CN103491874A - 定位和分析用于整形和再造外科的穿支皮瓣 - Google Patents

定位和分析用于整形和再造外科的穿支皮瓣 Download PDF

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CN103491874A
CN103491874A CN201180057244.8A CN201180057244A CN103491874A CN 103491874 A CN103491874 A CN 103491874A CN 201180057244 A CN201180057244 A CN 201180057244A CN 103491874 A CN103491874 A CN 103491874A
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P·德沃尔斯基
D·M·H·戈耶特
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Abstract

公开了使用ICG荧光血管造影术成像来进行用于整形和/或再造外科的穿支血管的手术前识别的方法和装置。时间分辨的图像处理被用于加亮穿支位置并使得能够通过各种计算的度量来实现候选穿支之间的视觉辨别。基于这些度量,外科医生能够交互式地定位和选择适合于整形和再造外科手术的穿支血管。

Description

定位和分析用于整形和再造外科的穿支皮瓣
背景技术
整形和再造外科常常需要皮肤的皮瓣和皮下组织的定位和临床评估,所述皮肤的皮瓣和皮下组织由隔离的穿支血管供给并且可能地适合于移植在身体的另一部分中。穿支从它们的源血管到达皮肤表面,穿过深部肌肉组织或在深部肌肉组织之间。良好血管化的皮瓣是用于移植的好的候选。
例如,自从20世纪80年代早期,腹部供区皮瓣已经变成用于自体胸部再造的标准。在腹部内,游离脂肪选择的范围从全部横行腹直肌肌皮(TRAM)瓣到隔离的穿支皮瓣,诸如腹壁下深动脉(DIEA)穿支皮瓣。穿支皮瓣已允许以最小的供区发病率按照可靠的方式将病人自己的皮肤和脂肪转移到其他的组织再造区域中。依赖于随机模式血液供给的皮瓣不久被可以可靠地转移大量的组织的有蒂的轴型皮瓣替代。游离组织转移的出现允许适当地匹配供区和受区的甚至更大范围的可能生。穿支皮瓣的增长的使用已提高了对个体的DIEA的特定解剖特征及其穿支的手术前熟悉程度的需要,尤其是假定在对腹壁的血管供给的该解剖结构中的显著不同。
穿支的定位和评估是辛苦的且耗时的过程。常常执行手术前计算机断层扫描血管造影(CTA)成像以进行所述定位。这样的方法需要相当大的花费,并且具有如下附加的复杂性:外科医生必须在心里将来自先前获取的3D形态的图像与现在正躺在手术台上的病人的当前2D视图相关联。对更有利的成像形态的研究因此正在持续进行,其中最近感兴趣于吲哚花青绿(ICG)荧光成像的使用,其中基于荧光信号穿过皮肤来评估血液循环。作为由近红外光谱范围内的辐射激发的结果,发生具有大约830nm的发射峰值的ICG中的荧光。具有大约800nm的波长的激发光可以例如由二极管激光器、发光二极管(LED)或者其他常规的照明源(诸如弧光灯、具有合适的带通滤波器的卤素灯)产生。皮肤对此波长是透明的。
ICG强力地结合到血液蛋白质并且先前在几乎没有不利反应的情况下已经被用于心搏出量测量、肝脏功能评估以及眼科血管造影术。ICG荧光信号的评估可以被用于定位穿支。由于穿支附近的皮肤表面通常聚集更多的血液并且以比周围组织更快的速率,故一旦ICG被注入,穿支趋向于比周围组织更亮且更快地发荧光。此迅速的、高强度的荧光使得能够实现穿支的视觉定位。然而,外科医生常常不仅关心定位,而且关心评估和比较,以支持作出好的临床决定。外科医生需要确定若干穿支中的哪一个是最佳的移植候选。此处,在荧光迅速地聚集和消散时的简单视觉观察不是足够的。例如,来自连续的注入的残余ICG聚集在组织中以及随每次注入而逐渐地升高背景亮度的趋势进一步使所述最佳候选穿支的容易的视觉辨别变得混淆。此外,ICG有时在若干分钟期间极其缓慢地移动,使得这样的进行中的分析非常有挑战性并且非常主观。外壳医生将通过提出下面的问题而进行评估:
1)所述组织中有多少ICG结合的血液?
2)其在所述组织中停留多久?
3)其多快地移动通过所述组织?
4)在药剂被注入之后,解剖区域以什么样的顺序发亮?
这些问题在主观基础上是难以回答的。因此,存在对更先进的图像处理和显示方法以应用客观标准来定位和评估穿支的需求。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面,公开了使用ICG荧光血管造影术成像的用于针对整形和/或再造外科的穿支血管的手术前识别的方法,其包括时间分辨的图像处理以加亮穿支位置并且通过各种计算的度量来使得能够实现候选穿支之间的视觉辨别。外科医生能够选择和比较根据下面的处理动作中的至少一个来分析时间序列并输出度量的算法的结果:
基于逐像素的方式确定时间积分的荧光;
通过将时间积分的荧光除以消逝的时间来计算平均荧光;
确定所述荧光中的增加率/清洗率;
确定实现峰值荧光所消逝的时间。
所述各种图像处理步骤独立地处理图像像素并且针对跨越整个获取时间或所选择的时间子范围而观察到的输入序列中的每个像素计算唯一的数值度量。每个图像输出因此是具有相同尺寸(即像素的数量和排列)的数值阵列,作为所述输入图像序列中的帧。因此,所处理的图像能够例如被显示为跨越所成像的区域计算出的像素值的三维表示(例如等高线图),或者被显示为颜色编码的二维图像或地形图。这样的图像表示有助于图像特征的迅速理解和所述图像上的区域之间的比较,在此情况下为在皮肤之下的穿支的位置。
根据下面的本发明的详细的描述,本发明的这些和其他特征及优点将变得更容易理解。
附图说明
下面的图描绘了本发明的某些示例性的实施例,在其中同样的参考标号指示同样的元素。所描绘的这些实施例要被理解为本发明的说明性的实施例,并且不作为以任何方式的限制。
图1示意性地显示了用于观察ICG荧光的照相机系统;
图2显示了皮肤的区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值在时间上被积分;
图3显示了在时间上被积分的皮肤的区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值被逆加权消逝的时间;
图4显示了皮肤的区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值由荧光的增加率确定;
图5显示了皮肤的区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值由达到最大荧光的消逝的时间确定;以及
图6显示了皮肤的区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值由峰值荧光确定;
图7显示了用可变对比度传递函数处理的荧光图像的覆层;
图8显示了用另一个可变对比度传递函数处理的荧光图像的覆层;
图9显示了用又另一个可变对比度传递函数处理的荧光图像的覆层;
图10A是所灌注的区域的荧光图像;以及
图10B是对应于图10A的荧光图像的着色的覆层的黑/白重显,其中标记指示标准化的强度。
具体实施方式
本发明目的在于在进行任何切口之前通过非侵入式方法在手术前确定穿支皮瓣中的穿支血管的位置。
图1示意性地显示了用于通过ICG荧光成像的非侵入式应用的装置(通过在手术中、尤其是在手术前的组织灌注的皮肤确定)。红外光源(例如一个或多个二极管激光器或LEDs,具有用于激发ICG中的荧光的大约780-800nm的峰值发射)被置于外壳1内。所述荧光信号由具有足够的近红外灵敏度的CCD照相机2检测;从若干卖方(日立、滨松等等),这样的摄像机是商业可获得的。所述CCD照相机2可以具有取景器8,但是所述图像也可以在手术期间在外部监视器上被观察,所述外部监视器可以是电子图像处理和评估系统11的一部分。
光束3(其可以是发散射束或扫描射束)从所述外壳1发出,以照亮关心的区域4,即期望具有合适的穿支血管的皮瓣被定位在其处的区域。所述关心的区域可以是大约10cm×10cm,但是可以基于外科要求和可获得的照明强度以及照相机灵敏度而变化。
滤波器6典型地被布置在照相机透镜7的前面,以阻挡激发光到达照相机传感器,同时允许荧光通过。所述滤波器6可以是近红外(NIR)长波通滤波器(截止滤波器),其仅对大于大约815nm的波长是透明的,或者优选地,是在830nm和845nm之间的峰值波长处发射并且具有大约10nm和25nm之间(即在激发波长带之外)的半高全宽(FWHM)透射窗口的带通滤波器。所述照相机2也可以被设计成获取所述关心的区域的彩色图像,以允许所述荧光图像与所述彩色图像之间的实时关联。
在本发明的上下文中,在图1中示出的装置被用于在外科手术之前识别/定位穿支血管,这将有助于外科医生选择最佳的皮瓣或皮瓣区域,用于在所述再造期间使用。
在其他手术后应用中,所述装置可以被用于:
验证吻合口通畅和动脉流及静脉流,这可以潜在地改善结果以消除皮瓣故障,所述皮瓣故障可以是差的动脉流和不充分的灌注以及导致充血的差的静脉血回流的结果;
可视化并确认完整的组织灌注,因为对整个皮瓣以及自然组织的微血管灌注对皮瓣成活而言是关键性的。
在本发明的情况下,通过图像处理和呈现技术使穿支位置被可视化,以使得能够实现候选穿支之间的容易且客观的视觉辨别。ICG被注入并且整个ICG荧光灌注和清洗循环被所述成像装置捕捉。在图像获取之后,通过可以由外科医生选择的图像处理算法,所述图像的整个序列或一些时间子范围被处理。
荧光测量的处理的结果可以例如被可视化为假彩色图像或等高线图,以使得能够根据所应用的算法度量实现迅速的视觉评估。例如,针对每个像素的荧光强度可以被呈现为从蓝色(“冷”点或低荧光强度或低荧光率)到红色(“热”点或高荧光强度或高荧光率)变化的光谱颜色。其他光谱关联是容易适应的。所述输出可以被呈现为原始解剖图像上的半透明覆层。这使得能够实现“热”点与在下面的解剖结构的视觉关联。“热”点的含义随所采用的算法而变化,诸如被积分的强度、加权或不加权、增加率或清洗率。
用户被给予“热”到“冷”颜色映射上的交互式控制,并且可以实时地改变它,以探究每个算法的输出度量的动态范围的更细小或更粗糙的子范围。当所述颜色窗口被加宽时,最热的区域被首先加亮,随之是更冷的区域。这种调节可以通过改变所获取的像素和所显示的图像中的像素之间的亮度或对比度的映射而被进行。这样的映射功能可以被包括在标准的成像程序中。此基于当前采用的度量的开窗过程有助于穿支之间的辨别,并且增强了感知,以及提高了外科医生对所应用的ICG动态特性的理解。
本发明也支持来自病人的皮肤上的两个不同位置的两个序列的同时显示和评估。这使得能够对被分开大于所述成像系统的视场的距离的候选皮瓣进行比较。
图2显示了在其处要识别合适的穿支血管的病人的皮肤的区域的图像。每个像素表示在针对所述图像序列的曝光时间上的荧光强度的时间积分。此模式在图像处理中典型地被称为“积分模式”,并且许多图像处理器提供此模式作为标准特征。在实践中,基于逐像素的方式例如在所述图像处理器中,在所述图像序列中的每个帧期间获取的像素强度(CCD中所收集的电荷)被相加,并且被帧的数量除,然后,所述总和可以被标准化到固定的动态范围,例如从1到255(8-比特)。意图是:图像中更亮的像素表示在预置的时间周期上被注入有更大体积的携载ICG的血液的皮肤的区域。在图2中,穿支血管24显现最高的积分的荧光强度,其中另一个穿支血管显现如26所显示的更弱的荧光强度。
注意:所述图像的透明度已经被设置以致透过所述ICG荧光图像的透明颜色覆层医生的标记22在屏幕的右上是可见的。
图3显示了在时间上积分的皮肤的相同区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值被逆加权消逝的时间。此图像处理算法与先前描述的积分法相似,但是而不是直接相加所测量的每个像素的强度,在ICG荧光的观察开始之后、在被相加之前首先将所测量的强度值除以所述消逝的时间。这样,更早的荧光信号被赋予比后来获取的荧光信号更大的重要性。“最热”的像素是在图像帧序列中比所述ICG药剂在后来时间到达的其他像素更早发荧光的那些像素。相同的穿支血管34如在图2中那样被识别,其中另一个血管36是几乎不可识别的。
图4再次显示了皮肤的相同区域的ICG荧光图像,其中此图像中的像素值由荧光强度的增加率确定。在此图像处理算法中,针对图像中的每个像素计算像素强度对消逝的时间的斜率。例如,每个像素可以具有所分配的最低强度值(基线)和所分配的最高强度值(或者另一个相对高的强度值)。对于每个像素,像素强度越过所述基线的时间和像素强度越过所述高强度值的时间被标注。根据此信息,所述图像处理算法针对所述图像中的每个像素计算增加率,其中“更热”的像素具有更大的斜率,即它们比“更冷”的像素更快地到达所述高强度值。图像处理算法的该实施例因此加亮所述ICG药剂到达所述穿支血管的速度。在图4中已经关闭了透明度,以致外科医生的工具在所述图像中是不可见的。
此处用参考标记44显示的先前识别的穿支血管被更好得多地限定,血管46(先前被显示为26和36)和另一个血管48也是如此。
图5显示了皮肤的相同区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值由达到最大荧光的消逝的时间确定。与图4(其显示了时间变化率)不同,图5的图像处理算法显示了像素达到其最大强度的时间,其中所述“更热”的像素比“更冷”的像素更快地达到其各自的峰值荧光强度。所述算法因此按照在其中穿支到达其峰值强度的顺序加亮所述图像的区域。在此图像中,先前识别的穿支血管24、34、44同样是清楚可辨别的,对应于图4的血管46和48的血管56和58也是如此。
图6显示了皮肤的相同区域的ICG荧光图像,其中像素值由每个像素处的峰值荧光值确定。更高(“热”)的荧光强度值64可以指示更高的ICG浓度,或者可以由位于更靠近皮肤表面处的穿支血管导致,这减小了激发光的吸收/荧光响应。在图4和图5中是清楚可见的血管66、68几乎不能与背景区别开。
尽管用线性对比度传递函数(其提供了用上面所描述的各种算法处理的像素值到所显示的像素强度的1∶1映射)呈现了例如在图2和图6中显示的图像,也可以用可变对比度传递函数呈现图像(作为等高线图或假彩色覆层),以增强所述图像中的视觉差异。此外,可以将标签放置在所述覆层图像中,在下文中被称为ACR(累积的或时间积分的强度比率)标签,其有助于解剖结构的两个或更多区域之间的定量比较。
因为当所述可变对比度传递函数的动态范围和斜率被修改时所述图像中的绝对像素值变化,所述ACR标签允许用户比较如通过所选择的覆层技术(例如,累积的强度/时间平均的强度等等)中的任何一个测量的不同图像区域中的相对灌注。
下面的方法被用于计算ACR标签值。为了清楚,我们假定:累积的强度被选择作为覆层技术,尽管相同的方法可以和可获得的覆层技术中的任何一个一起使用。
1)在时间窗口之上计算针对所述图像序列中的所有图像的所有像素的累积的强度。
2)在所选择的标签的区域之上(例如,5×5像素方阵)对所述累积的强度求平均。
3)将所求平均的强度标准化为整个图像中的所累积的强度的最大值。
4)对所标准化的均值进行强度的按比例调节,其中所述传递函数的最大值表示100%。
通过下面的此方法,即使所述传递函数的斜率被修改,两个不同的ACR标签的相对比率保持不变。图7和图8显示了针对两个不同的对比度函数,来自已经用前述算法中的一个处理过的图像序列的荧光图像(灰度图像的上部)和呈现了来自颜色中的序列(从用于低值的蓝色到用于高值的红色)的累积的强度的假彩色覆层图像。用第一对比度传递函数处理图7中的像素值,给定分别具有52%和72%强度的两个区域,对应于所述两个标记的区域之间的52/72=.72的比率。图8中的第二覆层图像显示了用不同的对比度传递函数处理的相同的像素值,其中所述两个区域中的强度现在分别被标记为99%和71%。然而,它们的相对比率保持实质上不变,在71/99=0.72。
用户可以修改所述传递函数,以致控制区域被标记在100%,其中所有的其他区域随后可以与所述控制区域相比较。
图9显示了:所述覆层是透明的,其中累积的强度像素具有小于在其处所述传递函数斜面的底部与水平像素值轴线相交的点的值。此外,这表明:在此例子中,所述图像区域的12%(所述底部窗口的右下部中的覆盖范围编号)具有大于最大累积的强度的52%的累积的强度。该图示显示了被其52%轮廓限界的若干区域。
在前面描述的方法中,用户可以将标签放置在所述图像上,以比较不同组织区域的相对灌注。这些标签可以将在所述标签下方的小的区域中的累积的强度标准化为在关心的颜色映射范围的顶端处的区域中存在的累积的强度。尽管各个标签的值将随所述颜色映射范围被移动而变化,所述标签的相互比率将保持恒定。
实际的试验已经表明:为了更好地定量所述结果并允许灌注的区域之间的更一致的比较,前面描述的方法中的修改将是所期望的。
临床医师通常希望执行可疑组织的灌注与良好灌注的“好的”组织的灌注的一致比较。用上面描述的原先的技术来进行该比较的一种方式是经历手工地调节所述颜色映射范围直到被放置在良好灌注的组织上的标签达到100%的烦累的过程。此标签现在可以被用作“好的”组织参考。
临床医师通常希望识别与好的组织相比在一些百分比处显现相对累积的强度的组织是否将遭受坏死。所述照相机中的固有噪音、照明和表面反射率的可变条件以及所述病人中的残余ICG的存在使得如下是困难的:确保所述比率是一致的。
尽管当所述颜色映射变化时所述标签比率保持恒定,临床医师发现如下是令人混乱的:所述标签值自身在所述过程中变化。
在一个修改的方法中,在手工操作中明确地或者通过如下面所描述的自动计算隐含地,两个参考标签被放置在所述图像上。所述标签被表示为背景或“0标记”以及参考或“100标记”。被放置在所述累积的强度矩阵上的任何附加的标签被标准化为由这些标记建立的范围。
理想地,所述“0标记”将被放置在所述移植皮瓣之外的自然组织上。在此标记下方的小的区域中的累积的强度表示背景强度,其将由所述照相机中的背景噪音(可能与来自所述病人中的一些残余ICG的信号相结合,所述一些残余ICG来自先前的获得)产生。
使用临床判断,施手术者将所述“100标记”放置在已经被临床医师识别为是良好灌注的“好的”组织的组织上。这建立所述“好的”组织参考。
所述两个标记现在支持所述皮瓣上的灌注的区域的直接标准化的定量比较。
使用下面的公式来计算标签值:
L=100*(Alabel-A0)/(A100-A0),
其中:
●Alabel表示在所述标签下方的区域中的累积的强度;
●A0表示在所述“0标记”下方的区域中的背景累积的强度;
●A100表示在所述“100标记”下方的区域中的参考累积的强度。
所有现有的和新放置的标签值现在被标准化到所述“0标记”和“100标记”之间的范围。标签值可以超过100%并且现在不随所述颜色映射范围为了增强的可视化而被移动而变化。
图10A和图10B示出了此技术的示例性实施例。图10A是所灌注的区域的荧光图像,与上面参考图2至图6而描述的那些相似。图10B是着色的覆层的黑/白重显,其中用如下公式计算标记或标签值:
L=100*(Alabel-A0)/(A100-A0)。
所述“0标记”通过包围“0”的圈而被表示在左上角中,并且所述“100标记”通过包围“100”的圈而被表示在右上角中。因为所述组织的所有区域均显示一些灌注,所述“0标记”已经被放置在视场内的外科夹上。
下面是用于得到用于所述“0标记”的值或累积的背景强度的附加的/可替代的选择:
●如果没有明确地放置单独的“0标记”,则可以通过对在所述ICG药剂的到达之前捕捉的第一帧中存在的累积的强度求平均来得到用于所述“0标记”的值。随后通过将初始帧值乘以所述序列中的帧的数量来计算所述平均累积强度。
●可替代地,在不存在单独的“0标记”的情况下,可以通过首先自动地确定哪些像素表示组织并且随后检查第一帧以仅仅针对那些组织像素计算平均背景强度来得到用于所述“0标记”的值。变化的像素是接收具有ICG的血液的那些像素。为了确定这些组织像素的位置,所述软件定位其强度变为超过预定的阈值的像素。不变的像素被忽视。
●具有已知的近红外反射率的物理参考标准或斑块可以被放置在所述视场中。这些物理斑块中的一些将被提供为模拟具有可见光谱中的已知的反射率的不同皮肤色调。所述“0标记”随后可以被明确地放置在这些标记之上,以近似没有用载有ICG的血液灌注的组织下方的累积的强度。这将允许依照手术室内的不同照明条件的标准化。
总之,标签可以被用于容易地将不同的灌注边界与存在于已知的好的组织中的灌注相比较。这些标签现在对残余ICG、照相机噪音以及其他NIR散射效应的影响进行校正。
所描述的实施例检测随近红外光谱范围内的激发之后由ICG经皮地发射的荧光信号。然而,本领域技术人员将理解:也可以使用其他能够被激发并且在在其处组织发射光的光谱范围中发射荧光的染料。
尽管已经参考动脉血液流动(即血液向一个或多个穿支血管的供给)的例子描述了本发明,所述方法也可以通过定量并显示从峰值强度下降回到所述基线的变化率来检测归因于静脉充血的移植失败。这将加亮所述灌注区域中的静脉血回流。
尽管本发明能接受各种修改和可替代形式,已经在附图中显示并在此处详细地描述了其特定的例子。然而,应被理解的是:本发明不限于所公开的特定的形式或方法,而是相反地,本发明意在涵盖落入随附的权利要求的精神和范围内的所有修改、等同以及替代方案。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于评估穿支血管的灌注的方法,包括下列步骤:
检测随将ICG的药剂施用到血流中之后来自组织的荧光响应;
获取在预定的时间上的所述荧光响应的图像的时间序列;
处理所述图像的序列以产生针对所述图像中的像素值的时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数;以及
将所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数显示为彩色或黑白图像。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过用ICG药剂注入之后的消逝的时间除针对每个像素的所述时间积分的强度值来处理所述图像的序列。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过确定ICG药剂注入之后直到针对每个像素的所述时间积分的荧光强度达到峰值的消逝的时间来处理所述图像的序列。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,通过确定针对每个像素的荧光强度的峰值来处理所述图像的序列。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括将对比度传递函数应用到所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述对比度传递函数表示线性的或非线性的函数,其将所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数转换成以不同的颜色表示不同的灌注特性的覆层图像。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中,所述对比度传递函数是具有不同斜率的区域的非线性的函数,并且其中所述不同的斜率以及所述不同的斜率之间的过渡在评估所述血管的灌注的过程期间被调节。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,进一步包括在所述覆层图像中显示零(“0”)标记和一百(“100”)标记,所述零标记表示实质上未被灌注的组织的背景强度,所述一百标记表示被良好灌注的组织的强度。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述零标记与被放置在所述实质上未被灌注的组织上的非荧光对象相关联。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述零标记由在所述ICG药剂到达组织中之前来自所述组织的荧光响应得到。
11.根据权利要求7所述的方法,进一步包括将所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数的数值显示在所述覆层图像中。
12.根据权利要求8所述的方法,进一步包括下列步骤:
将所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数标准化到所述零标记和所述一百标记之间的范围;以及
将所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数的标准化的数值显示在所述覆层图像中。
13.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,针对解剖特征的不同图像区域计算所述时间积分的强度比率或所述强度的时间导数的所述标准化的数值。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中,用下面的步骤来计算所述时间积分的强度比率或所述强度的时间导数的所述标准化的数值:
针对所有像素计算所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数;
在所述图像中的预定义的区域上对所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数求平均;
将所述平均的时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数标准化为整个图像中的所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数的最大值;以及
用所述对比度传递函数的最大值按比例调节所述标准化的平均时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数。
15.一种用于评估穿支血管的灌注的方法,包括下列步骤:
检测随ICG的药剂施用到血流中之后来自组织的荧光响应;
获取在预定的时间上所述荧光响应的图像的时间序列;
处理所述图像的序列以产生针对所述图像中的像素值的时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数;
识别与远离所述穿支血管的皮瓣的自然组织相关联的第一参考标签以及与实现预定的灌注的组织相关联的第二参考标签;
将至少一个附加的标签标准化到由所述第一和第二参考标签建立的范围;以及
将所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数显示为彩色或黑白图像,并且将所述第一参考标签、所述第二参考标签以及所述至少一个附加的标签显示在所述图像上。
16.一种用于评估穿支血管的灌注的装置,包括:
用于检测随ICG的药剂施用到血流中之后来自组织的荧光响应的装置;
用于获取在预定的时间上所述荧光响应的图像的时间序列的装置;
用于处理所述图像的序列以产生针对所述图像中的像素值的时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数的装置;以及
用于将所述时间积分的强度或所述强度的时间导数显示为彩色或黑白图像的装置。
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