩擦量およびバックラッシュ(backlash)が減少する。小さな移動性質量およ び低摩擦の組合せによって、器具12は、力反映をマスター装置150に高感度 で与えることが可能となる。 上記のプーリー、ケーブルおよびモータの構成に対するいくつかの可能な変更 は、当業者に明白である。ケーブルC1/C2、C3/C4、C5およびC7/ C6は、同一のケーブル側に図示したが、ケーブルC1からC7は、それぞれ、 駆動されるキャプスタン18aおよび18b、ならびに近位アイドラプーリー7 8、80および82に安定して取り付けられる個別のケーブルであってもよい。 さらに、駆動モータM1、M2、M3およびM4は、ケーブルC1、C2、C3 およびC4をそれぞれ駆動するように図示したが、いくつかの駆動モータは、ケ ーブルC7およびC6を駆動するために、ケーブルC1〜C4からケーブルC7 およびC6に再配置され得る。特定の実施態様において用いられる特定の駆動方 式の選択は、器具12によって用いられるべき力の制約、および作動中に移動す る器具の部分の慣性および摩擦を減少させる必要性に依存する。 本発明の外科用器具はまた、駆動モータM1、M2、M3、M4およびM5を 用いるものとして例示している。この駆動モータは、図3に示す位置エンコーダ を有する標準的なサーボモータであり得る。しかし、液圧アクチュエータおよび 圧電モータなどの他のアクチュエータが使用され得る。本発明の外科用器具にお いてアクチュエータとして用いられるためには、駆動機構は、可変かつ制御可能 な力および位置制御を提供することができればよい。 ケーブルC1、C2、C3、C4、C7、C8およびC9は、それぞれの駆動 モータM1、M2、M3、M4、M5,M6およびM7の駆動シャフトに巻き付 けられることによって駆動される。図7aおよび図7bは、このケーブル駆動方 法および他のケーブル駆動方法をさらに詳細に示す。例えば、図7aにおいて、 ケーブルループ46のケーブルC4は、モータM4の駆動シャフトの周りに巻き 付けられている。ケーブルC4は、好ましくは、駆動シャフトの周りに2回巻き 付けられ、ケーブルC4と駆動シャフトとの間に十分な摩擦を提供し、すべりを 防止する。さらにすベりを防止するために、ケーブルは、はんだ、溶接または機 械的固定手段によって、一点で駆動シャフトに固定され得る。しかし、このよう な実施態様において、ケーブルの移動範囲は、駆動シャフトまたはキャプスタン の周りに巻き付けられたケーブルの長さによって限定されるので、ケーブルは数 回巻き付けられることが通常必要である。 図7bは、駆動ケーブルの他の好ましい方法を示す。例えば、モータM4は、 駆動ホイール43aおよびアイドラーホイール43bを有し、その間で細長い部 材47を摩擦駆動させる。ケーブルC4は、2つのハーフ46aおよび46bか らなり、これらは、部材47の対向する端部に固定されている。 図8は、他の好ましい器具117の遠位端およびリスト部材116を示す。器 具117は、4個でなく8個の中間アイドラプーリーを有するという点で、器具 12とは異なる。器具117は、リスト接合部16において中間アイドラプーリ ー76、74、72および70を有するが、さらに中間アイドラプーリー76a 、74a、72aおよび70aを有し、これらは、シャフト118に沿ってつま み24a上のアイドラプーリー76、74、72および70に隣接して配置され ている。ケーブルC1、C2、C3およびC4は、各中間アイドラプーリーの周 りに完全に巻き付きはしないが、その代わりに、軸16の周りのリストの移動範 囲にわたって0°と180°との間の範囲の可変量で各プーリーの表面と接触す るだけである。これによって、ケーブルが互いに交差し、共に摩擦するのが防止 され、摩擦およびノイズが防止される。 本発明は、腹腔鏡外科手術を行うことに関して説明したが、本発明はさらに、 開腹手術だけでなく他の形態の内視鏡手術にも用いられ得る。本発明のマニプレ ータはさらに、良質の力フィードバックを有する巧緻なマニプレータを必要とす る任意の適切な遠隔制御の応用にも用いられ得る。さらに、本発明は、特に、好 ましい実施態様を参照しながら示し説明したが、当業者には言うまでもなく、形 態および詳細の様々な変更が、添付の請求の範囲に定義される発明の精神および 範囲から逸脱せずになされ得る。

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 1.支持ブラケットと、細長い支持部材と、リスト機構と、外科手術用エンドエ フェクタと、4つのアクチュエータと、4本のケーブルとを備えた、最低侵襲性 外科手術のための連結外科手術用器具であって、 該4つのアクチュエータは該支持ブラケット上に取り付けられ、 該細長い支持部材は、近位端および遠位端と、該細長い支持部材に沿って該近 位端から該遠位端まで長さ方向に延びる支持軸とを有し、 該支持部材の該近位端は、該支持軸まわりに回転するために回転ジョイントに よって、および該支持軸に沿って往復移動するために線形ジョイントによって、 該支持ブラケットに連結され、 該支持部材の該遠位端は該リスト機構に接続され、 該リスト機構は該外科手術用エンドエフェクタを支持し、 該外科手術用エンドエフェクタは第1の作業部材を備え、そして 該4つのアクチュエータは、該4本のケーブルによって該リスト機構、該回転 ジョイントおよび該線形ジョイントに連結され、該アクチュエータの選択的な活 性化により該外科手術用エンドエフェクタの該第1の作業部材が、該支持部材に 対して自由度2で2つの直交軸のまわりを移動し、該支持部材が該支持ブラケッ トに対して該支持軸に沿って伸張および退却し、そして該支持部材が該支持ブラ ケットに対して該支持軸のまわりを回転し、これにより該外科手術用エンドエフ ェクタの該第1の作業部材が自由度4で該支持ブラケットに対して移動する、連 結外科手術用器具。 2.前記支持ブラケット上に取り付けられ、5本のケーブルによって前記リスト 機構、前記回転ジョイント、前記線形ジョイントおよび前記エンドエフェクタに 連結される5つのアクチュエータを備え、 該エンドエフェクタは、第1の作業部材と、該第1の作業部材に対して鋏状の 作用で移動され得る第2の作業部材とを備え、 これにより、該アクチュエータの選択的な活性化により、該第2の作業部材が 該第1の作業部材に対して自由度1で移動し、また該第1の作業部材が該支持ブ ラケットに対して自由度4で移動するように作動する、請求項1に記載の連結外 科手術用器具。 3.前記支持ブラケットに接続される取付ブラケットを備え、該取付ブラケット は、前記連結外科手術用器具を位置決め機構に取り外し可能に接続するように適 用される、請求項1に記載の連結外科手術用器具。 4.第1のアクチュエータが第1のケーブルを駆動し、これに対して第2のケー ブルは第2のアクチュエータによって駆動され、これにより前記第1の作業部材 を前記支持部材に対して第1の自由度で移動させる、請求項2に記載の連結外科 手術用器具。 5.第3のアクチュエータが第3のケーブルを駆動し、これに対して第4のケー ブルは第4のアクチュエータによって駆動され、これにより前記第2の作業部材 を前記第1の作業部材に対して自由度1で移動させる、請求項4に記載の連結外 科手術用器具。 6.前記第1および第2のアクチュエータが前記第1および第2のケーブルをそ れぞれ同時に駆動し、これに対して前記第3および第4のケーブルがそれぞれ前 記第3および第4のアクチュエータによって同時に駆動され、これにより、前記 第1の作業部材を前記支持部材に対して第2の自由度で移動させる、請求項5に 記載の連結外科手術用器具。 7.前記第1、第2、第3および第4のアクチュエータがそれぞれ前記第1、第 2、第3および第4のケーブルを同時に駆動し、これにより前記細長い支持部材 を前記支持軸に沿って移動させる、請求項5に記載の連結外科手術用器具。 8.最低侵襲性外科手術のための連結外科手術用器具であって、 該連結外科手術用器具を作動させる4つのアクチュエータを備えたアクチュエ ータ手段と、 該4つのアクチュエータに固定される支持手段と ヒトの組織を操作する第1の作業部材を備えた外科手術用エンドエフェクタと 、 該外科手術用エンドエフェクタに連結され、該外科手術用エンドエフェクタを 自由度2で移動させるリスト手段と、 該リスト手段に連結され、該外科手術用エンドエフェクタを開口部を介して患 者に挿入するための細長い支持部材と、 該細長い支持部材と該支持ブラケットとの間に配置され、該細長い支持部材を 該支持ブラケットに対して回転させる回転ジョイント手段と、 該細長い支持部材と該支持ブラケットとの間に配置され、該細長い支持部材を 該支持ブラケットに対して伸張および退却させる線形ジョイント手段と、 該アクチュエータ手段と、該リスト手段、該回転ジョイント手段および該線形 ジョイント手段との間に連結され、該アクチュエータ手段の選択的な活性化によ り該外科手術用エンドエフェクタの該第1の作業部材が、該細長い支持部材に対 して自由度2で移動し、該細長い支持部材が該支持ブラケット手段に対して伸張 および退却し、そして該支持部材が該支持ブラケット手段に対して回転するよう 作動し、これにより該第1の作業部材が該支持ブラケット手段に対して自由度4 で移動する、ケーブル駆動手段と、 を備えた連結外科手術用器具。 9.前記アクチュエータ手段は5つのアクチュエータを備え、 該アクチュエータ手段は、前記ケーブル駆動手段によって前記外科手術用エン ドエフェクタ、前記リスト手段、前記回転ジョイント手段および前記線形ジョイ ント手段に連結され、 該外科手術用エンドエフェクタは、前記第1の作業部材に対向する第2の作業 部材を備え、 該アクチュエータ手段の選択的活性化により、該外科手術用エンドエフェクタ の該第2の作業部材が、該外科手術用エンドエフェクタの該第1の作業部材に対 して自由度1で移動するように作動する、請求項8に記載の連結外科手術用器具 。 10.前記支持部材に接続され、前記連結外科手術用器具を位置決め装置に取り 外し可能に取り付ける取付手段をさらに備えた、請求項9に記載の連結外科手術 用器具。 11.前記アクチュエータ手段は、第2のケーブルに対向する第1のケーブルを 駆動し、これにより前記第1の作業部材手段を前記支持部材に対して自由度1で 移動させる、請求項9に記載の連結外科手術用器具。 12.前記アクチュエータ手段は、第4のケーブルに対向する第3のケーブルを 駆動し、これにより前記第2の作業部材手段を前記第1の作業手段に対して自由 度1で移動させる、請求項11に記載の連結外科手術用器具。 13.前記アクチュエータ手段は、前記第1および第2のケーブルを同時に駆動 し、これに対して、前記第3および第4のケーブルが同時に駆動され、これによ り、前記第1の作業部材を前記第2の作業部材に対して第2の自由度で移動させ る、請求項12に記載の連結外科手術用器具。 14.前記アクチュエータ手段は、前記第1、第2,第3および第4のケーブル を同時に駆動し、これにより、前記細長い支持部材を前記支持ブラケット手段に 対して伸張および退却させる、請求項13に記載の連結外科手術用器具。 15.最低侵襲性外科手術のための連結外科手術用器具を作動する方法であって 、 支持ブラケットと、近位端、遠位端、および該近位端から該遠位端まで長さ方 向に延びる支持軸を有する細長い支持部材と、該支持部材と該支持ブラケットと の間に配置され、該支持部材を該支持ブラケットに対して該支持軸のまわりを回 転させる回転ジョイントと、該支持部材と該支持ブラケットとの間に配置され、 該支持部材を該支持ブラケットに対して該支持軸に沿って伸張および退却させる 線形ジョイントと、ヒトの組織を操作する外科手術用端部エフェクトと、該エン ドエフェクタと該細長い支持部材の該遠位端との間に配置され、該エンドエフェ クタを自由度2で旋回移動させるリスト機構とを有する連結外科手術用器具を配 備するステップと、 それぞれ第1、第2、第3および第4のケーブルに連結される第1、第2、第 3および第4のアクチュエータを備えたケーブル駆動システムを配備するステッ プと、 該細長い支持部材の該遠位端を小さな開口部を介して患者体内の外科手術部位 まで挿入するステップと、 該第1、第2、第3および第4のアクチュエータを選択的に作動させて、それ ぞれ該第1、第2、第3および第4のケーブルを駆動し、これにより該リスト機 構を作動させ、また該エンドエフェクタを該支持部材に対して自由度2で移動さ せるステップと、 ヒトの組織を該エンドエフェクタで操作するステップと を包含する方法。 16.前記エンドエフェクタは第1の作業部材を備え、前記方法は、 前記第1のアクチュエータを作動させて前記第1のケーブルを駆動するステッ プと、 前記第2のアクチュエータを作動させて、該第1のケーブルに対向する前記第 2のケーブルを駆動し、これにより該第1の作業部材を該第2のエンドエフェク タに対して第1の自由度で移動させるステップとをさらに包含する、請求項15 に記載の連結外科手術用器具を操作する方法。 17.前記エンドエフェクタは、前記第1の作業部材に対向する第2の作業部材 を備え、前記方法は、 前記第3のアクチュエータを作動させて前記第3のケーブルを駆動するステッ プと、 前記第4のアクチュエータを作動させて、該第1のケーブルに対向する前記第 4のケーブルを駆動し、これにより該第2の作業部材を該第1の作業部材に対し て自由度1で移動させるステップと、 をさらに包含する請求項16に記載の連結外科手術用器具を操作する方法。 18.前記第1および第2のアクチュエータを作動させて、それぞれ前記第1お よび第2のケーブルを同時に駆動するステップと、 前記第3および第4のアクチュエータを作動させて、該第1および第2のケー ブルに対向する前記第3および第4のケーブルをそれぞれ同時に駆動し、これに より前記リスト機構を作動させて、前記エンドエフェクタの前記第1の作業部材 を該支持部材に対して第2の自由度で移動させるステップと、 をさらに包含する、請求項17に記載の連結外科手術用器具を操作する方法。 19.前記第1、第2、第3および第4のアクチュエータを作動させてそれぞれ 前記第1、第2、第3および第4のケーブルを同時に駆動し、これにより前記細 長い支持部材を該細長い支持部材の長軸に沿って移動させるステップをさらに包 含する、請求項17に記載の連結外科手術用器具を操作する方法。 20.前記連結外科手術用器具を配備するステップは、第5,第6、第7および 第8の中間アイドラプーリーを配備するステップをさらに包含し、 前記方法は、該第5,第6、第7および第8の中間アイドラプーリーを、それ ぞれ前記第1,第2、第3および第4のケーブルと係合させるステップをさらに 包含する、請求項15に記載の連結外科手術用器具を操作する方法。 21.複数のアクチュエータと、複数のケーブルと、支持ブラケットと、細長い 支持部材と、リスト機構と、外科手術用エンドエフェクタとを備えた、最低侵襲 性外科手術のための連結外科手術用器具であって、 該細長い支持部材は、近位端および遠位端と、該細長い支持部材に沿って該近 位端から該遠位端まで長さ方向に延びる支持軸とを有し、 該支持部材の該近位端は、該支持ブラケットに対する移動に自由度Xを有する 1つ以上のジョイントによって該支持ブラケットに連結され、 該リスト機構は、該外科手術用エンドエフェクタを該支持部材の該遠位端に連 結し、該エンドエフェクタの該支持部材に対する移動に自由度Yを与え、 該外科手術用エンドエフェクタは、自由度Zを有するかまたは互いに対して移 動が自由である1つ以上の構成要素を有し、 アクチュエータ数はX+Y+Zに等しく、 該細長い支持部材を通るケーブルの数はY+Z+2以下である、連結外科手術 用器具。 22.前記細長い支持部材を通る前記ケーブルの数はY+Z+1以下である、請 求項21に記載の連結外科手術用器具。 23.X=2、Y=2、およびZ=1である、請求項21に記載の連結外科手術 用器具。
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