CN108733438A - 应用程序与数字助理集成 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明题为“应用程序与数字助理集成”。本发明提供了用于将应用程序与数字助理集成的系统和方法。根据一个示例，一种方法包括接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入并识别一组意图对象中的意图对象。所述意图对象可从所述自然语言用户输入得出。所述方法还包括识别与所述组意图对象中的所述意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，将所述意图对象提供给所述软件应用程序以使所述软件应用程序执行与所述意图对象相关联的任务，接收指示所述任务是否被成功执行的结果响应，以及提供指示所述任务是否被执行的输出。
Description
技术领域
本公开整体涉及与应用程序交互，并且更具体地讲涉及用于应用程序与 数字助理集成的技术。
背景技术
数字助理可以帮助用户在用户设备上执行各种功能。例如，数字助理可 以设置闹钟，提供天气更新以及在本地和互联网上执行搜索，同时为用户提 供自然语言界面。然而，现有的数字助理不能有效地与诸如本地存储在用户 设备上的应用程序，尤其是第三方应用程序之类的应用程序集成。因此，现 有的数字助理不能利用这种应用程序提供自然语言界面。
发明内容
本文公开了示例方法。示例方法包括：在具有触敏显示器和一个或多个 处理器的电子设备处，接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入，识别一组意 图对象中的意图对象，其中该意图对象从自然语言用户输入得出，识别与该 组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，将该意图对象提供至软件 应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应用程 序接收指示任务是否成功执行的结果响应以及提供指示任务是否被执行的 输出。
示例方法包括：在具有一个或多个处理器的一个或多个电子设备处，接 收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入，从该自然语言用户输入获得文本串； 基于文本串确定一组意图对象中的意图对象，确定与该组意图对象中的意图 对象相关联的软件应用程序，将该意图对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应 用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否 成功执行的结果响应以及提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。
示例方法包括：在具有一个或多个处理器的电子设备处，接收自然语言 用户输入，识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，从第 二电子设备接收与软件应用程序相关联的任务流，将该意图对象提供至软件 应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应用程 序接收请求，确定基于所述请求的查询，其中根据任务流确定该查询，使用 触敏显示器提供该查询，在提供该查询之后接收指示查询响应的第二用户输 入，以及将查询响应提供给软件应用程序。
示例方法包括：在具有一个或多个处理器的一个或多个电子设备处，确 定一组意图对象中的意图对象，识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的 软件应用程序，确定与软件应用程序相关联的任务流，将该意图对象提供至 软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应 用程序接收请求，确定基于所述请求的查询，其中根据任务流确定该查询， 使用触敏显示器提供该查询，在提供该查询之后接收指示查询响应的第二用 户输入，以及将查询响应提供给软件应用程序。
本文公开了示例非暂态计算机可读介质。示例非暂态计算机可读存储介 质存储一个或多个程序。所述一个或多个程序包括指令，当由一个或多个处 理器执行时，所述指令使得电子设备接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输 入，识别一组意图对象中的意图对象，其中该意图对象从自然语言用户输入 得出，识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，将该意图 对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任 务，从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否成功执行的结果响应以及提供指示任 务是否被执行的输出。
示例非暂态计算机可读存储介质存储一个或多个程序。所述一个或多个 程序包括指令，当由一个或多个处理器执行时，所述指令使得电子设备接收 包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入，从自然语言用户输入获得文本串；基于 文本串确定一组意图对象中的意图对象，确定与该组意图对象中的意图对象 相关联的软件应用程序，将该意图对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用程 序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否成功 执行的结果响应以及提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。
示例非暂态计算机可读存储介质存储一个或多个程序。所述一个或多个 程序包括指令，当由一个或多个处理器执行时，所述指令使得一个或多个电 子设备接收自然语言用户输入，识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的 软件应用程序，从第二电子设备接收与软件应用程序相关联的任务流，将该 意图对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联 的任务，从软件应用程序接收请求，确定基于所述请求的查询，其中根据任 务流确定该查询，使用触敏显示器提供该查询，在提供该查询之后接收指示 查询响应的第二用户输入，以及将查询响应提供给软件应用程序。
示例非暂态计算机可读存储介质存储一个或多个程序。所述一个或多个 程序包括指令，当由一个或多个处理器执行时，所述指令使得一个或多个电 子设备确定一组意图对象中的意图对象，识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象 相关联的软件应用程序，确定与软件应用程序相关联的任务流，将该意图对 象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务， 从软件应用程序接收请求，确定基于所述请求的查询，其中根据任务流确定 该查询，使用触敏显示器提供该查询，在提供该查询之后接收指示查询响应 的第二用户输入，以及将查询响应提供给软件应用程序。
本文公开了示例电子设备和系统。示例电子设备包括一个或多个处理 器；存储器；以及一个或多个程序，其中所述一个或多个程序存储在存储器 中并且被配置为由一个或多个处理器执行，所述一个或多个程序包括用于以 下操作的指令：接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入，识别一组意图对象 中的意图对象，其中该意图对象从自然语言用户输入得出，识别与该组意图 对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，将该意图对象提供至软件应用程 序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否成功执行的结果响应以及提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。
示例系统包括一个或多个电子设备的一个或多个处理器；一个或多个电 子设备的一个或多个存储器；以及一个或多个程序，其中所述一个或多个程 序存储在一个或多个存储器中并且被配置为由一个或多个处理器执行，所述 一个或多个程序包括用于以下操作的指令：接收包括自然语言用户输入的音 频输入，从自然语言用户输入获得文本串；基于文本串确定一组意图对象中 的意图对象，确定与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，将 该意图对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关 联的任务，从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否成功执行的结果响应以及提供 指示任务是否被执行的输出。
示例电子设备包括一个或多个处理器；存储器；以及一个或多个程序， 其中所述一个或多个程序存储在存储器中并且被配置为由一个或多个处理 器执行，所述一个或多个程序包括用于以下操作的指令：接收自然语言用户 输入，识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，从第二电 子设备接收与软件应用程序相关联的任务流，将该意图对象提供至软件应用 程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应用程序接 收请求，确定基于所述请求的查询，其中根据任务流确定该查询，使用触敏显示器提供该查询，在提供该查询之后接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入， 以及将查询响应提供给软件应用程序。
示例系统包括一个或多个电子设备的一个或多个处理器；一个或多个电 子设备的一个或多个存储器；以及一个或多个程序，其中所述一个或多个程 序存储在一个或多个存储器中并且被配置为由一个或多个处理器执行，所述 一个或多个程序包括用于以下操作的指令：确定一组意图对象中的意图对 象，识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序，确定与软件 应用程序相关联的任务流，将该意图对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用 程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务，从软件应用程序接收请求，确定基于所述请求的查询，其中根据任务流确定该查询，使用触敏显示器提供该查询， 在提供该查询之后接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入，以及将查询响应提供 给软件应用程序。
示例电子设备包括用于接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入的装置， 用于识别一组意图对象中的意图对象的装置，其中该意图对象从自然语言用 户输入得出，用于识别与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序 的装置，用于将该意图对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该 意图对象相关联的任务的装置，用于从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否成功 执行的结果响应的装置以及用于提供指示任务是否被执行的输出的装置。
示例系统包括用于接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入的装置，用于 从自然语言用户输入获得文本串的装置；用于基于文本串确定一组意图对象 中的意图对象的装置，用于确定与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件 应用程序的装置，用于将该意图对象提供至软件应用程序以使软件应用程序 执行与该意图对象相关联的任务的装置，用于从软件应用程序接收指示任务 是否成功执行的结果响应的装置以及用于提供指示任务是否被执行的输出 的装置。
示例电子设备包括：用于接收自然语言用户输入的装置，用于识别与该 组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序的装置，用于从第二电子设 备接收与软件应用程序相关联的任务流的装置，用于将该意图对象提供至软 件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务的装置，用于 从软件应用程序接收请求的装置，用于确定基于所述请求的查询的装置，其 中根据任务流确定该查询，用于使用触敏显示器提供该查询的装置，用于在 提供该查询之后接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入的装置以及用于将查询 响应提供给软件应用程序的装置。
示例系统包括：用于确定一组意图对象中的意图对象的装置，用于识别 与该组意图对象中的意图对象相关联的软件应用程序的装置，用于确定与软 件应用程序相关联的任务流的装置，用于将该意图对象提供至软件应用程序 以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务的装置，用于从软件应用 程序接收请求的装置，用于确定基于所述请求的查询的装置，其中根据任务 流确定该查询，用于使用触敏显示器提供该查询的装置，用于在提供该查询 之后接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入的装置以及用于将查询响应提供给 软件应用程序的装置。
附图说明
为了更好地理解各种所述实施方案，应该结合以下附图参考下面的具体 实施方式，在附图中，类似的附图标号在所有附图中指示对应的部分。
图1是示出根据各种示例的用于实现数字助理的系统和环境的框图。
图2A为示出了根据一些实施方案的实现数字助理的客户端侧部分的便 携式多功能设备的框图。
图2B是示出根据各种示例的用于事件处理的示例性部件的框图。
图3示出了根据各种示例的实现数字助理的客户端侧部分的便携式多 功能设备。
图4是根据各种示例的具有显示器和触敏表面的示例性多功能设备的 框图。
图5A示出了根据各种示例的便携式多功能设备上的应用程序菜单的示 例性用户界面。
图5B示出了根据各种示例的具有与显示器分开的触敏表面的多功能设 备的示例性用户界面。
图6A示出了根据各种示例的个人电子设备。
图6B是示出根据各种示例的个人电子设备的框图。
图7A是示出根据各种示例的数字助理系统或其服务器部分的框图。
图7B示出了根据各种示例的图7A所示的数字助理的功能。
图7C示出了根据各种示例的知识本体的一部分。
图8示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程的流程图。
图9示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程的流程图。
图10A至图10C示出了根据一些实施方案的电子设备的示例性用户界 面。
图10D至图10E示出了根据一些实施方案的数字助理的示例性数据流。
图11示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程的流程图。
图12示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程的流程图。
图13A至图13B示出了根据一些实施方案的电子设备的示例性用户界 面。
图14至图17示出了根据一些实施方案的电子设备的功能框图。
具体实施方式
在以下对本公开和实施方案的描述中将引用附图，在附图中以例示的方 式示出了可被实施的特定实施方案。应当理解，在不脱离本公开的范围的情 况下，可实践其他实施方案和示例并且可作出变化。
尽管以下描述使用术语第一、第二等来描述各种元素，但这些元素不应 受术语的限制。这些术语只是用于将一个元件与另一元件区分开。例如，在 不脱离各种所述示例的范围的情况下，第一输入可被称为第二输入，并且类 似地，第二输入可被称为第一输入。第一输入和第二输入可都是输出，并且 在一些情况下可为独立且不同的输入。
在本文中对各种所述示例的描述中所使用的术语只是为了描述特定示 例，而并非旨在进行限制。如在对各种所述示例的描述和所附权利要求书中 所使用的那样，单数形式“一个(“a”,“an”)”和“该”旨在也包括复 数形式，除非上下文另外明确地指示。还应当理解，本文中所使用的术语“和 /或”是指并且涵盖相关联地列出的项目中的一个或多个项目的任何和全部可 能的组合。还将理解的是，术语“包括”(“includes”、“including”、“comprises”和/或“comprising”)当在本说明书中使用时指定存在所陈述 的特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素、和/或部件，但是并不排除存在或添加一 个或多个其他特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素、部件、和/或其分组。
根据上下文，术语“如果”可被解释为意指“当...时”或“在...时”或 “响应于确定...”或“响应于检测到...”。类似地，根据上下文，短语“如 果确定...”或“如果检测到[所陈述的条件或事件]”可以、被解释为意指“在 确定...时”或“响应于确定...”或“在检测到[所陈述的条件或事件]时”或“响 应于检测到[所陈述的条件或事件]”。
1.系统和环境
图1示出了根据各种示例的系统100的框图。在一些示例中，系统100 可实现数字助理。术语“数字助理”、“虚拟助理”、“智能自动化助理” 或“自动数字助理”可指解译语音形式和/或文本形式的自然语言输入以推断 用户意图并且基于推断出的用户意图来执行动作(例如，任务)的任何信息 处理系统。例如，为了作用于推断出的用户意图，系统可执行以下一个或多 个动作：识别具有设计来完成推断出的用户意图的步骤和参数的任务流，将来自推断出的用户意图的具体要求输入到任务流中；通过调用程序、方法、 服务、API等执行任务流；以及以可听(例如，语音)和/或可视形式来生成 对用户的输出响应。
具体地，数字助理可能够接受至少部分地为自然语言命令、请求、声明、 讲述和/或询问的形式的用户请求。通常，用户请求可寻求数字助理作出信息 性回答，或寻求数字助理执行任务。针对用户请求的令人满意的响应可以是 提供所请求的信息性回答、执行所请求的任务，或这两者的组合。例如，用 户可向数字助理提出问题，诸如“我现在在哪里？”基于用户的当前位置， 数字助理可回答“您在中央公园西门附近。”用户还可请求执行任务，例如 “请邀请我的朋友下周来参加我女朋友的生日聚会。”作为响应，数字助理 可通过讲出“好的，马上”来确认请求，并然后代表用户将合适的日历邀请 发送至用户的电子通讯录中列出的用户朋友中的每个朋友。在执行所请求的 任务期间，数字助理有时可在很长时间段内在涉及多次信息交换的持续对话 中与用户进行交互。存在与数字助理进行交互以请求信息或执行各种任务的 许多其他方法。除提供言语响应并采取经编程的动作之外，数字助理还可提 供其他视觉形式或音频形式的响应，例如作为文本、警报、音乐、视频、动 画等。
如图1中所示，在一些示例中，数字助理可根据客户端-服务器模型来 实现。数字助理可包括在用户设备104上执行的客户端侧部分102(后文称 作“DA客户端102”)，以及在服务器系统108上执行的服务器侧部分106 (后文称作“DA服务器106”)。DA客户端102可通过一个或多个网络 HO与DA服务器106进行通信。DA客户端102可提供客户端侧功能，诸如面向用户的输入和输出处理，以及与DA服务器106进行通信。DA服务器 106可为各自驻留在相应的用户设备104上的任何数量的DA客户端102提 供服务器端功能。
在一些示例中，DA服务器106可包括面向客户端的I/O接口112、一个 或多个处理模块114、数据和模型116，以及至外部服务的I/O接口118。面 向客户端的I/O接口112可促进针对DA服务器106的面向客户端的输入和 输出处理。一个或多个处理模块114可利用数据和模型116来处理语音输入， 并基于自然语言输入来确定用户的意图。此外，一个或多个处理模块114基 于推断出的用户意图来进行任务执行。在一些示例中，DA服务器106可通过一个或多个网络110来与外部服务120进行通信，以完成任务或采集信息。 至外部服务的I/O接口118可促进此类通信。
用户设备104可以是任何合适的电子设备。例如，用户设备可以是便携 式多功能设备(例如下面参考图2A描述的设备200)、多功能设备(例如 下面参考图4描述的设备400)、或个人电子设备(例如下面参考图6A-B 描述的设备600)。便携式多功能设备可以是例如还包含诸如PDA和/或音 乐播放器功能的其他功能的移动电话。便携式多功能设备的特定示例可包括 来自Apple Inc.(Cupertino,California)的设备、iPod设备、和 设备。便携式多功能设备的其他示例可包括但不限于膝上型电脑或平板电脑。此外，在一些示例中，用户设备104可以是非便携式多功能设备。具 体地，用户设备104可以是台式计算机、游戏机、电视、或电视机顶盒。在 一些示例中，用户设备104可包括触敏表面(例如，触摸屏显示器和/或触摸 板)。此外，用户设备104可任选地包括一个或多个其他物理用户接口设备， 诸如物理键盘、鼠标、和/或操纵杆。下文更详细地描述了电子设备诸如多功 能设备的各种示例。
一个或多个通信网络110的示例可包括局域网(LAN)和广域网(WAN)， 例如互联网。一个或多个通信网络110可使用任何已知的网络协议来实现， 包括各种有线或无线协议，诸如例如以太网、通用串行总线(USB)、火线、 全球移动通信系统(GSM)、增强型数据GSM环境(EDGE)、码分多址(CDMA)、 时分多址(TDMA)、蓝牙、Wi-Fi、互联网协议语音(VoIP)、Wi-MAX、或任 何其他合适的通信协议。
服务器系统108可在计算机的一个或多个独立式数据处理设备或分布 式网络上实施。在一些示例中，服务器系统108还可采用第三方服务提供方 (例如，第三方云服务提供方)的各种虚拟设备和/或服务来提供服务器系统 108的潜在计算资源和/或基础结构资源。
在一些示例中，用户设备104可经由第二用户设备122来与DA服务器 106进行通信。第二用户设备122可与用户设备104相似或相同。例如，第 二用户设备122可类似于下文参考图2A、图4和图6A至图6B描述的设备 200、400或600。用户设备104可被配置为经由直接通信连接诸如蓝牙、NFC、 BTLE等或者经由有线或无线网络诸如局域Wi-Fi网络而通信耦接至第二用 户设备122。在一些示例中，第二用户设备122可被配置为充当用户设备104 与DA服务器106之间的代理。例如，用户设备104的DA客户端102可被 配置为经由第二用户设备122来向DA服务器106传输信息(例如，在用户 设备104处接收的用户请求)。DA服务器106可处理该信息并经由第二用 户设备122来将相关的数据(例如，响应于用户请求的数据内容)返回到用 户设备104。
在一些示例中，用户设备104可被配置为将针对数据的缩略请求发送至 第二用户设备122，以减少从用户设备104传输的信息量。第二用户设备122 可被配置为确定添加到缩略请求的补充信息，以生成完整的请求，从而传输 到DA服务器106。该系统架构可有利地通过使用具有较强通信能力和/或电 池电力的第二用户设备122(例如，移动电话、膝上型计算机、平板电脑等) 作为至DA服务器106的代理而允许具有有限通信能力和/或有限电池电力的 用户设备104(例如，手表或类似的紧凑型电子设备)访问由DA服务器106 所提供的服务。虽然图1中仅示出两个用户设备104和122，应当理解，系 统100可包括在此代理配置中被配置为与DA服务器系统106进行通信的任 意数量和类型的用户设备。
虽然图1中所示的数字助理可包括客户端侧部分(例如，DA客户端102) 和服务器侧部分(例如，DA服务器106)两者，但在一些示例中，数字助 理的功能可被实现为被安装在用户设备上的独立式应用程序。此外，数字助 理的客户端部分与服务器部分之间的功能划分在不同的具体实施中可变化。 例如，在一些示例中，DA客户端可以是仅提供面向用户的输入和输出处理 功能并将数字助理的所有其他功能委派给后端服务器的瘦客户端。
2.电子设备
现在将注意力转至用于实现数字助理的客户端侧部分的电子设备的实 施方案。图2A是示出了根据一些实施方案的具有触敏显示系统212的便携 式多功能设备200的框图。触敏显示器212有时为了方便被叫作“触摸屏”， 并且有时可被称为或被叫作“触敏显示系统”。设备200包括存储器202(其 任选地包括一个或多个计算机可读存储介质)、存储器控制器222、一个或 多个处理单元(CPU)220、外围设备接口218、RF电路208、音频电路210、扬声器211、麦克风213、输入/输出(PO)子系统206、其他输入控制设备216 和外部端口224。设备200任选地包括一个或多个光学传感器264。设备200 任选地包括用于检测设备200(例如，触敏表面，诸如设备200的触敏显示 系统212)上的接触强度的一个或多个接触强度传感器265。设备200任选 地包括用于在设备200上生成触觉输出的一个或多个触觉输出发生器267 (例如，在触敏表面诸如设备200的触敏显示系统212或设备400的触摸板 455上生成触觉输出)。这些部件任选地通过一个或多个通信总线或信号线 203进行通信。
如在本说明书和权利要求书中所使用的那样，术语触敏表面上的接触的 “强度”是指触敏表面上的接触(例如，手指接触)的力或压力(每单位面 积的力)，或者是指触敏表面上的接触的力或压力的替代物(代用物)。接 触的强度具有值范围，该值范围包括至少四个不同值并且更典型地包括上百 个不同值(例如，至少256个)。接触的强度任选地使用各种方法和各种传 感器或传感器的组合来确定(或测量)。例如，在触敏表面下方或相邻于触敏表面的一个或多个力传感器任选地用于测量触敏表面上的不同点处的力。 在一些具体实施中，来自多个力传感器的力测量被合并(例如，加权平均)， 以确定估计的接触力。类似地，触笔的压敏顶端任选地用于确定触笔在触敏 表面上的压力。另选地，在触敏表面上检测到的接触区域的大小和/或其变化、 接触附近的触敏表面的电容和/或其变化、和/或接触附近的触敏表面的电阻 和/或其变化任选地被用作触敏表面上的接触的力或压力的替代物。在一些具 体实施中，接触力或压力的替代测量值直接用于确定是否已超出强度阈值(例如，强度阈值以与替代测量值对应的单位描述)。在一些具体实施中， 接触力或压力的替代测量被转换成估计的力或压力，并且估计的力或压力用 于确定是否已超过强度阈值(例如，强度阈值是以压力的单位进行测量的压 力阈值)。使用接触强度作为用户输入的属性允许用户访问用户在尺寸更小 的设备上可能本来不能访问的附加设备功能，该尺寸更小的设备具有有限的 用于(例如，在触敏显示器上)显示示能表示并且/或者接收用户输入(例如， 经由触敏显示器、触敏表面或物理控件/机械控件，诸如旋钮或按钮)的实地 面积。
如本说明书和权利要求书中所使用的，术语“触觉输出”是指将由用户 利用用户的触感检测到的设备相对于设备的先前位置的物理位移、设备的部 件(例如，触敏表面)相对于设备的另一个部件(例如，外壳)的物理位移、 或部件相对于设备的质心的位移。例如，在设备或设备的部件与用户的对触 摸敏感的表面(例如，手指、手掌或用户手部的其他部分)接触的情况下， 通过物理位移生成的触觉输出将由用户解释为触感，该触感对应于设备或设 备部件的物理特征所感知的变化。例如，触敏表面(例如，触敏显示器或触 控板)的移动任选地由用户解释为对物理致动按钮的“按下点击”或“松开 点击”。在一些情况下，用户将感觉到触感，诸如“按下点击”或“松开点 击”，即使在通过用户的移动而物理地被按压(例如，被移位)的与触敏表 面相关联的物理致动按钮没有移动时。作为另一个示例，即使在触敏表面的 光滑度无变化时，触敏表面的移动也将任选地由用户解释为或感测为触敏表 面的“粗糙度”。虽然由用户对触摸的此类解释将受到用户的个体化感官知 觉的限制，但是存在触摸的许多感官知觉是大多数用户共有的。因此，当触 觉输出被描述为对应于用户的特定感官知觉(例如，“按下点击”、“松开 点击”、“粗糙度”)时，除非另外陈述，否则所生成的触觉输出对应于设 备或其部件的物理位移，该物理位移将会生成典型(或普通)用户的所述感 官知觉。
应当理解，设备200仅是便携式多功能设备的一个示例，并且设备200 任选地具有比所示出的更多或更少的部件，任选地组合两个或更多个部件， 或者任选地具有这些部件的不同配置或布置。图2A所示的各种部件以硬件、 软件或硬件与软件两者的组合来实现，包括一个或多个信号处理电路和/或专 用集成电路。
存储器202可包括一个或多个计算机可读存储介质。该计算机可读存储 介质可以是有形的和非暂态的。存储器202可包括高速随机存取存储器并且 还可包括非易失性存储器，诸如一个或多个磁盘存储设备、闪存存储器设备 或其他非易失性固态存储器设备。存储器控制器222可控制设备200的其他 部件访问存储器202。
在一些示例中，存储器202的非暂态计算机可读存储介质可用于存储指 令(例如，用于执行下文描述的过程1100的各方面)以供指令执行系统、 装置或设备诸如基于计算机的系统、包括处理器的系统或可从指令执行系 统、装置或设备获取指令并执行指令的其他系统使用或与其结合。在其他示 例中，指令(例如，用于执行下文描述的过程1100的各方面)可被存储在 服务器系统108的非暂态计算机可读存储介质(未示出)上，或者可在存储器202的非暂态计算机可读存储介质与服务器系统108的非暂态计算机可读 存储介质之间划分。在本文档的上下文中，“非暂态计算机可读存储介质” 可以是可包括或存储程序以供指令执行系统、装置和设备使用或与其结合的 任何介质。
外围设备接口218可用于将设备的输入外围设备和输出外围设备耦接 到CPU 220和存储器202。所述一个或多个处理器220运行或执行存储在存 储器202中的各种软件程序和/或指令集以执行设备200的各种功能并处理数 据。在一些实施方案中，外围设备接口218、CPU 220以及存储器控制器222 可在单个芯片诸如芯片204上实现。在一些其他实施方案中，它们可在单独 的芯片上实现。
RF(射频)电路208接收和发送也被叫作电磁信号的RF信号。RF电 路208将电信号转换为电磁信号/将电磁信号转换为电信号，并且经由电磁信 号与通信网络以及其他通信设备进行通信。RF电路208任选地包括用于执 行这些功能的熟知的电路，包括但不限于天线系统、RF收发器、一个或多 个放大器、调谐器、一个或多个振荡器、数字信号处理器、CODEC(编解 码)芯片组、用户身份模块(SIM)卡、存储器等等。RF电路208任选地通过 无线通信与网络以及其他设备进行通信，该网络为诸如互联网(也被称为万 维网(WWW))、内联网和/或无线网络(诸如蜂窝电话网络、无线局域网(LAN) 和/或城域网(MAN))。RF电路208任选地包括用于诸如通过近程通信无线 电部件检测近场通信(NFC)场的熟知的电路。无线通信任选地使用多种通信 标准、协议和技术中的任一者，包括但不限于全球移动通信系统(GSM)、增 强型数据GSM环境(EDGE)、高速下行链路分组接入(HSDPA)、高速上行链 路分组接入(HSUPA)、演进、纯数据(EV-DO)、HSPA、HSPA+、双单元HSPA (DC-HSPDA)、长期演进(LTE)、近场通信(NFC)、宽带码分多址(W-CDMA)、 码分多址(CDMA)、时分多址(TDMA)、蓝牙、蓝牙低功耗(BTLE)、无线保 真(Wi-Fi)(例如，IEEE 802.11a、IEEE 802.11b、IEEE802.11g、IEEE 802.1In 和/或IEEE 802.1lac)、互联网协议语音(VoIP)、Wi-MAX、电子邮件协议(例 如，互联网消息访问协议(IMAP)和/或邮局协议(POP))、即时消息(例如， 可扩展消息处理和存在协议(XMPP)、用于即时消息和存在利用扩展的会话 发起协议(SIMPLE)、即时消息和存在服务(IMPS))、和/或短消息服务(SMS)、 或者包括在本文档提交日期时还未开发出的通信协议的任何其他合适的通 信协议。
音频电路210、扬声器211和麦克风213提供用户和设备200之间的音 频接口。音频电路210从外围设备接口218接收音频数据，将音频数据转换 为电信号，并将电信号传输到扬声器211。扬声器211将电信号转换为人类 可听到的声波。音频电路210还接收由麦克风213根据声波转换的电信号。 音频电路210将电信号转换为音频数据，并将音频数据传输到外围设备接口 218以用于处理。音频数据可由外围设备接口218检索自和/或被传输至存储器202和/或RF电路208。在一些实施方案中，音频电路210还包括耳麦插 孔(例如，图3中的312)。耳麦插孔提供音频电路210与可移除的音频输 入/输出外围设备之间的接口，该外围设备诸如仅输出的耳机或者具有输出 (例如，单耳或双耳耳机)和输入(例如，麦克风)二者的耳麦。
I/O子系统206将设备200上的输入/输出外围设备诸如触摸屏212和其 他输入控制设备216耦接至外围设备接口218。I/O子系统206任选地包括显 示控制器256、光学传感器控制器258、强度传感器控制器259、触觉反馈控 制器261，以及用于其他输入或控制设备的一个或多个输入控制器260。所 述一个或多个输入控制器260从其他输入控制设备216接收电信号/将电信号 发送到其他输入控制设备。其他输入控制设备216任选地包括物理按钮(例 如，下压按钮、摇臂按钮等)、拨号盘、滑动开关、操纵杆、点击轮等。在 一些另选的实施方案中，一个或多个输入控制器260任选地耦接至以下各项 中的任一者(或不耦接到以下各项中的任一者)：键盘、红外线端口、USB 端口以及指针设备诸如鼠标。一个或多个按钮(例如，图3中的308)任选 地包括用于扬声器211和/或麦克风213的音量控制的增大/减小按钮。一个 或多个按钮任选地包括下压按钮(例如，图3中的306)。
快速按下下压按钮可解除对触摸屏212的锁定或者开始使用触摸屏上 的手势来对设备进行解锁的过程，如于2005年12月23日提交的标题为 “Unlocking a Device byPerforming Gestures on an Unlock Image”的美国专利 申请11/322,549以及美国专利申请7,657,849中所述的，上述美国专利申请 全文以引用方式并入本文。更长地按下下压按钮(例如，306)可使设备200 开机或关机。用户能够对一个或多个按钮的功能进行自定义。触摸屏212用 于实现虚拟按钮或软按钮以及一个或多个软键盘。
触敏显示器212提供设备和用户之间的输入接口和输出接口。显示控制 器256从触摸屏212接收电信号和/或将电信号发送至触摸屏。触摸屏212向 用户显示视觉输出。该视觉输出可包括图形、文本、图标、视频、以及它们 的任意组合(统称为“图形”)。在一些实施方案中，一些视觉输出或全部 的视觉输出可对应于用户界面对象。
触摸屏212具有基于触觉和/或触感接触来接受来自用户的输入的触敏 表面、传感器或传感器组。触摸屏212和显示控制器256(与存储器202中 的任何相关联的模块和/或指令集一起)检测触摸屏212上的接触(和该接触 的任何移动或中断)，并且将所检测到的接触转换为与被显示在触摸屏212 上的用户界面对象(例如，一个或多个软键、图标、网页或图像)的交互。 在示例性实施方案中，触摸屏212和用户之间的接触点对应于用户的手指。
触摸屏212可使用LCD(液晶显示器)技术、LPD(发光聚合物显示器) 技术或LED(发光二极管)技术，但在其他实施方案中可使用其他显示技术。 触摸屏212和显示控制器256可使用现在已知或以后将开发的多种触摸感测 技术中的任何技术以及其他接近传感器阵列或用于确定与触摸屏212的一个 或多个接触点的其他元件来检测接触及其任何移动或中断，该多种触摸感测 技术包括但不限于电容式技术、电阻式技术、红外技术和表面声波技术。在 一个示例性实施方案中，使用投射式互电容感测技术，诸如在Apple Inc.(Cupertino,California)的和iPod中发现的技术。
在一些实施方案中，触摸屏212的触敏显示器可类似于以下美国专利中 所描述的多点触敏触摸板：6,323,846(Westerman等人)、6,570,557(Westerman 等人)和/或6,677,932(Westerman)和/或美国专利公开2002/0015024A1， 上述美国专利申请中的每一个专利申请全文以引用方式并入本文。然而，触 摸屏212显示来自设备200的视觉输出，而触敏触摸板不提供视觉输出。
在一些实施方案中，触摸屏212的触敏显示器可如以下专利申请所述： (1)于2006年5月2日提交的美国专利申请11/381,313，“Multipoint Touch Surface Controller”；(2)于2004年5月6日提交的美国专利申请10/840,862， “Multipoint Touchscreen”；(3)于2004年7月30日提交的美国专利申请 10/903,964，“Gestures For Touch SensitiveInput Devices”；(4)于2005年1 月31日提交的美国专利申请11/048,264，“Gestures ForTouch Sensitive Input Devices”；(5)于2005年1月18日提交的美国专利申请11/038,590， “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive InputDevices”； (6)于2005年9月16日提交的美国专利申请11/228,758，“Virtual InputDevice Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface”；(7)于2005年9月16日提交 的美国专利申请11/228,700，“Operation Of A Computer With A Touch ScreenInterface”；(8)于2005年9月16日提交的美国专利申请11/228,737，“Activating VirtualKeys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard”；以及(9)于2006年3月3 日提交的美国专利申请11/367,749，“Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device”。 所有这些专利申请全文以引用方式并入本文。
触摸屏212可具有超过100dpi的视频分辨率。在一些实施方案中，触 摸屏具有约160dpi的视频分辨率。用户可使用任何合适的对象或附加物诸如 触笔、手指等与触摸屏212接触。在一些实施方案中，将用户界面设计用来 主要与基于手指的接触和手势一起工作，由于手指在触摸屏上的接触面积较 大，因此这可能不如基于触笔的输入那样精确。在一些实施方案中，设备将 基于手指的粗略输入翻译为精确的指针/光标位置或命令，以用于执行用户所 期望的动作。
在一些实施方案中，除了触摸屏之外，设备200还可包括用于激活或去 激活特定功能的触控板(未示出)。在一些实施方案中，触控板是设备的触 敏区域，该触敏区域与触摸屏不同，其不显示视觉输出。触摸板可以是与触 摸屏212分开的触敏表面，或者是由触摸屏形成的触敏表面的延伸部分。
设备200还包括用于为各种部件供电的电力系统262。电力系统262可 包括电力管理系统、一个或多个电源(例如，电池、交流电(AC))、再充电 系统、电力故障检测电路、功率变换器或逆变器、电源状态指示器(例如， 发光二极管(LED))以及与便携式设备中的电力的生成、管理和分配相关联 的任何其他部件。
设备200还可包括一个或多个光学传感器264。图2A示出了耦接至I/O 子系统206中的光学传感器控制器258的光学传感器。光学传感器264可包 括电荷耦合器件(CCD)或互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)光电晶体管。光学传 感器264从环境接收通过一个或多个透镜而投射的光，并且将光转换为表示 图像的数据。结合成像模块243(也被叫做相机模块)，光学传感器264可 捕获静态图像或视频。在一些实施方案中，光学传感器位于与设备前部上的 触摸屏显示器212相背对的设备200的后部上，使得触摸屏显示器可被用作 用于静态图像和/或视频图像采集的取景器。在一些实施方案中，光学传感器 位于设备前部上，使得在用户在触摸屏显示器上查看其他视频会议参与者时 可获得该用户的图像以用于该视频会议。在一些实施方案中，光学传感器264 的位置可由用户改变(例如，通过旋转设备外壳中的透镜和传感器)，使得 单个光学传感器264可与触摸屏显示器一起使用，以用于视频会议和静态图 像和/或视频图像采集两者。
设备200任选地还包括一个或多个接触强度传感器265。图2A示出了 耦接至I/O子系统206中的强度传感器控制器259的接触强度传感器。接触 强度传感器265任选地包括一个或多个压阻应变仪、电容式力传感器、电气 力传感器、压电力传感器、光学力传感器、电容式触敏表面或其他强度传感 器(例如，用于测量触敏表面上的接触的力(或压力)的传感器)。接触强 度传感器265从环境接收接触强度信息(例如，压力信息或压力信息的代用物)。在一些实施方案中，至少一个接触强度传感器与触敏表面(例如，触 敏显示器系统212)并置排列或邻近。在一些实施方案中，至少一个接触强 度传感器位于设备200的后部上，与位于设备200的前部上的触摸屏显示器 212相背对。
设备200还可包括一个或多个接近传感器266。图2A示出了耦接至外 围设备接口218的接近传感器266。另选地，接近传感器266可耦接到I/O 子系统206中的输入控制器260。接近传感器266可如美国专利申请 11/241,839，“Proximity Detector In HandheldDevice”；11/240,788，“Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”；11/620,702；“UsingAmbient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”；11/586,862，“Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”；以及11/638,251，“Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals”中所描述的那样执行， 上述专利申请全文以引用方式并入本文。在一些实施方案中，当多功能设备 被置于用户的耳朵附近时(例如，当用户正在进行电话呼叫时)，接近传感 器关闭并且禁用触摸屏212。
设备200任选地还包括一个或多个触觉输出发生器267。图2A示出了 耦接至I/O子系统206中的触觉反馈控制器261的触觉输出发生器。触觉输 出发生器267任选地包括一个或多个电声设备诸如扬声器或其他音频部件和 /或将能量转换成线性运动的机电设备诸如电机、螺线管、电活性聚合器、压 电致动器、静电致动器或其他触觉输出生成部件(例如，将电信号转换成设 备上的触觉输出的部件)。接触强度传感器265从触觉反馈模块233接收触 觉反馈生成指令，并且在设备200上生成能够由设备200的用户感觉到的触 觉输出。在一些实施方案中，至少一个触觉输出发生器与触敏表面(例如， 触敏显示器系统212)并置排列或邻近，并且任选地通过竖直地(例如，向 设备200的表面内/外)或侧向地(例如，在与设备200的表面相同的平面中 向后和向前)移动触敏表面来生成触觉输出。在一些实施方案中，至少一个 触觉输出发生器传感器位于设备200的后部上，与位于设备200的前部上的触摸屏显示器212相背对。
设备200还可包括一个或多个加速度计268。图2A示出了耦接至外围 设备接口218的加速度计268。另选地，加速度计268可耦接到I/O子系统 206中的输入控制器260。加速度计268可如标题为“Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for PortableElectronic Devices”的美国专利公开20050190059 和标题为“Methods And ApparatusesFor Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer”的美国专利公开20060017692中所述的那样执行，这两 个美国专利公开均全文以引用方式并入本文。在一些实施方案中，信息基于 对从一个或多个加速度计所接收的数据的分析而在触摸屏显示器上以纵向 视图或横向视图被显示。除了加速度计268之外，设备200任选地还包括磁 力仪(未示出)和GPS(或GLONASS或其他全球导航系统)接收器(未示 出)，用于获得关于设备200的位置和取向(例如，纵向或横向)的信息。
在一些实施方案中，存储于存储器202中的软件部件包括操作系统226、 通信模块(或指令集)228、接触/运动模块(或指令集)230、图形模块(或 指令集)232、文本输入模块(或指令集)234、全球定位系统(GPS)模块(或 指令集)235、数字助理客户端模块229以及应用程序(或指令集)236。此 外，存储器202可存储数据和模型，诸如用户数据和模型231。此外，在一 些实施方案中，存储器202(图2A)或470(图4)存储设备/全局内部状态 257，如图2A和图4所示。设备/全局内部状态257包括以下状态中的一个 或多个：活动应用程序状态，该状态指示哪些应用程序(如果有的话)当前 是活动的；显示状态，该状态指示什么应用程序、视图或其他信息占据触摸 屏显示器212的各个区域；传感器状态，该状态包括从设备的各个传感器和 输入控制设备216获得的信息；以及关于设备的位置和/或姿态的位置信息。
操作系统226(例如，Darwin、RTXC、LINUX、UNIX、OS X、iOS、 WINDOWS、或嵌入式操作系统诸如VxWorks)包括用于控制和管理一般系 统任务(例如，存储器管理、存储设备控制、功率管理等)的各种软件部件 和/或驱动器，并且促进各种硬件部件和软件部件之间的通信。
通信模块228有利于通过一个或多个外部端口224与其他设备进行通 信，并且还包括用于处理由RF电路208和/或外部端口224所接收的数据的 各种软件部件。外部端口224(例如，通用串行总线(USB)、火线等)适于 直接耦接至其他设备或通过网络(例如，互联网、无线LAN等)间接耦接。 在一些实施方案中，外部端口是与(Apple Inc.的商标)设备上所使用 的30针连接器相同的或类似的和/或与其兼容的多针(例如，30针)连接器。
接触/运动模块230任选地检测与触摸屏212(结合显示控制器256)和 其他触敏设备(例如，触摸板或物理点击轮)的接触。接触/运动模块230 包括各种软件部件以用于执行与接触检测相关的各种操作，诸如确定是否已 发生接触(例如，检测手指按下事件)、确定接触强度(例如，接触的力或 压力，或者接触的力或压力的替代物)、确定是否存在接触的移动并跟踪在 触敏表面上的移动(例如，检测一个或多个手指拖动事件)，以及确定接触是否已停止(例如，检测手指抬起事件或接触断开)。接触/运动模块230 从触敏表面接收接触数据。确定接触点的移动任选地包括确定接触点的速率 (量值)、速度(量值和方向)和/或加速度(量值和/或方向的改变)，接 触点的移动由一系列接触数据表示。这些操作任选地被应用于单点接触(例 如，单指接触)或者多点同时接触(例如，“多点触摸”/多个手指接触)。 在一些实施方案中，接触/运动模块230和显示控制器256检测触摸板上的接 触。
在一些实施方案中，接触/运动模块230使用一组一个或多个强度阈值 来确定操作是否已由用户执行(例如，确定用户是否已“点击”图标)。在 一些实施方案中，根据软件参数来确定强度阈值的至少一个子集(例如，强 度阈值不是由特定物理致动器的激活阈值来确定的，并且可在不改变设备 200的物理硬件的情况下进行调节)。例如，在不改变触控板或触摸屏显示 器硬件的情况下，触控板或触摸屏显示器的鼠标“点击”阈值可被设定成预 定义的阈值的大范围中的任一个阈值。另外，在一些具体实施中，向设备的 用户提供用于调节一组强度阈值中的一个或多个强度阈值(例如，通过调节 各个强度阈值和/或通过利用对“强度”参数的系统级点击来一次调节多个强 度阈值)的软件设置。
接触/运动模块230任选地检测由用户做出的手势输入。触敏表面上的 不同手势具有不同的接触模式(例如，所检测到的接触的不同运动、定时和 /或强度)。因此，任选地通过检测特定接触图案来检测手势。例如，检测手 指轻击手势包括检测手指按下事件，然后在与手指按下事件相同的位置(或 基本上相同的位置)处(例如，在图标的位置处)检测手指抬起(抬离)事 件。作为另一个示例，在触敏表面上检测手指轻扫手势包括检测手指按下事 件，然后检测一个或多个手指拖动事件，并且随后检测手指抬起(抬离)事 件。
图形模块232包括用于在触摸屏212或其他显示器上呈现和显示图形的 各种已知的软件部件，包括用于改变所显示的图形的视觉冲击(例如，亮度、 透明度、饱和度、对比度或其他视觉属性)的部件。如本文所用，术语“图 形”包括可被显示给用户的任何对象，非限制性地包括文本、网页、图标(诸 如，包括软键的用户界面对象)、数字图像、视频、动画等。
在一些实施方案中，图形模块232存储待使用的用于表示图形的数据。 每个图形任选地被分配有对应的代码。图形模块232从应用程序等接收指定 待显示的图形的一个或多个代码，在必要的情况下还接收坐标数据和其他图 形属性数据，然后生成屏幕图像数据，以输出至显示控制器256。
触觉反馈模块233包括用于生成指令的各种软件部件，所述指令由触觉 输出发生器267使用，以便响应于用户与设备200的交互而在设备200上的 一个或多个位置处产生触觉输出。
可以是图形模块232的部件的文本输入模块234提供用于在多种应用程 序(例如，联系人237、电子邮件240、即时消息241、浏览器247和需要文 本输入的任何其他应用程序)中输入文本的软键盘。
GPS模块235确定设备的位置并提供该信息以用于各种应用程序(例 如，提供至电话238以用于基于位置的拨号；提供至相机243作为图片/视频 元数据；以及提供至提供基于位置的服务的应用程序，诸如天气桌面小程序、 本地黄页桌面小程序和地图/导航桌面小程序)。
数字助理客户端模块229可包括各种客户端侧数字助理指令，以提供数 字助理的客户端侧功能。例如，数字助理客户端模块229可能够通过便携式 多功能设备200的各种用户接口(例如，麦克风213、加速度计268、触敏 显示器系统212、光学传感器229、其他输入控制设备216等)来接受声音 输入(例如，语音输入)、文本输入、触摸输入和/或手势输入。数字助理客 户端模块229也可能够通过便携式多功能设备200的各种输出界面(例如， 扬声器211、触敏显示器系统212、一个或多个触觉输出发生器267等)来 提供音频形式输出(例如，语音输出)、视觉形式输出、和/或触觉形式输出。 例如，可将输出提供为语音、声音、提示、文本消息、菜单、图形、视频、 动画、振动和/或以上两者或更多者的组合。在操作期间，数字助理客户端模 块229可使用RF电路208来与DA服务器106进行通信。
用户数据与模型231可包括与用户相关联的各种数据(例如，特定于用 户的词汇数据、用户偏好数据、用户指定名称发音、来自用户电子通讯录的 数据、待办事项、购物清单等)，以提供数字助理的客户端侧功能。此外， 用户数据和模型231可包括用于处理用户输入并确定用户意图的各种模型(例如，语音识别模型、统计语言模型、自然语言处理模型、知识本体、任 务流模型、服务模型等)。
在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229可利用便携式多功能设备200 的各种传感器、子系统和外围设备来从便携式多功能设备200的周围环境采 样附加信息，以建立与用户、当前用户交互和/或当前用户输入相关联的上下 文。在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229可将上下文信息或其子集与用 户输入一起提供至DA服务器106，以帮助推断用户意图。在一些示例中， 数字助理还可使用上下文信息来确定如何准备输出并将其递送给用户。上下 文信息可被称为上下文数据。
在一些示例中，伴随用户输入的上下文信息可包括传感器信息，例如照 明、环境噪声、环境温度、周围环境的图像或视频等。在一些示例中，上下 文信息还可包括设备的物理状态，例如设备取向、设备位置、设备温度、功 率电平、速度、加速度、运动模式、蜂窝信号强度等。在一些示例中，可将 与DA服务器106的软件状态相关的信息(例如运行过程、已安装程序、过 去和当前的网络活动、后台服务、错误日志、资源使用等)和与便携式多功 能设备200的软件状态相关的信息作为与用户输入相关联的上下文信息提供 至DA服务器106。
在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229可响应于来自DA服务器106 的请求而选择性地提供被存储在便携式多功能设备200上的信息(例如，用 户数据231)。在一些示例中，数字助理客户端模块229还可在DA服务器 106请求时引出来自用户经由自然语言对话或其他用户接口的附加输入。数 字助理客户端模块229可将该附加输入传送至DA服务器106，以帮助DA 服务器106进行意图推断和/或满足在用户请求中表达的用户意图。
数字助理的更详细的描述将在下文参考图7A至图7C来描述。应当认 识到，数字助理客户端模块229可包括下文描述的数字助理模块726的任何 数量的子模块。
应用程序236可包括以下模块(或指令集)，或者其子集或超集：
·联系人模块237(有时被叫做通讯录或联系人列表)；
·电话模块238；
·视频会议模块239；
·电子邮件客户端模块240；
·即时消息(IM)模块241；
·健身支持模块242；
·用于静态图像和/或视频图像的相机模块243；
·图像管理模块244；
·视频播放器模块；
·音乐播放器模块；
·浏览器模块247；
·日历模块248；
·桌面小程序模块249，其可包括以下各项中的一者或多者：天气桌面 小程序249-1、股市桌面小程序249-2、计算器桌面小程序249-3、闹 钟桌面小程序249-4、词典桌面小程序249-5，以及由用户获得的其 他桌面小程序和用户创建的桌面小程序249-6；
·用于制作用户创建的桌面小程序249-6的桌面小程序创建器模块 250；
·搜索模块251；
·视频和音乐播放器模块252，其合并视频播放器模块和音乐播放器模 块；
·记事本模块253；
·地图模块254；和/或
·在线视频模块255。
可存储在存储器202中的其他应用程序236的示例包括其他文字处理应 用程序、其他图像编辑应用程序、绘图应用程序、呈现应用程序、支持JAVA 的应用程序、加密、数字权益管理、语音识别和语音复制。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232 以及文本输入模块234，联系人模块237可用于管理通讯录或联系人列表(例 如，存储在存储器202或存储器470中的联系人模块237的应用程序内部状 态292中)，包括：将姓名添加到通讯录中；从通讯录删除一个或多个姓名； 将电话号码、电子邮件地址、物理地址或其他信息与姓名相关联；将图像与 姓名相关联；对姓名进行归类和分类；提供电话号码或电子邮件地址来发起 和/或促进通过电话238、视频会议模块239、电子邮件240或IM 241的通信； 等等。
结合RF电路208、音频电路210、扬声器211、麦克风213、触摸屏212、 显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232和文本输入模块234， 电话模块238可用于输入对应于电话号码的字符序列、访问联系人模块237 中的一个或多个电话号码、修改已输入的电话号码、拨打相应的电话号码、 进行会话以及当会话完成时断开或挂断。如上所述，无线通信可使用多个通 信标准、协议和技术中的任一者。
结合RF电路208、音频电路210、扬声器211、麦克风213、触摸屏212、 显示控制器256、光学传感器264、光学传感器控制器258、接触/运动模块 230、图形模块232、文本输入模块234、联系人模块237以及电话模块238， 视频会议模块239包括根据用户指令来发起、进行和终止用户与一个或多个 其他参与者之间的视频会议的可执行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232和文本输入模块234，电子邮件客户端模块240包括响应于用 户指令来创建、发送、接收和管理电子邮件的可执行指令。结合图像管理模 块244，电子邮件客户端模块240使得非常容易创建和发送具有由相机模块 243拍摄的静态图像或视频图像的电子邮件。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232以及文本输入模块234，即时消息模块241包括用于以下操作 的可执行指令：输入与即时消息对应的字符序列，修改先前输入的字符，传 输相应即时消息(例如，使用用于基于电话的即时消息的短消息服务(SMS) 或多媒体消息服务(MMS)协议或者使用用于基于互联网的即时消息的 XMPP、SIMPLE或IMPS)，接收即时消息，以及查看所接收的即时消息。 在一些实施方案中，所传输的和/或所接收的即时消息可包括图形、照片、音 频文件、视频文件和/或在MMS和/或增强型消息服务(EMS)中支持的其他附 件。如本文所用，“即时消息”是指基于电话的消息(例如，使用SMS或 MMS发送的消息)和基于互联网的消息(例如，使用XMPP、SIMPLE、或 IMPS发送的消息)两者。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示器控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232、文本输入模块234、GPS模块235、地图模块254以及音乐播 放器模块，健身支持模块242包括用于以下操作的可执行指令：创建健身(例 如，具有时间、距离和/或卡路里燃烧目标)；与健身传感器(运动设备)进 行通信；接收健身传感器数据；校准用于监视健身的传感器；选择和播放用 于健身的音乐；以及显示、存储和传输健身数据。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、一个或多个光学传感器264、光学 传感器控制器258、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232以及图像管理模块244， 相机模块243包括用于以下操作的可执行指令：捕获静态图像或视频(包括 视频流)并将它们存储到存储器202中、修改静态图像或视频的特征、或从 存储器202删除静态图像或视频。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232、 文本输入模块234和相机模块243，图像管理模块244包括用于以下操作的 可执行指令：排列、修改(例如，编辑)，或以其他方式操控、加标签、删 除、呈现(例如，在数字幻灯片或相册中)以及存储静态图像和/或视频图像。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232和文本输入模块234，浏览器模块247包括根据用户指令来浏 览互联网(包括搜索、链接至、接收和显示网页或其部分，以及链接至网页 的附件和其他文件)的可执行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232、文本输入模块234、电子邮件客户端模块240和浏览器模块 247，日历模块248包括用于根据用户指令来创建、显示、修改和存储日历 以及与日历相关联的数据(例如日历条目、待办事项等)的可执行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232、文本输入模块234和浏览器模块247，桌面小程序模块249 是可由用户下载并使用的微型应用程序(例如，天气桌面小程序249-1、股 市桌面小程序249-2、计算器桌面小程序249-3、闹钟桌面小程序249-4和词 典桌面小程序249-5)、或由用户创建的微型应用程序(例如，用户创建的 桌面小程序249-6)。在一些实施方案中，桌面小程序包括HTML(超文本 标记语言)文件、CSS(层叠样式表)文件和JavaScript文件。在一些实施 方案中，桌面小程序包括XML(可延伸标记语言)文件和JavaScript文件(例 如，Yahoo！桌面小程序)。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232、文本输入模块234和浏览器模块247，桌面小程序创建器模 块250可被用户用于创建桌面小程序(例如，将网页的用户指定部分转变为 桌面小程序)。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232 和文本输入模块234，搜索模块251包括根据用户指令在存储器202中搜索 与一个或多个搜索条件(例如，一个或多个用户指定的搜索词)匹配的文本、 音乐、声音、图像、视频和/或其他文件的可执行指令。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232、 音频电路系统210、扬声器211、RF电路系统208和浏览器模块247，视频 和音乐播放器模块252包括允许用户下载和回放以一种或多种文件格式(诸 如MP3或AAC文件)存储的所记录的音乐和其他声音文件的可执行指令， 以及用于显示、呈现或以其他方式回放视频(例如，在触摸屏212上或在经 由外部端口224连接的外部显示器上)的可执行指令。在一些实施方案中， 设备200任选地包括MP3播放器诸如iPod(Apple Inc.的商标)的功能。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232 和文本输入模块234，记事本模块253包括根据用户指令来创建和管理记事 本、待办事项等的可执行指令。
结合RF电路208、触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、 图形模块232、文本输入模块234、GPS模块235和浏览器模块247，地图模 块254可用于根据用户指令来接收、显示、修改和存储地图以及与地图相关 联的数据(例如，驾驶方向、与特定位置处或其附近的商店及其他兴趣点相 关的数据，以及其他基于位置的数据)。
结合触摸屏212、显示控制器256、接触/运动模块230、图形模块232、 音频电路210、扬声器211、RF电路208、文本输入模块234、电子邮件客 户端模块240和浏览器模块247，在线视频模块255包括指令，该指令允许 用户访问、浏览、接收(例如，通过流式传输和/或下载)、回放(例如在触 摸屏上或在经由外部端口224所连接的外部显示器上)、发送具有至特定在 线视频的链接的电子邮件，以及以其他方式管理一种或多种文件格式诸如H.264的在线视频。在一些实施方案中，使用即时消息模块241而不是电子 邮件客户端模块240来发送特定在线视频的链接。
在线视频应用程序的附加描述可在于2007年6月20日提交的标题为 “PortableMultifunction Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Playing OnlineVideos”的美国临时专利申请60/936,562、和于2007年12月 31日提交的标题为“PortableMultifunction Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Playing OnlineVideos”的美国专利申请11/968,067中找到，这 两个专利申请的内容据此全文以引用方式并入本文。
上述模块和应用程序中的每个模块和应用程序对应于用于执行上述一 种或多种功能以及在该专利申请中所述的方法(例如，本文所述的计算机实 现的方法和其他信息处理方法)的可执行指令集。这些模块(例如，指令集) 不必被实现为独立的软件程序、过程或模块，并因此在各种实施方案中可组 合或以其他方式重新布置这些模块的各种子集。例如，视频播放器模块可与 音乐播放器模块组合成单个模块(例如，图2A中的视频和音乐播放器模块 252)。在一些实施方案中，存储器202可存储上文识别的模块和数据结构 的子组。此外，存储器202可存储上文没有描述的附加模块和数据结构。
在一些实施方案中，设备200是该设备上的预定义的一组功能的操作唯 一地通过触摸屏和/或触摸板来执行的设备。通过使用触摸屏和/或触摸板作 为用于设备200的操作的主要输入控制设备，可减少设备200上的物理输入 控制设备(诸如下压按钮、拨号盘等)的数量。
唯一地通过触摸屏和/或触控板执行的该预定义的一组功能任选地包括 在用户界面之间进行导航。在一些实施方案中，触摸板在被用户触摸时将设 备200从显示在设备200上的任何用户界面导航到主菜单、home菜单或根 菜单。在此类实施方案中，使用触摸板来实现“菜单按钮”。在一些其他实 施方案中，菜单按钮是物理下压按钮或者其他物理输入控制设备，而不是触 控板。
图2B是示出了根据一些实施方案的用于事件处理的示例性部件的框 图。在一些实施方案中，存储器202(图2A)或存储器470(图4)包括事 件分类器270(例如，在操作系统226中)以及相应的应用程序236-1(例如， 前述应用程序237至251、255、480至490中的任一个应用程序)。
事件分类器270接收事件信息并确定要将事件信息递送到的应用程序 236-1和应用程序236-1的应用程序视图291。事件分类器270包括事件监视 器271和事件分配器模块274。在一些实施方案中，应用程序236-1包括应 用程序内部状态292，该应用程序内部状态指示当应用程序是活动的或正在 执行时被显示在触敏显示器212上的一个或多个当前应用程序视图。在一些 实施方案中，设备/全局内部状态257被事件分类器270用于确定哪个(哪些) 应用程序当前是活动的，并且应用程序内部状态292被事件分类器270用于 确定要将事件信息递送到的应用程序视图291。
在一些实施方案中，应用程序内部状态292包括附加信息，诸如以下各 项中的一者或多者：当应用程序236-1恢复执行时将被使用的恢复信息、指 示正由应用程序236-1显示的信息或准备好用于由应用程序236-1显示的信 息的用户界面状态信息、用于使得用户能够返回到应用程序236-1的前一状 态或视图的状态队列，以及用户采取的先前动作的重复/撤销队列。
事件监视器271从外围设备接口218接收事件信息。事件信息包括关于 子事件(例如，作为多点触摸手势一部分的触敏显示器212上的用户触摸) 的信息。外围设备接口218传输其从I/O子系统206或传感器诸如接近传感 器266、加速度计268和/或麦克风213(通过音频电路210)接收的信息。 外围设备接口218从I/O子系统206接收的信息包括来自触敏显示器212或 触敏表面的信息。
在一些实施方案中，事件监视器271以预先确定的间隔将请求发送至外 围设备接口218。作为响应，外围设备接口218传输事件信息。在其他实施 方案中，外围设备接口218仅当存在显著事件(例如，接收到高于预先确定 的噪声阈值和/或接收到超过预先确定的持续时间的输入)时才传输事件信 息。
在一些实施方案中，事件分类器270还包括命中视图确定模块272和/ 或活动事件识别器确定模块273。
当触敏显示器212显示不止一个视图时，命中视图确定模块272提供用 于确定子事件已在一个或多个视图内的什么地方发生的软件过程。视图由用 户能在显示器上看到的控件和其他元素构成。
与应用程序相关联的用户界面的另一方面是一组视图，在本文中有时也 被称为应用程序视图或用户界面窗口，在其中显示信息并且发生基于触摸的 手势。在其中检测到触摸的(相应应用程序的)应用程序视图可对应于应用 程序的程序化或视图分级结构内的程序化水平。例如，在其中检测到触摸的 最低层级视图可被叫做命中视图，并且被识别为正确输入的那组事件可至少 部分地基于开始基于触摸的手势的初始触摸的命中视图来确定。
点击视图确定模块272接收与基于接触的手势的子事件相关的信息。当 应用程序具有在分级结构中组织的多个视图时，命中视图确定模块272将命 中视图识别为应对子事件进行处理的分级结构中的最低视图。在大多数情况 下，命中视图是发起子事件(例如，形成事件或潜在事件的子事件序列中的 第一子事件)在其中发生的最低水平视图。一旦命中视图被命中视图确定模 块272识别，命中视图便通常接收与其被识别为命中视图所针对的同一触摸 或输入源相关的所有子事件。
活动事件识别器确定模块273确定视图分级结构内的哪个或哪些视图 应接收特定子事件序列。在一些实施方案中，活动事件识别器确定模块273 确定仅命中视图才应接收特定子事件序列。在其他实施方案中，活动事件识 别器确定模块273确定包括子事件的物理位置的所有视图都是活跃参与的视 图，因此确定所有活跃参与的视图都应接收特定子事件序列。在其他实施方 案中，即使触摸子事件完全被局限到与一个特定视图相关联的区域，但在分 级结构中较高的视图将仍然保持为活跃参与的视图。
事件分配器模块274将事件信息分配到事件识别器(例如，事件识别器 280)。在包括活动事件识别器确定模块273的实施方案中，事件分配器模 块274将事件信息递送到由活动事件识别器确定模块273确定的事件识别 器。在一些实施方案中，事件分配器模块274在事件队列中存储事件信息， 该事件信息由相应事件接收器282进行检索。
在一些实施方案中，操作系统226包括事件分类器270。另选地，应用 程序236-1包括事件分类器270。在其他实施方案中，事件分类器270是独 立的模块，或者是存储在存储器202中的另一个模块(诸如接触/运动模块 230)的一部分。
在一些实施方案中，应用程序236-1包括多个事件处理程序290和一个 或多个应用程序视图291，其中每个应用程序视图包括用于处理发生在应用 程序的用户界面的相应视图内的触摸事件的指令。应用程序236-1的每个应 用程序视图291包括一个或多个事件识别器280。通常，相应应用程序视图 291包括多个事件识别器280。在其他实施方案中，一个或多个事件识别器 280是独立模块的一部分，该独立模块诸如用户界面工具包(未示出)或应 用程序236-1从中继承方法和其他属性的更高水平的对象。在一些实施方案 中，相应事件处理程序290包括以下各项中的一者或多者：数据更新器276、 对象更新器277、GUI更新器278、和/或从事件分类器270接收的事件数据 279。事件处理程序290可利用或调用数据更新器276、对象更新器277或 GUI更新器278，以更新应用程序内部状态292。另选地，一个或多个应用 程序视图291包括一个或多个相应事件处理程序290。另外，在一些实施方案中，数据更新器276、对象更新器277和GUI更新器278中的一者或多者 包括在相应的应用程序视图291中。
相应的事件识别器280从事件分类器270接收事件信息(例如，事件数 据279)，并且从事件信息识别事件。事件识别器280包括事件接收器282 和事件比较器284。在一些实施方案中，事件识别器280还至少包括元数据 283和事件递送指令288(其可包括子事件递送指令)的子集。
事件接收器282接收来自事件分类器270的事件信息。事件信息包括关 于子事件例如触摸或触摸移动的信息。根据子事件，事件信息还包括附加信 息，诸如子事件的位置。当子事件涉及触摸的运动时，事件信息还可包括子 事件的速率和方向。在一些实施方案中，事件包括设备从一个取向旋转到另 一取向(例如，从纵向取向到横向取向，或反之亦然)的旋转，并且事件信 息包括关于设备的当前取向(也被称为设备姿态)的对应信息。
事件比较器284将事件信息与预定义的事件或子事件定义进行比较，并 且基于该比较，确定事件或子事件，或者确定或更新事件或子事件的状态。 在一些实施方案中，事件比较器284包括事件定义286。事件定义286包括 事件的定义(例如，预定义的子事件序列)，例如，事件1(287-1)、事件 2(287-2)以及其他。
在一些实施方案中，事件(287)中的子事件包括例如触摸开始、触摸 结束、触摸移动、触摸取消以及多点触摸。在一个示例中，事件1(287-1) 的定义是在所显示的对象上的双击。例如，双击包括被显示对象上的预先确 定时长的第一次触摸(触摸开始)、预先确定时长的第一次抬离(触摸结束)、 被显示对象上的预先确定时长的第二次触摸(触摸开始)、以及预先确定时 长的第二次抬离(触摸结束)。在另一个示例中，事件2(287-2)的定义是所显示的对象上的拖动。例如，拖动包括所显示对象上的预先确定时长的触 摸(或接触)、触摸在触敏显示器212上的移动，以及触摸的抬离(触摸结 束)。
在一些实施方案中，事件还包括用于一个或多个相关联的事件处理程序 290的信息。
在一些实施方案中，事件定义287包括对用于相应的用户界面对象的事 件的定义。在一些实施方案中，事件比较器284执行命中测试，以确定哪个 用户界面对象与子事件相关联。例如，在触敏显示器212上显示三个用户界 面对象的应用程序视图中，当在触敏显示器212上检测到触摸时，事件比较 器284执行命中测试，以确定这三个用户界面对象中的哪一个用户界面对象 与该触摸(子事件)相关联。如果每个所显示的对象与相应的事件处理程序 290相关联，则事件比较器使用该命中测试的结果来确定应当激活哪个事件 处理程序290。例如，事件比较器284选择与子事件和触发该命中测试的对 象相关联的事件处理程序。
在一些实施方案中，相应事件287的定义还包括延迟动作，该延迟动作 延迟事件信息的递送，直到已确定子事件序列确实对应于或不对应于事件识 别器的事件类型为止。
当相应的事件识别器280确定子事件系列与事件定义286中的任何事件 都不匹配时，该相应的事件识别器280进入事件不可能、事件失败或事件结 束状态，在此之后忽略基于触摸的手势的后续子事件。在这种情况下，对于 命中视图保持活动的其他事件识别器(如果有的话)继续跟踪并处理持续进 行的基于触摸的手势的子事件。
在一些实施方案中，相应的事件识别器280包括具有指示事件递送系统 应该如何执行将子事件递送到活跃参与的事件识别器的可配置属性、标志和 /或列表的元数据283。在一些实施方案中，元数据283包括用于指示事件识 别器可如何彼此进行交互或者如何被启用以彼此进行交互的可配置属性、标 志和/或列表。在一些实施方案中，元数据283包括指示子事件是否递送到视 图或程序化分级结构中的不同层级的可配置属性、标志和/或列表。
在一些实施方案中，当识别事件的一个或多个特定子事件时，相应事件 识别器280激活与事件相关联的事件处理程序290。在一些实施方案中，相 应事件识别器280将与事件相关联的事件信息递送到事件处理程序290。激 活事件处理程序290不同于将子事件发送(和延期发送)到相应的命中视图。 在一些实施方案中，事件识别器280抛出与所识别的事件相关联的标记，并 且与该标记相关联的事件处理程序290获取该标记并执行预定义的过程。
在一些实施方案中，事件递送指令288包括递送关于子事件的事件信息 而无需激活事件处理程序的子事件递送指令。
相反，子事件递送指令将事件信息递送到与子事件系列相关联的事件处 理程序或递送到活跃参与的视图。与子事件系列或与活跃参与的视图相关联 的事件处理程序接收事件信息并执行预先确定的过程。
在一些实施方案中，数据更新器276创建并更新在应用程序236-1中使 用的数据。例如，数据更新器276对联系人模块237中所使用的电话号码进 行更新，或者对视频播放器模块中所使用的视频文件进行存储。在一些实施 方案中，对象更新器277创建并更新在应用程序236-1中所使用的对象。例 如，对象更新器277创建新用户界面对象或更新用户界面对象的位置。GUI 更新器278更新GUI。例如，GUI更新器278准备显示信息并将其发送到图形模块232以用于在触敏显示器上显示。
在一些实施方案中，一个或多个事件处理程序290包括数据更新器276、 对象更新器277和GUI更新器278或者具有对该数据更新器、该对象更新器 和该GUI更新器的访问权限。在一些实施方案中，数据更新器276、对象更 新器277和GUI更新器278被包括在相应的应用程序236-1或应用程序视图 291的单个模块中。在其他实施方案中，它们被包括在两个或更多个软件模 块中。
应当理解，关于触敏显示器上的用户触摸的事件处理的上述论述还适用 于利用输入设备来操作多功能设备200的其他形式的用户输入，并不是所有 用户输入都是在触摸屏上发起的。例如，任选地与单次或多次键盘按下或按 住协作的鼠标移动和鼠标按钮按下；触摸板上的接触移动，诸如轻击、拖动、 滚动等；触笔输入；设备的移动；口头指令；检测到的眼睛移动；生物特征 输入；和/或它们的任何组合任选地被用作对应于限定要识别的事件的子事件 的输入。
图3示出了根据一些实施方案的具有触摸屏212的便携式多功能设备 200。触摸屏任选地在用户界面(UI)300内显示一个或多个图形。在本实施方 案以及在下文描述的其他实施方案中，用户能够通过例如利用一个或多个手 指302(在附图中没有按比例绘制)或者利用一个或多个触笔303(在附图 中没有按比例绘制)在图形上作出手势来选择一个或多个图形。在一些实施 方案中，当用户中断与一个或多个图形的接触时，将发生对一个或多个图形 的选择。在一些实施方案中，手势任选地包括一次或多次轻击、一次或多次 轻扫(从左向右、从右向左、向上和/或向下)和/或已与设备200发生接触 的手指的滚动(从右向左、从左向右、向上和/或向下)。在一些具体实施中 或在一些情况下，不经意地与图形接触不会选择图形。例如，当与选择对应 的手势是轻击时，在应用程序图标上方扫动的轻扫手势任选地不会选择对应 应用程序。
设备200还可包括一个或多个物理按钮，诸如“home”或菜单按钮304。 如前所述，菜单按钮304可用于导航到可在设备200上执行的一组应用程序 中的任何应用程序236。另选地，在一些实施方案中，菜单按钮被实现为显 示在触摸屏212上的GUI中的软键。
在一个实施方案中，设备200包括触摸屏212、菜单按钮304、用于使 设备通电/断电和用于锁定设备的下压按钮306、一个或多个音量调节按钮 308、用户身份模块(SIM)卡槽310、耳麦插孔312、和对接/充电外部端口224。 下压按钮306任选地用于通过压下该按钮并且将该按钮保持在压下状态预定 义的时间间隔来对设备进行开/关机；通过压下该按钮并在该预定义的时间间 隔过去之前释放该按钮来锁定设备；并且/或者对设备进行解锁或发起解锁过 程。在另选的实施方案中，设备200还通过麦克风213接受用于激活或去激 活某些功能的语音输入。设备200还任选地包括用于检测触摸屏212上的接 触的强度的一个或多个接触强度传感器265和/或用于为设备200的用户生成 触觉输出的一个或多个触觉输出发生器267。
图4是根据一些实施方案的具有显示器和触敏表面的示例性多功能设 备的框图。设备400不必是便携式的。在一些实施方案中，设备400是膝上 型计算机、台式计算机、平板电脑、多媒体播放器设备、导航设备、教育设 备(诸如儿童学习玩具)、游戏系统或控制设备(例如，家用控制器或工业 用控制器)。设备400通常包括一个或多个处理单元(CPU)410、一个或多 个网络或其他通信接口460、存储器470和用于使这些部件互连的一个或多 个通信总线420。通信总线420任选地包括使系统部件互连并且控制系统部 件之间的通信的电路(有时称为芯片组)。设备400包括具有显示器440的 输入/输出(I/O)接口430，该显示器通常是触摸屏显示器。I/O接口430还任 选地包括键盘和/或鼠标(或其他指向设备)450以及触控板455、用于在设 备400上生成触觉输出的触觉输出发生器457(例如，类似于以上参考图2A 所述的一个或多个触觉输出发生器267)、传感器459(例如，光学传感器、 加速度传感器、接近传感器、触敏传感器，和/或类似于以上参考图2A所述 的一个或多个接触强度传感器265的接触强度传感器)。存储器470包括高 速随机存取存储器，诸如DRAM、SRAM、DDR RAM或其他随机存取固态 存储器设备；并且任选地包括非易失性存储器，诸如一个或多个磁盘存储设 备、光盘存储设备、闪存设备或其他非易失性固态存储设备。存储器470任 选地包括远离一个或多个CPU 410定位的一个或多个存储设备。在一些实施 方案中，存储器470存储与存储在便携式多功能设备200(图2A)的存储器 202中的程序、模块和数据结构类似的程序、模块和数据结构或它们的子组。 此外，存储器470任选地存储在便携式多功能设备200的存储器202中不存 在的附加程序、模块和数据结构。例如，设备400的存储器470任选地存储 绘图模块480、呈现模块482、文字处理模块484、网站创建模块486、盘编 辑模块488，和/或电子表格模块490，而便携式多功能设备200(图2A)的 存储器202任选地不存储这些模块。
图4中的上述元素中的每个元素可存储在一个或多个前面提及的存储 器设备中。上述模块中的每个模块与用于执行上述功能的指令集对应。上述 模块或程序(例如，指令集)不必被实现为单独的软件程序、过程或模块， 并且因此这些模块的各种子集可在各种实施方案中被组合或以其他方式重 新布置。在一些实施方案中，存储器470可存储上文识别的模块和数据结构 的子组。此外，存储器470可存储上文没有描述的附加模块和数据结构。
现在将注意力转向可在例如便携式多功能设备200上实现的用户界面 的实施方案。
图5A示出了根据一些实施方案的便携式多功能设备200上的应用程序 菜单的示例性用户界面。类似的用户界面可在设备400上实现。在一些实施 方案中，用户界面500包括以下元件或其子集或超集：
·一种或多种无线通信(诸如蜂窝信号和Wi-Fi信号)的一个或多个信 号强度指示器502；
·时间504；
·蓝牙指示器505；
·电池状态指示器506；
·具有常用应用程序图标的托盘508，图标诸如：
○电话模块238的被标记为“电话”的图标516，该图标任选地包 括未接来电或语音留言的数量的指示符514；
○电子邮件客户端模块240的被标记为“邮件”的图标518，该图 标任选地包括未读电子邮件的数量的指示符510；
○浏览器模块247的被标记为“浏览器”的图标520；以及
○视频和音乐播放器模块252(也称为iPod(Apple Inc.的商标)模 块252)的被标记为“iPod”的图标522；以及
·其他应用程序的图标，诸如：
○IM模块241的被标记为“消息”的图标524；
○日历模块248的被标记为“日历”的图标526；
○图像管理模块244的被标记为“照片”的图标528；
○相机模块243的被标记为“相机”的图标530；
○在线视频模块255的被标记为“在线视频”的图标532；
○股市桌面小程序249-2的被标记为“股市”的图标534；
○地图模块254的被标记为“地图”的图标536；
○天气桌面小程序249-1的被标记为“天气”的图标538；
○闹钟桌面小程序249-4的被标记为“时钟”的图标540；
○健身支持模块242的被标记为“健身支持”的图标542；
○记事本模块253的被标记为“记事本”的图标544；以及
○用于设置应用程序或模块的被标记为“设置”的图标546，该图 标提供对设备200及其各种应用程序236的设置的访问。
需注意，图5A中示出的图标标签仅是示例性的。例如，视频和音乐播 放器模块252的图标522可任选地被标记为“音乐”或“音乐播放器”。对 于各种应用程序图标任选地使用其他标签。在一些实施方案中，相应应用程 序图标的标签包括与该相应应用程序图标对应的应用程序的名称。在一些实 施方案中，特定应用图标的标签不同于与该特定应用图标对应的应用的名 称。
图5B示出了具有与显示器550(例如，触摸屏显示器212)分开的触敏 表面551(例如，图4的平板电脑或触摸板455)的设备(例如，图4的设 备400)上的示例性用户界面。设备400还任选地包括用于检测触敏表面551 上接触强度的一个或多个接触强度传感器(例如，传感器457中的一个或多 个传感器)，和/或用于为设备400的用户生成触觉输出的一个或多个触觉输 出发生器459。
尽管将参考触摸屏显示器212(其中组合了触敏表面和显示器)上的输 入给出随后的示例中的一些示例，但是在一些实施方案中，设备检测与显示 器分开的触敏表面上的输入，如图5B所示。在一些实施方案中，触敏表面 (例如，图5B中的551)具有与显示器(例如，550)上的主轴(例如，图 5B中的553)对应的主轴(例如，图5B中的552)。根据这些实施方案， 设备检测在与显示器上的相应位置对应的位置(例如，在图5B中，560对 应于568并且562对应于570)处的与触敏表面551的接触(例如，图5B中 的560和562)。这样，在触敏表面(例如，图5B中的551)与多功能设备 的显示器(例如，图5B中的550)分开时，由设备在触敏表面上检测到的 用户输入(例如，接触560和562以及它们的移动)被该设备用于操纵显示器上的用户界面。应当理解，类似的方法任选地用于本文所述的其他用户界 面。
另外，虽然主要是参考手指输入(例如，手指接触、单指轻击手势、手 指轻扫手势)来给出下面的示例，但是应当理解，在一些实施方案中，这些 手指输入中的一个或多个手指输入由来自另一输入设备的输入(例如，基于 鼠标的输入或触笔输入)替代。例如，轻扫手势任选地由鼠标点击(例如， 而不是接触)，之后是光标沿着轻扫的路径的移动(例如，而不是接触的移 动)来替代。
又如，轻击手势任选地由在光标位于轻击手势的位置上方时的鼠标点击 (例如，而不是对接触的检测，以及之后的停止检测接触)来代替。类似地， 当同时检测到多个用户输入时，应当理解的是，多个计算机鼠标任选地被同 时使用，或鼠标和手指接触任选地被同时使用。
图6A示出了示例性个人电子设备600。设备600包括主体602。在一些 实施方案中，设备600可包括针对设备200和400(例如，图2A至图4)所 述的特征中的一些或全部特征。在一些实施方案中，设备600具有
触敏显示屏604，此后称为触摸屏604。作为触摸屏604的替代或补充， 设备600具有显示器和触敏表面。与设备200和设备400的情况一样，在一 些实施方案中，触摸屏604(或触敏表面)可具有用于检测正施加的接触(例 如，触摸)强度的一个或多个强度传感器。触摸屏604(或触敏表面)的一 个或多个强度传感器可提供表示触摸的强度的输出数据。设备600的用户界 面可基于触摸强度来对触摸作出响应，这意味着不同强度的触摸可调用设备 600上的不同用户界面操作。
用于检测和处理触摸强度的技术例如可以在相关申请中找到：于2013 年5月8日提交的标题为“Device,Method,and Graphical User Interface for Displaying UserInterface Objects Corresponding to an Application”的国际专利 申请PCT/US2013/040061，以及于2013年11月11日提交的标题为“Device, Method,and Graphical UserInterface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display OutputRelationships”的国际专利申请PCT/US2013/069483，这两个 专利申请中的每个专利申请据此全文以引用方式并入本文。
在一些实施方案中，设备600具有一个或多个输入机构606和608。输 入机构606和608(如果包括的话)可以是物理形式的。物理输入机构的示 例包括下压按钮和可旋转机构。在一些实施方案中，设备600具有一个或多 个附接机构。此类附接机构(如果包括的话)可允许将设备600与例如帽子、 眼镜、耳环、项链、衬衣、夹克、手镯、表带、手链、裤子、皮带、鞋子、 钱包、背包等附接。这些附接机构可允许用户穿戴设备600。
图6B示出了示例性个人电子设备600。在一些实施方案中，设备600 可包括参考图2A、图2B和图4所述的部件中的一些或全部部件。设备600 具有总线612，该总线将I/O部分614与一个或多个计算机处理器616和存 储器618可操作地耦接。I/O部分614可连接到显示器604，该显示器可具有 触敏部件622并且任选地具有触摸强度敏感部件624。此外，I/O部分614 可连接到通信单元630，以用于使用Wi-Fi、蓝牙、近场通信(NFC)、蜂窝和 /或其他无线通信技术来接收应用程序和操作系统数据。设备600可包括输入 机构606和/或608。例如，输入机构606可以是可旋转输入设备或者可按压 且可旋转输入设备。在一些示例中，输入机构608可以是按钮。
在一些示例中，输入机构608可以是麦克风。个人电子设备600可包括 各种传感器，诸如GPS传感器632、加速度计634、定向传感器640(例如， 罗盘)、陀螺仪636、运动传感器638和/或其组合，所有这些设备均可操作 地连接到I/O部分614。
个人电子设备600的存储器618可以是用于存储计算机可执行指令的非 暂态计算机可读存储介质，该计算机可执行指令当由一个或多个计算机处理 器616执行时例如可使得计算机处理器执行包括过程800至900(图8至图 9)的下文描述的技术。该计算机可执行指令还可以在任何非暂态计算机可 读存储介质内进行存储和/或传输，以供指令执行系统、装置或设备诸如基于 计算机的系统、包括处理器的系统或可从指令执行系统、装置或设备获取指 令并执行指令的其他系统使用或与其结合。个人电子设备600不限于图6B 的部件和配置，而是可包括多种配置的其他部件或附加部件。
如本文所用，术语“示能表示”是指可在设备200,400和/或600(图2、 图4和图6)的显示屏上显示的用户交互式图形用户界面对象。例如，图像 (例如，图标)、按钮和文本(例如，链接)可各自构成示能表示。
如本文所用，术语“焦点选择器”是指用于指示用户正与之进行交互的 用户界面的当前部分的输入元素。在包括光标或其他位置标记的一些具体实 施中，光标充当“焦点选择器”，使得在光标在特定用户界面元素(例如， 按钮、窗口、滑块或其他用户界面元素)上方时在触敏表面(例如，图4中 的触控板455或图5B中的触敏表面551)上检测到输入(例如，按压输入) 的情况下，该特定用户界面元素根据所检测到的输入而被调节。在包括能够实现与触摸屏显示器上的用户界面元素的直接交互的触摸屏显示器(例如， 图2A中的触敏显示器系统212或图5A中的触摸屏212)的一些具体实施中， 触摸屏上所检测到的接触充当“焦点选择器5”，使得当在触摸屏显示器上 在特定用户界面元素(例如，按钮、窗口、滑块或其他用户界面元素)的位 置处检测到输入(例如，由接触进行的按压输入)时，该特定用户界面元素 根据所检测到的输入而被调节。在一些具体实施中，焦点从用户界面的一个 区域移动到用户界面的另一个区域，而无需光标的对应移动或触摸屏显示器 上的接触的移动(例如，通过使用制表键或箭头键将焦点从一个按钮移动到 另一个按钮)；在这些具体实施中，焦点选择器根据焦点在用户界面的不同 区域之间的移动而移动。不考虑焦点选择器所采取的具体形式，焦点选择器 通常是由用户控制的以便递送与用户界面的用户预期的交互(例如，通过向 设备指示用户界面的用户期望与其进行交互的元素)的用户界面元素(或触 摸屏显示器上的接触)。例如，在触敏表面(例如，触摸板或触摸屏)上检 测到按压输入时，焦点选择器(例如，光标、接触或选择框)在相应按钮上 方的位置将指示用户意图激活相应按钮(而不是设备的显示器上示出的其他 用户界面元素)。
如说明书和权利要求书中所使用的，接触的“特征强度”这一术语是指 基于接触的一个或多个强度的接触的特征。在一些实施方案中，特征强度基 于多个强度样本。特征强度任选地基于相对于预定义事件(例如，在检测到 接触之后，在检测到接触抬离之前，在检测到接触开始移动之前或之后，在 检测到接触结束之前，在检测到接触强度增大之前或之后和/或在检测到接触 强度减小之前或之后)而言在预先确定的时间段(例如，0.05秒、0.1秒、 0.2秒、0.5秒、1秒、2秒、5秒、10秒)期间采集的预定义数量的强度样本 或一组强度样本。接触的特性强度任选地基于以下各项中的一者或多者：接 触强度的最大值、接触强度的均值、接触强度的平均值、接触强度的前10％ 处的值、接触强度的半最大值、接触强度的90％最大值等。在一些实施方案 中，在确定特征强度时使用接触的持续时间(例如，在特征强度是接触强度 在时间上的平均值时)。在一些实施方案中，将特征强度与一组一个或多个 强度阈值进行比较，以确定用户是否已执行操作。
例如，该组一个或多个强度阈值可包括第一强度阈值和第二强度阈值。 在该示例中，特征强度未超过第一阈值的接触导致第一操作，特征强度超过 第一强度阈值但未超过第二强度阈值的接触导致第二操作，并且特征强度超 过第二阈值的接触导致第三操作。在一些实施方案中，使用特征强度与一个 或多个阈值之间的比较来确定是否要执行一个或多个操作(例如，是执行相 应操作还是放弃执行相应操作)，而不是用于确定执行第一操作还是第二操 作。
在一些实施方案中，识别手势的一部分，目的是确定特征强度。例如， 触敏表面可接收连续的轻扫接触，该连续的轻扫接触从起始位置过渡并到达 结束位置，在该结束位置处，接触的强度增加。在该示例中，接触在结束位 置处的特征强度可仅基于连续轻扫接触的一部分，而不是整个轻扫接触(例 如，仅结束位置处的轻扫接触的一部分)。在一些实施方案中，可在确定接 触的特征强度之前向轻扫手势的强度应用平滑化算法。例如，该平滑化算法 任选地包括以下各项中的一者或多者：不加权滑动平均平滑化算法、三角平 滑化算法、中值滤波器平滑化算法和/或指数平滑化算法。在一些情况下，这 些平滑化算法消除了轻扫接触强度中的窄的尖峰或凹陷，目的是确定特征强 度。
可相对于一个或多个强度阈值诸如接触检测强度阈值、轻按压强度阈 值、深按压强度阈值、和/或一个或多个其他强度阈值来表征触敏表面上的接 触的强度。在一些实施方案中，轻按压强度阈值对应于这样的强度：在该强 度下设备将执行通常与点击物理鼠标的按钮或触控板相关联的操作。在一些 实施方案中，深按压强度阈值对应于这样的强度：在该强度下设备将执行与 通常与点击物理鼠标或触控板的按钮相关联的操作不同的操作。在一些实施 方案中，当检测到特征强度低于轻按压强度阈值(例如，并且高于标称接触检测强度阈值，比该标称接触检测强度阈值低的接触不再被检测到)的接触 时，设备将根据接触在触敏表面上的移动来移动焦点选择器，而不执行与轻 按压强度阈值或深按压强度阈值相关联的操作。
一般来讲，除非另有陈述，否则这些强度阈值在不同组的用户界面附图 之间是一致的。
接触的特征强度从低于轻按压强度阈值的强度增大到介于轻按压强度 阈值与深按压强度阈值之间的强度有时被称为“轻按压”输入。接触特征强 度从低于深按压强度阈值的强度增大到高于深按压强度阈值的强度有时被 称为“深按压”输入。接触的特征强度从低于接触检测强度阈值的强度增大 到介于接触检测强度阈值与轻按压强度阈值之间的强度有时被称为检测到 触摸表面上的接触。接触的特征强度从高于接触检测强度阈值的强度减小到 低于接触检测强度阈值的强度有时被称为检测到接触从触摸表面抬离。在一些实施方案中，接触检测强度阈值为零。在一些实施方案中，接触检测强度 阈值大于零。
在本文中所述的一些实施方案中，响应于检测到包括相应按压输入的手 势或响应于检测到利用相应接触(或多个接触)执行的相应按压输入来执行 一个或多个操作，其中至少部分地基于检测到该接触(或多个接触)的强度 增大到高于按压输入强度阈值而检测到相应按压输入。在一些实施方案中， 响应于检测到相应接触强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值(例如，相应按压 输入的“向下冲程”)而执行相应操作。在一些实施方案中，按压输入包括 相应接触强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值以及该接触强度随后减小到低 于按压输入强度阈值，并且响应于检测到相应接触强度随后减小到低于按压 输入阈值(例如，相应按压输入的“向上冲程”)而执行相应操作。
在一些实施方案中，设备采用强度滞后以避免有时被称为“抖动”的意 外输入，其中设备限定或选择与按压输入强度阈值具有预定义关系的滞后强 度阈值(例如，滞后强度阈值比按压输入强度阈值低X个强度单位，或滞后 强度阈值是按压输入强度阈值的75％、90％或某个合理比例)。因此，在一 些实施方案中，按压输入包括相应接触强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值以 及该接触强度随后减小到低于与按压输入强度阈值对应的滞后强度阈值，并 且响应于检测到相应接触强度随后减小到低于滞后强度阈值(例如，相应按 压输入的“向上冲程”)而执行相应操作。类似地，在一些实施方案中，仅 在设备检测到接触强度从等于或低于滞后强度阈值的强度增大到等于或高 于按压输入强度阈值的强度并且任选地接触强度随后减小到等于或低于滞 后强度的强度时才检测到按压输入，并且响应于检测到按压输入(例如，根 据环境，接触强度增大或接触强度减小)而执行相应操作。
为了容易解释，任选地，响应于检测到以下各种情况中的任一种情况而 触发对响应于与按压输入强度阈值相关联的按压输入或响应于包括按压输 入的手势而执行的操作的描述：接触强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值、接 触强度从低于滞后强度阈值的强度增大到高于按压输入强度阈值的强度、接 触强度减小到低于按压输入强度阈值、和/或接触强度减小到低于与按压输入 强度阈值对应的滞后强度阈值。另外，在将操作描述为响应于检测到接触强 度减小到低于按压输入强度阈值而执行的示例中，任选地响应于检测到接触 强度减小到低于对应于并且小于按压输入强度阈值的滞后强度阈值来执行 操作。
3.数字助理系统
图7A示出根据各种示例的数字助理系统700的框图。在一些示例中， 数字助理系统700可在独立式计算机系统上实现。在一些示例中，数字助理 系统700可跨多个计算机分布。在一些示例中，数字助理的模块和功能中的 一些模块和功能可被划分成服务器部分和客户端部分，其中客户端部分位于 一个或多个用户设备(例如，设备104、122、200、400或600)上并通过一 个或多个网络来与服务器部分(例如，服务器系统108)进行通信，例如，如图1所示。在一些示例中，数字助理系统700可以是图1中所示的服务器 系统108(和/或DA服务器106)的具体实施。应当指出的是，数字助理系 统700仅为数字助理系统的一个示例，并且该数字助理系统700可具有比所 示更多或更少的部件、可组合两个或更多个部件，或者可具有部件的不同配 置或布置。图7A中所示的各种部件可在硬件、用于由一个或多个处理器执 行的软件指令、固件(包括一个或多个信号处理集成电路和/或专用集成电 路)、或它们的组合中实现。
数字助理系统700可包括存储器702、一个或多个处理器704、输入/输 出(I/O)接口706、以及网络通信接口708。这些部件可通过一个或多个通信 总线或信号线710彼此进行通信。
在一些示例中，存储器702可包括非暂态计算机可读介质，诸如高速随 机存取存储器和/或非易失性计算机可读存储介质(例如，一个或多个磁盘存 储设备、闪存存储器设备、或其他非易失性固态存储器设备)。
在一些示例中，I/O接口706可将数字助理系统700的输入/输出设备716 诸如显示器、键盘、触摸屏和麦克风耦接至用户界面模块722。与用户界面 模块722结合的I/O接口706可接收用户输入(例如，声音输入、键盘输入、 触摸输入等)并相应地对这些输入进行处理。在一些示例中，例如，当数字 助理在独立式用户设备上实现时，数字助理系统700可包括分别相对于图 2A、图4、图6A至图6B中的设备200、400或600所描述的部件和I/O通 信接口中的任一者。在一些示例中，数字助理系统700可代表数字助理具体 实施的服务器部分，并且可通过位于用户设备(例如，设备104,200,400或 设备600)上的客户端侧部分来与用户进行交互。
在一些示例中，网络通信接口708可包括一个或多个有线通信端口712、 和/或无线传输和接收电路714。一个或多个有线通信端口可经由一个或多个 有线接口例如以太网、通用串行总线(USB)、火线等来接收和发送通信信号。 无线电路714可从通信网络以及其他通信设备接收RF信号和/或光学信号， 并且将RF信号和/或光学信号发送至通信网络以及其他通信设备。无线通信 可使用多种通信标准、协议和技术中的任一者，诸如GSM、EDGE、CDMA、 TDMA、蓝牙、Wi-Fi、VoIP、Wi-MAX、或任何其他合适的通信协议。网 络通信接口708可使得数字助理系统700通过网络诸如互联网、内联网和/ 或无线网络(诸如蜂窝电话网络、无线局域网(LAN)和/或城域网(MAN))与 其他设备之间的通信成为可能。
在一些示例中，存储器702或存储器702的计算机可读存储介质可存储 程序、模块、指令和数据结构，包括以下内容中的全部或其子集：操作系统718、通信模块720、用户界面模块722、一个或多个应用程序724、和数字 助理模块726。具体地讲，存储器702或存储器702的计算机可读存储介质 可存储用于执行下文描述的过程800,900的指令。一个或多个处理器704可 执行这些程序、模块和指令，并从数据结构读取数据或将数据写到数据结构。
操作系统718(例如，Darwin、RTXC、LINUX、UNIX、OS X、WINDOWS， 或嵌入式操作系统诸如VxWorks)可包括用于控制和管理一般系统任务(例 如，存储器管理、存储设备控制、电源管理等)的各种软件部件和/或驱动器， 并且促进各种硬件、固件和软件部件之间的通信。
通信模块720可促进数字助理系统700与其他设备之间的通过网络通信 接口708进行的通信。例如，通信模块720可与电子设备(诸如，分别在图 2A、图4、图6A至图6B中示出的设备200、400和600)的RF电路208进 行通信。通信模块720还可包括用于处理由无线电路714和/或有线通信端口 712所接收的数据的各种部件。
用户界面模块722可经由PO接口706来接收来自用户(例如，来自键 盘、触摸屏、指向设备、控制器和/或麦克风)的命令和/或输入，并在显示 器上生成用户界面对象。用户界面模块722还可准备输出(例如，语音、声 音、动画、文本、图标、振动、触觉反馈、光照等)并将其经由PO接口706 (例如，通过显示器、音频通道、扬声器、触控板等)递送给用户。
应用程序724可包括被配置为由一个或多个处理器704执行的程序和/ 或模块。例如，如果数字助理系统在独立式用户设备上实现，则应用程序724 可包括用户应用程序，诸如游戏、日历应用程序、导航应用程序、或邮件应 用程序。如果数字助理系统700在服务器上实现，则应用程序724可包括例 如资源管理应用程序、诊断应用程序、或调度应用程序。
存储器702还可存储数字助理模块726(或数字助理的服务器部分)。 在一些示例中，数字助理模块726可包括以下子模块或者其子集或超集：输 入/输出处理模块728、语音转文本(STT)处理模块730、自然语言处理模块 732、对话流处理模块734、任务流处理模块736、服务处理模块738和语音 合成模块740。这些模块中的每个模块均可具有对以下数字助理模块726的 系统或数据与模型中的一者或多者或者其子集或超集的访问权限：知识本体 760、词汇索引744、用户数据748、任务流模型754、服务模型756和ASR 系统。
在一些示例中，使用数字助理模块726中实现的处理模块、数据和模型， 数字助理可以执行以下操作中的至少一些：将语音输入转换为文本；识别在 从用户接收的自然语言输入中表达的用户意图；主动引出并获得推断用户意 图所需的信息(例如，通过消除词、游戏、意图的歧义等)；确定用于满足 推断出的意图的任务流；以及执行该任务流以满足推断出的意图。
在一些示例中，如图7B中所示，I/O处理模块728可通过图7A中的I/O 设备716与用户进行交互或通过图7A中的网络通信接口708与用户设备(例 如，设备104、200、400或600)进行交互，以获取用户输入(例如，语音 输入)并提供对用户输入的响应(例如，作为语音输出)。I/O处理模块728 随同接收到用户输入一起或在接收到用户输入之后不久可任选地获取与来 自用户设备的用户输入相关联的上下文信息。上下文信息可包括特定于用户 的数据、词汇，和/或与用户输入相关的偏好。在一些示例中，该上下文信息 还包括在接收到用户请求时的用户设备的软件状态和硬件状态，和/或与在接 收到用户请求时的用户的周围环境相关的信息。在一些示例中，I/O处理模 块728还可将与用户请求有关的跟进问题发送至用户，并从用户接收回答。 在用户请求被I/O处理模块728接收并且用户请求可包括语音输入时，I/O 处理模块728可将语音输入转发至STT处理模块730(或语音识别器)，以 用于语音文本转换。
STT处理模块730可包括一个或多个ASR系统。该一个或多个ASR系 统可处理通过I/O处理模块728接收到的语音输入，以产生识别结果。每个 ASR系统可包括前端语音预处理器。前端语音预处理器可从语音输入提取代 表性特征。
例如，前端语音预处理器可对语音输入执行傅里叶变换，以提取表征语 音输入的光谱特征作为代表性多维向量的序列。此外，每个ASR系统可包 括一个或多个语音识别模型(例如，声音模型和/或语言模型)，并且可实现 一个或多个语音识别引擎。语音识别模型的示例可包括隐马尔可夫模型、高 斯混合模型、深层神经网络模型、n元语言模型、以及其他统计模型。语音 识别引擎的示例可包括基于动态时间规整的引擎和基于加权有限状态换能 器(WFST)的引擎。一个或多个语音识别模型和一个或多个语音识别引擎可 用于处理前端语音预处理器的所提取的代表性特征，以产生中间识别结果 (例如，音素、音素串和子字)，并且最终产生文本识别结果(例如，字词、 字词串或符号的序列)。在一些示例中，语音输入可至少部分地由第三方服 务处理或在用户的设备(例如，设备104、200、400或600)上处理，以产 生识别结果。一旦STT处理模块730产生包含文本串(例如，字词，或字词 的序列，或符号的序列)的识别结果，识别结果便可被传送至自然语言处理 模块732以用于意图推断。
有关语音转文本处理的更多细节在提交于2011年9月20日的标题为“Consolidating Speech Recognition Results”的美国实用新型专利申请序列号 13/236,942中有所描述，其全部公开内容以引用方式并入本文。
在一些示例中，STT处理模块730可包括可识别字词的词汇，和/或可 经由语音字母转换模块731来访问该词汇。每个词汇字词可与以语音识别语 音字母表来表示的字词的一个或多个候选发音相关联。具体地，可识别字词 的词汇可包括与多个候选发音相关联的字词。例如，该词汇可包括与 /ts'meirou/和/to'matoo/的候选发音相关联的字词“tomato”。此外，词汇字词 可与基于来自用户的先前语音输入的自定义候选发音相关联。此类自定义候 选发音可被存储在STT处理模块730中，并且可经由设备上的用户配置文件而与特定用户相关联。在一些示例中，字词的候选发音可基于字词的拼写以 及一个或多个语言学和/或语音学规则来确定。在一些示例中，候选发音可手 动生成，例如基于已知的标准发音而手动生成。
在一些示例中，可基于候选发音的普遍性来对候选发音进行排名。例如， 候选发音的排名可高于因为前者是更常用的发音(例 如，在所有用户中，对于特定地理区域的用户而言，或者对于任何其他合适 的用户子集而言)。在一些示例中，可基于候选发音是否为与用户相关联的 自定义候选发音来对候选发音进行排名。例如，自定义候选发音的排名可高 于标准候选发音。这可用于识别具有偏离规范发音的独特发音的专有名词。 在一些示例中，候选发音可与一个或多个语音特征(诸如地理起源、国家、 或种族)相关联。例如，候选发音可与美国相关联，而候选发音 可与英国相关联。此外，候选发音的排名可基于被存储在设备上的 用户配置文件中的用户的一个或多个特征(例如，地理起源、国家、种族等)。 例如，可从用户配置文件确定该用户与美国相关联。基于用户与美国相关联， 候选发音(与美国相关联)的排名可高于候选发音(与 英国相关联)。在一些示例中，经排名的候选发音中的一个候选发音可被选 作预测发音(例如，最可能的发音)。
当接收到语音输入时，STT处理模块730可用于(例如，使用声音模型) 确定对应于该语音输入的音素，并且然后尝试(例如，使用语言模型)确定 匹配该音素的字词。例如，如果STT处理模块730可首先识别对应于该语音 输入的一部分的音素序列则其随后可基于词汇索引744来确定 该序列对应于字词“tomato”。
在一些示例中，STT处理模块730可使用模糊匹配技术来确定话语中的 字词。因此，例如，STT处理模块730可确定音素序列对应于字 词“tomato”，即使该特定音素序列不是该字词的候选音素序列之一。
数字助理的自然语言处理模块732(“自然语言处理器”)可获取由STT 处理模块730生成的字词或符号的序列(“符号序列”)，并尝试将该符号 序列与由数字助理所识别的一个或多个“可执行意图”相关联。“可执行意 图”可表示可由数字助理执行并且可具有在任务流模型754中实现的相关联 的任务流的任务。相关联任务流可以是数字助理为了执行任务而采取的一系 列经编程的动作和步骤。数字助理的能力范围可取决于已在任务流模型754 中实施并存储的任务流的数量和种类，或换句话讲，取决于数字助理所识别 的“可执行意图”的数量和种类。然而，数字助理的有效性还可取决于助理 从以自然语言表达的用户请求中推断出正确的“一个或多个可执行意图”的 能力。
在一些示例中，除从STT处理模块730获取的字词或符号的序列之外， 自然语言处理模块732还可(例如，从I/O处理模块728)接收与用户请求 相关联的上下文信息。自然语言处理模块732可任选地使用上下文信息来明 确、补充和/或进一步限定被包含在从STT处理模块730接收的符号序列中 的信息。上下文信息可包括例如：用户偏好、用户设备的硬件和/或软件状态、 在用户请求之前、期间或之后不久收集的传感器信息、数字助理与用户之间 的先前交互(例如，对话)等。如本文所述，上下文信息可以是动态的，并 且可随对话的时间、位置、内容以及其他因素而变化。
在一些示例中，自然语言处理可基于例如知识本体760。知识本体760 可以是包含许多节点的分级结构，每个节点表示“可执行意图”或与“可执 行意图”或其他“属性”中的一者或多者相关的“属性”。如上所述，“可 执行意图”可表示数字助理能够执行的任务，即该任务为“可执行的”或可 被进行的。
“属性”可表示与可执行意图或另一属性的子方面相关联的参数。知识 本体760中的可执行意图节点与属性节点之间的链接可定义由属性节点表示 的参数如何与由可执行意图节点表示的任务相关。
在一些示例中，知识本体760可由可执行意图节点和属性节点组成。在 知识本体760内，每个可执行意图节点可直接链接至或通过一个或多个中间 属性节点链接至一个或多个属性节点。类似地，每个属性节点可直接链接至 或通过一个或多个中间属性节点链接至一个或多个可执行意图节点。例如， 如图7C所示，知识本体760可包括“餐厅预订”节点(即，可执行意图节 点)。属性节点“餐厅”、“日期/时间”(针对预订)和“同行人数”各自 可直接链接至可执行意图节点(即，“餐厅预订”节点)。
此外，属性节点“菜系”、“价格区间”、“电话号码”和“位置”可 以是属性节点“餐厅”的子节点，并且各自可通过中间属性节点“餐厅”而 被链接至“餐厅预订”节点(即，可执行意图节点)。又如，如图7C所示， 知识本体760还可包括“设定提醒”节点(即，另一可执行意图节点)。属 性节点“日期/时间”(针对设定提醒)和“主题”(针对提醒)各自可链接 至“设定提醒”节点。由于“日期/时间”属性可与预订餐厅的任务和
设置提醒的任务两者均有关，所以属性节点“日期/时间”可链接至知 识本体760中的“餐厅预订”节点和“设置提醒”节点两者。
可执行意图节点连同其链接的概念节点一起可被描述为“域”。在本论 述中，每个域可与相应的可执行意图相关联，并涉及与特定可执行意图相关 联的一组节点(以及这些节点之间的关系)。例如，图7C中示出的知识本 体760可包括知识本体760内的餐厅预订域762的示例以及提醒域764的示 例。餐厅预订域包括可执行意图节点“餐厅预订”、属性节点“餐厅”、“日 期/时间”和“同行人数”以及子属性节点“菜系”、“价格范围”、“电话 号码”和“位置”。提醒域764可包括可执行意图节点“设置提醒”以及属 性节点“主题”和“日期/时间”。在一些示例中，知识本体760可由多个域 组成。每个域可与一个或多个其他域共享一个或多个属性节点。例如，除了 餐厅预订域762和提醒域764之外，“日期/时间”属性节点还可与许多不同 域(例如，行程安排域、旅行预订域、电影票域等)相关联。
尽管图7C示出了知识本体760内的两个示例域，但其他域可包括例如 “查找电影”、“发起电话呼叫”、“查找方向”、“安排会议”、“发送 消息”以及“提供问题的回答”、“阅读列表”、“提供导航指令”、“提 供针对任务的指令”等。“发送消息”域可与“发送消息”可执行意图节点 相关联，并且还可包括属性节点诸如“一个或多个接收人”、“消息类型” 和“消息正文”。属性节点“接收人”可进一步例如由子属性节点诸如“接 收人名称”和“消息地址”来限定。
在一些示例中，知识本体760可包括数字助理能够理解并对其起作用的 所有域(以及因此可执行的意图)。在一些示例中，知识本体760可诸如通 过添加或移除整个域或节点，或者通过修改知识本体760内的节点之间的关 系来进行修改。
在一些示例中，可将与多个相关可执行意图相关联的节点群集在知识本 体760中的“超级域”下。例如，“旅行”超级域可包括与旅行有关的属性 节点和可执行意图节点的群集。与旅行有关的可执行意图节点可包括“航班 预订”、“酒店预订”、“汽车租赁”、“路线规划”、“寻找兴趣点”等 等。同一超级域(例如，“旅行”超级域)下的可执行意图节点可具有多个 共用的属性节点。例如，针对“机票预订”、“酒店预订”、“汽车租赁”、 “路线规划”和“寻找兴趣点”的可执行意图节点可共享属性节点“起始位 置”、“目的地”、“出发日期/时间”、“到达日期/时间”和“同行人数” 中的一者或多者。
在一些示例中，知识本体760中的每个节点可与和由节点代表的属性或 可执行意图有关的一组字词和/或短语相关联。与每个节点相关联的相应组的 字词和/或短语可是所谓的与节点相关联的“词汇”。可将与每个节点相关联 的相应组的字词和/或短语存储在与由节点所表示的属性或可执行意图相关 联的词汇索引744中。例如，返回图7B，与“餐厅”属性的节点相关联的 词汇可包括字词诸如“美食”、“酒水”、“菜系”、“饥饿”、“吃”、 “披萨”、“快餐”、“膳食”等。又如，与“发起电话呼叫”可执行意图 的节点相关联的词汇可包括字词和短语，诸如“呼叫”、“打电话”、“拨 打”、“与……通电话”、“呼叫该号码”、“打电话给”等。词汇索引744 可任选地包括不同语言的字词和短语。
自然语言处理模块732可从STT处理模块730接收符号序列(例如，文 本串)，并确定符号序列中的字词牵涉哪些节点。在一些示例中，如果发现 符号序列中的字词或短语(经由词汇索引744)与知识本体760中的一个或 多个节点相关联，则该字词或短语可“触发”或“激活”这些节点。基于已 激活节点的数量和/或相对重要性，自然语言处理模块732可选择可执行意图 中的一个可执行意图作为用户意图使数字助理执行的任务。在一些示例中， 可选择具有最多“已触发”节点的域。在一些示例中，可选择具有最高置信 度(例如，基于其各个已触发节点的相对重要性)的域。在一些示例中，可 基于已触发节点的数量和重要性的组合来选择域。在一些示例中，在选择节 点的过程中还考虑附加因素，诸如数字助理先前是否已正确解译来自用户的 类似请求。
用户数据748可包括特定于用户的信息，诸如特定于用户的词汇、用户 偏好、用户地址、用户的默认语言和第二语言、用户的联系人列表、以及每 位用户的其他短期或长期信息。在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732可使 用特定于用户的信息来补充用户输入中所包含的信息，以进一步限定用户意 图。例如，针对用户请求“邀请我的朋友参加我的生日聚会”，自然语言处 理模块732可能够访问用户数据748以确定“朋友”是哪些人以及“生日聚 会”将于何时何地举行，而不需要用户在其请求中明确地提供此类信息。
基于符号串搜索知识本体的其他细节在于2008年12月22日提交的标 题为“Method and Apparatus for Searching Using An Active Ontology”的美国 实用新型专利申请序列号12/341,743中有所描述，其全部公开内容以引用方 式并入本文。
在一些示例中，一旦自然语言处理模块732基于用户请求而识别出可执 行意图(或域)，自然语言处理模块732便可生成结构化查询，以表示所识 别的可执行意图。在一些示例中，结构化查询可包括针对可执行意图的域内 的一个或多个节点的参数，并且该参数中的至少一些参数填充有在用户请求 中指定的特定信息和要求。例如，用户可以说“帮我在寿司店预订晚上7点 的座位。”在这种情况下，自然语言处理模块732可能够基于用户输入将可 执行意图正确地识别为“餐厅预订”。根据知识本体，“餐厅预订”域的结 构化查询可包括参数诸如{菜系}、{时间}、{日期}、{同行人数}等。在一些 示例中，基于语音输入和使用STT处理模块730从语音输入得出的文本，自 然语言处理模块732可针对餐厅预订域生成部分结构化查询，其中部分结构 化查询包括参数{菜系＝“寿司类”}以及{时间＝“晚上7点”}。然而，在该 示例中，用户话语包含不足以完成与域相关联的结构化查询的信息。因此， 基于当前可用的信息，在结构化查询中可能未指定其他必要的参数，诸如{同 行人数}和{日期}。在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732可利用所接收的 上下文信息来填充结构化查询的一些参数。例如，在一些示例中，如果请求 “附近的”寿司店，自然语言处理模块732可利用来自用户设备的GPS坐标 来填充结构化查询中的{位置}参数。
在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732可将所生成的结构化查询(包括 任何已完成的参数)传送至任务流处理模块736(“任务流处理器”)。任 务流处理模块736可被配置为接收来自自然语言处理模块732的结构化查 询，(必要时)完成结构化查询，并且执行“完成”用户最终请求所需的动 作。在一些示例中，完成这些任务所必需的各种过程可在任务流模型754中 提供。在一些示例中，任务流模型754可包括用于获取来自用户的附加信息的过程，以及用于执行与可执行意图相关联的动作的任务流。
如上所述，为了完成结构化查询，任务流处理模块736可能需要发起与 用户的附加对话，以便获得附加信息和/或弄清可能有歧义的话语。当有必要 进行此类交互时，任务流处理模块736可调用对话流处理模块734以参与同 用户的对话。在一些示例中，对话流处理模块734可确定如何(和/或何时) 向用户请求附加信息，并且接收和处理用户响应。该问题可通过I/O处理模 块728而被提供至用户并可从用户接收回答。在一些示例中，对话处理模块 734可经由音频和/或视觉输出来向用户呈现对话输出，并接收经由口头或物 理(例如，点击)响应的来自用户的输入。继续上述示例，当任务流处理模 块736调用对话流处理模块734来确定针对与域“餐厅预订”相关联的结构 化查询的“同行人数”和“日期”信息时，对话流处理模块734可生成问题 诸如“一行几位？”和“预订哪天？”以传递给用户。一旦从用户接收到回 答，对话流处理模块734便可利用缺失信息填充结构化查询，或将信息传递 给任务流处理模块736以根据结构化查询来完成缺失信息。
一旦任务流处理模块736已针对可执行意图完成结构化查询，任务流处 理模块736便可着手执行与可执行意图相关联的最终任务。因此，任务流处 理模块736可根据包含在结构化查询中的特定参数来执行任务流模型中的步 骤和指令。例如，针对可执行意图“餐厅预订”的任务流模型可包括用于联 系餐厅并在特定时间实际上请求针对特定同行人数的预订的步骤和指令。例 如，使用结构化查询诸如：{餐厅预订、餐厅＝ABC咖啡馆、日期＝3/12/2012、 时间＝7pm、同行人数＝5}，任务流处理模块736可执行以下步骤：(1)登录ABC咖啡馆的服务器或餐厅预订系统诸如(2)以网站上的形 式输入日期、时间和同行人数信息，(3)提交表格，以及(4)在用户的日历上 形成针对预订的日历条目。
在一些示例中，任务流处理模块736可在服务处理模块738(“服务处 理模块”)的辅助下完成用户输入中所请求的任务或者提供用户输入中所请 求的信息性回答。例如，服务处理模块738可代表任务流处理模块736来发 起电话呼叫、设置日历条目、调用地图搜索、调用用户设备上安装的其他用 户应用程序或与该其他应用程序进行交互、以及调用第三方服务(例如，餐 厅预订门户网站、社交网站、银行门户网站等)、或与第三方服务进行交互。 在一些示例中，可通过服务模型756中的相应服务模型来指定每项服务所需 的协议和应用编程接口(API)。服务处理模块738可针对服务来访问适当的服 务模型，并依据服务模型根据该服务所需的协议和API来生成针对该服务的 请求。
例如，如果餐厅已启用在线预订服务，则餐厅可提交服务模型，该服务 模型指定进行预订的必要参数以及将必要参数的值传送至在线预订服务的 API。在被任务流处理模块736请求时，服务处理模块738可使用被存储在 服务模型中的web地址来建立与在线预订服务的网络连接，并将预订的必要 参数(例如，时间、日期、同行人数)以符合在线预订服务的API的格式发 送至在线预订接口。
在一些示例中，自然语言处理模块732、对话处理模块734以及任务流 处理模块736可被共同且反复地使用，以推断并限定用户的意图、获得信息， 以进一步明确并细化用户意图并最终生成响应(即，输出至用户或完成任务) 以满足用户的意图。所生成的响应可以是对语音输入的至少部分地满足用户 的意图的对话响应。此外，在一些示例中，所生成的响应可被输出为语音输 出。在这些示例中，所生成的响应可被发送到语音合成模块740(例如，语 音合成器)，在语音合成模块中，可处理所生成的响应以将对话响应以语音 形式合成。在其他示例中，所生成的响应可以是与满足语音输入中的用户请 求相关的数据内容。
语音合成模块740可被配置为合成语音输出以呈现给用户。语音合成模 块740基于数字助理提供的文本来合成语音输出。例如，所生成的对话响应 可为文本串的形式。语音合成模块740可将文本串转换成可听语音输出。语 音合成模块740可使用任何合适的语音合成技术，以便从文本生成语音输出， 包括但不限于：拼接合成、单位选择合成、双音素合成、特定于域的合成、 共振峰合成、发音合成、基于隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)的合成、以及正弦波合 成。在一些示例中，语音合成模块740可被配置为基于与这些字词对应的音 素串来合成各个字词。例如，音素串可与所生成的对话响应中的字词相关联。 音素串可被存储在与字词相关联的元数据中。语音合成模型740可被配置为 直接处理元数据中的音素串，以合成语音形式的字词。
在一些示例中，替代使用语音合成模块740(或除此之外)，可在远程 设备(例如，服务器系统108)上执行语音合成，并且可将合成的语音发送 至用户设备以输出给用户。例如，这可发生在一些具体实施中，其中在服务 器系统处生成数字助理的输出。并且由于服务器系统通常比用户设备具有更 强的处理能力或更多的资源，有可能获得比客户端侧合成将实现的质量更高 的语音输出。
有关数字助理的附加细节可在于2011年1月10日提交的标题为 “IntelligentAutomated Assistant”的美国实用新型专利申请号12/987,982和 于2011年9月30日提交的标题为“Generating and Processing Task Items That Represent Tasks toPerform”的美国实用新型专利申请号13/251,088中找到， 其全部公开内容以引用方式并入本文。
4.数字助理操作过程
图8示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程800的流程 图。例如，过程800使用实现数字助理的一个或多个电子设备(例如，设备 104、108、200、400或600)执行。在一些示例中，使用客户端-服务器系统 (例如，系统100)来执行过程800，并且可以任何方式在服务器(例如， DA服务器106)和客户端设备之间划分过程800的框。在其他示例中，可 以在服务器和多个客户端设备(例如，移动电话和智能手表)之间划分过程 800。因此，虽然过程800的部分在本文中被描述为由客户端-服务器系统的 特定设备执行，但是应当理解，过程800不限于此。在其他示例中，过程800 仅使用客户端设备(例如，用户设备104)或者仅使用多个客户端设备来执 行。在过程800中，一些框被任选地组合，一些框的顺序被任选地改变，并 且一些框被任选地省略。在一些示例中，可以结合过程800来执行额外的步 骤。
在框805处，自然语言用户输入由用户设备(诸如图1的用户设备104) 接收。自然语言用户输入是例如包括在音频输入或文本输入中的语音输入。 在一些示例中，自然语言用户输入可包括对用户设备和/或另一个设备执行任 务的请求。例如，在“将汽车发送到1200大街”的示例中，自然语言用户 输入可包括请求用户设备使用乘坐预订服务来预订汽车。在一些示例中，自 然语言用户输入可进一步为所请求的任务指定一个或多个参数。例如，“1200 大街”指定了预订汽车的接送地点。在该示例中，“按我的惯例从Domino 订购”，这一自然语言用户输入可包括请求用户设备从比萨饼连锁店Domino 订购食物，“按我的惯例”可根据上下文进一步指定订购什么食物。
在框810处，识别意图以及任选地与该意图相关联的一个或多个参数。 例如，所述意图和参数可从自然语言用户输入得出。在一些示例中，从自然 语言用户输入获得文本串，并且从该文本串得出意图和参数。文本串可使用 任何已知的语音到文本方法来获得。
如所述的，意图可对应于用户所请求的任务。因此，识别(例如，确定) 意图可包括识别在自然语言用户输入中指定的任务和/或推断与基于自然语 言用户输入的语言和/或上下文所请求的任务相对应的意图。意图可对应于由 用户设备执行的任何类型的任务，并且具体地讲，可对应于由用户设备的一 个或多个应用程序执行的任务，如下文进一步详细描述的。
因为第一类型的设备可执行与第二类型的设备不同的任务，所以可基于 设备的类型来识别意图和/或参数。举例来说，第一类型的设备可执行与用于 预订汽车的意图相关联的任务，并且第二类型的设备可执行与用于在进行预 订之后提供汽车预订的状态的意图相关联的任务。
在一些示例中，意图与一个或多个域(例如，意图类别、意图集合)相 关联(例如，包括在其中)。每个域可包括一个特定类别的意图，允许将意 图直观地分组。例如，用于预订汽车、取消汽车预订的意图和/或针对通常与 乘坐预订相关的任务的任何其他意图可被包括在乘坐预订域中。在另一个示 例中，用于办理登机手续、取消航班、重新安排航班、获取航班信息的意图 和/或针对通常与航空旅行相关联的任务的任何其他意图可被包括在航空旅 行域中。在另一个示例中，用于提供指导、获取交通信息的意图和/或针对通 常与导航相关联的任务的任何其他意图可被包括在导航域中。在又一个示例 中，用于付款、收款的意图和/或针对通常与金融交易相关联的任务的任何其 他意图可被包括在金融交易域中。
识别参数可包括识别指定对应于意图的任务将被执行的方式的自然语 言输入的部分。例如，参数可指定位置(例如，地址或感兴趣的地点)、时 间、日期、联系人、类型、文本(例如，要被插入到电子邮件或消息中)、 数量(例如，距离、金钱)，以及在某些情况下软件应用程序的名称来执行 任务。参数可进一步指定用于任务的其他条件，本文描述了其示例。
例如，可使用一个或多个检测器来识别参数。每个检测器可被配置为解 析自然语言用户输入(例如，自然语言用户输入的文本表示)并识别一个或 多个相应的数据类型。举例来说，第一检测器可被配置为识别用户联系人， 而第二检测器可被配置为识别地址。其他检测器可识别数据类型，包括但不 限于电话号码、姓名、感兴趣的人、感兴趣的地方、URL、时间、航班号、 包裹追踪号和日期。
在一些示例中，自定义词汇的单词可在自然语言用户输入中被标识为例 如参数。在一个示例中，一个或多个检测器可被配置为识别用户特定的术语。 用户特定的术语可包括与电子设备的用户相关联并且/或者由电子设备的用 户指定的任何术语，诸如联系人姓名、地址、电话号码等。作为另一示例， 一个或多个检测器可被配置为分别识别一个或多个应用程序的自定义词汇。 应用程序的自定义词汇可包括应用程序的名称(例如，Uber、Lyft、Instagram、 Flickr、WeChat、WhatsApp、LINE、Viber)并且/或者可包括与应用程序唯一关联的其他术语(例如，UberX、DM、Lyftline、ZipCar)。在一些示例 中，自定义词汇可被包括在词汇索引744(图7B)中。
在一些示例中，一个或多个应用程序可向应用程序注册服务注册。该服 务可由服务器108和/或用户设备104托管或以其他方式访问。以这种方式注 册可包括指定与该应用程序相关联的一个或多个自定义词汇术语以及任选 地用于自定义词汇术语的一个或多个语言模型。例如，语言模型可为每个自 定义词汇术语提供一种或多种发音。以这种方式提供的语言模型此后可用于 在分析自然语言用户输入期间帮助识别这种自定义术语的使用。
在一些示例中，可从自然语言用户输入推断出一个或多个参数。例如， 在“让我搭车去体育场”的示例中，可以推断与意图相关联的一个参数是用 户的当前位置。在另一个示例中，“还给John饭钱”，可以推断与意图相 关联的一个参数是金钱的数量。
在一些示例中，基于自然语言用户输入来识别意图，并且随后识别与该 意图相关联的参数。此外，在一些示例中，不识别与该意图不相关联的参数。 举例来说，对应于方向(例如，行驶路线)的意图可与指定一个或多个位置 (例如，起点和/或目的地)和/或交通方式的参数相关联。例如，考虑“给 我去1200大街的实时行驶路线”的示例。
在这种情况下，所识别的意图对应于提供路线的任务，“行驶”是指定 交通方式的参数，并且“1200大街”是指定位置的参数。用户输入的“实时” 部分不是与所识别的意图相关联的参数。因此，虽然“实时”可以是针对某 些意图的有效参数，但“实时”将不被识别为操作期间的参数。
在其他示例中，可首先识别一个或多个参数，并且可基于所识别的一个 或多个参数来识别意图。在其他示例中，可以同时识别意图和与该意图相关 联的参数。
在一些示例中，自然语言用户输入的意图和参数由用户设备(诸如图1 的用户设备104)识别。在其他示例中，用户设备将自然语言用户输入(或 其表示)提供给服务器，诸如图1的服务器108，并且服务器识别(例如， 确定)自然语言用户输入的意图和参数，如所述的。此后，服务器向用户设 备提供(例如，传输)所识别的意图和参数。
任选地，一旦已经识别了意图和任何参数，则用户设备向用户设备的用 户确认所识别的意图和/或参数，并且在一些情况下，向用户设备的用户确认 推断的参数。以这种方式确认可包括响应于自然语言查询来提示用户确认所 识别的意图以及与该意图相关联的所有所识别的参数。举例来说，响应于用 户输入“让我搭车去机场”，用户设备可提供自然语言查询“您是否想从您 当前的位置搭车到机场？”由用户设备提供的自然语言查询可使用用户设备 的触敏显示器作为文本提供给用户，并且/或者可使用用户设备的音频输出部件(例如，图2的扬声器211)作为语音提供给用户。用户可对自然语言查 询作出响应，例如通过向用户设备提供自然语言用户输入。
任选地，用户设备确认各个参数。在一些示例中，这可包括提示用户确 认一个或多个参数。举例来说，响应于用户输入“让我搭车去车站”，用户 设备可提供自然语言查询“您是指宾州车站？”。作为另一示例，响应于用 户输入“付给John 5美元”，用户设备可提供自然语言查询“你是指John Smith 吗？”由用户设备提供的自然语言查询可使用用户设备的触敏显示器作为文 本提供给用户，并且/或者可使用用户设备的音频输出部件(例如，图2的扬 声器211)作为语音提供给用户。用户可对自然语言查询作出响应，例如通 过向用户设备提供自然语言用户输入。
在一些示例中，一个或多个参数是上下文关系的。因此，用户设备可基 于上下文信息来确定(例如，解析)一个或多个参数。上下文信息可以是用 户设备(或其中存储的任何数据)的上下文信息和/或用户设备的用户的上下 文信息。举例来说，自然语言用户输入可陈述为“派辆车到我家来接我”。 因为“我家”是上下文参数并且没有指定实际位置，所以用户设备可确定用 户设备的位置并且将所确定的位置识别为参数(即，代替“我家”)。作为另一示例，自然语言用户输入可陈述为“打电话叫他回来”。因为“他”是 上下文参数并且没有指定特定联系人，所以用户设备可确定“他”所指代的 联系人并且将该联系人作为参数(即，代替“他”)传递。
在一些示例中，所识别的意图和参数被实现为意图对象。当这样实现时， 每个意图对象均为对象(例如，数据结构、编程对象)并且对应于相应的意 图。每个意图对象可包括分别对应于一个或多个参数的一个或多个字段(例 如，实例变量)。例如，可以像下面的伪代码一样生成(例如实例化)对应 于乘坐预订意图的意图对象：
正如普通技术人员将会理解的，上面的伪代码是示例性的，并且意图对象可 以其他方式实现。
通过将意图实现为意图对象，意图可以是语言无关的。如所述的，意图 可从自然语言用户输入得出。因此，同样的意图可从以任何数量的口头语言 提供的自然语言输入得出。举例来说，英语的自然语言用户输入“Send an Uber to 1200Park Avenue”和德语的自然语言用户输入“Senden Sie eine Uber 1200Park Avenue”将各自产生被识别的相同意图(并产生相同的意图对象)。
在框815处，可识别(例如，选择)与该意图相关联的软件应用程序。 通常，这可包括识别被配置为执行与该意图对应的任务的一个或多个软件应 用程序。
在一些示例中，识别软件应用程序可包括确定对应于意图的一个或多个 域并且识别对应于所述一个或多个域的应用程序。在一些示例中，使用一个 或多个机器学习机制(例如，神经网络)来识别一个或多个候选域。例如， 为每个候选域分配相关性得分，并且使用相关性得分对候选域进行排名。可 通过将自然语言用户输入的文本和/或自然语言用户输入的上下文提供给神 经网络来确定相关性得分。排名靠前的一个或多个候选域可被确定为与该意 图对应的一个或多个域。在一些情况下，两个或更多个排名靠前的候选域的相关性得分可在阈值内。用户设备可使用知识本体(诸如，知识本体760) 来区分这些候选域。
如所述的，一个或多个软件应用程序可向应用程序注册服务注册。以这 种方式注册可包括指定哪些域(例如，乘坐预订域、航空旅行域、导航域) 对应于所述软件应用程序。对应于域的应用程序可支持由该域指定的每个意 图，或者可仅支持由该域指定的一些意图。在一些示例中，应用程序可以个 人意图注册，并且识别应用程序可包括识别与所识别的意图相对应的应用程 序。
在一些示例中，根据所识别的参数来识别应用程序。举例来说，基于用 户输入“派辆黑色的汽车送我到机场”，可识别用于使用乘坐预订服务和指 定汽车类型(即“黑色汽车”)的参数来预订汽车的意图。尽管一些可用的 应用程序通常可被配置为预订汽车，但是只有被配置为预订“黑色汽车”的 那些应用程序才可被识别。作为另一示例，根据用户输入“给Sam发送信息 说‘你好！’”尽管可配置若干个应用程序来发送消息，但是只有那些具有联系人Sam的联系人信息的应用程序才可被识别。
在一些示例中，仅识别安装在用户设备上的应用程序和/或用户设备能 够访问的应用程序。例如，尽管若干个可用的应用程序可被配置为执行任务， 但是只有用户设备能够访问的应用程序被识别。可访问的应用程序包括驻留 并且/或者安装在用户设备上的应用程序，并且还包括可由用户设备远程访问 的应用程序，例如在一个或多个其他设备上的应用程序。
因此，在至少一些实施方案中，所识别的应用程序是被配置为根据所识 别的参数执行任务并且用户设备能够访问的应用程序。在一些示例中，虽然 多个应用程序可满足这些标准，但是用户设备可能希望识别更少的应用程序 或单个应用程序。因此，可基于用户设备先前对应用程序的使用来进一步识 别应用程序。在一些示例中，对于给定的意图，识别了最近用于执行与该意 图对应的任务的应用程序。考虑用户输入“拨打电话给Rob”，其中可识别 意图(即，拨打电话)和参数(即，“Rob”)。在该示例中，识别了上次 用于拨打电话的应用程序。在其他示例中，识别了最常用于执行与意图对应 的任务的应用程序。对于同一个示例，识别了最常用于拨打电话的应用程序。 在一些示例中，根据一个或多个参数进一步选择应用程序。例如，识别了最 近用于向联系人Rob拨打电话的应用程序，或者识别了最常用于向联系人 Rob拨打电话的应用程序。在一些示例中，可例如由用户或数字助理为一个 或多个特定任务和/或参数指定默认应用程序。例如，用户可指定在给第一联 系人打电话时要使用第一应用程序，并且在给第二联系人打电话时要使用第 二应用程序。
如所述的，自然语言用户输入可包括可被识别为一个或多个参数的自定 义词汇。在一些示例中，这样的自定义词汇包括应用程序名称，并且相应地 可基于输入中自定义词汇的存在来识别应用程序。例如，自然语言用户输入 可例如陈述为“使用Skype给Rob打电话”。作为响应，软件应用程序Skype 可以是被识别的软件应用程序。在另一个示例中，自然语言输入可陈述为“在 Spotify上播放甲壳虫乐队”，并且作为响应，软件应用程序Spotify可以是 被识别的软件应用程序。
自定义词汇还可包括与应用程序唯一关联的术语。因此，这样的术语可 被识别为参数，并且任选地用于识别应用程序。在“给我派一个UberX”的 示例中，“UberX”是软件应用程序Uber的自定义词汇的术语，因此Uber 被识别为软件应用程序。在“Tweet我希望大鲨鱼(the Sharks)赢得奖杯”的 示例中，“Tweet”是软件应用程序Twitter的自定义词汇的术语，因此Twitter 被识别为软件应用程序。
自定义词汇还可包括与用户唯一关联的术语。因此，这样的术语可被识 别为参数，并且任选地用于识别应用程序。在“给老板打电话”的示例中， “老板”是自定义词汇的用户特定术语，并且可被识别为参数，例如用于识 别用户联系人列表中的联系人。
在一些示例中，用户设备可从另一设备接收自定义词汇。因此，用户设 备可被配置为识别设备不知道的别的词汇。在一些示例中，用户设备可以周 期性地和/或响应于建立与另一设备的连接来接收自定义词汇。在其他示例 中，响应于确定用户已提供未识别的术语，用户设备可以从另一设备检索自 定义词汇。
在一些示例中，被配置为根据所识别的参数执行任务的应用程序不是用 户设备能够访问的。因此，用户设备可访问(例如，下载并且/或者安装)被 配置为根据所识别的参数执行任务的应用程序。在一些示例中，用户设备可 识别多个软件应用程序并向用户提供软件应用程序的列表。用户可选择一个 或多个应用程序，并且用户设备可访问一个或多个所选择的应用程序。
在框820处，将意图和参数提供给所识别的软件应用程序。在一些示例 中，将意图和参数作为意图对象提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，可基于用户设备的状态将意图和参数选择性地提供给软 件应用程序。作为示例，可基于用户设备是否处于锁定状态来将意图和参数 选择性地提供给用户设备。在一些示例中，当设备处于锁定状态时，可允许 应用程序接收特定的意图和参数。在其他示例中，当用户设备不处于锁定状 态时，可允许应用程序接收特定的意图和参数。例如，在使用应用程序注册 服务进行的注册过程中，软件应用程序可指定应用程序是否可接收给定用户 设备的特定状态时的特定意图。
在框825处，用户设备可从软件应用程序接收一个或多个响应。在一些 示例中，用户设备接收针对提供给软件应用程序的每个参数的响应。例如， 每个响应可指示参数是否有效或者是否需要附加的用户输入。如果响应指示 参数有效，则不会对参数采取进一步的操作。
如果软件应用程序提供的响应未指示参数有效，则响应可指示需要澄清 参数。例如，参数可能是不正确的(即，无效的)，并且软件应用程序可请 求来自用户的附加输入。作为示例，考虑用户输入“派辆蓝色的汽车到1200 大街”。尽管用户已请求蓝色汽车，但是骑车预订应用程序(例如，Uber、 Lyft)可能不允许选择蓝色汽车(例如，蓝色汽车可能不是支持的参数，或 者应用程序可确定目前没有蓝色汽车可用)。因此，如果参数不合适(例如，用户已经指定了无效类型的汽车)，则应用程序可请求提供用于参数(例如， 汽车的类型)的适当(例如，有效的)值。参考图10A，例如，基于来自软 件应用程序的指示参数不合适的响应，用户设备可提供提示用户选择有效参 数的自然语言查询1002。在本示例中，用户设备提供自然语言查询，要求用 户选择有效类型的汽车。自然语言查询1002可使用用户设备的触敏显示器 作为文本提供给用户，并且/或者可使用用户设备的音频输出部件作为语音提 供给用户。如图所示，在一些示例中，用户设备可向用户提供(例如，显示) 一个或多个候选参数1004以供选择。在本示例中，候选参数1004包括“预 算”、“黑色汽车”、“SUV”和“共享”。以这种方式提供的候选参数1004 可由软件应用程序在一些示例中提供。用户设备可通过提供触摸输入并且/ 或者通过向用户设备提供自然语言用户输入来选择候选参数之一，并且作为 响应，用户设备可将所选择的候选参数提供给软件应用程序。
如果软件应用程序提供的响应未指示参数有效，则响应可指示需要消除 参数的歧义。例如，在用户输入“给Tom打电话”的示例中，联系人Tom 的参数可被提供给被配置为拨打电话的软件应用程序。如果，在确定联系人 Tom的联系人信息(例如，电话号码)的过程中，所述软件应用程序确定存 在具有姓名“汤姆”的多个联系人，则软件应用程序可请求指示指代的是哪 个“汤姆”。
软件应用程序可请求用户设备基于用户输入消除参数的歧义。作为请求 的一部分，软件应用程序任选地在响应中包括具有多个候选参数的消除歧义 列表。如果软件应用程序基于用户输入请求消除歧义，则用户设备可提供要 求用户选择候选参数的自然语言查询。此外，可显示消除歧义列表的候选参 数以允许用户选择。用户可例如通过提供触摸输入并且/或者通过提供自然语 言用户输入来选择候选参数之一，并且用户设备可将所选择的候选参数提供 给软件应用程序。
软件应用程序可请求用户设备在没有用户输入的情况下消除参数的歧 义。因此，用户设备可基于用户设备的上下文、软件应用程序和/或参数自动 地消除参数的歧义。举例来说，用户设备可选择用户最近联系的联系人 “Tom”。
在某些情况下，软件应用程序可能无法访问解析参数并且/或者消除参 数歧义所需的信息。软件应用程序可能无法访问联系人列表，因此无法确定 是否存在针对一个姓名的一个条目(更不用说多个条目)。因此，软件应用 程序可请求用户设备消除软件应用程序无法解析的任何参数的歧义。除此之 外或另选地，软件应用程序可请求用户设备将候选参数提供给软件应用程 序，使得软件应用程序可执行消除歧义。参考先前的示例，软件应用程序可 请求设备消除“Tom”的歧义，或提供所有“Tom”联系人的列表使得软件 应用程序可消除“Tom”本身的歧义。
执行任务可能需要用户指定一个或多个特定类型的参数。然而在一些示 例中，自然语言用户输入可省略一个或多个所需的参数。因此，软件应用程 序可以任选地提供一个或多个响应，指示哪些(如果有的话)所需参数未被 指定。考虑用户输入“派辆汽车到1200大街”。尽管通常通过用户输入来 请求汽车，但是基于用户输入所识别的乘坐预订应用程序可能需要选择特定 类型的汽车。因此，在参数丢失的情况下(例如，用户没有指定汽车类型)， 应用程序可请求提供参数(例如，汽车的类型)的识别值。再次参考图10A， 用户设备可提供提示用户指定有效参数的自然语言查询1002。此后，用户可 例如从候选参数列表中选择候选参数，并且可以如所述的那样将所选择的参 数提供给软件应用程序。
一旦软件应用程序已经指示每个参数是有效的并且不需要附加信息，则 在框830处，用户设备可向软件应用程序确认意图。具体地讲，用户设备可 请求如下通知：给定意图和与该意图相关联的参数时，软件应用程序可成功 地执行与该意图对应的任务。
一旦软件应用程序提供指示软件应用程序可执行任务的通知，则任选 地，用户设备向用户确认意图。例如，用户设备可提供自然语言查询“我在 您的位置找到一个uberX。我是否应该叫住这个车？”用户可通过触摸输入 或自然语言输入来确认或拒绝该意图。在一些示例中，软件应用程序提供的 通知可包括要提供给用户的信息。这些信息例如可允许用户在被提示确认时 做出更明智的决定。例如，用户设备可提供自然语言查询“我找到一个在9 分钟内到达您的位置的uberX。我是否应该叫住这个车？”
此后，用户设备根据参数使得(例如，指示)软件应用程序执行与该意 图对应的任务。
在其他示例中，一旦软件应用程序提供指示软件应用程序可执行任务的 通知，则用户设备使得软件应用程序在没有用户确认的情况下执行任务。例 如，用户可提供自然语言用户输入“派辆Lyft送我到机场”，并且一旦所识 别的应用程序Lyft指示它可以为用户预订一辆汽车，则软件应用程序自动执 行该任务，而无需用户确认。在一些示例中，是否在没有用户确认的情况下 执行任务基于用户设备的类型。第一类型的设备诸如移动电话可能需要用户 确认一个或多个任务，并且第二类型的设备诸如智能手表可以在不首先接收用户确认的情况下执行一个或多个任务。
在框835处，用户设备从软件应用程序接收指示软件应用程序是否成功 执行任务的结果响应。
指示执行任务失败的结果响应可进一步指示失败的一个或多个原因。在 一些示例中，用户设备可向用户提供指示失败的一个或多个原因的输出，诸 如自然语言输出或文本输出。
指示执行任务成功的结果响应可包括一个或多个响应项。每个响应项可 以是在执行任务时由软件应用程序确定(例如，接收、生成)的结果。举例 来说，对应于用乘坐预订应用程序来预订汽车的响应项可包括汽车类型、车 牌号、驾驶员姓名、到达时间、汽车当前位置、接送位置、目的地、预计行 程时间、估计成本和估计的出行线路、服务类型(例如，Uber pool与uberX)。 作为另一示例，对应于使用健身应用程序发起锻炼会话的响应项可包括确认 会话已经发起、锻炼持续时间、活动类型以及一个或多个目标。
在一些示例中，可将一个或多个响应项提供给用户。参考图10B，例如， 可将一个或多个响应项作为自然语言输出1012、作为文本输入和/或音频输 出提供给用户。响应项也可在视觉上提供。例如，估计的出行线路的地图1014 可被提供给用户。将会理解，可以任何期望的方式向用户提供响应项。
在一些示例中，软件应用程序可指定将一个或多个响应项提供给用户的 方式。也就是说，软件应用程序可确定响应项向用户显示和/或说出的方式， 并且数字助理可相应地提供每个响应项。
在一些示例中，软件应用程序可指定如何使用数字助理的UI扩展来提 供响应项。用户设备例如可向软件应用程序提供一组视图控制器参数(例如， 可被提供给视图控制器用于显示的字段)，并且作为响应，软件应用程序可 提供一组视图控制器参数值。该组视图控制器参数值可指示在视图控制器的 各个字段中要显示哪些响应项以及/或者在每个字段中显示响应项的方式。以 这种方式，数字助理可控制(例如，限制)软件应用程序显示响应项的方式。
在其他示例中，数字助理可确定如何提供响应项。在另一些示例中，调 用软件应用程序，使得用户可以直接与软件应用程序交互。在一些示例中， 以这种方式调用应用程序可终止与数字助理的会话。
在一些示例中，一旦任务已经成功执行，用户设备(例如，用户设备的 数字助理)便可向用户提供一个或多个通知，指示与任务相关联的操作的状 态。作为示例，一旦已经响应于用户输入预订了汽车，则用户设备可提供所 预订的汽车的位置、预计到达时间和/或线路。通知可进一步指示是否发生了 与操作相关的错误。例如，如果预订的汽车不再可用，则可通知用户。以这 种方式提供的通知可在一些示例中被周期性地和/或实时地提供。
在一些示例中，一旦任务已经成功执行，用户设备便可调整与任务相关 联的操作。调整与任务相关联的操作可包括调整(例如，去除、添加和/或修 改)与意图相关联的参数，并且利用调整后的参数向软件应用程序提供意图。 举例来说，软件应用程序可预订汽车并向用户指示汽车已被成功预订。此后， 可通过指定此次乘坐的新目的地来调整汽车预订。在其他示例中，调整操作 包括向软件应用程序提供不同的意图。例如，该意图可为一个不同域的意图。
在一些示例中，响应于对设备所显示的示能表示的选择来调整操作。作 为示例，一旦任务已经成功执行，设备便可显示用户可选择用于确认任务的 成功执行的一个或多个示能表示和/或指示用户希望调整与该任务相关联的 操作的方式。在一些示例中，可基于上下文来显示示能表示。作为示例，用 于汽车预订的示能表示可允许修改目的地地址或取消汽车预订(图13A)。 作为另一示例，预订晚餐的示能表示可允许修改预订时间或人数。作为又一 示例，行程路线的示能表示可允许改变目的地地址或交通方式。作为又一示 例，用于电子支付的示能表示可允许取消支付或者修改总支付金额。
在一些示例中，软件应用程序可能无法执行任务。作为响应，设备可显 示用户可选择用于确认任务的失败和/或请求任务的执行的一个或多个示能 表示。作为示例，对示能表示的选择可使得用户设备执行先前失败的同一任 务。这可包括向软件应用程序提供相同的意图。该意图可具有相同或不同的 参数和/或参数值。作为另一示例，对示能表示的选择可使得设备执行不同的 任务，诸如与不同的域相关联的任务。
作为示例，在操作期间，软件应用程序可能无法响应于用户请求进行支 付(图13B)。作为响应，设备可显示第一示能表示，并且响应于对第一示 能表示的选择，用户设备可向软件应用程序提供意图。该意图可与先前提供 给软件应用程序的意图(即，进行支付的意图)相同。用户设备可进一步显 示第二示能表示，并且响应于对第二示能表示的选择，用户设备可向不同的 软件应用程序提供该意图。用户设备可进一步显示第三示能表示，并且响应 于对第三示能表示的选择，用户设备可提供向另一软件应用程序发送消息的 意图。例如，用户可能希望传达支付失败。
在一些示例中，例如，在向软件应用程序提供意图和参数之前，验证软 件应用程序的许可。用户设备例如可确定是否准许软件应用程序访问与特定 意图相关联的数据。可基于在用户设备上配置的许可进行该确定。在“派辆 黑色的汽车到我的位置”示例中，“位置”可以是需要用户设备的上下文信 息(例如，位置数据)的上下文参数。因此，在解析用户设备的位置并将该 位置作为参数提供给软件应用程序之前，用户设备可首先确定是否准许软件 应用程序访问信息。如果软件应用程序被准许访问数据，则操作按照所述进 行。如果软件应用程序不被准许访问数据，则意图和参数不会被提供给软件 应用程序，并且不执行任务。在一些情况下，软件应用程序的许可可在设备 之间交换。举例来说，包括软件应用程序的第一设备可向包括相同软件应用 程序的用户的第二设备提供软件应用程序的许可。
在一些示例中，自然语言输入可包括多个任务请求。因此，基于自然语 言输入，可识别多个意图和/或多个应用程序。与每个意图相关联的参数也被 任选地识别。例如，自然语言输入“让我搭车去机场并给我说我的航班状态” 可包括预订汽车的意图以及检索用户的航班状态的意图。在一些示例中，对 应于每个意图的任务可被顺序地或同时地执行。
在一些示例中，自然语言输入可包括多个相关的任务请求。例如，在一 些示例中，自然语言用户输入的所请求任务可取决于自然语言输入的另一所 请求任务的完成。在“将去机场的路线以电子邮件发送给我”的示例中，请 求两个任务：第一任务是提供路线，第二任务是发送电子邮件。参数“我” 指定特定的联系人并且是用于发送电子邮件的意图的参数，而参数“机场” 是指定用于提供路线的意图的目的地的参数。因为以电子邮件发送路线需要 首先提供路线，第二任务(发送电子邮件)取决于第一任务(提供路线)。 因此，首先执行检索路线的任务。
在一些示例中，可以在应用程序之间提供意图。例如，应用程序可向另 一个应用程序提供意图对象，以使应用程序执行任务。在本示例中，可将两 个意图(提供路线和发送电子邮件)提供给地图应用程序，以提供所请求的 路线。例如，第二意图或发送电子邮件的意图可作为参数提供给地图应用程 序。根据第一意图或提供路线的意图，地图应用程序可提供所请求的路线。 随后，地图应用程序可将第二意图提供给电子邮件应用程序，例如作为包括 路线作为参数的意图对象。作为响应，电子邮件应用程序可按照请求以电子 邮件发送路线。
作为另一示例，用户可在查看运动应用程序(例如，ESPN应用程序) 的同时提供用户输入“让我搭车去大鲨鱼的比赛”。作为响应，具有关于比 赛的信息的运动应用程序可将意图(例如，预定汽车)和参数(例如，比赛 的地址)传递给乘坐预订应用程序。在一些示例中，意图和参数可作为意图 对象提供。
作为又一示例，用户可在使用乘坐预订应用程序的同时提供用户输入 “付给我的兄弟5.00美元”。作为响应，乘坐预订应用程序可以将意图(例 如，支付)和参数(5.00美元)传递给支付应用程序(例如，PayPal、Venmo、 在线支付服务)。如所述的，在一些示例中，意图和参数可作为意图对象提 供。
在一些示例中，可以在设备之间提供意图。如所述的，不同类型的设备 可被配置为执行不同的相应任务。在一些情况下，可将自然语言用户输入提 供给未被配置为执行与自然语言用户输入的意图对应的任务的第一设备。第 一设备可将意图提供给第二设备，使得执行与该意图相关联的任务。作为示 例，第一设备(例如，移动电话)可被配置为预订汽车，第二设备(例如， 智能手表)可被配置为提供所预订汽车的状态。例如，如果用户使用第二设 备请求汽车预订(例如，“派辆Uber送我到机场”)，则第二设备可从用 户输入得出意图并确定第二设备不能执行与所得出的意图相关联的任务。此 后，第二设备可将所得出的意图提供给第一设备，使得该任务可由第一设备 执行。
如所述的，设备可在操作期间向用户提供自然语言输出。例如，自然语 言查询可被提供给用户以请求确认参数。在一些示例中，可根据与一个或多 个软件应用程序相关联的任务流向用户提供自然语言输出。例如，任务流可 指定所提供的自然语言输出的方式和类型。举例来说，用户可提供自然语言 输入(例如，“派辆Lyft送我回家”)。在接收到意图和任何所识别的参数 之后，软件应用程序可指示一个或多个参数需要澄清，以及/或者需要附加参 数(例如，用户的位置、“家”的地址、车辆的类型等)来执行与意图相关 的任务。因此，设备可向用户提供由任务流指定的一个或多个自然语言查询， 使得可向软件应用程序提供所有需要的参数。
在一些示例中，一个或多个任务流被存储在设备上。因此，设备可向用 户提供自然语言输出(例如，自然语言查询)，而无需在操作期间检索来自 外部设备的任务流的单独查询。以这种方式存储任务流可提高操作效率。在 一些示例中，当对应的软件应用程序存储在设备上时，任务流被检索和/或存 储在用户设备上。
图9示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程的流程图。过 程900可例如用于实现图8的过程800的至少一部分，包括但不限于图8的 框815和/或框820。例如，过程900使用实现数字助理的一个或多个电子设 备(例如，设备104、108、200、400或600)执行。在一些示例中，使用客 户端-服务器系统(例如，系统100)来执行过程900，并且可以任何方式在 服务器(例如，DA服务器106)和客户端设备之间划分过程900的框。因 此，虽然过程900的部分在本文中被描述为由客户端-服务器系统的特定设备 执行，但是应当理解，过程900不限于此。在其他示例中，过程900仅使用 客户端设备(例如，用户设备104)来执行。在过程900中，一些框被任选 地组合，一些框的顺序被任选地改变，并且一些框被任选地省略。在一些示 例中，可以结合过程900来执行额外的步骤。
在框905处，自然语言用户输入由用户设备(诸如图1的用户设备104) 接收。如所述的，自然语言输入可包括对于用户设备和/或另一个设备执行任 务的请求，并且还可为所请求的任务指定一个或多个参数。
在框910处，识别意图以及任选地与该意图相关联的一个或多个参数。 所述意图和参数可从自然语言用户输入得出。如前所述，意图可对应于由用 户设备执行的任何类型的任务，并且具体地讲，可对应于由用户设备的一个 或多个应用程序执行的任务。与该意图相关联的参数可识别指定对应于意图 的任务将被执行的方式的自然语言输入的部分。在该示例“让我搭车去机场” 中，意图对应于预订汽车的任务，并且“机场”是指定目的地的参数。考虑 到用户的意图是预订汽车，则用户的位置也可以是参数(例如，推断的参数)。
在框915处，确定是否可完成对应于该意图的任务。在一些示例中，确 定可包括确定被配置为根据参数执行任务的应用程序是否可被用户设备访 问。在本示例中，确定用户设备是否可访问被配置为在用户设备的位置处预 订汽车的应用程序。如所述的，可访问应用程序是本地存储在用户设备上的 应用程序以及用户设备可远程访问的应用程序。
根据确定可完成对应于该意图的任务，在框920处，将所述意图和参数 提供给软件应用程序。例如，如果在框915处确定用户设备可访问被配置为 根据任何所识别的参数来执行所请求的任务的软件应用程序，则所述意图和 参数被提供给该应用程序以执行任务。在本示例中，这包括确定被配置为在 用户设备的位置处预订汽车的软件应用程序是用户设备能够访问的。例如， 乘坐预订应用程序Lyft可安装在用户设备上，并且可用于根据本文所述的示 例预订汽车。
根据确定不能完成对应于该意图的任务，在框925处，提供一个或多个 软件应用程序的列表。例如，一个或多个软件应用程序的列表可包括一个或 多个软件应用程序，所述一个或多个软件应用程序被配置为根据任何所识别 的参数执行与该意图相关联的任务。在一些示例中，例如，可基于与该意图 相关联的一个或多个域来识别该列表的一个或多个软件应用程序(回想到应 用程序可向一个或多个域注册)。参考图10C，一旦软件应用程序(例如， 乘坐预订应用程序)的列表已被确定，用户设备可向用户提供该列表。如图 所示，提供列表可包括提供请求用户从一个或多个软件应用程序的列表中选 择应用程序的自然语言输入1022。在一些示例中，列表由用户设备生成。在 其他示例中，如所述的，软件应用程序的列表由服务器生成并提供给用户设 备，用户设备又可将该列表提供给用户。
在框930处，用户设备接收指示从一个或多个软件应用程序的列表中选 择一个或多个软件应用程序的用户输入。用户输入可以是在用户设备的触敏 显示器上的触摸输入并且/或者可以是自然语言用户输入。
在框935处，将意图和参数提供给由用户选择的软件应用程序。在一些 示例中，提供意图和参数包括下载和/或安装软件应用程序，使得用户设备可 在本地访问该软件应用程序。在其他示例中，这包括远程访问所选择的应用 程序。
如所述的，响应于所述意图和参数，软件应用程序可提供一个或多个响 应。一旦参数被验证，用户设备可向软件应用程序确认意图，并使软件应用 程序执行该任务。此后，用户设备可接收结果响应，并且任选地向用户提供 结果响应的一个或多个响应项。
本文中提及的是向用户设备的用户提供自然语言输出和/或自然语言查 询。在一些示例中，将自然语言输出和查询提供给用户的方式可取决于用户 设备的类型或状态。例如，如果用户设备是移动电话，则用户设备可使用文 本和音频二者来提供查询。另一方面，如果用户设备是扬声器，则用户设备 可以仅使用音频来提供查询。作为另一示例，如果用户设备是不与耳机配对 的移动电话，则用户设备可使用文本和/或相对较短的自然语言查询来提供查 询。如果用户设备与耳机配对，则用户设备可仅使用相对较长的自然语言查询来提供查询。
图10D至图10E示出了根据一些实施方案的数字助理系统的示例性数 据流。图10D至图10E的数据流在一些示例中可使用过程800,900中的一个 或多个。图10D示出了根据一些实施方案的数字助理系统1030的示例性数 据流。具体地讲，图10D示出了用于应用程序注册过程的数据流和用于执行 任务的数据流。数据流1031-1041可与应用程序注册过程相关联(在图10D 中示出为虚线)，并且数据流1043-1051可与任务的执行相关联(在图10D 中示出为实线)。
通常，与应用程序注册过程相关联的数据流涉及使用应用程序注册服务 (例如，验证服务)对应用程序进行注册，通过这种注册，应用程序以及与 其相对应的自定义词汇可由数字助理访问和/或使用以执行任务。
在操作中，在数据流1031处，将应用程序提交给应用程序审查模块 1032。也可提交与应用程序对应的语言模型和应用程序的意图。语言模型可 包括应用程序的自定义词汇表。接着，在数据流1033处，应用程序审查模 块1032可将应用程序、自定义词汇表和/或应用程序的意图提供给验证服务 1034。验证服务1034可例如基于应用程序是否可用数字助理操作来确定是 否验证应用程序。这可包括，例如，确保应用程序的任何意图对应于应用程 序的一个或多个域。例如，验证服务可拒绝与预订汽车的意图相关联的即时 消息应用程序，因为域和意图不匹配。数据流1035处的验证服务1034可提 供指示应用程序是否有效的验证响应。
如果验证服务1034指示应用程序有效，则应用程序审查模块1032将应 用程序(如经验证的)提供给应用程序商店1036。一般而言，如数据流1039 所指示的，应用程序可由用户设备1040经由DA服务器1038在应用程序商 店1036下载和/或访问。在一些示例中，用户设备1040可以是图1的用户设 备104，并且DA服务器1038可以是图1的DA服务器106。这例如可使用 户设备1040的应用程序列表(例如，info.plist)被更新和/或与DA服务器 1038同步。在数据流1041处，验证服务可向DA服务器1038提供应用程序 的自定义词汇(例如，运行时词汇)以帮助解析自然语言输入，如所述的。
通常，与任务的执行相关联的数据流涉及向应用程序提供意图以及任选 地提供一个或多个参数，以执行与该意图对应的任务。
在操作中，在数据流1043处，用户设备1040可向DA服务器1038提 供自然语言输入。在一些示例中，自然语言输入可由用户设备1040的数字 助理1042提供。基于自然语言输入，DA服务器1038可识别在自然语言输 入中请求的一个或多个任务以及与该意图相关联的一个或多个参数。另外， DA服务器1038可识别用于以该意图执行任务的应用程序。在一些示例中， 所识别的应用程序1044的名称(或其他形式的标识符)可以是意图的参数。在数据流1045处，DA服务器1038此后向用户设备1040(例如，用户设备1040的数字助理1042)提供所识别的应用程序1044的意图、参数和标识。 在一些示例中，意图和参数可作为意图对象被提供给用户设备1040。
作为响应，数字助理确定所识别的应用程序1044是否被准许访问与所 识别的参数相关联的信息。例如，如果参数是用户设备1040的位置，则数 字助理查询数据许可1046以确定是否准许应用程序1044访问位置数据。
在应用程序被准许访问每个参数的数据的情况下，用户设备(例如，用 户设备的数字助理1042)向应用程序提供意图。如图所示，应用程序可驻留 在用户设备1040上。在其他示例中，应用程序可驻留在一个或多个其他设 备上，并且可经由一个或多个网络将意图传输到应用程序。如所述的，如果 应用程序确定一个或多个参数缺失、不正确和/或不明确，则应用程序1044 此后可请求来自用户设备1040的用户的输入。在一些示例中，针对用户输 入的查询可被提供为由DA服务器1038生成的自然语言查询。因此，在数 据流1051处，用户设备1040可请求并随后接收一个或多个自然语言查询。 一旦所有参数已经被解析，应用程序1044就可执行与意图对应的任务并提 供指示任务是否被成功执行的结果响应。
图10D中的一个或多个数据流例如使用实现数字助理的一个或多个电 子设备(例如，设备104、108、200、400或600)来实现(例如，生成)。 具体地讲，在DA服务器1038和用户设备1040的数字助理1042之间提供的 数据流被示出为依赖于客户端-服务器架构。在其他示例中，DA服务器1038 可被实现为用户设备1040上的过程和/或服务。因此，在一些示例中，在DA 服务器1038和数字助理1042之间交换的数据流可仅在用户设备1040上交 换。
图10E示出了根据一些实施方案的数字助理系统1060的示例性数据流。 具体地讲，图10E示出了用于应用程序注册过程并且可用于实现如图10D所 示的应用程序注册过程的示例性数据流。此外，图10E的若干元件分别对应 于图10D的元件，并且被提供有相同的附图标记。为了简洁起见，对其功能 和操作的解释将不再重复。
在数据流1065处，从验证服务1034向全局应用词汇库(Global ApplicationVocabulary Store)1060提供经验证的词汇。通常，全局应用词汇 库可存储任何数量和/或版本的软件应用程序的语言模型和/或词汇。在数据 流1061和1063处，训练语音训练模块1062和自然语言训练模块1064以识 别和自然语言处理与经验证的应用程序一起提供的特定于应用的词汇。基于 该数据，全局应用词汇库可生成和/或训练一个或多个语言模型，其允许数字 助理识别和处理包含特定于应用的词汇的话语。
在用户设备(诸如图10D的用户设备1040)的操作期间，运行时特定 的全局应用词汇库可从全局应用词汇库1060接收用户设备的一个或多个应 用程序的词汇和/或语言模型。词汇可特定于用户设备的用户的用户ID，并 且/或者可特定于用户设备的应用程序和/或操作系统的版本。基于词汇，例 如，可将自然语言输入的一个或多个术语识别为参数。
图11示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程1100的流程 图。例如，过程1100使用实现数字助理的一个或多个电子设备(例如，设 备104、108、200、400或600)执行。在一些示例中，使用客户端-服务器 系统(例如，系统100)来执行过程1100，并且可以任何方式在服务器(例 如，DA服务器106)和客户端设备之间划分过程1100的框。在其他示例中， 可以在服务器和多个客户端设备(例如，移动电话和智能手表)之间划分过 程1100。因此，虽然过程1100的部分在本文中被描述为由客户端-服务器系 统的特定设备执行，但是应当理解，过程1100不限于此。在其他示例中， 过程1100仅使用客户端设备(例如，用户设备104)或者使用多个客户端设 备来执行。在过程1100中，一些框被任选地组合，一些框的顺序被任选地 改变，并且一些框被任选地省略。在一些示例中，可以结合过程1100来执行额外的步骤。
在框1105处，该电子设备接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入。
在框1110处，该电子设备识别一组意图对象中的意图对象。该意图对 象从自然语言用户输入得出。在一些示例中，识别一组意图对象中的意图对 象包括基于电子设备的类型来识别该组意图对象中的该意图对象。
在框1115处，电子设备识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的 软件应用程序。在一些示例中，识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联 的软件应用程序包括识别与该意图对象相关联的第一参数。
在一些示例中，电子设备从另一个电子设备接收多个术语；接收自然语 言用户输入包括：接收包括多个术语中的术语的自然语言用户输入；以及识 别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件应用程序包括：基于所述多 个术语中的该术语来识别该软件应用程序。
在框1120处，电子设备将该意图对象提供给该软件应用程序。提供该 意图对象使该软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务。在一些示例 中，将该意图对象提供给该软件应用程序以使该软件应用程序执行与该意图 对象相关联的任务包括：将第一参数提供给该软件应用程序。在一些示例中， 将该意图对象提供给该软件应用程序包括：在识别该软件应用程序之后，确 定在一段时间内是否接收到请求取消或修改任务的用户输入，并且根据确定 在该时间段内没有接收到请求取消或修改任务的用户输入，将该意图对象提供给该软件应用程序。在一些示例中，将该意图对象提供给该软件应用程序 包括：在无需用户确认该意图对象的情况下将该意图对象提供给该软件应用 程序。
在一些示例中，电子设备识别与该意图相关联的多个候选参数，并将所 述多个候选参数提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，电子设备从软件应用程序接收对应于参数的消除歧义请 求，从一组候选参数中识别与该参数相关联的候选参数，并将所选择的候选 参数提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，自然语言用户输入是第一自然语言用户输入。电子设备 从软件应用程序接收对与该意图对象相关联的第二参数的请求，提供基于该 请求的自然语言查询，接收第二自然语言用户输入，识别第二参数，该第二 参数来自第二自然语言用户输入，并将第二参数提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，电子设备从软件应用程序接收对与该意图对象相关联的 参数的请求，使用电子设备识别基于该请求的自然语言查询，该自然语言查 询与软件应用程序和参数相关联；提供自然语言查询，接收第四用户输入， 基于第四用户输入识别参数，并将该参数提供给软件应用程序。
在框1125处，电子设备接收指示任务是否被成功执行的结果响应。结 果响应可从软件应用程序接收。
在框1130处，电子设备提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。在一些示例 中，输出指示软件应用程序成功执行任务。在一些示例中，输出指示软件应 用程序未能执行任务。在一些示例中，提供指示任务是否被执行的输出包括 从软件应用程序接收一组视图控制器参数值并根据该组视图控制器参数值 提供输出。
在一些示例中，在提供输出之后，电子设备接收第二输入，并且响应于 第二输入，调整与任务相关联的操作。在一些示例中，调整与任务相关联的 操作包括调整意图对象，并将调整后的意图对象提供给软件应用程序。在一 些示例中，调整意图对象包括调整意图对象的参数。在一些示例中，接收第 二输入包括检测对示能表示的选择，并且调整与任务相关联的操作包括响应 于对示能表示的选择来调整与任务相关联的操作。
在一些示例中，在提供输出之后，电子设备接收第三输入，并且响应于 第三输入，向软件应用程序提供另一个意图对象，以使软件应用程序执行与 另一个意图对象相关联的任务。在一些示例中，接收第三输入包括检测对示 能表示的选择，并且向软件应用程序提供另一个意图对象以使软件应用程序 执行与另一个意图对象相关联的任务包括：响应于对示能表示的选择，将另 一个意图对象提供给软件应用程序。在一些示例中，该意图对象和另一个意 图对象是相同类型的意图对象，并且与该意图对象相关联的参数和与另一个 意图对象相关联的参数具有相同的值。在一些示例中，该意图对象和另一个 意图对象是相同的意图对象。
图12示出了根据一些实施方案的用于操作数字助理的过程1200的流程 图。例如，过程1200使用实现数字助理的一个或多个电子设备(例如，设 备104、108、200、400或600)执行。在一些示例中，使用客户端-服务器 系统(例如，系统100)来执行过程1200，并且可以任何方式在服务器(例 如，DA服务器106)和客户端设备之间划分过程1200的框。在其他示例中， 可以在服务器和多个客户端设备(例如，移动电话和智能手表)之间划分过 程1200。因此，虽然过程1200的部分在本文中被描述为由客户端-服务器系 统的特定设备执行，但是应当理解，过程1200不限于此。在其他示例中， 过程1200仅使用客户端设备(例如，用户设备104)或者使用多个客户端设 备来执行。在过程1200中，一些框被任选地组合，一些框的顺序被任选地 改变，并且一些框被任选地省略。在一些示例中，可以结合过程1200来执行额外的步骤。
在框1205处，电子设备识别一组意图对象中的意图对象，其中该意图 对象从自然语言用户输入得出。
在框1210处，电子设备识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的 软件应用程序。
在框1215处，电子设备从第二电子设备接收与该软件应用程序相关联 的任务流。在一些示例中，接收与软件应用程序相关联的任务流包括从另一 个电子设备接收任务流并将该任务流存储在电子设备上。
在框1220处，电子设备将意图对象提供给软件应用程序以使软件应用 程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务。
在框1225处，该电子设备从软件应用程序接收请求。
在框1230处，该电子设备确定基于所述请求的查询。查询是根据任务 流确定的。在一些示例中，确定基于所述请求的查询包括从存储在电子设备 上的任务流中检索查询。
在框1235处，该电子设备使用触敏显示器提供查询。
在框1240处，该电子设备接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入。在一些 示例中，在提供查询之后接收第二用户输入。在一些示例中，查询响应指示 与该意图对象相关联的参数。
在框1245处，电子设备将该查询响应提供给该软件应用程序。在一些 示例中，将查询响应提供给软件应用程序包括，调整意图对象并将经调整的 意图对象提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，电子设备从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否被成功执行 的结果响应，并提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。
根据一些实施方案，图14示出了根据各种所述实施方案(包括参考图 11描述的那些)的原理配置的电子设备1400的功能框图。该设备的功能块 任选地由执行各种所述实施方案的原理的硬件、软件或硬件和软件的组合来 实现。本领域的技术人员应当理解，图14中所述的功能块任选地被组合或 被分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选 地支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。
如图14所示，电子设备1400包括触敏显示器单元1402和任选地耦接 至触敏显示器单元1402的处理单元1408。在一些实施方案中，处理单元1108 包括接收单元1410、识别单元1412、提供单元1414，以及任选地，调整单 元1416、检测单元1418和确定单元1420。
在一些示例中，处理单元1408被配置为(例如，利用接收单元1410) 接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入；(例如，利用识别单元1412)识别 一组意图对象中的意图对象，其中该意图对象从自然语言用户输入得出；(例 如，利用识别单元1412)识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件 应用程序；(例如，利用提供单元1414)将意图对象提供给软件应用程序以 使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务；(例如，利用接收单元1410)从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否被成功执行的结果响应；并且(例 如，利用提供单元1414)提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。
在一些示例中，识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件应用 程序包括(例如，利用识别单元1412)识别与该意图对象相关联的第一参数， 并且将意图对象提供给软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象 相关联的任务包括(例如，利用提供单元1414)将第一参数提供给该软件应 用程序。
在一些示例中，自然语言用户输入是第一自然语言输入，并且处理单元 1408被进一步配置为：(例如，利用接收单元1410)从软件应用程序接收 对与意图对象相关联的第二参数的请求；(例如，利用提供单元1414)提供 基于该请求的自然语言查询；(例如，利用接收单元1410)接收第二自然语 言用户输入；并且(例如，利用识别单元1412)识别第二参数，该第二参数 从第二自然语言用户输入得出；并将第二参数提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，输出指示软件应用程序成功执行任务。
在一些示例中，处理单元1408被进一步配置为在提供输出之后，(例 如，利用接收单元1410)接收第二输入；并且响应于第二输入，(例如，利 用调整单元1416)调整与任务相关联的操作。
在一些示例中，调整与任务相关联的操作包括：(例如，利用调整单元 1416)调整意图对象并且(例如，利用提供单元1414)向软件应用程序提供 经调整的意图对象。
在一些示例中，调整意图对象包括(例如，利用调整单元1416)调整 意图对象的参数。
在一些示例中，接收第二输入包括(例如，利用检测单元1418)检测 对示能表示的选择，并且调整与任务相关联的操作包括响应于对示能表示的 选择，(例如，利用调整单元1416)调整与任务相关联的操作。
在一些示例中，输出指示软件应用程序未能执行任务。
在一些示例中，处理单元1408被进一步配置为在提供输出之后，(例 如，利用接收单元1410)接收第三输入；并且响应于第三输入，(例如，利 用提供单元1414)将另一个意图对象提供给软件应用程序以使软件应用程序 执行与另一个意图对象相关联的任务。
在一些示例中，接收第三输入包括(例如，利用检测单元1418)检测 对示能表示的选择，并且向软件应用程序提供另一个意图对象以使软件应用 程序执行与另一个意图对象相关联的任务包括：响应于对示能表示的选择， (例如，利用提供单元1414)将另一个意图对象提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，该意图对象和另一个意图对象是相同类型的意图对象， 并且与该意图对象相关联的参数和与另一个意图对象相关联的参数具有相 同的值。
在一些示例中，该意图对象和另一个意图对象是相同的意图对象。
在一些示例中，提供指示任务是否被执行的输出包括(例如，利用接收 单元1410)从软件应用程序接收一组视图控制器参数值；并且根据该组视图 控制器参数值，(例如，利用提供单元1414)提供输出。
在一些示例中，处理单元1408被进一步配置为(例如，利用接收单元 1410)从另一个电子设备接收多个术语，接收自然语言用户输入包括(例如， 利用接收单元1410)接收包括多个术语中的术语的自然语言用户输入，并且 识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件应用程序包括(例如，利 用识别单元1412)基于多个术语中的该术语识别该软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，识别一组意图对象中的意图对象包括基于电子设备的类 型，(例如，利用识别单元1412)识别该组意图对象中的该意图对象。
在一些示例中，处理单元1408被进一步配置为(例如，利用识别单元 1412)识别与该意图相关联的多个候选参数；并且(例如，利用提供单元1414) 将多个候选参数提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，处理单元1408被进一步配置为(例如，利用接收单元 1410)从软件应用程序接收与参数对应的消除歧义请求，(例如，利用识别 单元1412)从一组候选参数中识别与该参数相关联的候选参数，并且(例如， 利用提供单元1414)将所选择的候选参数提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，将意图对象提供给软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行 与该意图对象相关联的任务包括，在识别该软件应用程序之后，(例如，利 用确定单元1420)确定在一段时间内是否接收到请求取消或修改任务的用户 输入；并且根据确定在一段时间内没有接收到请求取消或修改任务的用户输 入，(例如，利用提供单元1414)向软件应用程序提供该意图对象。
在一些示例中，根据确定在一段时间内没有接收到请求取消或修改任务 的用户输入，将该意图对象提供给该软件应用程序包括，(例如，利用提供 单元1414)在无需用户确认该意图对象的情况下将该意图对象提供给该软件 应用程序。
在一些示例中，处理单元1408被进一步配置为：(例如，利用接收单 元1410)从软件应用程序接收对与意图对象相关联的参数的请求；使用电子 设备，(例如，利用识别单元1412)识别基于该请求的自然语言查询，该自 然语言查询与软件应用程序和参数相关联；(例如，利用提供单元1414)提 供自然语言查询；(例如，利用接收单元1410)接收第四用户输入；(例如， 利用识别单元1412)识别基于第四用户输入的参数；并且(例如，利用提供 单元1414)将参数提供给软件应用程序。
以上相对于图11描述的操作任选地由图1、图2A、图4、图6A至图 6B、图7A和图14中描绘的部件来实施。例如，接收操作1105和1125、识 别操作1110和1115以及提供操作1120和1130任选地由一个或多个处理器 120实现。本领域的普通技术人员会清楚地知道可如何基于图1、图2A、图 4、图6A至图6B、图7A和图14中描绘的部件来实现其他过程。
本领域的技术人员应当理解，图14中所述的功能块任选地被组合或被 分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选地 支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。例如，处理 单元1408可具有与处理单元1408可操作地耦接以启用操作的相关联的“控 制器”单元。该控制器单元在图14中未单独示出，但应当理解，其在设计 了具有处理单元1408的设备(例如，设备1400)的本领域普通技术人员的掌握中。又如，在一些实施方案中，诸如接收单元1410的一个或多个单元 可以是除处理单元1408之外的硬件单元。因此，本文中的描述任选地支持 本文所述功能块的组合、分离和/或进一步限定。
根据一些实施方案，图15示出了根据各种所述实施方案(包括参考图 11描述的那些)的原理配置的电子设备1500的功能框图。该设备的功能块 任选地由执行各种所述实施方案的原理的硬件、软件或硬件和软件的组合来 实现。本领域的技术人员应当理解，图15中所述的功能块任选地被组合或 被分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选 地支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。
如图15所示，一个或多个电子设备1500包括一个或多个处理单元1508 和一个或多个触敏显示器1502。在一些实施方案中，一个或多个处理单元 1508包括接收单元1510、获取单元1512、确定单元1514、提供单元1516 以及任选地执行单元1518。
在一些示例中，一个或多个处理单元1508被配置为(例如，利用接收 单元1510)接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入；(例如，利用获取单元 1512)从自然语言用户输入获取文本串；(例如，利用确定单元1514)基于 文本串确定一组意图对象中的意图对象；(例如，利用确定单元1514)确定 与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件应用程序；(例如，利用提供 单元1516)将意图对象提供给软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务；(例如，利用接收单元1510)从软件应用程序接收指示 任务是否被成功执行的结果响应；并且(例如，利用提供单元1516)提供指 示任务是否被执行的输出。
在一些示例中，基于文本串来确定一组意图对象中的意图对象包括：(例 如，利用执行单元1518)执行对文本串的自然语言处理以确定自然语言用户 输入的意图，并且(例如，利用识别单元1520)识别与该意图相关联的意图 对象。
在一些示例中，提供指示任务是否被执行的输出包括(例如，利用提供 单元1516)提供自然语言输出。
在一些示例中，确定与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件应用 程序包括(例如，利用确定单元1514)确定与该意图对象相关联的参数，并 且将意图对象提供给软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相 关联的任务包括(例如，利用提供单元1516)将参数提供给该软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，确定一组意图对象中的意图对象包括基于电子设备的类 型，(例如，利用确定单元1514)确定该组意图对象中的该意图对象。
以上相对于图11描述的操作任选地由图1、图2A、图4、图6A至图 6B、图7A和图15中描绘的部件来实施。例如，接收操作1105和1125、识 别操作1110和1115以及提供操作1120和1130任选地由一个或多个处理器120实现。本领域的普通技术人员会清楚地知道可如何基于图1、图2A、图 4、图6A至图6B、图7A和图15中描绘的部件来实现其他过程。
本领域的技术人员应当理解，图15中所述的功能块任选地被组合或被 分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选地 支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。例如，一个 或多个处理单元1508可具有与一个或多个处理单元1508中的至少一个可操 作地耦接以启用操作的相关联的“控制器”单元。该控制器单元在图15中 未单独示出，但应当理解，其在设计了具有一个或多个处理单元1508的设 备(例如，设备1500)的本领域普通技术人员的掌握中。又如，在一些实施 方案中，诸如接收单元1510的一个或多个单元可以是除一个或多个处理单 元1208之外的硬件单元。因此，本文中的描述任选地支持本文所述功能块 的组合、分离和/或进一步限定。
根据一些实施方案，图16示出了根据各种所述实施方案(包括参考图 12描述的那些)的原理配置的电子设备1600的功能框图。该设备的功能块 任选地由执行各种所述实施方案的原理的硬件、软件或硬件和软件的组合来 实现。本领域的技术人员应当理解，图16中所述的功能块任选地被组合或 被分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选 地支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。
如图16所示，一个或多个电子设备1600包括触敏显示器单元1602和 任选地耦接至该触敏显示器单元的处理单元1608。在一些实施方案中，一个 或多个处理单元1608包括识别单元1610、接收单元1612、提供单元1614、 确定单元1616，以及任选地调整单元1618和检索单元1620。
在一些示例中，处理单元1608被配置为(例如，利用识别单元1610) 识别一组意图对象中的意图对象，该意图对象从自然语言用户输入得出；(例 如，利用识别单元1610)识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件 应用程序；(例如，利用接收单元1612)从第二电子设备接收与该软件应用 程序相关联的任务流；(例如，利用提供单元1614)将意图对象提供给软件 应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图对象相关联的任务；从软件应用程 序接收请求；(例如，利用确定单元1616)确定基于所述请求的查询，其中 所述查询是根据任务流确定的；使用触敏显示器1602并(例如，利用提供 单元1614)提供查询；在提供查询之后，(例如，利用接收单元1612)接 收指示查询响应的第二用户输入；并且(例如，利用提供单元1614)将查询 响应提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，处理单元1608被进一步配置为(例如，利用接收单元 1612)从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否被成功执行的结果响应，并(例如， 利用提供单元1614)提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。
在一些示例中，将查询响应提供给软件应用程序包括，(例如，利用调 整单元1618)调整意图对象并将经调整的意图对象提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，接收与软件应用程序相关联的任务流包括(例如，利用 接收单元1612)从另一个电子设备接收任务流并将该任务流存储在电子设备 上。
在一些示例中，确定基于所述请求的查询包括(例如，利用检索单元 1620)从存储在电子设备上的任务流中检索查询。
在一些示例中，查询响应指示与该意图对象相关联的参数。
以上相对于图12描述的操作任选地由图1、图2A、图4、图6A至图 6B、图7A和图16中描绘的部件来实施。例如，识别操作1205和1210，接 收操作1215、1225和1240，提供操作1220、1235和1245，以及确定操作 1230，任选地由一个或多个处理器120实现。本领域的普通技术人员会清楚 地知道可如何基于图1、图2A、图4、图6A至图6B、图7A和图16中描绘 的部件来实现其他过程。
本领域的技术人员应当理解，图16中所述的功能块任选地被组合或被 分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选地 支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。例如，一个 或多个处理单元1608可具有与一个或多个处理单元1608中的至少一个可操 作地耦接以启用操作的相关联的“控制器”单元。该控制器单元在图16中 未单独示出，但应当理解，其在设计了具有一个或多个处理单元1608的设 备(例如，设备1600)的本领域普通技术人员的掌握中。又如，在一些实施 方案中，诸如识别单元1610的一个或多个单元可以是除一个或多个处理单 元1608之外的硬件单元。因此，本文中的描述任选地支持本文所述功能块 的组合、分离和/或进一步限定。
根据一些实施方案，图17示出了根据各种所述实施方案(包括参考图 12描述的那些)的原理配置的电子设备1400的功能框图。该设备的功能块 任选地由执行各种所述实施方案的原理的硬件、软件或硬件和软件的组合来 实现。本领域的技术人员应当理解，图17中所述的功能块任选地被组合或 被分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选 地支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。
如图17所示，电子设备1700包括触敏显示器单元1402和一个或多个 处理单元1708。在一些实施方案中，一个或多个处理单元1702包括确定单 元1710、识别单元1712、提供单元1714、接收单元1716，以及任选地获取 单元1718和存储单元1720。
在一些示例中，一个或多个处理单元1708被配置为(例如，利用确定 单元1710)确定一组意图对象中的意图对象；(例如，利用识别单元1712) 识别与该组意图对象中的该意图对象相关联的软件应用程序；(例如，利用 确定单元1710)确定与该软件应用程序相关联的任务流；(例如，利用提供 单元1714)将意图对象提供给软件应用程序以使软件应用程序执行与该意图 对象相关联的任务；(例如，利用接收单元1716)从该软件应用程序接收请求；(例如，利用确定单元1710)确定基于所述请求的查询，所述查询是根 据任务流确定的；使用触敏显示器并(例如，利用提供单元1714)提供查询； 在提供查询之后，(例如，利用接收单元1716)接收指示查询响应的第二用 户输入；并且(例如，利用提供单元1714)将查询响应提供给软件应用程序。
在一些示例中，一个或多个处理单元1708被进一步配置为(例如，利 用接收单元1716)接收包括自然语言用户输入的音频输入并且(例如，利用 获取单元1718)从自然语言用户输入获取文本串，并且确定一组意图对象中 的意图对象包括基于该文本串并(例如，利用确定单元1710)确定一组意图 对象中的意图对象。
在一些示例中，一个或多个处理单元1708被进一步配置为(例如，利 用接收单元1716)从软件应用程序接收指示任务是否被成功执行的结果响 应，并(例如，利用提供单元1714)提供指示任务是否被执行的输出。
在一些示例中，确定与软件应用程序相关联的任务流包括：(例如，利 用确定单元1710)在第一电子设备处确定任务流，(例如，利用提供单元 1714)向第二电子设备提供任务流，以及(例如，利用存储单元1720)在第 一电子设备上存储任务流。
在一些示例中，确定基于所述请求的查询包括(例如，利用确定单元 1710)确定对第一电子设备的查询。
以上相对于图12描述的操作任选地由图1、图2A、图4、图6A至图 6B、图7A和图17中描绘的部件来实施。例如，识别操作1205和1210，接 收操作1215、1225和1240，提供操作1220、1235和1245，以及确定操作 1230，任选地由一个或多个处理器120实现。本领域的普通技术人员会清楚 地知道可如何基于图1、图2A、图4、图6A至图6B、图7A和图17中描绘 的部件来实现其他过程。
本领域的技术人员应当理解，图14中所述的功能块任选地被组合或被 分离为子块，以便实现各种所述实施方案的原理。因此，本文的描述任选地 支持本文所述的功能块的任何可能的组合或分离或进一步限定。例如，处理 单元1708可具有与处理单元1708可操作地耦接以启用操作的相关联的“控 制器”单元。该控制器单元在图17中未单独示出，但应当理解，其在设计 了具有处理单元1708的设备(例如，设备1700)的本领域普通技术人员的掌握中。又如，在一些实施方案中，诸如确定单元1710的一个或多个单元 可以是除处理单元1708之外的硬件单元。因此，本文中的描述任选地支持 本文所述功能块的组合、分离和/或进一步限定。
出于解释的目的，前面的描述是通过参考具体实施方案来描述的。然而， 上面的示例性讨论并非旨在是穷尽的，也并非旨在将本发明限制为所公开的 精确形式。根据以上教导内容，很多修改形式和变型形式都是可能的。选择 并描述这些实施方案是为了最好地解释这些技术的原理及其实际应用。本领 域的其他技术人员由此能够最好地利用这些技术以及具有适合于所设想的 特定用途的各种修改的各种实施方案。
虽然参照附图对本公开以及示例进行了全面的描述，但应当注意，各种 变化和修改对于本领域内的技术人员而言将变得显而易见。应当理解，此类 变化和修改被认为被包括在由权利要求书所限定的本公开和示例的范围内。
Claims (19)
1.一种方法，包括：
在具有触敏显示器和一个或多个处理器的电子设备处：
识别一组意图对象中的意图对象，其中所述意图对象从自然语言用户输入得出；
识别与所述组意图对象中的所述意图对象相关联的软件应用程序；
从第二电子设备接收与所述软件应用程序相关联的任务流；
将所述意图对象提供给所述软件应用程序以使所述软件应用程序执行与所述意图对象相关联的任务；
从所述软件应用程序接收请求；
确定基于所述请求的查询，其中所述查询是根据所述任务流确定的；
使用所述触敏显示器提供所述查询；
在提供所述查询之后，接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入；
以及
将所述查询响应提供给所述软件应用程序。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
从所述软件应用程序接收指示所述任务是否被成功执行的结果响应；以及
提供指示所述任务是否被执行的输出。
3.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，其中将所述查询响应提供给所述软件应用程序包括：
调整所述意图对象；以及
将所述经调整的意图对象提供给所述软件应用程序。
4.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，其中接收与所述软件应用程序相关联的任务流包括：
将所述任务流存储在所述电子设备上。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中确定基于所述请求的查询包括：
从存储在所述电子设备上的所述任务流中检索所述查询。
6.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，其中所述查询响应指示与所述意图对象相关联的参数。
7.一种存储一个或多个程序的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，所述一个或多个程序包括指令，所述指令当由具有触敏显示器的电子设备的一个或多个处理器执行时，使得所述电子设备：
识别一组意图对象中的意图对象，其中所述意图对象从自然语言用户输入得出；
识别与所述组意图对象中的所述意图对象相关联的软件应用程序；
从第二电子设备接收与所述软件应用程序相关联的任务流；
将所述意图对象提供给所述软件应用程序以使所述软件应用程序执行与所述意图对象相关联的任务；
从所述软件应用程序接收请求；
确定基于所述请求的查询，其中所述查询是根据所述任务流确定的；
使用所述触敏显示器提供所述查询；
在提供所述查询之后，接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入；以及
将所述查询响应提供给所述软件应用程序。
8.根据权利要求7所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述一个或多个程序包括指令，所述指令当由具有触敏显示器的电子设备的一个或多个处理器执行时，使得所述电子设备：
从所述软件应用程序接收指示所述任务是否被成功执行的结果响应；以及
提供指示所述任务是否被执行的输出。
9.根据权利要求7至8中任一项所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中将所述查询响应提供给所述软件应用程序包括：
调整所述意图对象；以及
将所述经调整的意图对象提供给所述软件应用程序。
10.根据权利要求7至8中任一项所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中接收与所述软件应用程序相关联的任务流包括：
将所述任务流存储在所述电子设备上。
11.根据权利要求10所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中确定基于所述请求的查询包括：
从存储在所述电子设备上的所述任务流中检索所述查询。
12.根据权利要求7至8中任一项所述的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，其中所述查询响应指示与所述意图对象相关联的参数。
13.一种电子设备，包括：
一个或多个处理器；
存储器；
触敏显示器；以及
一个或多个程序，其中所述一个或多个程序被存储在所述存储器中并被配置为由所述一个或多个处理器执行，所述一个或多个程序包括用于进行以下操作的指令：
识别一组意图对象中的意图对象，其中所述意图对象从自然语言用户输入得出；
识别与所述组意图对象中的所述意图对象相关联的软件应用程序；
从第二电子设备接收与所述软件应用程序相关联的任务流；
将所述意图对象提供给所述软件应用程序以使所述软件应用程序执行与所述意图对象相关联的任务；
从所述软件应用程序接收请求；
确定基于所述请求的查询，其中所述查询是根据所述任务流确定的；
使用所述触敏显示器提供所述查询；
在提供所述查询之后，接收指示查询响应的第二用户输入；
以及
将所述查询响应提供给所述软件应用程序。
14.根据权利要求13所述的电子设备，其中所述一个或多个程序还包括用于进行以下操作的指令：
从所述软件应用程序接收指示所述任务是否被成功执行的结果响应；以及
提供指示所述任务是否被执行的输出。
15.根据权利要求13至14中任一项所述的电子设备，其中将所述查询响应提供给所述软件应用程序包括：
调整所述意图对象；以及
将所述经调整的意图对象提供给所述软件应用程序。
16.根据权利要求13至14中任一项所述的电子设备，其中接收与所述软件应用程序相关联的任务流包括：
将所述任务流存储在所述电子设备上。
17.根据权利要求16所述的电子设备，其中确定基于所述请求的查询包括：
从存储在所述电子设备上的所述任务流中检索所述查询。
18.根据权利要求13至14中任一项所述的电子设备，其中所述查询响应指示与所述意图对象相关联的参数。
19.一种系统，包括：
用于执行根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法的装置。
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Patent Citations (2)
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| CN104335234A (zh) * | 2012-05-15 | 2015-02-04 | 苹果公司 | 用于将第三方服务与数字助理相结合的系统和方法 |
| US20140365226A1 (en) * | 2013-06-07 | 2014-12-11 | Apple Inc. | System and method for detecting errors in interactions with a voice-based digital assistant |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111724785A (zh) * | 2020-06-29 | 2020-09-29 | 百度在线网络技术（北京）有限公司 | 小程序的语音控制方法、设备及存储介质 |
| US11984120B2 (en) | 2020-06-29 | 2024-05-14 | Beijing Baidu Netcom Science Technology Co., Ltd. | Voice control method for applet and device, and storage medium |
| TWI809335B (zh) * | 2020-12-11 | 2023-07-21 | 中華電信股份有限公司 | 個人化語音辨識方法及語音辨識系統 |
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