CN109476688B - 包含磷的改性离子液体 - Google Patents
包含磷的改性离子液体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109476688B CN109476688B CN201780033034.2A CN201780033034A CN109476688B CN 109476688 B CN109476688 B CN 109476688B CN 201780033034 A CN201780033034 A CN 201780033034A CN 109476688 B CN109476688 B CN 109476688B
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- Prior art keywords
- electrolyte
- containing compound
- phosphate
- compound
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- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 20
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 71
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyrrolidinium ion Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]C1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000005684 open-chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L thiosulfate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]S([S-])(=O)=O DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- JYFHYPJRHGVZDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(O)(=O)OCCCC JYFHYPJRHGVZDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical group C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl-ethylene Natural products C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- BZYUMXXOAYSFOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylthiophene Chemical compound CC=1C=CSC=1C BZYUMXXOAYSFOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000003462 sulfoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000000751 azo group Chemical group [*]N=N[*] 0.000 description 6
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical group [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000005199 aryl carbonyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MWWHEVOQAXEYMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenyloxazetidine Chemical compound C=CN1CCO1 MWWHEVOQAXEYMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 4
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Substances C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000001181 organosilyl group Chemical group [SiH3]* 0.000 description 4
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 4
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Chemical group COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 HVLLSGMXQDNUAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-4-methylpentanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C(O)=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical group C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000005129 aryl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- IUUHPAPMCJXFPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phosphate 1-ethylpyrrolidin-1-ium Chemical compound CC[NH+]1CCCC1.CCCCOP([O-])(=O)OCCCC IUUHPAPMCJXFPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229940052303 ethers for general anesthesia Drugs 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 3
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical group [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002390 rotary evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methanesulfonamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)NS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ZXMGHDIOOHOAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RMGFLMXDCGQKPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-chloroethyl)pyrrolidine Chemical compound ClCCN1CCCC1 RMGFLMXDCGQKPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine Chemical compound C1CCCCN2CCCN=C21 GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KANZWHBYRHQMKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylpyrazine Chemical compound C=CC1=CN=CC=N1 KANZWHBYRHQMKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWMQFAJYMADBNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxy-3,4-dimethylthiophene Chemical compound CCOC=1SC=C(C)C=1C KWMQFAJYMADBNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BKJDOCISHQPLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(ethenylamino)cyclohexan-1-one Chemical compound C=CNC1CCCC(=O)C1 BKJDOCISHQPLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DTYXUWCJYMNDQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethenylpyridazine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CN=N1 DTYXUWCJYMNDQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002373 5 membered heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- IYNRVIKPUTZSOR-HWKANZROSA-N ethenyl (e)-but-2-enoate Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)OC=C IYNRVIKPUTZSOR-HWKANZROSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BNKAXGCRDYRABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OC=C BNKAXGCRDYRABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- YTHRBPGWYGAQGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F YTHRBPGWYGAQGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SACILZPKPGCHNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F SACILZPKPGCHNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARUVERQDOCMNCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ARUVERQDOCMNCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIQAXIMIQJNOKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC(F)(F)F NIQAXIMIQJNOKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZJXZSIYSNXKHEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(O)(O)=O ZJXZSIYSNXKHEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCC CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001412 inorganic anion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZVCGYPLLBEUNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;ethanolate Chemical compound [Li+].CC[O-] AZVCGYPLLBEUNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MXIRPJHGXWFUAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;propan-1-olate Chemical compound [Li+].CCC[O-] MXIRPJHGXWFUAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium sulphate Substances [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005649 metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- GZJQAHYLPINVDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F GZJQAHYLPINVDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQOUFURVFJFHIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F WQOUFURVFJFHIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFZUABNDWZQLIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-[(2-chloroacetyl)amino]benzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1NC(=O)CCl JFZUABNDWZQLIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CAAULPUQFIIOTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound COP(O)(O)=O CAAULPUQFIIOTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ILUMAJSVCGHRJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)aniline Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)CN(C[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ILUMAJSVCGHRJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUZREFDEBAZWLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethenyloxetan-2-amine Chemical compound C=CNC1CCO1 FUZREFDEBAZWLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KBLXJASFPJBDGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethenyloxolan-2-amine Chemical compound C=CNC1CCCO1 KBLXJASFPJBDGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethyltrisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002891 organic anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002892 organic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- URUUZIAJVSGYRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxan-3-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCOC1 URUUZIAJVSGYRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960005235 piperonyl butoxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RPDAUEIUDPHABB-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium ethoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC[O-] RPDAUEIUDPHABB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium hydride Chemical compound [KH] NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000105 potassium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDAWXSQJJCIFIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium methoxide Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C BDAWXSQJJCIFIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWDMDDKZURRKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;propan-1-olate Chemical compound [K+].CCC[O-] AWDMDDKZURRKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- WTGUYKZOYRADER-UHFFFAOYSA-N propoxy-bis(propylsulfanyl)-sulfanylidene-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound CCCOP(=S)(SCCC)SCCC WTGUYKZOYRADER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004469 siloxy group Chemical group [SiH3]O* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium ethoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC[O-] QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RCOSUMRTSQULBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;propan-1-olate Chemical compound [Na+].CCC[O-] RCOSUMRTSQULBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- ARCJQKUWGAZPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene oxide Chemical compound O1C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ARCJQKUWGAZPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VNRWTCZXQWOWIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrakis(trimethylsilyl) silicate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](O[Si](C)(C)C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C VNRWTCZXQWOWIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(OCCCC)OCCCC STCOOQWBFONSKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYIKUOULKCEZDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F NYIKUOULKCEZDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AVYKQOAMZCAHRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluorooctyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F AVYKQOAMZCAHRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YQQKTCBMKQQOSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoromethylsulfanylbenzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)SC1=CC=CC=C1 YQQKTCBMKQQOSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCC(F)(F)F JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LINXHFKHZLOLEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[phenyl-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl]oxysilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](O[Si](C)(C)C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 LINXHFKHZLOLEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTVLMFQEYACZNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F FTVLMFQEYACZNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXPQRKFMDQNODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCOP(=O)(OCCC)OCCC RXPQRKFMDQNODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDOOXJCSVYVMQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) phosphate Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)COP(=O)(OCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F)OCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ZDOOXJCSVYVMQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEVFLQDDNUQKRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(4-methylphenyl) phosphite Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1OP(OC=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)OC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 FEVFLQDDNUQKRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZNDMMGBXUYFNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(dodecylsulfanyl)phosphane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCSP(SCCCCCCCCCCCC)SCCCCCCCCCCCC JZNDMMGBXUYFNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) borate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OB(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OP(=O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本公开涉及磷改性的离子液体化合物,该化合物的合成以及包含磷改性的离子液体化合物的电化学电池电解质。
Description
交叉引用
本申请要求于2016年4月1日提交的美国临时专利申请序列No.62/317,025的申请日的权益,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本公开涉及离子液体,其阳离子包括磷部分(moiety),以及包含该离子液体的用于电化学电池的电解质。
背景技术
室温离子液体(IL)的合成和电化学分析的近期进展已经建立了这种独特类型的材料作为用于下一代锂离子电池的电解质的前景。IL是熔点低于100℃的有机盐,且通常由大体积阳离子和无机阴离子组成。大的阳离子尺寸允许电荷的离域和屏蔽,导致晶格能量降低,并从而降低熔点或玻璃化转变温度。IL具有独特的物理化学性质,诸如可忽略的蒸汽压、不易燃性、优良的室温离子导电性、宽的电化学窗口和良好的化学稳定性及热稳定性。这些性质对于提供用于锂电池的基于IL的电解质是理想的。
然而,仍然存在安全性挑战,诸如锂离子电池在滥用条件或甚至正常条件下的易燃性。Narang等人的美国专利No.5,830,600教导了使用包含基于磷酸酯的非水性溶剂的阻燃电解质组合物,但没有提到使用离子液体。因此,需要在锂离子电池中加入具有阻燃性能的新型离子液体。
发明内容
本公开涉及离子液体,包括阴离子和阳离子,其中阳离子具有至少一种磷部分。
根据本公开的一个方面,提供了在电存储装置中使用的电解质,该电解质包括非质子有机溶剂、碱金属盐、添加剂和包含至少一种磷部分的离子液体化合物。
根据本公开的另一方面,提供了电能存储装置中的电解质,该电解质包括非质子有机溶剂、碱金属盐、添加剂和包含至少一种磷部分的离子液体化合物,其中有机溶剂是开链或环状碳酸酯、羧酸酯、亚硝酸酯、醚、砜、亚砜、酮、内酯、二氧戊环类、二醇醚、冠醚、硅氧烷、磷酸酯类、磷酸盐(酯)、亚磷酸酯、单磷腈或聚磷腈或其混合物。
根据本公开的另一方面,提供了电能存储装置中的电解质,该电解质包括非质子有机溶剂、碱金属盐、添加剂和包含至少一种磷部分的离子液体化合物,其中碱金属盐的阳离子是锂、钠、铝或镁。
根据本公开的另一方面,提供了电能存储装置中的电解质,该电解质包括非质子有机溶剂、碱金属盐、添加剂和包含至少一种磷部分的离子液体化合物,其中该添加剂包含含硫化合物、含磷化合物、含硼化合物、含硅化合物、含有至少一种不饱和碳-碳键的化合物、羧酸酐或其混合物。
在阅读以下具体实施方式和所附权利要求之后,本公开的这些和其它方面将变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1示出了磷酸二丁酯和季铵化磷酸二丁酯-乙基吡咯烷之间的热重比较;
图2是根据本公开的包含离子液体电解质的电池的放电曲线图;和
图3是根据本公开的包含离子液体电解质的电池的充电和放电曲线图。
具体实施方式
本公开涉及离子液体化合物,包括至少一种阳离子和至少一种阴离子,其中至少一种阳离子与至少一种磷部分离子共价键合。
在实施方式中,电能存储装置电解质包括a)非质子有机溶剂系统;b)碱金属盐;c)添加剂;和d)离子液体化合物,包括至少一种阳离子和至少一种阴离子,其中至少一种阳离子与至少一种磷部分共价键合。
在实施方式中,离子液体化合物包括阴离子;和根据如下化学式连接到磷部分上的阳离子:
其中:A是CAT+或R1;B是CAT+或R2;CAT+是吡咯烷鎓、哌啶鎓、氮杂环庚烷鎓(azepanium)、鎓、锍、鏻、咪唑鎓、吡啶或有1至3个杂原子作为环成员(包括氮、氧、硅或硫)的5元或6元杂环;R1和R2独立地为C1-C8烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基、烷基甲硅烷氧基、苯基、苄基、甲硅烷基、硫醚、亚砜、偶氮、氨基或硅烷基团,其中在这里的任何碳或氢原子任选地进一步被卤族、烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基、烷基甲硅烷氧基、苯基、苄基、甲硅烷基、硫醚、亚砜、偶氮、氨基或硅烷取代;Y是O、S或N,条件是当Y是O时,CAT+不是咪唑鎓或吡啶;以及X是(a)连接基,包括C1-C8烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、酯基、羰基、苯基、硫醚、亚砜、偶氮或芳基基团,其中在这里的任何碳或氢原子任选地进一步被卤族取代;(b)O、S、N或C;或(c)连接到连接基上的O、S、N或C。
在实施方式中,离子液体化合物包括阴离子;和根据如下化学式连接到磷部分上的阳离子:
其中:A是CAT+或R1;B是CAT+或R2;CAT+是吡咯烷鎓、哌啶鎓、氮杂环庚烷鎓、鎓、锍、鏻、咪唑鎓、吡啶或有1至3个杂原子作为环成员(包括氮、氧、硅或硫)的5元或6元杂环;R1和R2独立地为C1-C8烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基、烷基甲硅烷氧基、苯基、苄基、甲硅烷基、硫醚、亚砜、偶氮、氨基或硅烷基团,其中在这里的任何碳或氢原子任选地进一步被卤族、烷基、烯基、烷氧基、芳基、炔基、烷基甲硅烷氧基、苯基、苄基、甲硅烷基、硫醚、亚砜、偶氮、氨基或硅烷取代;以及X是(a)连接基,包括C1-C8烷基、烯基、炔基、烷氧基、酯基、羰基、苯基、硫醚、亚砜、偶氮或芳基基团,其中在这里的任何碳或氢原子任选地进一步被卤族取代;(b)O、S、N或C;或(c)连接到连接基上的O、S、N或C。
根据本公开的合适的阴离子,包括但不限于卤族(例如Cl、Br)、硝酸根(例如NO3)、磷酸根(例如PF6、TFOP)、酰亚胺(例如TFSI、BETI)、硼酸根(例如BOB、BF4)、铝酸根、砷化物、氰根、硫氰酸根、亚硝酸根、苯甲酸根、碳酸根、氯酸根、亚氯酸根、铬酸根、硫酸根、亚硫酸根、硅酸根、硫代硫酸根、硫族化物、磷族化物、晶族化合物(crystallogenides)、草酸根、醋酸根、甲酸根或氢氧根。
本公开还包括用于合成磷阳离子的方法,以及这种官能化阳离子在用于电化学电池的离子液体中的用途。这些化合物使电解质具有更好的热稳定性。
典型地,首先合成磷-阳离子盐,该合成反应在有机化合物的存在下在有或没有催化剂的情况下进行。合适的有机化合物包括取代的或未取代的烷基基团,例如,N-烷基-N-烷基吡咯烷、N-烷基-N-烷基吡啶、N-烷基-N-烷基咪唑啉、N-烷基-N-烷基膦、N-烷基-N-烷基砜、N-烷基-N-烷基胺或N-烷基-N-烷基哌啶。
该合成反应也优选地在碱的存在下进行。合适的碱包括:碱金属碳酸盐,诸如碳酸钠、碳酸钾或碳酸锂;碱金属醇盐,诸如醇钠、醇钾或醇锂;碱金属甲醇盐、碱金属乙醇盐、碱金属丙醇盐或碱金属丁醇盐,诸如甲醇钠、甲醇钾、甲醇锂、乙醇钠、乙醇钾、乙醇锂、丙醇钠、丙醇钾、丙醇锂、叔丁醇钠、叔丁醇钾、叔丁醇锂、氢化钠、氢化钾、吡啶、三乙胺、N,N-二乙胺、N,N-二异丙胺、N,N-二异丙基乙胺(Hunig's碱)、1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一-7-烯(DBU)、1,5-二氮杂二环[4.3.0]壬-5-烯(DBN)或1,4-二氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷(DABCO);KHCO3;NaHCO3;BaCO3;CaCO3;Cs2CO3;MgCO3;KOH;NaOH和LiOH。优选的碱是碳酸钠或碳酸钾。
该合成反应也在有机溶剂的存在下进行。有机溶剂的实例有:二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯、氯仿、乙腈、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酮、甲基异丁基酮、甲基乙基酮、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧六环、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、氯苯、二甲苯、庚烷、己烷、环己烷、环己酮、DMF、二甲基亚砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、MTBE、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、叔丁醇和乙二醇。优选的溶剂是二氯甲烷或四氢呋喃。
采用的有机溶剂的用量在磷酸酯(盐)的有机化合物的反应混合物的约3mL/g至约15mL/g的范围内,优选地为有机化合物的磷的反应混合物的约5mL/g至约10mL/g。
磷和有机化合物的反应在相对温和的条件下——在温度为约10℃至约30℃的范围内,优选地为约15℃至约25℃——进行一段时间以保证产率为至少约85%,和产率为88%至92%,以及可能>90%。
此外,该反应在水的存在下进行,水的量在有机化合物的磷酸酯(盐)的反应混合物的约3mL/g至约15mL/g的范围内,优选地为有机化合物的磷的反应混合物的约5mL/g至约10mL/g。
磷改性的有机化合物在碘甲烷和溶剂的存在下被季铵化;合适的溶剂包括二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯、氯仿、乙腈、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酮、甲基异丁基酮、甲基乙基酮、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲基四氢呋喃、1,4-二氧六环、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、氯苯、二甲苯、庚烷、己烷、环己烷、环己酮、DMF、二甲基亚砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、MTBE、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、叔丁醇和乙二醇,优选地是乙腈。然后,得到的磷酸盐-有机阳离子在锂盐的存在下进行复分解。
在优选的实施方式中,磷化合物是磷酸二丁酯且有机化合物是N-(2-氯乙基)吡咯烷。最优选地,吡咯烷连接到一个磷酸二丁酯上并季铵化为磷酸二丁酯乙基吡咯烷鎓。
在本公开中,电解质包括热稳定的离子液体、碱金属(诸如锂)、添加剂和非质子溶剂,用于在电化学电池中使用。离子液体包含有机阳离子和无机/有机阴离子,有机阳离子为N-烷基-N-烷基-吡咯烷鎓、N-烷基-N-烷基-吡啶鎓、N-烷基-N-烷基-锍、N-烷基-N-烷基-铵、N-烷基-N-烷基-哌啶鎓等等,且阴离子为四氟硼酸根、六氟磷酸根、二(三氟甲基磺酰基)酰亚胺、二(五氟乙基磺酰基)酰亚胺、三氟醋酸根或类似物。电解质中的聚合物包括聚(乙二醇)衍生物,具有在约150g/mol至约10,000,000g/mol的范围内变化的分子量。合适的非质子溶剂包括碳酸酯、醚、乙酰胺类、乙腈、对称的砜、1,3-二氧戊环、二甲氧乙烷、二醇醚、硅氧烷及其共混物。碱金属盐可以是LiBF4、LiNO3、LiPF6、LiAsF6、二(三氟甲基磺酰基)酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)、二(五氟乙基磺酰基)酰亚胺锂、三氟乙酸锂或类似的化合物。
在一些实施方式中,电解液除了离子液体之外还包括锂盐。可以使用各种锂盐,包括,例如Li[CF3CO2];Li[C2F5CO2];Li[ClO4];Li[BF4];Li[AsF6];Li[PF6];Li[PF2(C2O4)2];Li[PF4C2O4];Li[CF3SO3];Li[N(CP3SO2)2];Li[C(CF3SO2)3];Li[N(SO2C2F5)2];氟磷酸烷基锂;Li[B(C2O4)2];Li[BF2C2O4];Li2[B12Z12-jHj];Li2[B10X10-j'Hj’];或者其中任意两个或更多个的混合物,其中Z在每次出现时是独立地为卤素,j是0至12的整数且j'是1至10的整数。
在本电解质的一些应用中,诸如在用于锂离子电池的配方中,非质子溶剂与本离子液体结合以降低电解质的粘度并提高电解质的导电性。最合适的非质子溶剂没有可交换的质子,包括环状碳酸酯、线性碳酸酯、磷酸酯、低聚醚取代硅氧烷/硅烷、环醚、链醚、内酯化合物、链酯、腈类化合物、酰胺类化合物、砜化合物、硅氧烷、磷酸酯类、磷酸盐(酯)、亚磷酸酯、单磷腈或聚磷腈等。这些溶剂可以单独使用,或至少两种溶剂混合使用。用于形成电解质系统的非质子溶剂或载体的实例包括但不限于碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸乙丙酯、碳酸二丙酯、碳酸二(三氟乙)酯、碳酸二(五氟丙)酯、碳酸三氟乙酯甲酯、碳酸五氟乙酯甲酯、碳酸七氟丙酯甲酯、碳酸全氟丁酯甲酯、碳酸三氟乙酯乙酯、碳酸五氟乙酯乙酯、碳酸七氟丙酯乙酯、碳酸全氟丁酯乙酯,等等,氟化低聚物、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丁酯、二甲氧基乙烷、三甘醇二甲醚、碳酸二甲基亚乙烯酯、四甘醇、二甲醚、聚乙二醇、磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三丁酯、六氟环三磷腈、2-乙氧基-2,4,4,6,6-五氟-1,3,5,2-5,4-5,6-5三氮杂三磷杂苯、亚磷酸三苯酯、环丁砜、二甲亚砜、乙基甲基砜、乙基乙烯基砜、烯丙基甲基砜、二乙烯基砜、氟苯基甲基砜和γ-丁内酯。
在一些实施方式中,电解质还包括添加剂以保护电极免于劣化。因此,本技术的电解质可以包括在负极表面还原或聚合以在负极表面形成钝化膜的添加剂。同样地,电解质可以包括可在正极表面氧化或聚合以在正极表面形成钝化膜的添加剂。在一些实施方式中,本技术的电解质还包括两种类型的添加剂的混合物。
在一些实施方式中,添加剂是取代或未取代的直链、支链或环状烃,包括至少一个氧原子和至少一个芳基、烯基或炔基基团。由这种添加剂形成的钝化膜也可以由取代的芳基化合物或取代或未取代的杂芳基化合物形成,其中添加剂包括至少一个氧原子。可替代地,可以使用两种添加剂的组合。在一些这样的实施方式中,一种离子和其它添加剂可以选择性地钝化阳极表面,以防止或减少阳极上金属离子的还原。
代表性的添加剂包括乙二醛双缩(二烯丙基乙缩醛)、四(乙二醇)二乙烯基醚、1,3,5-三烯丙基-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-三酮、1,3,5,7-四乙烯基-1,3,5,7-四甲基环四硅氧烷、2,4,6-三烯丙基氧基-1,3,5三嗪、1,3,5-三丙烯酰基六氢-1,3,5-三嗪、1,2-二乙烯基糠酸酯、1,3-丁二烯碳酸酯、1-乙烯基氮杂环丁烷-2-酮、1-乙烯基氮丙啶-2-酮、1-乙烯基哌啶-2-酮、1-乙烯基吡咯烷-2-酮、2,4-二乙烯基-1,3-二氧六环、2-氨基-3-乙烯基环己酮、2-氨基-3-乙烯基环丙酮、2-氨基-4-乙烯基环丁酮、2-氨基-5-乙烯基环戊酮、2-芳氧基-环丙酮、2-乙烯基-[1,2]氧氮杂环丁烷、2-乙烯基氨基环己醇、2-乙烯基氨基环丙酮、2-乙烯基氧杂环丁烷、2-乙烯氧基-环丙酮、3-(N-乙烯基氨基)环己酮、3,5-二乙烯基糠酸酯、3-乙烯基氮杂环丁烷-2-酮、3-乙烯基氮丙啶-2-酮、3-乙烯基环丁酮、3-乙烯基环戊酮、3-乙烯基氧氮杂环丙烷、3-乙烯基氧杂环丁烷、3-乙烯基吡咯烷-2-酮、2-乙烯基-1,3-二氧五环、丙烯醛二乙基乙缩醛、丙烯醛二甲基乙缩醛、4,4-二乙烯基-3-二氧戊环-2-酮、4-乙烯基四氢吡喃、5-乙烯基哌啶-3-酮、烯丙基缩水甘油醚、丁二烯一氧化物、丁基乙烯基醚、二氢吡喃-3-酮、二乙烯基丁基碳酸酯、二乙烯基碳酸酯、二乙烯基巴豆酸酯、二乙烯醚、二乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯、二乙烯基硅酸亚乙酯、二乙烯基硫酸亚乙酯、二乙烯基亚硫酸亚乙酯、二乙烯基甲氧基吡嗪、二乙烯基磷酸甲酯、二乙烯基碳酸亚丙酯、磷酸乙酯、甲氧基-邻-三联苯、磷酸甲酯、氧杂环丁-2-基-乙烯胺、环氧乙烷基乙烯胺、乙烯基碳酸酯、乙烯基巴豆酸酯、乙烯基环戊酮、乙烯基乙基-2-糠酸酯、乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯、乙烯基硅酸亚乙酯、乙烯基硫酸亚乙酯、乙烯基亚硫酸亚乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯、乙烯基磷酸酯、乙烯基-2-糠酸酯、乙烯基环丙酮、乙烯基乙烯氧化物、β-乙烯基-γ-丁内酯或其中任意两种或更多种的混合物。在一些实施方式中,添加剂可以是被F、烷氧基、烯氧基、芳氧基、甲氧基、烯丙氧基基团或其组合取代的环三磷腈。例如,添加剂可以是(二乙烯基)-(甲氧基)(三氟)环三磷腈、(三乙烯基)(二氟)(甲氧基)环三磷腈、(乙烯基)(甲氧基)(四氟)环三磷腈、(芳氧基)(四氟)(甲氧基)环三磷腈或(二芳氧基)(三氟)(甲氧基)环三磷腈化合物或两种或更多种此类化合物的混合物。在一些实施方式中,添加剂是乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯、乙烯基碳酸酯或1,2-二苯基醚,或任意两种或更多种此类化合物的混合物。
其它代表性的添加剂包括具有苯基、萘基、蒽基、吡咯基、噁唑基、呋喃基、吲哚基、咔唑基、咪唑基、噻吩基、氟化碳酸酯、磺内酯、硫化物、酸酐、硅烷、甲硅烷氧基、磷酸酯或亚磷酸酯基团的化合物。例如,添加剂可以是苯基三氟甲基硫化物、碳酸氟代亚乙酯、1,3,2-二氧硫杂环戊烷2,2-二氧化物、1-丙烯1,3-磺内酯、1,3-丙磺酸内酯、1,3-二氧戊环-2-酮、4-[(2,2,2-三氟乙氧基)甲基]、1,3-二氧戊环-2-酮、4-[[2,2,2-三氟-1-(三氟甲基)乙氧基]甲基]-、甲基2,2,2-三氟乙基碳酸酯、九氟己基三乙氧基硅烷、八甲基三硅氧烷、甲基三(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)硅烷、四(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)硅烷、(十三氟-1,1,2,2-四氢辛基)三乙氧基硅烷、三(1H.1H-七氟丁基)磷酸酯、3,3,3-三氟丙基三(3,3,3-三氟丙基二甲基甲硅烷氧基)硅烷、(3,3,3-三氟丙基)三甲氧基硅烷、三甲基甲硅烷基三氟甲烷磺酸酯、三(三甲基甲硅烷基)硼酸酯、磷酸三丙酯、二(三甲基甲硅烷基甲基)苯胺、苯基三(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)硅烷、1,3-二(三氟丙基)四甲基二硅氧烷、磷酸三苯酯、三(三甲基甲硅烷基)磷酸酯、三(1H.1H,5H-八氟戊烷基)磷酸酯、亚磷酸三苯酯、三(十二烷基)三硫代亚磷酸酯、三(2,4-二-叔丁基苯基)亚磷酸酯、三-对-甲苯基亚磷酸酯、三(2,2,3,3,3-五氟丙基)磷酸酯、琥珀酸酐、1,5,2,4-二氧杂二噻烷2,2,4,4-四氧化物、三丙基三硫代磷酸酯、芳氧吡咯(aryloxpyrrole)、芳氧基硫酸亚乙酯、芳氧基吡嗪、芳氧基-咔唑三乙烯基磷酸酯、芳氧基-乙基-2-糠酸酯、芳氧基-邻-三联苯、芳氧基-哒嗪、丁基-芳氧基-醚、二乙烯基二苯基醚、(四氢呋喃-2-基)-乙烯胺、二乙烯基甲氧基二吡啶、甲氧基-4-乙烯基二苯基、乙烯基甲氧基咔唑、乙烯基甲氧基哌啶、乙烯基甲氧基吡嗪、乙烯基甲基碳酸酯-烯丙基苯甲醚、乙烯基哒嗪、1-二乙烯基咪唑、3-乙烯基四氢呋喃、二乙烯基呋喃、二乙烯基甲氧基呋喃、二乙烯基吡嗪、乙烯基甲氧基咪唑、乙烯基甲氧基吡咯、乙烯基-四氢呋喃、2,4-二乙烯基异噁唑、3,4-二乙烯基-1-甲基吡咯、芳氧基氧杂环丁烷、芳氧基-苯基碳酸酯、芳氧基-哌啶、芳氧基-四氢呋喃、2-芳基-环丙酮、2-二芳氧基-糠酸酯、4-烯丙基苯甲醚、芳氧基-咔唑、芳氧基-2-糠酸酯、芳氧基-巴豆酸酯、芳氧基-环丁烷、芳氧基-环戊酮、芳氧基-环丙酮、芳氧基-环磷腈、芳氧基-硅酸亚乙酯、芳氧基-硫酸亚乙酯、芳氧基-亚硫酸亚乙酯、芳氧基-咪唑、芳氧基-甲基丙烯酸酯、芳氧基-磷酸酯、芳氧基-吡咯、芳氧基喹啉、二芳氧基环三磷腈、二芳氧基碳酸亚乙酯、二芳氧基呋喃、二芳氧基磷酸甲酯、二芳氧基-丁基碳酸酯、二芳氧基-巴豆酸酯、二芳氧基-二苯基醚、二芳氧基-硅酸乙酯、二芳氧基-硅酸亚乙酯、二芳氧基-硫酸亚乙酯、二芳氧基-亚硫酸亚乙酯、二芳氧基-苯基碳酸酯、二芳氧基-碳酸丙烯酯、二苯基碳酸酯、二苯基二芳氧基硅酸酯、二苯基二乙烯基硅酸酯、二苯基醚、二苯基硅酸酯、二乙烯基甲氧基二苯基醚、二乙烯基苯基碳酸酯、甲氧基咔唑、或2,4-二甲基-6-羟基-嘧啶、乙烯基甲氧基喹啉、哒嗪、乙烯基哒嗪、喹啉、乙烯基喹啉、吡啶、乙烯基吡啶、吲哚、乙烯基吲哚、三乙醇胺、1,3-二甲基丁二烯、丁二烯、乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸乙烯酯、咪唑、乙烯基咪唑、哌啶、乙烯基哌啶、嘧啶、乙烯基嘧啶、吡嗪、乙烯基吡嗪、异喹啉、乙烯基异喹啉、喹喔啉、乙烯基喹喔啉、二联苯、1,2-二苯基醚、1,2-二苯乙烷、邻三联苯、N-甲基吡咯、萘或任意两种或更多种此类化合物的混合物。
在一些其它实施方式中,本技术的电解质包括非质子凝胶聚合物载体/溶剂。合适的凝胶聚合物载体/溶剂包括聚醚、聚环氧乙烷、聚酰亚胺、聚膦嗪、聚丙烯腈、聚硅氧烷、聚醚接枝的聚硅氧烷、前述的衍生物、前述的共聚物、前述的交联和网状结构、前述的共混物等等,并向其中添加合适的离子电解质盐。其它凝胶-聚合物载体/溶剂包括那些从源自聚环氧丙烷、聚硅氧烷、磺化聚酰亚胺、全氟化膜(Nafion树脂)、二乙烯基聚乙二醇、聚乙二醇-二-(丙烯酸甲酯)、聚乙二醇-二(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、前述的衍生物、前述的共聚物和前述的交联和网状结构的聚合物基体制备的那些。
官能化离子液体和包含盐的电解质溶液在有机溶剂中具有高的导电性和溶解度,并适合作为电化学装置的电解质溶液使用。电化学装置的实例有双电层电容器、二次电池、色素敏化剂型的太阳能电池、电致变色装置和电容器,且这个列表不是限制性的。特别适合作为电化学装置的是双电层电容器和二次电池,诸如锂离子电池。
在又一方面,提供了包括阴极、阳极和含有本文所述离子液体的电解质的电化学装置。在一种实施方式中,电化学装置是锂二次电池。在一些实施方式中,二次电池是锂电池、锂离子电池、锂硫电池、锂空气电池、钠离子电池或镁电池。在一些实施方式中,电化学装置是电化学电池,诸如电容器。在一些实施方式中,电容器是非对称电容器或超级电容器。在一些实施方式中,电化学电池是原电池。在一些实施方式中,原电池是锂/MnO2电池或Li/聚(一氟化碳)电池。在一些实施方式中,电化学电池是太阳能电池。
合适的阴极包括但不限于那些诸如锂金属氧化物、尖晶石、橄榄石、涂覆碳的橄榄石、LiFePO4、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiNi1xCoyMetzO2、LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2、LiMn0.3Co0.3Ni0.3O2、LiMn2O4、LiFeO2、Li1+x'NiαMnβCoγMet'δO2-z'Fz'、An'B2(XO4)3(NASICON)、氧化钒、过氧化锂、硫、聚硫化物、锂一氟化碳(也称为LiCFx)或其中任意两种或更多种的混合物,其中Met是Al、Mg、Ti、B、Ga、Si、Mn或Co;Met'是Mg、Zn、Al、Ga、B、Zr或Ti;A是Li、Ag、Cu、Na、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu或Zn;B是Ti、V、Cr、Fe或Zr;X是P、S、Si、W或Mo;并且其中0≤x≤0.3、0≤y≤0.5、0≤z≤0.5、0≤x'≤0.4、0≤α≤1、0≤β≤1、0≤γ≤1、0≤δ≤0.4、0≤z'≤0.4且0≤h'≤3。根据一些实施方式,尖晶石是锰氧化物尖晶石,具有化学式为Li1+xMn2-zMet”'yO4-mX'n,其中Met”'是Al、Mg、Ti、B、Ga、Si、Ni或Co;
X'是S或F;并且其中0≤x≤0.3、0≤y≤0.5、0≤z≤0.5、0≤m≤0.5且0≤n≤0.5。在其它实施方式中,橄榄石具有化学式为Li1+xFe1zMet”yPO4-mX'n,其中Met”是Al、Mg、Ti、B、Ga、Si、Ni、Mn或Co;X'是S或F;并且其中0≤x≤0.3、0 0≤y≤0.5、0≤z≤0.5、0≤m≤0.5且0≤n≤0.5。
合适的阳极包括那些诸如锂金属、石墨材料、无定形碳、Li4Ti5O12、锡合金、硅合金、金属间化合物或任意两种或更多种此类材料的混合物。合适的石墨材料包括天然石墨、人造石墨、石墨化中间相碳微球(MCMB)和石墨纤维,以及任何无定形碳材料。在一些实施方式中,阳极和阴极通过多孔隔膜彼此分离。
锂电池的隔膜通常是微孔聚合物膜。用于形成膜的聚合物的实例包括:尼龙、纤维素、硝酸纤维素、聚砜、聚丙烯腈、聚偏氟乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚丁烯,或任意两种或更多种此类聚合物的共聚物或共混物。在一些情况下,隔膜是电子束处理的微孔聚烯烃隔膜。电子处理可以改善隔膜的变形温度,并因此增强隔膜的高温性能。此外,或可替代地,隔膜可以是关闭隔膜。关闭隔膜可以具有高于约130℃的触发温度,以允许电化学电池在最高达约130℃的温度下操作。
本公开将参考下列具体的实施例作进一步说明。应理解这些实施例是以说明的方式给出的,而不旨在限制本公开或随后的权利要求。
实施例1
磷酸酯官能化离子液体的合成。
A)根据表1合成磷酸二丁酯2-1(-吡咯烷基)乙酯。
表1
将碳酸钾、二氯甲烷(DCM)、磷酸二丁酯和N-(2-氯乙基)吡咯烷(通过从N-(2-氯乙基)吡咯烷-HCl再生游离胺制备)加入装有磁性搅拌棒的250mL烧瓶中。观察到轻微的放热。在室温下搅拌混合物,且总反应时间为四天。
在反应过程中,碳酸钾逐渐被消耗,随着它清除被释放的HCl而形成氯化钾和碳酸氢钾,大约为11.6g。
在反应混合物中加入DCM(60mL)和DI水(60mL),并提取有机相。通过旋转蒸发除去溶剂。产量:暗琥珀色油,7.7g(38%)。
H+NMR:(CDCl3)δppm 4.15(q,2H)、4.05(q,4H)、2.78(t,2H)、2.57(m,4H)、1.78(m,4H)、1.67(q,4H)、1.41(s,4H)、0.94(t,6H)。
B)根据表2合成磷酸酯官能化吡咯烷鎓和包含其的离子液体。
表2
季铵化。将磷酸二丁酯-乙基吡咯烷和乙腈加入装有磁性搅拌棒、水冷式冷凝器、N2进口和热电偶的250mL 3-颈烧瓶中。在室温下搅拌混合物。
搅拌的同时,用注射器将碘甲烷逐滴地加入混合物中,并监测内部温度以观察放热迹象。温度保持低于30℃。在加入完成之后,将混合物加热至40℃一小时。总反应时间是三小时。
将混合物冷却至室温,并通过旋转蒸发除去溶剂。产量:暗琥珀色油,11.0g(97%)。
复分解(TFSI)将从步骤1得到的碘化盐和二(三氟甲基磺酰基)酰亚胺锂加入装有磁性搅拌棒的100mL带盖瓶中,作为两个单独的溶液,各自溶解在30mL的DI水中。很快形成浑浊的沉淀,其后,在烧瓶底部沉积有稠密的琥珀色层。在室温下搅拌混合物20min。
将水层倾析出,加入DCM(20mL)并将整个混合物倒入分离漏斗中。用DI水(2×20mL)洗涤有机层,分离,在MgSO4上干燥,过滤并通过旋转蒸发去除溶剂。油在高真空下抽两个小时并在真空下干燥(5mbar,60℃)。产量:暗琥珀色油,13.7g(93%)。
表征。H+NMR:(CDCl3)δppm 4.44(t,2H)、4.08(q,4H)、3.76(t,2H)、3.64(m,4H)、3.15(s,3H)、2.29(m,4H)、1.68(q,4H)、1.41(s,4H)、0.95(s,6H)。F19NMR:(CDCl3)δppm-79.0。
实施例2.比较例,使用热重分析比较吡咯烷鎓阳离子-附加的磷酸二丁酯官能化离子液体的热稳定性和磷酸二丁酯的热稳定性,其中从室温开始以10℃/min的扫描速率进行测量。
图1示出了重量随温度的变化。如图1所示,磷酸二丁酯在约250℃处经历了接近80%的重量损失,而包含磷酸二丁酯吡咯烷鎓阳离子的离子液体在250℃处只经历了20%的重量损失。与非离子磷酸二丁酯相比,新型离子液体明显表现出改善的热稳定性。
实施例3.电化学装置中的磷酸酯官能化离子液体电解质。
在充满氩的干燥手套箱中制备电解质配方,通过将所有电解质成分混合在小瓶中并搅拌24小时以确保盐完全溶解。将磷酸酯官能化离子液体作为添加剂加入碱性电解质配方中,该碱性电解质配方包括按重量计3:7的碳酸亚乙酯“EC”和乙基甲基碳酸酯“EMC”的混合物,与1M六氟磷酸锂“LiPF6”一起在其中溶解。所制备的电解质配方总结在表3中。
表3电解质配方。
所制备的电解质配方作为包括锂镍钴铝氧化物阴极活性材料和石墨作为阳极活性材料的40mm×20mm×35mm锂离子聚合物软包电池中的电解质使用。在每个电池中加入1.1g电解质配方,并允许在真空密封和测试之前在电池中浸泡1小时。然后,将电池充电至4.2V并放电至2.5V,以C/15的速率用于第一循环,之后以C/5的速率。电池以C/5时的额定容量为200mAh。在图2中,展示了属于每种电解质的第一放电电压曲线。
图2示出了包括磷酸酯官能化离子液体电解质的NCA-石墨200mAh软包电池的放电曲线。从图2可以看出,各种磷酸酯官能化离子液体电解质表现出不同的电化学性能,其中电解质3和4最具前景。
图3示出了包括磷酸酯官能化离子液体电解质的NCA-石墨200mAh软包电池的充电和放电曲线。在图3中,示出了在第4循环以C/5时的充电和放电曲线,展示了磷酸酯官能化离子液体电解质的循环性能。表4总结了在第4循环的库仑效率。
电解质 | 库仑效率(%) |
1 | 99.7 |
2 | 99.5 |
3 | 99.0 |
4 | 99.9 |
表4包括磷酸酯官能化离子液体电解质的NCA-石墨200mAh软包电池在第四循环的库仑效率。
虽然本文对各种实施方式进行了详细的描绘和描述,但对相关领域的技术人员显而易见的是,可以做出各种修改、添加和替换等而不偏离本公开的精神,且因此这些被认为在如所附权利要求中所限定的本公开的范围内。
Claims (10)
2.一种电能存储装置电解质,包括:
a)非质子有机溶剂系统;
b)碱金属盐;
c)添加剂;和
d)根据权利要求1的离子液体化合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电解质,其中,所述非质子有机溶剂包括开链或环状碳酸酯、羧酸酯、亚硝酸酯、醚、砜、酮、内酯、二氧戊环类、二醇醚、冠醚、硅氧烷、磷酸酯类、磷酸盐/酯、亚磷酸酯、单磷腈或聚磷腈或其混合物。
4.根据权利要求2所述的电解质,其中,所述碱金属盐的阳离子包括锂、钠、铝或镁。
5.根据权利要求2所述的电解质,其中,所述添加剂包括含硫化合物、含磷化合物、含硼化合物、含硅化合物、含氟化合物、含氮化合物、含有至少一种不饱和碳-碳键的化合物、羧酸酐或其混合物。
7.一种电能存储装置电解质,包括:
a)非质子有机溶剂:
b)碱金属盐;
c)添加剂;和
d)根据权利要求6的离子液体化合物。
8.根据权利要求7所述的电解质,其中,所述非质子有机溶剂包括开链或环状碳酸酯、羧酸酯、亚硝酸酯、醚、砜、酮、内酯、二氧戊环类、二醇醚、冠醚、硅氧烷、磷酸酯类、磷酸盐/酯、亚磷酸酯、单磷腈或聚磷腈或其混合物。
9.根据权利要求7所述的电解质,其中,所述碱金属盐的阳离子包括锂、钠、铝或镁。
10.根据权利要求7所述的电解质,其中,所述添加剂包括含硫化合物、含磷化合物、含硼化合物、含硅化合物、含氟化合物、含氮化合物、含有至少一种不饱和碳-碳键的化合物、羧酸酐或其混合物。
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CA3019132A1 (en) | 2017-10-05 |
JP2022044673A (ja) | 2022-03-17 |
JP7012660B2 (ja) | 2022-02-14 |
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EP3436465B1 (en) | 2022-05-25 |
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EP3436465A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 |
KR20180131580A (ko) | 2018-12-10 |
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EP3436465A4 (en) | 2020-03-25 |
AU2022200320A1 (en) | 2022-02-17 |
AU2017240747A1 (en) | 2018-11-08 |
US20170288269A1 (en) | 2017-10-05 |
CN109476688A (zh) | 2019-03-15 |
US20210036369A1 (en) | 2021-02-04 |
US10868332B2 (en) | 2020-12-15 |
AU2017240747B2 (en) | 2021-10-21 |
KR102477372B1 (ko) | 2022-12-13 |
US11489201B2 (en) | 2022-11-01 |
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