CN103788098A - 作为jak抑制剂的氮杂环丁烷和环丁烷衍生物 - Google Patents
作为jak抑制剂的氮杂环丁烷和环丁烷衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103788098A CN103788098A CN201410017280.7A CN201410017280A CN103788098A CN 103788098 A CN103788098 A CN 103788098A CN 201410017280 A CN201410017280 A CN 201410017280A CN 103788098 A CN103788098 A CN 103788098A
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Abstract
本发明涉及氮杂环丁烷和环丁烷衍生物以及它们的组合物及使用和制备方法,它们是可用于治疗包括例如炎性疾病和自身免疫疾病以及癌症的JAK相关性疾病的JAK抑制剂。
Description
作为JAK抑制剂的氮杂环丁烷和环丁烷衍生物
[0001] 本申请是申请号为200980116857.7、申请日2009年3月10日、发明名称“作为JAK抑制剂的氮杂环丁烷和环丁烷衍生物”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
[0002] 发明技术
[0003] 本发明涉及氮杂环丁烷和环丁烷衍生物以及它们的组合物及使用和制备方法,它们是可用于治疗包括例如炎性疾病和自身免疫疾病以及癌症的JAK相关性疾病的JAK抑制剂。
[0004] 发明背景
[0005] 蛋白激酶(PK)是一组酶,其调节各种各样的、重要的生物过程,尤其包括细胞生长、存活和分化、器官形成和形态发生、新血管形成、组织修复和再生。蛋白激酶在各种生物演化关系中通过催化蛋白(或底物)的磷酸化并从而调节底物的细胞活性来发挥它们的生理功能。除正常组织/器官中的功能之外,许多蛋白激酶也在包括癌症在内的大量人类疾病中起着更特殊的作用。一个亚组的蛋白激酶(也称为致癌性蛋白激酶),在失调时,能够引起肿瘤形成和生长,并且进一步有助于肿瘤维持和进展。迄今,致癌性蛋白激酶代表了用于癌症干预和药物开发的最大且最有吸引力的蛋白靶组之一。
[0006] Janus激酶(JAK)家族在牵涉免疫应答的细胞增殖和功能的细胞因子依赖性调节中起着一定的作用。目前,有四种已知的哺乳动物JAK家族成员:JAK1 (亦称Janus激酶-1),JAK2 (亦称 Janus 激酶-2),JAK3 (亦称 Janus 激酶,白细胞 JAKL ;L-JAK 和 Janus激酶-3)和TYK2(亦称蛋白质-酪氨酸激酶2)。该JAK蛋白质的尺寸范围为120-140kDa,包括七种保留性JAK同源性(JH)结构域;其中之一是功能催化激酶结构域,另一个是潜在地发挥调节功能和/或用作STAT的停泊位点的假激酶结构域。
[0007] 在JAK激酶水平下的阻断信号转导为炎性疾病、自身免疫病、骨髓增殖性疾病和人类癌症(仅举几个例子)的治疗方法的开发提供了前景。JAK激酶的抑制也被预见到在患有皮肤免疫疾病如银屑病 和皮肤敏化的患者中具有治疗益处。因此,广泛地寻求Janus激酶或相关激酶的抑制剂,且有几篇出版物报告了有效的化合物类型。例如,2006年12月12日提交的美国专利序号11 / 637,545报告了某些JAK抑制剂,包括吡咯并吡啶和吡咯并嘧啶在内。
[0008] 因此,持续地需要抑制激酶例如Janus激酶的新型或改进的药剂,以用于开发新的、更有效的的药物来治疗癌症和其它疾病。在这里所述的化合物和方法涉及这些需求和其他目的。
[0009] 发明概述
[0010] 本发明尤其提供了式1、I1、III和IV的JAK抑制剂:
[0011]
[0012] 或其药用盐,其中各组成成员在以下定义。
[0013] 本发明进一步提供了包括式I,II,III或IV的化合物或其药用盐和至少一种药用载体的药物组合物。
[0014] 本发明进一步提供了通过将治疗有效量的式1、I1、III或IV的化合物或其药用盐给药于患者而治疗这里提到的各种JAK相关性疾病和病症的方法。
[0015] 本发明进一步提供了用于治疗的式1、I1、III和IV的化合物或其药用盐。
[0016] 本发明进一步提供了式1、I1、III和IV的化合物或其药用盐在制备治疗用药物中的用途。
[0017] 本发明进一步提供了制备式1、I1、III和IV的化合物的方法。
[0018] 发明详述
[0019] 本发明尤其提供了式I的JAK抑制剂:
[0020]
[0021] 或其药用盐,其中:
[0022] L 是 SO2 或 CO ;
[0023] R1是Cu烷基、C3_7环烷基、苯基、五员或六员杂芳基、吲哚基、NR2R3或0R4,其中所述烷基、环烷基、苯基或杂芳基任选地被1、2或3个独立地选自F、CN和CV4烷基中的取代基取代;
[0024] R2和R3独立地选自H、C1^4烷基和苯基;以及
[0025] R4是Cu烷基、苯基或苄基。
[0026] 在一些实施方案中,当L是SO2时,那么R1不是0R4。
[0027] 在一些实施方案中,当L是SO2时,那么R1是Cu烷基、C3_7环烷基、苯基、五员或六员杂芳基或NR2R3,其中所述烷基、环烷基、苯基或杂芳基任选被1、2或3个独立地选自F和Cj-4烷基中的取代基取代。
[0028] 在一些实施方案中,当L是CO时,那么R1是C3_7环烷基、苯基、五员或六员杂芳基、吲哚基、NR2R3或0R4,其中所述环烷基、苯基或杂芳基任选被1、2或3个独立地选自CN和C^4烷基中的取代基取代。
[0029] 在一些实施方案中,L是SO2。
[0030] 在一些实施方案中,L是CO。
[0031] 在一些实施方案中,R1是甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、2-甲基丙-1-基、1-甲基丙-1-基,各自任选被1、2或3个F取代。
[0032] 在一些实施方案中,R1是CV4烷基。
[0033] 在一些实施方案中,R1是乙基。
[0034] 在一些实施方案中,R1是任选地被CV4烷基取代的C3_7环烷基。
[0035] 在一些实施方案中,R1是任选被F、甲基或CN取代的苯基。
[0036] 在一些实施方案中,R1是选自噻吩基、吡唑基、吡咯基、I,2,4-».恶二唑基和异喝唑基中的五员杂芳基,各自任选被Cy烷基取代。
[0037] 在一些实施方案中,R1是吡啶基。
[0038] 在一些实施方案中,R1是NR2R3或0R4。
[0039] 在一些实施方案中,L是SO2,且R1是CV6烷基。
[0040] 本发明进一步提供了式II的化合物:[0041]
[0042] 或其药用盐,其中:
[0043] R5和R6独立地选自H、F、CN、OH、C1^4烷基、苄氧基、C2_8 二烷基氨基磺酰基和五员杂芳基,其中所述烷基任选地被1、2或3个选自F、0H、CN和CV4烷氧基中的取代基取代,且其中所述五员杂芳基任选被Cy烷基取代。
[0044] 在一些实施方案中,当R5和R6中的一个是OH时,那么R5和R6的另一个不是CN或F0
[0045] 在一些实施方案中,R5和R6中的一个是H,且另一个选自H、F、CN'OH'Ch烷基、苄氧基、C2_8 二烷基氨基磺酰基和五员杂芳基,其中所述烷基任选地被1、2或3个选自F、0H、CN和CV4烷氧基中的取代基取代,且其中所述五员杂芳基任选被CV4烷基取代。
[0046] 在一些实施方案中,R5和R6独立地选自H、F、CN、OH和甲基。
[0047] 在一些实施方案中,R5和R6独立地选自H和CN。
[0048] 本发明进一步提供了式III或IV的化合物:
[0049]
[0050] 或其药用盐,其中:
[0051] L 是 SO2 或 CO;
[0052] R1是Cu烷基、C3_7环烷基、苯基、五员或六员杂芳基、吲哚基、NR2R3或0R4,其中所述烷基、环烷基、苯基或杂芳基任选地被1、2或3个独立地选自F、CN和CV4烷基中的取代基取代;
[0053] R2和R3独立地选自H、C1^4烷基和苯基;以及
[0054] R4是Cu烷基、苯基或苄基;
[0055] 其中当L是SO2时,R1不是0R4。
[0056] 在一些实施方案中,L是SO2。
[0057] 在一些实施方案中,L是CO。
[0058] 在一些实施方案中,R1是甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、叔丁基、2-甲基丙-1-基、1-甲基丙-1-基,各自任选被1、2或3个F取代。
[0059] 在一些实施方案中,R1是CV4烷基。
[0060] 在一些实施方案中,R1是乙基。
[0061] 在一些实施方案中,R1是任选被CV4烷基取代的C3_7环烷基。
[0062] 在一些实施方案中,R1是任选被F、甲基或CN取代的苯基。
[0063] 在一些实施方案中,R1是选自噻吩基、吡唑基、吡咯基、I,2,4-喝二唑基和异恶唑基中的五员杂芳基,各自任 选被Cy烷基取代。
[0064] 在一些实施方案中,R1是吡啶基。
[0065] 在一些实施方案中,R1是NR2R3或0R4。
[0066] 在一些实施方案中,L是SO2,且R1是CV6烷基。
[0067] 在本说明书中的不同地方,本发明的化合物的取代基按组或范围公开。具体地,本发明意图包括这种组和范围的成员的所有的个体子组合。例如,术语(V6烷基明确表示分别地公开了甲基、乙基、C3烷基、C4烷基、C5烷基和C6烷基。
[0068] 进一步领会到,本发明的某些特征,为了清楚起见,在不同的实施方案的上下文中进行了描述,但还可以在单个实施方案中组合地提供。相反地,为了简便起见在单个实施方案中描述的本发明的多个特征还可以单独地提供或以任何适当的子组合提供。
[0069] 在这里使用的术语“烷基”是指直链或支化的饱和烃基。烷基的实例包括甲基(Me)、乙基(Et)、丙基(例如,正丙基和异丙基)、丁基(例如,正丁基,异丁基,仲丁基,叔丁基)、戊基(例如,正戊基,异戊基,仲戊基,新戊基)等。烷基可以含有I到约20个,2到约20个,I到约10个,I到约8个,I到约6个,I到约4个,或I到约3个碳原子。连接烷基在这里是指“亚烷基”。
[0070] 在这里使用的“环烷基”是指非芳族环烃,包括环化烷基、烯基和炔基。环烷基可以包括单环或多环(例如,具有2、3或4个稠环)基团和螺环。环烷基的成环的碳原子可以任选被氧代或硫基取代。环烷基还包括环烷亚基。环烷基的实例包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环戊烯基、环己烯基、环己二烯基、环庚三烯基、降冰片基、降菔烷基(norpinyl)、降蒈烷基(norcarnyl)、金刚烷基等。在一些实施方案中,该环烷基是环丙基。在环烷基的定义中还包括的是具有一个或多个稠合于环烷基环(即与环烷基环共有一个键)的芳族环的结构部分,例如环戊烷、环戊烯、环己烷等的苯并或噻吩基衍生物。含有稠合芳族环的环烷基可以通过任何成环原子(包括稠合芳族环的成环原子)连接。
[0071] 在这里使用的“杂芳基”是指具有至少一个杂原子环原子如硫、氧或氮的芳族杂环。杂芳基包括单环和多环(例如,具有2、3或4个稠环)体系。杂芳基的实例包括但不限于吡啶基,嘧啶基,吡嗪基,哒嗪基,三嗪基,呋喃基,喹啉基,异喹啉基,噻吩基,咪唑基,噻唑基,吲哚基,吡咯基,喝唑基,苯并呋喃基,苯并噻吩基,苯并噻唑基,异喝唑基,吡唑基,三唑基,四唑基,吲唑基,I,2,4-噻二唑基,异噻唑基,苯并噻吩基,嘌呤基,咔唑基,苯并咪唑基,二氢吲哚基等。在一些实施方案中,该杂芳基是吡啶基。在一些实施方案中,该杂芳基是噻吩基、吡唑基、吡咯基、1,2,4-喝二唑基或异*恶唑基。在一些实施方案中,该杂芳基是吲哚基。在一些实施方案中,杂芳基结构部分中的任一成环的N可以被氧替代。在一些实施方案中,该杂芳基具有I到约20个碳原子,且在其它实施方案中,具有约3到约20个碳原子。在一些实施方案中,该杂芳基含有3到约14个,4到约14个,3到约7个,或5到6个环原子。在一些实施方案中,该杂芳基具有I到约4个,I到约3个,或I到2个杂原子。
[0072] 在这里使用的“苄氧基”指-O-苄基。
[0073] 在这里使用的“二烷基氨基磺酰基”是指-SO2-N(烷基)2。
[0074] 在这里所述的化合物可以是不对称的(例如,具有一个或多个立构中心)。计划包括所有立体异构体 例如对映异构体和非对映异构体,除非另有说明。含有不对称取代的碳原子的本发明的化合物能够以旋光活性形式或外消旋形式分离。关于如何由旋光活性起始原料制备旋光活性形式的方法在本领域中是已知的,例如通过外消旋混合物的拆分或者通过立体选择性合成。烯烃、C = N双键等的许多几何异构体也可以存在于在这里描述的化合物中,且所有这种稳定的异构体在本发明中均被考虑。描述了本发明的化合物的顺式和反式几何异构体,这些异构体可以作为异构体的混合物或作为单独的异构体形式被分离。在其结构或名称中没有指定具体R/S或顺式/反式构型的能够具有立体异构或几何异构的化合物的情况下,意在将所有此类异构体考虑在内。
[0075] 化合物的外消旋混合物的拆分可以通过本领域已知的许多方法中的任一种来进行。示例性方法包括使用手性拆分酸的分级重结晶,该手性拆分酸是旋光活性的成盐有机酸。用于分级重结晶方法的适合的拆分剂例如是旋光活性酸,例如酒石酸、二乙酰基酒石酸、二苯甲酰基酒石酸、扁桃酸、苹果酸、乳酸或各种旋光活性樟脑磺酸如β -樟脑磺酸的D和L形式。适合于分级结晶方法的其他的拆分剂包括立体异构纯式的α-甲基-苄胺(例如S和R形式或者非对映异构纯形式),2_苯甘氨醇,降麻黄碱,麻黄碱,N-甲基麻黄碱,环己基乙胺,I,2- 二氨基环己烷等。
[0076] 外消旋混合物的拆分还可以通过上填充有旋光活性拆分剂(例如二硝基苯甲酰基苯基甘氨酸)的柱子洗脱来进行。适合的洗脱溶剂组成可以由本领域技术人员来决定。
[0077] 本发明的化合物也包括互变异构形式。互变异构形式由单键与相邻双键的对换以及伴随的质子迁移而产生。互变异构形式包括质子转移互变异构体,它们是具有相同经验式和总电荷的异构质子化状态。质子转移互变异构体的实例包括酮-烯醇配对、酰胺-亚胺酸配对、内酰胺-内酰亚胺配对、酰胺-亚胺酸配对、烯胺-亚胺配对,以及其中质子能够占据杂环体系的两个或多个位置的环状形式,例如,IH-和3Η-咪唑,1Η-、2Η-和4Η_1,2,4_三唑,IH-和2Η-异吲哚,以及IH-和2Η-吡唑。互变异构形式可以通过适当的取代而处于平衡或空间上固定于一种形式。
[0078] 本发明的化合物进一步包括水合物和溶剂化物以及无水和非溶剂化形式。
[0079] 在这里使用的术语“化合物”意图包括所述结构的所有立体异构体、几何异构体、互变异构体和同位素。[0080] 所有化合物及其药用盐能够与其他物质例如水和溶剂一起存在(例如水合物和溶剂化物),或者可以是分离的。
[0081] 本发明的化合物还可以包括在中间体或最终化合物中存在的原子的所有同位素。同位素包括具有相同原子序数但质量数不同的那些原子。例如,氢的同位素包括氚和氘。
[0082] 在一些实施方案中,本发明的化合物及其盐是基本上被分离的。所谓“基本上分离”是指该化合物从其形成或被检测到的环境中至少部分分离或基本上分离。部分分离可以包括例如富集本发明的化合物的组合物。基本上分离可以包括含有至少约50重量%,至少约60重量%,至少约70重量%,至少约80重量%,至少约90重量%,至少约95重量%,至少约97重量%,或至少约99重量%本发明化合物或其盐的组合物。分离化合物及其盐的方法在本领域中是常规的。
[0083] 短语“药用”在这里用于指在合理的医学判断范围内适用于与人类和动物的组织接触,而没有过大的毒性、刺激、变态反应或其他问题或并发症,与适当的利益/风险比率相称的那些化合物、原料、组合物和/或剂型。
[0084] 在这里使用的表述“环境温度”和“室温”在本领域中是被充分理解的,并且通常是指约为进行反应的室内的温度的温度,例如反应温度,例如从约20°C到约30°C的温度。
[0085] 本发明还包括在这里描述的化合物的药用盐。在这里使用的“药用盐”是指所公开的化合物的衍生物,其中对母体化合物通过将现有的酸或碱结构部分转换为其盐形式来改性。药用盐的实例包括,但不限于,碱性残基如胺类的无机酸盐或有机酸盐;酸性残基如羧酸的碱金属盐或有机盐;等等。本发明的药用盐包括例如由无毒的无机酸或有机酸形成的母体化合物的常规的无毒性盐。本发明的药用盐能够通过常规化学方法由含有碱性或酸性结构部分的母体化合物合成。通常,这种盐可以通过让这些化合物的游离酸或碱形式与化学计算量的适当的碱或酸在水中或有机溶剂中或在这二者的混合物中反应来制备;通常,非水介质如乙醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、异丙醇或乙腈(ACN)是优选的。适合的盐的名单可以在Remington' s Pharmaceutical Sciences,第 17 版,Mack Publishing Company, Easton,Pa., 1985,第 1418 页和 Journal of Pharmaceutical Science,66,2 (1977)中找到,这两篇文献在此处通过引用全文并入。
[0086] 合成
[0087] 本发明的化合物,包括它们的盐,可以使用已知的有机合成技术来制备,并且可以根据许多可能的合成路线中的任一种来合成。
[0088] 用于制备本发明的化合物的反应可以在适合的溶剂中进行,所述溶剂可以容易地由有机合成领域中的技术人员来选择。适合的溶剂能够基本上不与起始原料(反应剂)、中间体或产物在进行反应的温度,例如从溶剂的冰点到溶剂的沸点的范围内的温度下反应。既定的反应可以在一种溶剂或者一种以上的溶剂的混合物中进行。取决于特定的反应步骤,用于特定反应步骤的适合溶剂可以由技术人员来选择。
[0089] 本发明的化合物的制备可以包括各种化学基团的保护和脱保护。保护和脱保护的需要以及适当的保护基的选择可以容易地由本领域技术人员来确定。保护基的化学性质例如可以在 T.W.Greene和P.G.M.Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第三版,ffiley&Sons, Inc., New York (1999)中找到,该文献在此处通过引用全文并入。
[0090] 反应可以根据本领域中已知的任何适合方法来监测。例如,产物形成可以通过波谱方式如核磁共振谱法(例如,1H或13C)、红外光谱学,分光光度测定法(例如,紫外线-可见)、质谱分析法或者通过通过色层法如高效液相色谱法(HPLC)或薄层色谱法(TLC)来监测。
[0091] 本发明提供了如反应路线1、2和3中所示的形成式I的化合物的方法。因此,在反应路线I的步骤(i)中,式I的化合物通过包括处理式Ia的化合物以除去R7结构部分
的方法来制备:
[0092]
[0093]其中:
[0094] L 是 SO2 或 CO ;
[0095] R1是Cp6烷基、C3_7环烷基、苯基、5员或6员杂芳基、吲哚基、NR2R3或0R4,其中所述烷基、环烷基、苯基或杂芳基任选地被1、2或3个独立地选自F、CN和Cp4烷基中的取代基取代;
[0096] R2和R3独立地选自H、C1^4烷基和苯基;
[0097] R4是Cu烷基、苯基或苄基;以及
[0098] R7是保护基;
[0099] 其中当L是SO2时,R1不是0R4。
[0100]适当的R7保护基包括但不限于在Wuts和Greene,Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis,第 4 版,John ffiley&Sons:New Jersey,第 696-887 页(尤其第 872-887 页)(2007)中所述的胺类的保护基,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。在一些实施方案中,R7基团的保护基是对于在反应路线2的步骤(vi)中用于除去Rki保护基的条件稳定的基团。在一些实施方案中,R7基团的保护基是对于在反应路线I的步骤(iv)中用于除去R9保护基的条件稳定的基团。在一些实施方案中,R7是耐受室温酸性条件的基团。在一些实施方案中,R7是在室温下、在约10°C到约40°C的温度下、在约15°C到约40°C的温度下或者在约15°C到约30°C的温度下在1-5N盐酸中不被除去的基团。在一些实施方案中,R7是苄氧基羰基(Cbz),2,2,2-三氯乙氧基羰基(Troc),2_(三甲基甲硅烷基)乙氧基羰基(Teoc),2-(4-三氟甲基苯基磺酰基)乙氧基羰基(Tsc),叔丁氧基羰基(BOC),1-金刚烷基氧基羰基(Adoc), 2-金刚烷基擬基(2-Adoc), 2,4-二甲基戍_3-基氧基擬基(Doc),环己基氧基羰基(Hoc),1,1- 二甲基-2,2,2-三氯乙氧基羰基(TcBOC),乙烯基,2-氯乙基,2-苯基磺酰基乙基,烯丙基,苄基,2-硝基苄基,4-硝基苄基,二苯基-4-吡啶基甲基,N’,N’ - 二甲基肼基,甲氧基甲基,叔丁氧基甲基(Bum),苄氧基甲基(BOM),或2-四氢吡喃基(THP)。在一些实施方案中,R7是2-(三甲基甲硅烷基)乙氧基甲基(SEM)。在一些实施方案中,R7是N-戊酰氧基甲基(POM)。
[0101] 处理式Ia的化合物以除去R7基团能够通过本领域已知的用于除去胺的特定保护基的方法来完成,例如在 Wuts 和 Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第 4版,John ffiley&Sons:New Jersey,第 696-887 页(尤其第 872-887 页)(2007)中所述的方法,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。例如,在一些实施方案中,R7基团通过用氟离子(例如用四丁基氟化铵处理)、盐酸、对甲苯磺酸吡啶铸盐(PPTS)或者路易斯酸(例如,四氟硼酸锂))处理来除去。在一些实施方案中,该处理包括用四氟硼酸锂处理,随后用氢氧化铵(例如,当R7是2-(三甲基甲硅烷基)乙氧基甲基时)处理。在一些实施方案中,该处理包括用碱(例如,R7是N-戊酰氧基甲基)处理。在一些实施方案中,该碱是碱金属氢氧化物。在一些实施方案中,该碱是氢氧化钠。在一些实施方案中,该处理包括用氢氧化钠或氨在溶剂如甲醇或水中处理。
[0102] 在一些实施方案中,为了将SEM保护基脱保护,使用温和的两阶段操作规程。式Ia的SEM保护的底物用四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4)或乙醚合三氟化硼在乙腈水溶液中在环境温度或高温(在一些实施方案中大约80°C )下处理10-20小时。所获得的相应羟甲基中间体然后用氢氧化铵水溶液(NH4OH)在室温下处理,以提供式I的化合物。
[0103] 在一些实施方案中,为了进行POM脱保护,使用氢氧化钠(NaOH)或氢氧化锂(LiOH)水溶液。因此,式Ia的POM保护的化合物的悬浮液用IN氢氧化钠水溶液在室温下处理2-3小时。在典型的酸-碱后处理之后可以获得所需的式I的产物。
[0104] 反应路线I
[0105]
[0106] 在步骤(ii)中,式Ia的化合物通过包括使式Ib的化合物与式Ic的化合物反应从而形成式Ia的化合物的方法来形成:
[0107]
[0108] 反应路线I的步骤(ii)是在式Ib的化合物与式Ic的化合物之间的迈克尔加成反应。迈克尔加成可以通过迈克尔加成催化剂如碱来促进。在一些实施方案中,该迈克尔加成催化剂是四烷基卤化铵、氢氧化四烷基铵、胍、脒、氢氧化物、醇盐、硅酸盐、碱金属磷酸盐、氧化物、叔胺、碱金属碳酸盐、碱金属碳酸氢盐、碱金属磷酸氢盐、膦或羧酸的碱金属盐。在一些实施方案中,该迈克尔加成催化剂是四甲基胍、1,8_ 二氮杂双环(5.4.0) 十一碳-7-烯、I,5-二氮杂双环(4.3.0)壬-5-烯、I,4-二氮杂双环(2.2.2)辛烷、叔丁基氢氧化铵、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、甲醇钠、乙醇钠、磷酸三钾、硅酸钠、氧化钙、三乙胺、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、磷酸氢钾、三苯膦、三乙基磷、乙酸钾或丙烯酸钾。在一些实施方案中,该迈克尔加成催化剂是1,8_ 二氮杂双环(5.4.0) 十一碳-7-烯(DBU)。在一些实施方案中,化学计量或催化量的碱用来促进该迈克尔加成反应。
[0109] 在一些实施方案中,该反应在有机溶剂如乙腈或二甲基乙酰胺中在室温下进行2-6小时。在优化的反应条件下,所需的迈克尔加合物,即式Ia的化合物,可以以高收率和纯度来获得。
[0110] 或者,式Ia的化合物可以通过反应路线I的步骤(iii)中所示的方法来形成。因此,式Ia的化合物通过包括使式Id的化合物与式R8-L-R1的化合物反应,从而形成式Ia的化合物的方法来形成:
[0112] 其中R8是离去基团。
[0113] 在一些实施方案中,R8是本领域中已知的任一良好离去基团。在一些实施方案中,R8是卤素或Cy烷氧基。在一些实施方案中,R8是氯。
[0114] 在一些实施方案中,式Id的化合物与式R8-L-R1的化合物的反应在碱的存在下进行。在一些实施方案中,该碱是叔胺例如三乙胺、二异丙基乙基胺、N-甲基吗啉等。在一些实施方案中,该碱是二异丙基乙基胺。
[0115] 在反应路线I的步骤(iv)中,式Id的化合物通过包括处理式Ie的化合物以除去R9基团,从而形成式Id的化合物的方法来形成:
[0116]
[0117] 其中R9是保护基。
[0118] 适当的R9保护基包括、但不限于在Wuts和Greene, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis,第四版,John ffiley&Sons:New Jersey,第 696-887 页(尤其第872-887页)(2007)中所述的胺的保护基,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。R9是在不置换R7保护基的条件下能够选择性去除的保护基。在一些实施方案中,该R9是能够在酸性条件下在室温下、在约15°C到约40°C的温度下、或在约15°C到约30°C的温度下除去的保护基。在一些实施方案中,R9是CV6烷氧基羰基。在一些实施方案中,R9是叔丁氧基羰基。在这里使用的“烷氧基羰基”指式-C (=0) O-烷基的基团。
[0119] 处理式Ie的化合物以除去R9基团可以通过本领域中已知的用于除去胺的特定保护基的方法来完成,例如在Wuts和Greene,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第四版,John ffiley&Sons:New Jersey,第的6-887 页(尤其第 872_887 页)(2OO7)中所述的方法,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。适当的处理条件不置换R7保护基。在一些实施方案中,所述处理包括让式Ie的化合物在室温下、在约15°C到约40°C的温度下或在约15°C到约30°C的温度下接触酸性条件。在一些实施方案中,式Ie的化合物的处理包括在1,4_ 二噶烷中用盐酸处理。
[0120] 在反应路线I的步骤(V)中,式Ia的化合物通过包括使式Ib的化合物与式If的化合物反应,从而形成式Ie的化合物的方法来形成:
[0121]
[0122] 反应路线I的步骤(V)是在式Ib的化合物与式If的化合物之间的迈克尔加成反应。迈克尔加成可以通过迈克尔加成催化剂如碱来促进。在一些实施方案中,该迈克尔加成催化剂是四烷基卤化铵、氢氧化四烷基铵、胍、脒、氢氧化物、醇盐、硅酸盐、碱金属磷酸盐、氧化物、叔胺、碱金属碳酸盐、碱金属碳酸氢盐、碱金属磷酸氢盐、膦或羧酸的碱金属盐。在一些实施方案中,该迈克尔加成催化剂是四甲基胍、1,8_ 二氮杂双环(5.4.0) 十一碳-7-烯、I,5-二氮杂双环(4.3.0)壬-5-烯、I,4-二氮杂双环(2.2.2)辛烷、叔丁基氢氧化铵、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、甲醇钠、乙醇钠、磷酸三钾、硅酸钠、氧化钙、三乙胺、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、磷酸氢钾、三苯膦、三乙基磷、乙酸钾或丙烯酸钾。在一些实施方案中,该迈克尔加成催化剂是1,8_ 二氮杂双环(5.4.0) 十一碳-7-烯(DBU)。在一些实施方案中,化学计量或催化量的碱用来促进该迈克尔加成反应。
[0123] 在一些实施方案中,该反应在有机溶剂如乙腈或二甲基乙酰胺中在室温下进行2-6小时。在优化的反应条件下,所需的迈克尔加合物,即式Ia的化合物,可以以高收率和纯度来获得。
[0124] 在反应路线2的步骤(vi)中,式Ig的化合物通过包括处理式Ig的化合物以除去Rltl基团,从而形成式Ib的化合物的方法来形成:
[0125]
[0126] 其中Rltl是保护基。
[0127] 适当的Rici保护基包括、但不限于在Wuts和Greene, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis,第四版,John ffiley&Sons:New Jersey,第 696-887 页(尤其第872-887页)(2007)中所述的胺的保护基,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。Rltl是在不置换R7保护基的条件下能够选择性去除的保护基。在一些实施方案中,Rltl是能够在酸性条件下在室温下、在约15°C到约40°C的温度下或者在约15°C到约30°C的温度下除去的保护基。在一些实施方案中,Rltl是在室温酸性条件下脱保护的基团。在一些实施方案中,Rltl是1-(乙氧基)乙基、二((V6烷基)甲娃烷基(例如叔丁基二甲基甲娃烷基或二异丙基甲娃烷基)、对甲氧基苄基(PMB)、三苯基甲基(Tr)、二苯基甲基、羟甲基、甲氧基甲基(MOM)、二乙氧基甲基或叔丁基二甲基甲硅烷基甲基。在一些实施方案中,Rltl是1-(乙氧基)乙基。
[0128] 处理式Ig的化合物以除去Rltl基团可以通过本领域已知用于除去胺的特定保护基的方法来完成,例如在 Wuts 和 Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第四版,John ffiley&Sons:New Jersey,第 696-887 页(尤其第 872-887 页)(2007)中所述的方法,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。在一些实施方案中,该处理包括在酸性条件下(例如盐酸或三氟乙酸)在室温下、在约15°C到约40°C的温度下或者在约15°C到约30°C的温度下处理式Ig的化合物。在一些实施方案中,该处理包括用约IN到约5N盐酸的水溶液在约10°C到约30°C的温度下处理式Ig的化合物。
[0129] 在反应路线2的步骤(vii)中,式Ig的化合物通过包括在钯催化剂和碱的存在下让式Ih的化合物与式Il的化合物反应,从而形成式Ig的化合物的方法来形成:
[0130]
[0131]其中:
[0132] X是甲苯磺酸根基团、三氟甲磺酸根基团、碘、氯或溴;以及
[0133] Ra和Rb各自独立地是H或Cu烷基;或者
[0134] Ra和Rb与它们所连接的氧原子以及硼原子一起形成任选被1、2、3或4个C^4烷基取代的5员到6员杂环。
[0135] 步骤(vii)是苏楚基偶联反应,其能够使用许多钯(O)和钯(II)催化剂来引发,在本领域已知的条件下进行(例如参见Miyaura和Suzuki, Chem.Rev.1995,95, 2457-2483,该文献全文并入到此处)。在一些实施方案中,钯催化剂是Pd(PPh3)jPPd(dppf)2Cl2。在一些实施方案中,钯催化剂是四(三苯基膦)合钯(O)或四(三(邻甲苯基)膦)合钯(O)。在一些实施方案中,钯催化剂是四(三苯基膦)合钯(O)。
[0136] 在一些实施方案中,钯催化剂加量是约IX 10-4到约0.1当量。在一些实施方案中,钯催化剂加量是约0.0OlO到约0.0015当量。在一些实施方案中,式Ih的化合物与式Il的化合物的化学计量比是约I到约1.05,或者约I到约1.35。在一些实施方案中,用于步骤(vii)的溶剂包括水和有机溶剂。在一些实施方案中,该有机溶剂是I,4-二,篆焼、1-丁醇、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷(DME)、2_丙醇、甲苯或乙醇或它们的组合。在一些实施方案中,该有机溶剂包括1- 丁醇和DME的组合。
[0137] 在一些实施方案中,所述碱是无机碱。在一些实施方案中,该碱是有机碱。在一些实施方案中,该碱是碱金属碳酸盐或碱金属碳酸氢盐。在一些实施方案中,该碱是碳酸钾(K2CO3)。在一些实施方案中,使用2-5当量的碱(例如K2CO3)。在一些实施方案中,使用2-5当量的碱(例如NaHCO3)。
[0138] 在一些实施方案中,该苏楚基偶联反应是在约80°C到约100°C的温度下进行。在一些实施方案中,该反应进行2-12小时。
[0139] 在一些实施方案中,1^和Rb与它们所连接的氧原子和硼原子一起形成以下结构部分:
[0140]
[0141] 在一些实施方案中,X是氯、溴或碘。在一些实施方案中,X是氯。
[0142] 在反应路线2的步骤(Viii)中,式Ih的化合物通过用R7基团保护式It的化合
物来形成:
[0143]
[0144] 该R7基团如上所述选择。在一些实施方案中,R7是2_(三甲基甲硅烷基)乙氧基甲基。在一些实施方案中,R7是N-新戊酰氧基甲基。
[0145] R7保护基的添加可以通过本领域已知用于连接胺的保护基的方法来添加(例如参见以上提到的Wuts和Green)。例如,吲哚氮可以用碱(例如用氢化钠(NaH))在有机溶剂(例如THF、1,4-二嚅烷、1,2_二甲氧基乙烷(DME)或N,N_二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC))中在低温下(例如约(TC到约5°C)处理,然后用亲电体例如三甲基甲硅烷基乙氧基甲基氯(SEM-Cl)或新戊酰氧基甲基氯(POM-Cl)处理来去质子化。SEM-或POM-保护的4-氯-7H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶然后能够作为后续的苏楚基反应的起始原料进行分离或者就地产生,用或不用进一步提纯。
[0146] 式Ic的化合物能够通过以下反应路线3中所示的方法来形成。
[0147] 因此,在反应路线3的步骤(ix)中,式Ic的化合物通过包括让式Ik的化合物或其盐与式R8-L-R1的化合物在碱的存在下反应,从而形成式Ic的化合物的方法来形成:
[0148]
[0149] 其中R8是离去基团。
[0150] 该R8基团可以是本领域已知用于添加含磺酰基或羰基的结构部分的任何适当的离去基团。在一些实施方案中,R8是卤素或CV4烷氧基。在一些实施方案中,R8是氯、溴或碘。在一些实施方案中,R8是氯。
[0151] 在一些实施方案中,所述碱是叔胺,例如三乙胺、二异丙基乙胺、N-甲基吗啉等。在一些实施方案中,该碱是二异丙基乙胺。在一些实施方案中,式Ik的化合物的盐是盐酸盐。
[0152] 式If的化合物可以按照本领域已知的方法(例如参见以上Wuts和Green)用适当的R9基团保护式Ik的化合物的氨基来形成。或者,式Im的化合物可以用于替代式If的化合物。
[0153] 在反应路线3的步骤(χ)中,式Ik的化合物通过包括处理式Im的化合物以除去-C (=0) OR11结构部分,从而形成式Ik的化合物的方法来形成:
[0154]
[0155] 其中Rn是C^6烷氧基羰基。
[0156] 在一些实施方案中,R11是叔丁氧羰基(BOC)。在一些实施方案中,式Im的化合物的处理包括本领域已知用于从胺上除去烷氧基羰基(例如BOC基团)的任何方法(例如参见Wuts和Greene,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,第四版,John ffiley&Sons:New Jersey,第696-887页(特别是第872-887页)(2007),该文献通过引用全文并入到此处)。在一些实施方案中,式Im的化合物的处理包括用盐酸水溶液处理。
[0157] 反应路线3
[0158]
[0159] 在反应路线3的步骤(xi)中,式Im的化合物通过包括让式In的化合物与含有氰基甲基或氰甲基内I翁盐基团的维蒂希类试剂反应,从而形成式Irn的化合物的方法来形成:
[0160]
[0161] 在这里使用的术语“维蒂希类试剂”是指如在现有技术中所述的维蒂希反应、Wadsworth-Emmons反应和Horner-Wittig反应中使用的试剂(例如参见,Carey和Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part B:Reactions and Synthesis,第四版,Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers:New York,第 111-119 页(2001);以及 March,Advanced Organic Chemistry !Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure,第三版,Johnffiley&Sons:New York,第845-855页(1985),这些文献通过引用全文并入到此处)。含氰甲基或氰甲基内铸盐基团的示例性维蒂希类试剂包括、但不限于通式(R’ 0)2P(=0)-L-R\R”3P(+)-L㈠-R1,R”2P( = O)-L-R1 和(R’ N)2P(=0)-L-R1 的化合物,其中 R’ 是 C1^ 烷氧基或任选取代的苯基;R”是任选取代的苯基;L是-CH2-或-CH-;以及R1是氰基。在一些实施方案中,维蒂希类试剂是磷酸二乙基氰基甲酯。在一些实施方案中,式In的化合物与维蒂希类试剂在碱的存在下反应。在一些实施方案中,该碱是强碱。在一些实施方案中,该碱是叔丁醇钾,叔丁醇钠,氢化钠,乙醇钠,氢氧化钠,碳酸钾或碳酸钠。在一些实施方案中,该碱是碱金属醇盐。在一些实施方案中,该碱是碱金属叔丁醇盐。在一些实施方案中,该碱是叔丁醇钾。在一些实施方案中,式In的氮杂环丁烷酮用维蒂希试剂的烯化在有机溶剂如THF中在碱例如叔丁醇钾的影响下在约0°C到约5°C的温度下进行。
[0162] 式In的氮杂环丁酮可以通过Gaertner所报告的改良工序来制备(J.0rg.Chem.,1967,32,2972)(例如参见步骤(xii)到(xiv))。在一个实施方案中,在亲电体如二碳酸二叔丁酯的存在下在催化氢解条件下由式Ip的化合物“单组分”形成相应的式1的氨基甲酸酯保护的氮杂环丁醇(azetidinols)与其他改良工序(Zhengming, Chen等人,WOOO /63168)相比简化了制备受保护的氮杂环丁醇的方法。式1的受保护的氮杂环丁醇至式In的相应的酮的TEMPO催化的氧化在温和的反应条件下提供了几乎定量收率。作为二官能化合物,式1的N保护的氮杂环丁酮是制备络合有机分子的非常有用的合成中间体。
[0163] 因此,在反应路线3的步骤(xii)中,式In的化合物通过包括用氧化剂组分处理式1的化合物,从而形成式In的化合物的方法来形成:
[0164]
Ιο.[0165] 在这里使用的术语“氧化剂组分”是指本领域已知用于将仲醇氧化为酮的一种或多种氧化剂(例如参见 Carey 和 Sundberg, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Part B:Reactions and Synthesis,第四版,Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers:New York,第747-757页),该文献通过引用全文并入到此处)。在一些实施方案中,该氧化剂组分包括过渡金属氧化剂,包括但不限于络(VI)试剂(例如,柯林斯试剂,重铬酸吡啶麵盐(PDC),或氯铬酸吡啶铺盐(PCC)),高锰酸钾,二氧化锰(IV),钌(II)试剂(例如,RuCl2 (对异丙基苯甲烷)2),四氧化钌,或者二氧化锰(IV)、钌(II)试剂和苯醌的组合;DMS0和亲电试剂例如碳二亚胺试剂(例如,二环己基碳二亚胺)、乙酸酐、三氟醋酐、草酰氯或三氧化硫;二甲硫醚和N_氯琥珀酰亚胺;DMS0和氯;或戴斯-马丁试剂。在一些实施方案中,该氧化剂组分包括2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TEMPO)和化学计量氧化剂(例如,次氯酸钠或N-氯琥珀酰亚胺(NCS))。在一些实施方案中,该氧化剂组分包括TEMPO和次氯酸钠。
[0166] 在反应路线3的步骤(Xiii)中,式1的化合物通过包括在催化氢化条件下让式
Ip的化合物与式Iq的化合物反应,从而形成式1的化合物的方法来形成:
[0167]
[0168] 在一些实施方案中,该催化氢化条件包括氢气和IE碳催化剂。
[0169] 在反应路线3的步骤(xiv)中,式Ip的化合物通过包括下列步骤的方法来制备:
[0170] (a)让式Ir的化合物与式Is的化合物反应,从而形成式Ip的化合物的卤化物盐:
[0171]
[0172] 以及
[0173] (b)用碱处理式Ip的化合物的盐,从而形成式Ip的化合物;
[0174] 其中X1是卤素。
[0175] 在一些实施方案中,X1是氯。
[0176] 本发明进一步提供了形成式I的化合物的方法,包括:
[0177] (a)在四(三苯基膦)合钯(O)和碱金属碳酸盐或碱金属碳酸氢盐碱的存在下,让式Ih的化合物:
[0178]
[0179] 与下式的化合物反应,
[0180]
[0181] 从而形成式Ig的化合物:
[0182]
[0183] (b)处理式Ig的化合物以除去Rki基团,从而形成式Ib的化合物:
[0184]
[0185] (c)在催化量或化学计量的1,8-二氮杂双环(5.4.0) ^^一碳_7_烯的存在下,使式Ib的化合物与式Ic的化合物反应:
[0186]
[0187] 从而形成式Ia的化合物:
[0188]
[0189] (d)处理式Ia的化合物以除去R7结构部分,从而形成式I的化合物:
[0191]其中:
[0192] L 是 SO2;
[0193] R1 是 C^6 烷基;
[0194] R7是2_ ( 二甲基甲娃烷基)乙氧基乙基或2_新戍酸氧基甲基;
[0195] R10是1-(乙氧基)乙基;以及
[0196] X 是氯。
[0197] 本发明进一步提供了形成式I的化合物的方法,包括:
[0198] (a)在四(三苯基膦)合钯(O)和碱金属碳酸盐碱的存在下,让式Ih的化合物:
[0200] 与下式的化合物反应,
[0201]
[0202] 从而形成式Ig的化合物:
[0203]
[0204] (b)处理式Ig的化合物以除去Rw基团,从而形成式Ib的化合物:
[0205]
[0206] (c)在催化量或化学计量的I,8-二氮杂双环(5.4.0) ^^一碳_7_烯的存在下,让式Ib的化合物:
[0207]
[0208] 与式If的化合物反应,
[0209]
[0210] 从而形成式Ie的化合物:
[0211]
[0212] (d)处理式Ie的化合物以除去R9基团,从而形成式Id化合物:
[0213]
[0214] (e)让式Id化合物与式R8-L-R1的化合物反应,从而形成式Ia的化合物:
[0215]
[0216] (f)处理式Ia的化合物以除去R7结构部分,从而形成式I的化合物:
[0217]
[0218]其中:
[0219] L 是 SO2;
[0220] R1 是 Cu 烷基;
[0221] R7是2_ ( 二甲基甲娃烷基)乙氧基乙基或2_新戍酸氧基甲基;
[0222] R8 是氯;
[0223] R9是叔丁氧羰基;
[0224] Riq是1-(乙氧基)乙基;以及
[0225] X 是氯。
[0226] 所述方法可以用于制备这里的实施方案中所述的任何化合物,或它们的组合,或任何的实施例的化合物。本发明提供了用于形成式I的化合物、式Ia的化合物等的各种方法的任何组合。本发明进一步提供了任何以上中间体或它们的盐。
[0227] 在一些实施方案中,由所述方法或其组合制备的式I的化合物是{1_(乙基磺酰基)-3-[4-(7H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶-4-基)-1Η-吡唑-1-基]氮杂环丁烷_3_基}乙腈。本发明进一步提供了用于制备{1_(乙基磺酰基)-3_[4-(7H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶-4-基)-1H-吡唑-1-基]氮杂环丁烷-3-基}乙腈的式la、lb、Ic等的每一种相应的中间体。
[0228] 在一些实施方案中,所述方法进一步包括使式I的化合物与磷酸反应,以形成磷酸盐。式I的化合物的磷酸盐可以通过用磷酸在有机溶剂如乙醇中的溶液在室温下或在高温下(例如约60°C到约70°C)处理相应的游离碱在有机溶剂如乙醇(EtOH)中的溶液来制备。所生成的粗磷酸盐然后可以进一步通过在有机溶剂或混合有机溶剂体系中重结晶或再制浆来提纯。
[0229] 在一些实施方案中,由所述方法制备的化合物是{1_(乙基磺酰基)-3-[4-(7H-吡咯并[2,3-d]嘧啶-4-基)-1H-吡唑-1-基]氮杂环丁烷-3-基}乙腈磷酸盐。
[0230] 在一些实施方案中,式1、I1、III和IV的化合物可以根据以下在实施例部分中所述的合成工序来制备。
[0231] 方法
[0232] 本发明的化合物可以调节一种或多种Janus激酶(JAK)的活性。术语“调节”是指增高或减低该JAK激酶家族的一个或多个成员的活性的能力。因此,本发明的化合物能够用于通过使JAK与在这里所述的任何一种或多种化合物或组合物接触来调节JAK的方法。在一些实施方案中,本发明的化合物可以用作一种或多种JAK的抑制剂。在其他实施方案中,本发明的化合物能够通过给药调节量的式1、I1、III或IV的化合物而用于调节需要调节受体的个体中的JAK的活性。
[0233] 本发明化合物所要结合和/或调节的JAK包括JAK家族的任何成员。在一些实施方案中,JAK是JAK1、JAK2、JAK3或TYK2。在一些实施方案中,JAK是JAKl或JAK2。在一些实施方案中,JAK是JAK2。在一些实施方案中,JAK是JAK3。
[0234] 本发明的另一个方面涉及治疗个体(例如患者)的JAK相关性疾病或病症的方法,其通过将治疗有效量或治疗有效剂量的本发明的化合物或其药物组合物给药于需要这种治疗的个体而进行。JAK相关性疾病可以包括与JAK的表达或活性、包括过表达和/或异常活性水平直接或间接关联的任何疾病、障碍或病症。JAK相关性疾病还可以包括能够通过调节JAK活性来预防、改善或治愈的任何疾病、障碍或病症。
[0235] JAK相关性疾病的实例包括牵涉免疫系统的疾病,例如器官移植排斥反应(例如,同种异体移植排斥和移植物抗宿主疾病)。
[0236] JAK相关性疾病的其他实例包括自身免疫病如多发性硬化,类风湿性关节炎,少年关节炎,牛皮癣关节炎,I型糖尿病,狼疮,银屑病,炎症性肠病,溃疡性结肠炎,克罗恩氏病,重症肌无力,免疫球蛋白肾病,自身免疫甲状腺疾病等。在一些实施方案中,该自身免疫病是自身免疫大疱性皮肤病如寻常型天疱疮(PV)或大疱性类天疱疮(BP)。
[0237] JAK相关性疾病的其他实例包括变态反应性病症如哮喘、食物过敏、特应性皮炎和鼻炎。JAK相关性疾病的其他实例包括病毒病例如EB病毒(EBV),乙型肝炎,丙型肝炎,HIV,HTLVl,水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV)和人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)。
[0238] JAK相关性疾病或病症包括皮肤病例如银屑病(例如寻常型银屑病),特应性皮炎,皮疹,皮肤刺激性,皮肤敏化(例如,接触性皮炎或变应性接触性皮炎)。例如,当局部施用时,包括某些药物的某些物质能够引起皮肤敏化。在一些实施方案中,将本发明的至少一种JAK抑制剂与引起不希望有的敏化的药剂共同给药或顺序给药能够有助于治疗这种不希望有的敏化或皮炎。在一些实施方案中,该皮肤疾病通过局部给药本发明的至少一种JAK抑制剂来进行治疗。
[0239] 在其他实施方案中,该JAK相关性疾病是癌症,包括以实性肿瘤为特征的癌症(例如前列腺癌,肾癌,肝癌,胰腺癌,胃癌,乳腺癌,肺癌,头颈部癌,甲状腺癌,恶性胶质瘤,卡波济氏肉瘤,巨大淋巴结增生症(Castleman’s disease),黑色素瘤等),血液系统癌症(例如,淋巴瘤,白血病如急性淋巴母细胞性白血病,急性髓性白血病(AML)或多发性骨髓瘤),以及皮肤癌如皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(CTCL)和皮肤B细胞淋巴瘤。皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤的实例包括塞扎里综合征和蕈样肉芽肿病。
[0240] JAK相关性疾病可以进一步包括以突变JAK2例如在假激酶结构域(例如JAK2V617F)中具有至少一个突变的JAK2的表达为特征的疾病。
[0241] JAK相关性疾病可以进一步包括骨髓增生病(MPD)如真性红细胞增多症(PV),原发性血小板增多症(ET),具有髓样化生的骨髓纤维化症(MMM),慢性粒性白血病(CML),慢性骨髓单核细胞性白血病(CMML),嗜酸性白细胞增多综合征(HES),系统性肥大细胞病(SMCD)等。在一些实施方案中,该骨髓增生病是原发性骨髓纤维化症(PMF)或后真性红细胞增多症/原发性血小板增多症骨髓纤维化症(Post-PV / ET MF)。[0242] 其他JAK相关性疾病包括炎症和炎性疾病。示例性炎性疾病包括眼睛的炎性疾病(例如,虹膜炎,眼色素层炎,巩膜炎,结膜炎或相关疾病),呼吸道的炎性疾病(例如包括鼻子和鼻窦的上呼吸道,如鼻炎或鼻窦炎,或下呼吸道,包括支气管炎、慢性阻塞性肺病等),炎症性肌病如心肌炎,和其他炎性疾病。
[0243] 本文所述的JSK抑制剂可以进一步用于治疗局部缺血再灌注损伤或者与炎症性缺血事件有关的疾病或病症如中风或心跳停止。本文所述的JAK抑制剂可以进一步用来治疗厌食、恶病质或疲劳,例如由癌症导致的或与癌症有关的厌食、恶病质或疲劳。本文所述的JAK抑制剂可以进一步用来治疗再狭窄、硬化性皮炎或纤维化。本文所述的JAK抑制剂可以进一步用来治疗与缺氧或胶质细胞增生有关的病症,例如糖尿病性视网膜病、癌症或神经变性。例如参见 Dudley,A.C.等人,Biochem.J.2005,390 (Pt2):427-36 和 Sriram,K.等人,J.Biol.Chem.2004,279 (19): 19936-47.Epub2004 年 3 月 2 日。本文所述的 JAK 抑制剂可用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病。
[0244] 本文所述的JAK抑制剂可以进一步用来治疗其它炎性疾病如全身炎症反应综合症(SIRS)和脓毒性休克。
[0245] 本文所述的JAK抑制剂可以进一步用来治疗痛风和由于例如良性前列腺肥大或良性前列腺增生导致的增加的前列腺尺寸。
[0246] 本文所述的JAK抑制剂以及其它能够影响IL-6 / STAT3信号传导的JAK抑制剂可以进一步用来治疗炎症相关性增殖疾病。已经表明炎症与某些类型的癌症的发生有关联。例如,已经表明,患有炎症性肠病例如溃疡性结肠炎的患者具有更高的发生结肠直肠癌症的风险。这些类型的炎症有关的癌症已经称作结肠炎相关性癌症(CAC)。若干研究已经表明,IL-6 / STAT3信号传导与促进CAC有关。例如,在CAC动物模型中,缺乏STAT3肠上皮细胞的小鼠具有减小的肿瘤尺寸和发生率。Bromberg等人,“Inflammation andcancer:1L_6and STAT3complete the link(炎症和癌症:1L_6 和 STAT3 完成该联系)”,Cancer Cell, 15:79-80 (2009)。用IL-6缺乏小鼠获得了类似结果,其与野生型小鼠相比,所发生的腺瘤较少且较小。Grivennikov等人,“IL_6and STAT3are required for survivalof intestinal epithelial cells and the development of colitis-associatedcancer (肠上皮细胞的存活和结肠炎相关性癌症的发生需要IL-6和STAT3) ”,CancerCell, 15:103-111 (2009)。还参见 Bollrath 等人,“gpl30_Mediated STAT3activationin enterocytes regulatres cell survival and cell—cycle progression duringcolitis-associated tumorigenesis (肠上皮细胞中的gpl30介导的STAT3活化在结肠炎相关性肿瘤生成过程中调节细胞存活和细胞周期进展)”,Cancer Cell, 15:91-102(2009);以及Kortylewski 等人,“Regulation of the IL_23and IL_12balance by Stat3signalingin the tumor microenvironment (肿瘤微环境中的IL-23和IL-12平衡通过Stat3信号传导的调节)”,Cancer Cell, 15:114-123(2009)。
[0247]因此,在一些实施方案中,本发明的JAK抑制剂以及影响IL-6 / STAT3信号传导的物质可用于治疗炎症相关性癌症。在一些实施方案中,该癌症与炎症性肠病有关。在一些实施方案中,该炎症性肠病是溃疡性结肠炎。在一些实施方案中,该炎症性肠病是克罗恩氏病。在一些实施方案中,该炎症相关性癌症是与结肠炎相关的癌症。在一些实施方案中,该炎症相关性癌症是结肠癌或结肠直肠癌。在一些实施方案中,该癌症是胃癌、胃肠道类癌、胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)、腺癌、小肠癌或直肠癌。除在这里提供的化合物以外,可用于治疗炎症相关性癌症的JAK抑制剂的实例包括US2006 / 0106020 ;US2006 / 0183906 ;US2007 /0149506 ;US2007 / 0135461 ;US2008 / 0188500 ;US2008 / 0312258 ;US2008 / 0312259 ;和美国专利申请序号12 / 270,135中所述的化合物。
[0248] JAK抑制剂能够在动物模型中测试在炎症相关性癌症的治疗中的潜在功效。例如,通过在 Grivennikov 等人,“ IL_6and STAT3are required for survival of intestinalepithelial cells and the development of colitis-associated cancer(肠上皮细胞的存活和结肠炎相关性癌症的发生需要IL-6和STAT3) ”,Cancer Cell, 15:103-111 (2009)中总结的方法,在治疗(例如用JAK抑制剂)或未治疗小鼠中可以诱发CAC。该疾病的进展可以通过测定体重以及监测直肠出血和腹泻的体征来跟踪。在处死动物之后,取下远端结肠部分用于分析。
[0249] 在一些实施方案中,本文所述的JAK抑制剂可以进一步用来治疗干眼病。在这里使用的“干眼病”意图是包括在最近的国际干眼病工作组(DEWS)的官方报告中总结的疾病状态,其将干眼定义为“眼泪和眼表的多因子疾病,其导致不舒适感、视力障碍和泪膜不稳定性的症状,具有对眼表的潜在损害。它伴有增高的泪膜的摩尔渗透压浓度以及眼表的炎症。,,Lemp, “The Definition and Classification of Dry Eye Disease:Report ofthe Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry EyeWorkshop (干眼病的定义和分类:国际干眼病工作组的定义和分类小组委员会的报告)”,The Ocular Surface,5 (2),75-92,2007年4月,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。干眼有时也称为干燥性角膜结膜炎。在一些实施方案中,干眼病的治疗包括改善干眼病的特定症状,例如眼睛不舒适感、视力障碍、泪膜不稳定性、眼泪高渗透压性、眼表的炎症。
[0250] 如在DEWS报告中所总结的,干眼可以分为两种不同的种类:水液性泪液不足型干眼(aqueous tear-deficient dry eye)和蒸发过强型干眼,其进而包括各种亚类。因此,在一些实施方案中,干眼病是水液性泪液不足型干眼(ADDE)。在其他实施方案中,干眼病是蒸发过强型干眼。在其他实施方案中,干眼病选自ADDE或蒸发过强型干眼病的任何亚类,或它们的适当的组合。然而,如由DEWS报导的作者所述,各种类型和亚类不互相排斥。因此,干眼能够在不同亚类中经由不同的机制发生,或者源于一种亚类的干眼病状态能够导致通过在另一亚类中的机制引起干眼的事件。
[0251] 第一类干眼,水液性泪液不足型干眼(ADDE),亦称泪腺分泌不足型干眼和泪液不足。在ADDE中,干眼被认为是由于泪液分泌故障造成的。虽然不希望受任何理论制约,据信干燥是由减少的泪液分泌和体积所造成,引起了泪液高渗透压性。泪膜高渗透压性能够引起眼表上皮细胞的高渗透压性,刺激牵涉各种激酶和信号传导途径的炎症性事件。
[0252]ADDE的两个亚类是干燥综合症干眼(SSDE),其中泪腺成为自身免疫过程的靶的,以及非干燥综合症干眼(NSSDE)。相应地,在一些实施方案中,该眼病是SSDE。在其它实施方案中,干眼病是非干燥综合症干眼。在SSDE中,据认为,活化的T细胞可以渗入泪腺,弓丨起腺泡细胞和导管细胞的死亡和泪液的分泌不足。局部释放的细胞因子或循环抗体的效应可以放大分泌不足的效应。SSDE的两种主要的形式是原发形式和继发形式。原发性SS可以与口干燥(口腔干燥)联合发生。继发性SSDE与原发性SSDE的症状以及自身免疫结缔组织疾病如类风湿性关节炎(RA)、系统性红斑狼疮、结节性动脉周围炎、Wegener肉芽肿病、系统性硬化、原发性胆汁性硬化或混合结缔组织病一起发生。用于这些结缔组织疾病的每一种的诊断标准在本领域中是已知的。此外,原发性SSDE可以与可能牵涉肺、肾、肝、血管和关节的疾病的全身临床表现有关。
[0253] 在NSSDE中,干燥综合症干眼的系统性自身免疫特征被排除。NSSDE的形式包括原发性泪腺缺陷(包括年龄相关性干眼,先天性无泪以及家族性自主神经异常),继发性泪腺缺陷(包括泪腺被肉瘤样肉芽肿、淋巴瘤细胞和AIDS相关性T细胞炎性浸润;与移植物抗宿主疾病有关的泪腺缺陷;以及由泪腺切除术或泪腺神经切除术导致的泪腺缺陷),泪腺导管的阻塞(包括由瘢痕化结膜炎(包括沙眼)、瘢痕性类天疱疮和粘膜类天疱疮、多形性红斑以及化学品或热灼伤导致的泪腺导管的阻塞),以及反射性分泌不足(包括反射感觉阻断,例如与隐形眼镜磨损、糖尿病和神经营养性角膜炎有关的反射感觉阻断,以及反射运动阻断,包括与VII脑神经破坏、多发性神经瘤病以及接触全身药物如抗组胺剂、β阻断剂、镇痉药、利尿药、三环抗忧郁药、选择性的5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂和其他精神性药物有关的反射运动阻断)。
[0254] 第二大类的干眼病是蒸发过强型干眼,它是在正常泪腺分泌功能的情况下由暴露眼表的过量水损失引起的。蒸发过强型干眼的内在原因包括睑板腺功能紊乱(MGD)(包括由先天性缺陷获得的MGD导致的腺体数目减少所引起的MGD ;与双行睫、双行睫-淋巴水肿综合症和组织变形相关的MGD ;与睑板腺皮脂溢有关的分泌过多性MGD,与维生素A类药物疗法有关的分泌过多性MGD,原发和继发阻塞性MGD、集中或扩散阻塞性MGD,简单或瘢痕阻塞性MGD,萎缩或炎症阻塞性MGD ;前睑炎、红斑痤疮、脂溢性皮炎、先天性缺指(趾)畸形综合症(ectrodactyly syndrome)、特纳综合症、13-顺式视黄酸、多氯联苯和肾上腺素的全身毒性原发或继发的简单MGD ;以及化学灼伤、类天疱疮、红斑痤疮、多形性红斑、VKC和AKC原发或继发的瘢痕性MGD),眼睑孔和眼睑/眼球协调或活力的障碍(例如在颅狭小、内分泌和其他形式的前垂、近视以及在眼睑整形手术之后发生的障碍),以及低眨眼率(包括由锥体外系疾病如帕金森氏病引 起的低眨眼率)。蒸发过强型干眼的外在原因包括眼表病症(包括由维生素A缺乏症引起的眼干燥;以及与局部药物和防腐剂例如表面麻醉和苯扎氯铵相关的眼表病症),隐形眼镜磨损,眼表疾病(包括变态反应性眼病),变应性结膜炎(包括季节变应性结膜炎,春季角膜结膜炎和特应性角膜结膜炎),以及抗组胺药的使用。
[0255] 需要治疗干眼病的患者可以通过本领域已知的各种诊断方法来确定,包括在Bron等人,“Methodologies to Diagnose and Monitor Dry Eye Disease:Report of theDiagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Workshop (诊断和监测干眼病的方法:国际干眼病工作组的诊断方法学小组委员会的报告)(2007) ”,TheOcular Surface,5 (2),108-152 (2007年4月)中总结的诊断方法,该文献通过引用全文并入到此处。这些诊断方法包括、但不限于:(I)症状调查表(例如,Begley等人,“Use ofthe dry eye questionnaire to measure symptoms of ocular irritation in patientswith aqueous tear deficient dry eye (使用用于测定具有水液性泪液不足型干眼的患者的眼睛刺激的症状的干眼调查表)”,Cornea, 2002:21:664-70) ; (2)检查表面损伤的眼表的染色(例如,玫瑰红或荧光素染色或其他染色方法,例如在Barr等人,“Cornealscarring in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus(CLEK)Study:baseline prevalence and repeatability of detection(圆维角膜联合纵向研究(CLEK)中的角膜瘢痕形成:基线流行和检测的再现性)”,Corneal999 ;18(1):34-46 ;Lemp,“Report of the National Eye Institute / Industry Workshop on clinicaltrials in dry eyes (国立眼科研究所工作组关于干眼临床试验的报告)”,CLAO J1995 ;21(4):221-31 ;Nichols 等人,“The repeatability of clinical measurements of dryeye (干眼的临床测量的再现性)”,Cornea2004 ;23:272-85 ;Bron 等人,“Grading ofcorneal and conjunctival staining in the context of other dry eye tests (其他干眼试验中的角膜和结膜染色的分级)”,Cornea2003 ;22(7):640-50)中总结的技术;(3)用于测试泪膜稳定性的泪膜破裂时间的测量(例如,Abelson等人,“Alternate referencevalues for tear film break-up time in normal and dry eye populations (正常和干眼人群的泪膜破裂时间的备用参考值)”,Adv Exp Med Biol2002 ;506,Part B:1121-1125 ;Bron AJ 等人,“Grading of corneal and conjunctival staining in thecontext of other dry eye tests (其他干眼试验中的角膜和结膜染色的分级)”,Cornea2003 ;22:640-50 ;Cho 等人,“Review of the tear break-up time and a closerlook at the tear break-up time of Hong Kong Chinese (泪膜破裂时间的综述以及中国香港的泪膜破裂时间的细看)”,Optom Vis Scil993 ;70(1):30-8 ;Craig等人,“Tearlipid layer structure and stability following expression of the meibomianglands (睑板腺表达之后的泪膜脂质层结构和稳定性)Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1995,15(6):569-74 ;Eliason 等人,“Staining of the conjunctiva and conjunctival tearfilm(结膜和结膜泪膜的染色)”,Br J Ophthalmol 1990 ;74:519-22 ;Farrell 等人,“Aclassification for dry eyes following comparison of tear thinning time withSchirmer tear test (根据用希默氏泪水试验比较泪液稀释时间的干眼分类)”,ActaOphthalmol (Copenh) 1992 ;70 (3):357-60 ;Johnson 等人,“The effect of instilledfluorescein solution volume on the values and repeatability of TBUTmeasurements (灌输的焚光素溶液体积对TBUT测量的值和再现性的效果)”,Cornea2005 ;24:811-7 ;Lemp 等人,“Corneal desiccation despite normal tear volume (眼泪量正常的角膜干燥)”,Ann Ophthalmol 1970 ;284:258-261 ;Lemp “Report of National EyeInstitute / Industry Workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes (国立眼科石开究所工作组关于干眼临床试验的报告)”,CLAO J1995 ;21:221-232 ;Madden等人,Comparativestudy of two non-1nvasive tear film stability techniques (两种非侵入性泪膜稳定性技术的比较研究).Curr Eye Resl994 ; 13 (4):263-9 ;Marquardt 等人,“Modificationof tear film break-up time test for increased reliability(用于获得增加的可靠性的泪膜破裂时间试验的改良)”Holly ed.The Preocular Tear Film in Health,Disease and Contact Lens Wear.Lubbock,Texas:Dry Eye Institute,1986:57-63 ;Mengher 等人,“Non-1nvasive tear film break-up time:sensitivity andspecificity (非侵入性泪膜破裂时间:灵敏的和特异性)”,ActaOphthalmol (Copenh) 1986 ;64 (4):441-4 ;Nichols 等人,“The repeatability of clinicalmeasurements of dry eye (干眼的临床测量的再现性)” Cornea2004 ;23:272-85 ;Pflugfelder 等人,“Evaluation of subjective assessments and objectivediagnostic tests for diagnosing tear—film disorders known to cause ocularirritation (用于诊断已知引起眼睛剌激的泪膜疾病的主观判断和客观诊断试验的评价).” Corneal998 ;17 (I):38-56 ;Vitali 等人,“The European Community Study Groupon diagnostic criteria for sjogren’ s syndrome.Sensitivity and specificity oftests for ocular and oral involvement in Sjogren’s syndrome.(欧洲共同体石开究组关于干燥综合症的诊断标准。干燥综合症的眼和口腔受累的试验的灵敏度和特异性)” 1992 ;Ann Rheum Dis53 (10):637-47 ;Welch 等人,“An approach to a morestandardized method of evaluating tear film break-up time (评价泪膜破裂时间的更标准化方法的入门)” Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2003 ;2485 / B324.) ; (4)希默氏试验(通过将滤纸插入到结膜囊而反射性剌激的泪流的评价)(例如,van Bijsterveld,“Diagnostic tests in the sicca syndrome (干燥综合症的诊断试验)”ArchOphthalmol 1969 ;82:10-14 ;Holly 等人,“Lacrimation kinetics as determined by anovel technique (通过新型技术测定的流泪动力学)”,Holly FJ(ed).The preoculartear film.Lubbock TX, Lubbock Dry Eye Institute,1986,第 76-88 页);(5)泪液摩尔渗透压浓度的测量(例如,Farris,“Tear osmolarity—a new gold standard?(泪液摩尔渗透压浓度-一种新型黄金标准?)”Adv Exp Med Biol350:495_503,1994 ;Nelson