CN101415813B - 微流体装置 - Google Patents
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- CN101415813B CN101415813B CN2007800117954A CN200780011795A CN101415813B CN 101415813 B CN101415813 B CN 101415813B CN 2007800117954 A CN2007800117954 A CN 2007800117954A CN 200780011795 A CN200780011795 A CN 200780011795A CN 101415813 B CN101415813 B CN 101415813B
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Abstract
本发明公开了将微芯片与各种类型的模块接口连接的方法和装置。所述技术可用作各种应用,如DNA测序和基因型分析、蛋白质组学、病原体检测、诊断和生物防卫的样品制备和分析系统。
Description
A.关于联邦政府资助的研究或开发的声明
在国防部授予的项目号W911SR-04-P-0047、NIH授予的资助号5R01HG003583-01、HSARPA授予的合同号NBCHC050133、HSARPA授予的顺序号TTA-1-0014(协议号W81XWH-04-9-0012)中一个或多个的政府支持下进行本发明的各个方面。政府享有本发明的某些权利。
B.背景
在过去的10-20年中,开发了各种不同且常常不相容的微流体装置设计,通常其目的是减小生物分析方法中的样品体积需求。在不存在控制外部尺寸形状因子、上游和下游外部接口的特性、以及内部微流体通路的长度、横截面几何形状和直径的标准的情况下,这种微流体装置常常互不相容,并且与现有的上游纯化和下游分析装置不相容。
尽管微型制造取得的进步使得可能在微升、甚至纳升或皮升级进行分析,但首次获得的许多生物和环境样品的体积比现有微流体分析装置的量级大得多并与其不相容。
因此,本领域需要一种模块化微流体部件,它可用作集成流体系统的部件,可将具有不同外部尺寸形状因子、外部接口和/或内部流体几何形状的微流体部件连接成有效的流体连通,并可连接微流体制备和/或分析部件和在较大量级上操作的制备模块或方法。
C.发明概述
本发明解决了本领域的这些和其它需求。
D.附图简要说明
本领域技术人员将理解,下述附图仅仅为了说明目的,而不旨在以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
图1说明了样品捕获和纯化模块(SCPM)和生物处理器模块(BPM)工作流程的一种实施方式。
图2说明了毒素试验工作流程的一种实施方式。
图3说明了集成生物处理器模块(BPM)的样品捕获和纯化模块(SCPM)的一种实施方式。
图4说明了芯片外流过筒(off-chip flow-through cartridge)的一种实施方式。
图5说明了行波流过式珠搅拌器(traveling wave flowthrough bead beater)的一种实施方式。
图6说明了流过式(flowthrough)超声处理的一种实施方式,其中将探头直接插入收集器流出物。
图7说明了核酸纯化模块的一种实施方式。
图8说明了纳米生物处理器模块化系统的一种实施方式,包括空气取样器、样品浓缩模块以及微流体样品扩增和分析模块,可用于生物防卫应用。
图9说明了MOVTM阀的一种实施方式。
图10说明了显微制造泵的一种实施方式。
图11说明了显微制造路由选择器的一种实施方式。
图12说明了提供样品净化基质的三维连接工作通道的横截面的一种实施方式。
图13说明了将一种或多种反应物加入反应室的流体线路的一种实施方式。
图14说明了循环测序模块(CSM)重复单元的一种实施方式。
图15说明了单个生物处理器单元的一种实施方式。
图16说明了采用外部致动的MOV阀和泵的微芯片筒的一种实施方式。
图17说明了12单元生物处理器筒的一种实施方式。
图18说明了非生物处理器单元和微芯片设计的一种实施方式。
图19说明了微芯片实施方式MBI-11。图A显示蒙板(mask)设计,其中流体层显示为蓝色,致动层显示为红色。图B显示其中一个子组件,其具有两组输入和输出储存库、反应室和存储室以及三向路由选择器。该阀门的8条气动控制线终止于与气动装置相连的标准连接器。图C显示出蚀刻的微流体晶片。图D显示出组装的MBI-11三层微芯片,用实验室记号笔标出了比例尺。
图20说明了微芯片实施方式MBI-12,其装有集成样品制备的显微毛细管电泳(μCAE)所用的纳米流体结构。用蓝色表示流体通道,用红色表示MOV致动通道。
图21说明了具有双分析通道的双成对-末端读出亲和捕获样品净化的一种实施方式。深色层是微流体,灰线是工作层。阀致动层未显示。浅色虚线框确定了DNA分析重复单元。
图22说明了集成的样品、制备、净化和分析MINDS微芯片重复单元的一种实施方式。
图23说明了16-通道200nL循环测序模块微芯片的一种实施方式。
图24说明了加入微珠的集成的样品、制备、净化和分析MINDS微芯片重复单元的一种实施方式。显示出25nL样品制备室具有两条亲和捕获和分离通道。
图25说明了设计为包括板载试剂、核酸纯化和毒素模块的一次性筒的微芯片的一种实施方式。
图26说明了微芯片接口装置的设备控制的一种实施方式。
图27说明了MiniPrep设备中装配有管道的微芯片真空吸盘的一种实施方式。
图28说明了操纵MiniPrep设备内的生物处理器微芯片的关联硬件的一种实施方式。
图29说明了路径长度增加的RT-PCR室的一种实施方式。
图30说明了旋转扫描器的一种实施方式。
图31说明了可用于核酸分析(RT-PCR和μCAE)的生物处理器模块的蒙板设计的一种实施方式。
图32说明了生物处理器微芯片的晶片级设计的一种实施方式,其中在6"晶片上有48个单元,各单元具有RT-PCR和μCAE能力。
图33说明了多重生物处理器线路的一种实施方式。MOV路由选择器将样品分为三个多重RT-PCR反应,产生法医(forensics)样品和再测试样品,并可选择样品进行μCAE验证。
图34说明了用8"晶片模拟12"晶片。
图35显示出用珠在一定浓度范围内捕获大肠杆菌(E.coli)。
图36显示出在大肠杆菌的免疫捕获中偶联于DYNALTM珠的单克隆抗体的滴定。
图37显示出蜡样芽孢杆菌(B.cereus)对大肠杆菌的免疫捕获的影响。
图38显示出用免疫捕获从掺入(spike)空气取样器液体中回收大肠杆菌。
图39显示出图38的特定滴度104CFU/ml的数据组。
图40显示对通过100mg二氧化硅提取物-清洁(Extract-Clean)SPE介质床的各种样品组分中高滴度大肠杆菌进行浓缩的结果。
图41显示出通过100mg二氧化硅提取物-清洁SPE介质床的各种组分中存在的高浓度大肠杆菌样品的总细菌百分数。
图42显示出用二氧化硅珠(左)和大珠(右)回收β-半乳糖苷酶。
图43显示出用大珠回收大肠杆菌。
图44显示出将净化样品直接注射入分离通道的直接注射方案的一种实施方式。
图45显示出用MOV装置在芯片上混合的实施方式。
图46显示出用芯片上的MOV泵在MBI-13T形通道和团中进行混合的实施方式。
图47显示“T”形混合的芯片设计的实施方式,其中由端口1泵送水,由端口2泵送红色染料。在距“T”形接头数毫米处观察到基本混合,在2mm反应室中没有观察到颜色差异。
图48显示4步泵送过程中“T”形通道接头的实施方式的照片,其中每个步骤计时1秒。通道尺寸为50μm深、150μm宽。泵阀体积约为50nL。
图49显示泵送步骤3中“T”接头下游数毫米处拍摄的特写照片。通道宽度为150μm。出现与基本混合相一致的均一颜色。
E.发明详述
应理解,上述总说明,包括附图以及以下详述仅为示范性和解释性,不限制本公开。在本公开中,采用单数形式时包括复数,除非另有特别说明。同时,采用“或者”指“和/或”,除非另有说明。相似地,“包括”、“包含”不旨在限制。术语如“元件”或“部件”包括包含一个单元的元件和部件,以及包含一个以上单元的元件或部件,除非另有特别说明。本文所用的章节标题仅为组织目的,不旨在限制所述主题。本文特别将引用的所有参考文献和参考文献的部分,包括但不限于专利、专利申请、文章、书籍和论文的全文纳入本文作参考,用于所有目的。在一个或多个掺入的参考文献与本申请矛盾的情况下,本申请居于控制地位。
本公开提供了集成的模块化系统,它具有制备和分析各种样品的靶分析物的补充功能。本文所述系统可用于制备和分析各种靶分析物,包括但不限于:分子(如毒素、药物)、生物分子(如核酸、多肽、脂质)、细胞(如真核和原核细胞(如芽孢杆菌、埃希菌))、芽孢(spore)(如炭疽杆菌(B.anthracis))、病毒(如流感、天花)和其它材料,可根据实施人的判断进行选择。在各种示范性实施方式中,可用一个或多个系统模块进行样品制备和分析,如下所述。
在一些实施方式中,本文所述系统包括用于样品捕获或纯化(SCPM)的前端模块,在典型的实施方式中,它还能将捕获和/或纯化的样品引入生物处理器模块(BPM),该模块可包括一个或多个微流体装置(如微米级、纳米级或皮米级装置),用于进一步制备和/或分析。因此,本文公开的是用于捕获、浓缩或纯化样品中的靶分析物,然后将该靶分析物引入一个或多个微流体装置的模块化系统和方法。在一些实施方式中,微流体装置可向芯片外平台供料。
在各种示范性实施方式中,SCPM可通过各种方法,如通过裂解、乳化、超声处理、离心、层析、固相提取(SPE)、免疫捕获(如免疫磁性分离(IMS))、基于珠的捕获及其组合捕获、纯化或浓缩靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,SCPM可将大规模样品溶液减少到小规模体积(例如通过将毫升浓缩至微升或更小的体积)以引入一种或多种微流体装置。这些SCPM实施方式能够用作模块化规模接口,允许将微米级和/或纳米级装置集成到包括在较大规模上操作的操作模块的流体系统中。这些SCPM实施方式可允许具有不同尺寸形状因子的模块集成到流体相连的系统中。在一些实施方式中,SCPM可通过去除可能存在于粗样品中的一种或多种物质以及作为下游加工或分析的抑制剂的一种或多种物质而纯化样品。与常规方法相比,通过捕获、纯化或浓缩样品中的靶分析物,SCPM可提高本文所述系统的灵敏度。
BPM一般包括一个或多个微流体装置。本文所用“微流体装置”指适合操作、储存、加工或分析毫升以下量,如微升(μL)、纳升(nL)和/或皮升(pL)体积的流体的装置。在各种示范性实施方式中,微流体装置可包括一个或多个微芯片(如微米级、纳米级或皮米级装置)、毛细管及其组合。可通过本领域已知的显微制造技术生产本文所述微芯片,这些芯片可包括阀、泵、室、通道、储存库等,可能适合加工或分析一种或多种靶分析物。在各种示范性实施方式中,微流体装置可以是基于微芯片的筒(cartridge),可以是不可替换/不可重复使用的或一次性的。本文所述微芯片可具有任何形状或尺寸。例如,微芯片可以是具有一个或多个辐射状样品制备或分析单元的圆筒,可与操作微芯片的设备一起使用。在一些实施方式中,微流体装置可以是自动化装置。例如,可将微芯片储存在“CD换片装置”中并自动插入、操作来进行一项或多项功能,如果需要,由可编程设备储存。因此,设备可提供微芯片处理、外部气动操作、温度控制、试剂溶液等,以同时或连续操作一个或多个微芯片。
在一些实施方式中,SCPM能够将可包含一种或多种附于其上的靶分析物的悬液、胶体(如乳剂)或捕获珠引入BPM,在各种这样的实施方式中,将其引入BPM的一个或多个微流体装置中。在这种实施方式中,BPM的一个或多个微流体装置适合移动一种或多种所述固体如珠使其通过该装置的微流体通路而不堵塞。
珠或其它固体从SCPM进入BPM可用于实现含分析物的样品体积的下调,从而使大规模模块与小规模装置接口连接(interface)。因此,这种SCPM和BPM实施方式能够使规模和/或尺寸形状因子不同的装置模块化地接口连接,允许将微米级和/或纳米级装置集成到包括在较大规模上操作的操作模块的流体系统中。
在适合基于珠的微流体装置加工的各种示范性实施方式中,可通过流体线路内插入闸板或其它物理阻碍物、磁场、珠的亲和捕获、电捕获或其它机制将珠可逆地固定在微流体通道或线路的各点上。在各种实施方式中,可使珠通过流体通道或线路,并可对其进行物理或化学加工。随后,可将粘附、或附着、或吸附、或吸收、或以其它方式附于珠的分析物移动到下游反应室中,在芯片上(即在微流体装置内)进行进一步加工或分析。在一些实施方式中,如果需要,可洗脱掉珠上的物质,如靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,具有不同亲和力的珠系列可连接成具有高特异性和灵敏度的较复杂的生物分子工艺,如一个步骤可将细胞结合到珠上,下一步骤可将特定DNA序列固定在珠上,以在反应前净化,第三种珠可用于结合反应产物,以在引入质谱等之前进行纯化。在一些实施方式中,根据本领域技术人员的判断选择的各种步骤中也可采用含有亲和捕获试剂的凝胶。
在一些实施方式中,BPM可用作独立的样品制备系统。因此,在各种示范性实施方式中,BPM可连接于各种上游样品收集装置(如气溶胶取样器)或给下游分析平台或方法(如质谱(MS)、核磁共振(NMR)、毛细管阵列电泳(CAE)、逆转录-PCR(RT-PCR)、单分子检测系统等)供料。然而,在一些实施方式中,可在微芯片的通道、储存库、反应室等或其组合中进行一种或多种分析方法。
本文所述系统可广泛应用于生物防卫监测、传染病诊断、法医学、基因组学、蛋白质组学和其它领域。在生物防卫中,该技术提供了结构紧凑的部件,可用作(例如)建筑物、飞机或机场的野外病原体监测装置,或用于实验室以解决日益增长的测试需求。该系统可制备和分析来自空气、生物液体、农产品或其它来源的样品,以检测目标病原体。低消费成本与自动化制备和分析的组合对分子诊断有显著影响。在临床诊断中,可使该技术适合产生采用无缝集成的一次性装置(目的是产生所需的额外分析)的PCR诊断设备。本文所述系统也可应用于药物遗传学、人类药物遗传学、生物医药研究、动物和植物分型以及人类鉴定。
所述系统的其它应用包括分子诊断,如检测微生物、生物体基因型分析、测序和法医学;产生用于各种方法(如RT-PCR、再测序和蛋白质分析)的样品的制备和分析平台;产生用于大多数分析平台,如质谱、毛细管阵列电泳、差别展示和单分子检测的样品制备台;以及用于生物防卫应用。
本文所述系统可(例如)通过采用机器人整体或部分自动化,它的大小可缩放,从手持式装置至野外监测器至实验室设备。
1.靶分析物的浓缩
在一些实施方式中,在引入微流体装置进行进一步加工或分析之前可浓缩样品中的靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,可用可容纳大规模体积(如毫升至升)并将一种或多种靶分析物浓缩到小表面(例如微珠)上的一种或多种芯片外流过装置浓缩一种或多种靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,可采用可由容纳大规模体积的芯片外储存库供料的芯片上的流过装置浓缩一种或多种靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,芯片上和芯片外的装置可组合使用。在一些实施方式中,捕获的靶分析物可选择性洗脱成适合下游加工或分析的体积。如图1所示,SCPM1可包括以下模块:免疫捕获模块2、裂解模块3、核酸纯化模块4,并可与纳米生物处理器5集成。在一些实施方式中,可免疫捕获分子如毒素,并将其直接供给纳米生物处理器5(图2)。
适合将靶分析物捕获到表面上的材料包括各种类型的提取基质材料,可由珠、整体料(monolith)、改性聚合物等组成。在一些实施方式中,提取基质材料可包含各种连接的官能团(如C4、C18、羧基和氨基),各种珠或化学物质的混合床,或亲和捕获部分(如抗体、凝集素、半抗原、配体(如生物素)、受体、核酸等)。在一些实施方式中,可用羧化珠,如SPRI或未改性的二氧化硅珠捕获核酸,并洗脱入合适体积的极性溶剂如水中。在一些实施方式中,可采用纳米级的捕获方法,其采用二氧化硅毛细管,其中离液剂如硫氰酸盐将核酸压到毛细管表面上,洗涤后,可将浓缩和纯化的核酸洗脱入缓冲液中用于进一步加工或分析(参见美国专利号6,489,112)。各种靶分析物的其它固相捕获方法参见例如,Weimer等,2001Appl.Environ.Microbiology,67:1300-1307。
a)芯片外流过式(off-chip flowthrough)装置
在一些实施方式中,可用芯片外流过装置130浓缩靶分析物,该装置通过浓缩基质140引导大规模样品体积(图4)。在一些实施方式中,浓缩基质保留了靶分析物,而本体溶液和干扰化合物通过该装置。在一些实施方式中,干扰化合物或不需要的化合物保留在基质140上,而靶分析物通过该装置。根据样品形式(表面、水、土壤、气溶胶、生物物质),可采用粗过滤(ca.20μm)去除本体污染物和颗粒。在一些实施方式中,芯片外流过装置的底板上可包括烧结的开口150,其中加载基质,该装置还可包括用于洗脱的孔(≤1mm)口(图4)。浓缩基质可采用非亲和介质或亲和捕获介质,如本文所述。与BPM微流体装置集成的芯片外流过装置的例子见图3。
i)非亲和捕获
本文所用“非亲和捕获”指通过疏水、亲水或离子相互作用在介质上非特异性捕获靶分析物。
在一些实施方式中,靶分析物的非亲和捕获可采用Extract-CleanTM固相抽提(SPE)试剂盒(Alltech),该试剂盒包括1.5mL(或4mL)柱,该柱中预先填充有含有20μm聚乙烯熔块的一种SPE介质。该介质可捕获靶分析物用于进一步洗脱,或可允许靶分析物通过而不需要的物质保留在该介质上。例如,范围分别为约1-104CFU/mL、约102-103PFU/mL和0.1-102ng/mL的细胞、病毒或细胞裂解物中的蛋白质可施加于介质。可手工或通过机器人加载样品,如果需要,用真空使介质流过。在一些实施方式中,靶分析物结合于可洗涤的填充材料,可通过从介质中洗脱来浓缩靶分析物。在各种示范性实施方式中,可采用3mL注射器筒体SPEC(ANSYS Technologies),其装有二氧化硅微纤维盘,以防止流动特性和保留特征的沟通(to prevent channeling for flow properties andretention charateristics),或可采用大珠(Big Beads)。也可采用标准或特殊色谱介质浓缩或纯化所需材料。在任何所选介质中,本领域普通技术人员可优化床体积、不同介质制备、洗涤和洗脱条件,实现最大保留以提高灵敏度。
可用各种方法监测流过该装置的样品,这些方法有,如采用(例如)Avalanche荧光扫描仪(GE)的免疫标记(immunotagging)和荧光检测、采用(例如)MegaBACE1000(GE)的毛细管电泳、细胞生长试验或本领域技术人员熟知的其它方法。
ii)亲和捕获
本文所用“亲和捕获”指用介质捕获靶分析物,介质含有对靶分析物基本特异的分子(如抗体、配体、受体、凝集素、半抗原、表位、寡核苷酸等)。在一些实施方式中,可将用靶分析物(如细胞、生物体、芽孢或毒素)表面表位的单克隆抗体修饰的磁珠加入样品。在一些实施方式中,根据实施者的判断,可连续地或以各种组合将用特定生物体、细胞类型、亚型、种类、核酸、蛋白质等的抗体包被的珠的混合物或组施加于样品。抗体包被的珠结合靶分析物,从而从溶液中捕获它们。可通过磁体来收集珠,可通过洗涤去除不需要的污染物和可能的抑制剂。
在各种示范性实施方式中,可重悬收集、洗涤的珠,以在流过装置或另一装置中进一步加工,或移动到BPM的微芯片上。如本文所述,在涉及生物防卫应用的实施方式中,收集并洗涤的珠可重悬于10μL缓冲液中,插入小超声处理杆。在一些实施方式中,可利用采用如图6所述装置的流过超声处理。在超声处理之后,可使经超声处理的材料通过滤膜,流到BPM微流体装置上。
b)芯片上的流过式(on-chip flowthrough)装置
在一些实施方式中,可用BMP微流体装置浓缩靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,靶分析物的芯片上浓缩可有利于在同一小室中进行模块集成、应用显微制造技术并能够进行各种方法如PCR。在一些实施方式中,这可能需要采用直径相对较大的通道,以产生合适的流速。在一些实施方式中,免疫亲和捕获提供了快速而特异地浓缩和纯化样品中的病原微生物或病毒、蛋白质或其它靶分析物的方法。例如,为了浓缩靶分析物,基于珠的样品制备可适合成批方法至芯片上的方法。例如,可用电动珠床填充和闸板珠捕获法(Oleschuk等,2000.Analytical Chemistry72:585-5909)将抗体包被的珠放置在集成的显微制造捕获室中。
在一些实施方式中,流过模式的填充床中的羧化珠可用于显微制造的玻璃装置,以便后加工多核苷酸,如DNA测序混合物。可用Borofloat玻璃显微制造装有捕获珠用的挡板的玻璃芯片。可设计挡板顶端和相对通道之间的挡板缺口,使其适合羧化珠或其它类型的珠,如二氧化硅珠,能用抗体、凝集素或核酸等亲和捕获的珠。首先可用HF蚀刻深通道,然后第二层浅蚀刻可确定挡板高度为0.5μm或更多,这取决于特定的珠和应用。在一些实施方式中,可通过压力填充珠,用真空吸引去除珠。在一些实施方式中,可将免疫官能化的或其它磁珠加入没有闸板的小室中。垂直于小室平面施加小磁场后,珠自身组装成准规则的一系列竖柱,间距约~5-mm(Doyle等,2002.Science295:2237)。
在各种示范性实施方式中,可采用基质如色谱介质、附着有抗体或其它亲和捕获材料的凝胶、含有或不含化学修饰的凝胶、固相提取介质、整体料或者本领域技术人员熟知的其它分离或结合基质。
2.裂解模块
在一些实施方式中,可在芯片上或芯片外破坏和裂解靶分析物。可被破坏或裂解的靶分析物的非限制性例子是(如原核、真核、古细菌)、芽孢(如细菌(如炭疽杆菌、梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium))或真菌(如粗球孢子菌(C.immitis))、细胞器(如线粒体、核等)、核酸、染色体、质粒、核糖体、蛋白体、病毒(如天花病毒、流感病毒、西尼罗河病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、肝炎病毒和逆转录病毒)。在一些实施方式中,可通过超声处理破坏或裂解靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,可超声处理捕获到珠上的靶分析物,然后将其引入微芯片。
可采用浸入含有粗靶分析物溶液或已捕获到珠上、浓缩和纯化的靶分析物的溶液中的杆进行超声破坏。超声处理器也可以是装有可直接插入收集器流出物的探头的流过式超声处理装置(图6)。也可设计该室,使其含有或捕获气溶胶,并可如本文所述地自动化。
在一些实施方式中,可通过珠摩擦(bead beating)实现破坏或裂解。该珠可与本文所述捕获珠相同或不同。在一些实施方式中,用于裂解和/或捕获的珠的不同特性,如磁性与非磁性、不同密度等可用于分离各种类型的珠,以简化下游加工或分析。在一些实施方式中,可采用流过、行波、珠摩擦装置10(图5)。例如,如图5所示,当极片被旋转时,旋转的磁性极片20产生沿着流过管30行进的磁波。该旋转可以高达约100Hz,并可使珠产生足够的加速通过相邻的管,以破碎流过该管的芽孢和其它类型的靶分析物。在一些实施方式中,珠具有多种形状以有利于裂解。
为了评价破坏或裂解,可用活力损失与时间确定所需的动力设定、接触时间、体积和几何形状;本领域技术人员能够设定这些参数。在一些实施方式中,可用所选样品测试TaqMan测定中DNA或RNA的释放。可针对芽孢和正在剪切的大分子来优化破坏,以降低其粘度和截面积,而不使它们不适合下游加工或分析。在一些实施方式中,可使裂解物通过孔径大小至少约为10μm,甚至至少约为20μm、30μm或更大的滤膜,以去除可能堵塞微流体装置的微通道的凝块。
在一些实施方式中,破坏或裂解的材料可用作芯片上或芯片外进一步纯化的给料。例如,为了测定核酸,在具有选择性寡核苷酸的珠上进行核酸杂交这一纯化步骤可纯化背景中的靶序列。对蛋白质而言,捕获到固体表面如疏水性、羧化或其它化学物质上可非特异性纯化一类蛋白质,而亲和捕获可在需要时提供增强的特异性。相似地,可进行多步骤纯化,其中采用芯片上和芯片外的混合和匹配,以及基于珠的基质和其它基质(如果需要)。
在一些实施方式中,可在引入微芯片后进行裂解。在这种实施方式中,微芯片接受含有待裂解细胞的样品。
3.核酸纯化模块
在一些实施方式中,本发明系统可包括核酸纯化模块(NAPM)。可设计NAPM,使其接受其它物理形式的溶液或样品,如一种或多种珠、胶体、多相(非均相或异相)溶液或其它组合物。在一些实施方式中,可设计NAP,使其接受裂解模块的输入。NAPM接受的体积范围可以从毫升至皮升以下。在一些实施方式中,NAP输出物可输送至BPM微芯片或其它微流体装置,进行进一步加工或分析。
可使各种化学物质适合NAPM使用。在各种示范性实施方式中,可设计NAPM,以用各种方法进行总核酸纯化,如用离液剂通过表面吸附/解吸纯化;通过(例如)电泳捕获到含有寡核苷酸的凝胶上进行选择性核酸纯化;或通过杂交到含有寡核苷酸的珠上进行选择性核酸纯化。NAPM的一个例子见图7。
a)总核酸纯化
可采用非特异性捕获法纯化样品中的总核酸,该方法采用离液剂将溶液中的核酸压到表面上。例如,美国专利号6,489,112描述了定量纳米级“模板捕获”法,它采用离液剂如硫氰酸盐或胍盐将核酸压到二氧化硅毛细管的表面上。洗涤后,将浓缩和纯化的核酸洗脱到缓冲液中,进行纳米级样品加工或分析,如循环测序。也可用该方法纯化裂解物中的核酸。
在一些实施方式中,可在玻璃珠或其它合适表面,如通道壁的存在下将输入样品与离液剂混合。离液剂使核酸离开溶液,使它们吸附于玻璃珠或其它表面。离液剂也使样品中可能存在的核酸酶失活,从而基本抑制核酸降解。孵育期后,可通过(例如)真空吸引去除离液剂中溶解的细胞碎片、变性蛋白质和其它组分,并将它们丢弃到废液流中。可进一步洗涤纯化的样品,以去除其它污染物,可将核酸洗脱到缓冲液中进行回收并引入微芯片或其它流体系统。
在一些实施方式中,核酸纯化条件包括5M硫氰酸钠,95℃90秒变性,30℃5分钟结合于表面(如玻璃珠),80%EtOH2秒。在一些实施方式中,可用几种不同的离液剂和洗脱回收化学物质将核酸纯化到改性珠,如SPRI羧化珠上。
b)选择性核酸纯化
在一些实施方式中,可通过芯片外杂交于寡核苷酸捕获序列选择性纯化靶核酸。
在一些实施方式中,可通过电泳、流体动压力、离心或其它力将样品移动到固定或可移动的基质上,所述基质包括未改性珠、改性珠、可更换的亲和捕获凝胶、整体料、胶体、两相溶液和其它材料。在各种示范性实施方式中,基质可以是未改性的,并根据材料的表面特性结合于靶核酸,可改性基质以增加或阻滞样品组分的结合,或者基质可附着有与靶序列互补的寡核苷酸序列、结合抗体或其它亲和捕获材料。在一些实施方式中,寡核苷酸上的生物素标记可与靶DNA杂交。珠上的链霉抗生素蛋白部分可结合于生物素,以纯化所需的靶核酸。
例如,可将包含靶核酸的样品施加于结合有与靶核酸互补的寡核苷酸序列的珠。可用低离子强度的缓冲液洗涤结合的靶核酸以去除盐、污染物和错配片段,可通过加热和电压洗脱纳升体积的靶核酸。在一些实施方式中,亲和捕获可以是一种快速(≤7分钟)和高效率(循环测序产物≥90%)的方法。可调节该方法的规模,使其适应芯片外构造。输出体积可约为10nL-1mL,这取决于物理构造。
在一些实施方式中,也可用上述组合物和方法去除可测定蛋白质、脂质、糖或非关联核酸的样品中的核酸。
4.将珠或溶液引入微芯片
可直接或在(例如)本文所述的捕获和核酸纯化加工后将样品引入各种微流体装置或其它流体系统。在一些实施方式中,可将小体积,如微升或纳升体积的来自亲和捕获步骤的珠引入微芯片。可用(如)注射器泵或移液装置将珠泵入微芯片上的储存库,可用微芯片上的泵将珠移动到微芯片的一个部分中,在该部分可捕获或保留珠。
在一些实施方式中,单个珠可在微芯片上移动,以进行加工或分析,如DNA测序、单分子分析、蛋白质的MS分析,包括基质辅助激光解吸/电离(MALDI)扫描和肽指纹分析。在微芯片上可用(例如)流式细胞技术将单个珠导向单独小室。或者,可用随机分配法将单个珠放入小室,在这种方法中,平均来说,预计每个小室仅有一个珠到达。
在一些实施方式中,可在各种类型的流体系统(如分批模式)或流过系统,或其组合中进一步加工样品。系统可基于微芯片、毛细管、管道、孔或其它容器和微流体装置。可通过生化方法或化学方法加工引入的样品以分离组分、标记组分,或在微芯片上进行分析,或准备用于下游分析。
5.BPM
BPM一般包括可由下述设备和可编程软件任选地操作的一个或多个微流体装置。在一些实施方式中,微流体装置可以是筒中装配的微米芯片、纳米芯片或皮米芯片,该装置能输入SCPM的样品、指导流体线路和反应室之间的液体路由、加入试剂和进行各种靶分析物(如核酸和毒素)的测定。在一些实施方式中,各种类型的芯片可在单独的生物处理器模块中加工样品,其中采用MOV阀、泵和路由选择器作为系统控制零件,从而控制反应时间和顺序。在一些实施方式中,本文所述芯片可与SCPM集成。
a)微型机器人控制的芯片上的阀和泵(MOVTM)技术
MOV微型阀、微型泵和微型路由选择器组合了两个玻璃微流体层,具有一个可形变的膜层和一个气动层,可形变的膜层如聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),它能打开和关闭阀,气动层能使膜变形并起动该阀。上层玻璃层中蚀刻的流体通道(图9)不连续,并通向用作阀座的通路。PDMS膜40安置在阀座上,通常关闭两个通路之间的流体路径。在PDMS膜40反面,蚀刻形成的气动移位室连接于全尺寸(full scale)真空或压力源。通过控制小型化的芯片外电磁阀,可将真空或压力(约半个大气压)施加于PDMS膜40,以通过弹性膜的简单变形打开50或关闭60该阀。
可通过协调三个阀70、80、90的操作制备自吸性MOV泵(图10),它可产生双向流动。可通过安排起动顺序的定时、隔膜大小、改变通道宽度或其它芯片上的尺寸实现各种流速。可用这些阀和泵类似地形成路由选择器(图11)。可用三个或多个阀形成路由选择器,这些阀各自位于连接于中央隔膜阀100的分离通道110、120。通过起动合适的阀组合,可将通道之一的液体抽入中央隔膜阀并排入不同通道,从而指导液体的路由。也可产生总线(bus)结构。
可在一种制造方法中用一层PDMS膜同时产生MOV阀和泵,即在芯片上产生5个MOV泵的成本与产生500个的成本相同。因此,本文所述内容提供了在芯片上产生复杂的微米、纳米、皮米流体线路的方法,并且,事实上能够将任何反应或测定引入到芯片上。通常,此技术可能至少对溶液离子强度和表面污染的变化基本不敏感,并且不需要施加电场。
b)微流体装置
图31显示了可用于核酸分析的一个生物处理器模块的例子。在这个设计中,可将结合有来自IMS和核酸纯化的纯化核酸的捕获珠输入下方通道350。芯片上的MOV泵351将该珠移动到闸板352,在此处可通过局部加热释放核酸并将核酸泵入μRT-PCR室353作为实时PCR试剂,可通过试剂输入加入内标。环绕该室的阀关闭以进行热循环。
图32显示了采用图31的设计在6”微芯片上设计48个单元的例子。在一些实施方式中,可将96个或更多单元辐射状地布置在6”芯片上。在一些实施方式中,可将384个分离通道布置在8”芯片上。如果通道仅重复使用约3次,那么96通道微芯片可操作约30天。在一些实施方式中,可将240个单元辐射状地布置在12”微芯片上,这取决于最终规格的要求、所测试的靶分析物的数量和多路程度。
在一些实施方式中,各种芯片可包括钻出的通路孔,这些通路孔形成的阀室就是可用于(例如)RT-PCR的反应室(图29)。采用厚3mm的钻孔晶片和300μm直径的钻孔机,可产生212nL小室,沿长轴(而非横穿通道)的检测路径长度为3mm。在一些实施方式中,这些小室可具有出色的表面积体积比。在一些实施方式中,较大体积可具有较好的表面积体积比和较长的路径长度。通常,可以横穿通道在芯片上进行检测,其通路长度等于通道深度,约为30μm;相似地,在毛细管系统中,通路长度约为50-200μm。通过这种简单设计,出色的体积表面积比和约长100倍的通路长度分别有利于样品制备生物化学(通过较高的体积表面积比)和荧光检测。相同的检测设计可用于检测毒素。
在一些实施方式中,各种芯片可采用MOV路由选择器并加入试剂如含有内标的PCR主混合物(master mix)将输入样品分为合适数量的反应(取决于所实现的多路程度)。如图33所示,可用输入MOV路由选择器将法医储存和再测试样品分成等份,然后可选择来自阳性实时PCR反应的样品进行μCAE。图33说明在一些实施方式中,各生物处理器单元或反应中不需要μCAE通道。在一些实施方式中,整个6”微芯片上可采用2-4条μCAE通道,因为它们可用于验证并可深度嵌套以连接几十个实时PCR小室和其它类型的试验小室(如毒素试验小室)。
图25说明用于生物防卫应用的微芯片的例子,它设计为一次性筒和操作该微芯片进行病原体的样品制备的平台。该芯片包括MOV阀、泵和反应室,注射试剂的样品端口,以及与上游浓缩模块和下游分析模块接口相连的进口和出口。图17说明采用圆形基材的微芯片,该圆形基材上辐射状布置了12个生物处理器单元。在一些实施方式中,一次可使用一个单元,在各次使用之间可旋转该微芯片。或者,可采用基材几何形状不同并且流体设计不同的实施方式。
含有流体系统的生物处理器模块(在本实施例中在微芯片上)可接受上游SCPM的样品,产生用于储存和再测试的等份,在芯片上裂解样品,制备和标记样品,以及将它们输出至检测器进行分析。在本实施例中,BPM包括含有流体系统的微芯片筒和操作筒的设备。该筒可以是“CD”形式,每个筒的扇区中具有12个生物处理器单元,各单元用于一种样品或多种样品(图17)。例如,该筒可加工一种样品,然后旋转以接受下一个样品。该筒可适合于不同取样方案并按需改变。在一些实施方式中,可将筒组储存于类似于CD交换器的小圆盘传送带中。该设备可提供某些机构来储存、加载试剂、运行和换筒,以及控制该过程。
在一些实施方式中,可采用纳米生物处理器筒,设计该筒的目的是用筒上装配的MOV阀和泵作为控制元件的纳米流体系统加工样品。MOV阀通常是关闭的、高低不平的(rugged)、容易制造的、可在密集阵列中操作的并具有低死体积。可按照Grover等(2003),Sensors and Actuators B89:315-323的设计,通过组合玻璃层与作为可变形膜的聚二甲基硅烷(PDMS)层来制备阀。
在一些实施方式中,可通过组合图9所示阀中的三种阀制备自吸泵(图10)。中央隔膜阀可大于用于控制流向的侧阀。此外,中央阀可用作反应室或混合器:PDMS的变形可高达2mm,产生可容纳多至几百微升或少至几十纳升的反应室(Grover等(2003),Sensors and Actuators B89:315-323)。这些小室可动态扩展和收缩。
在本发明中,MOV阀和泵可组合为处理器,以制备和加工微升和纳升级的样品。
在本发明中,可改变通路孔大小,以在通路孔中产生反应室。通过组合通路孔宽度和通路孔通过的晶片厚度的变化,可形成各种范围的小室。除了用作反应室以外,通路孔也可用于增加用于光学检测和其它检测的路径长度。例如,图29显示了微芯片230,其中通路孔231用于进行实时PCR并用作检测室。也可用内反射物质涂覆通路孔或晶片基材以增强检测。
6.应用、设备和软件
在一些实施方式中,微芯片可装在真空吸盘的固定位置中。微芯片接口装置可连接于微芯片,以提供外部控制元件,包括外部气动元件、热循环温度控制元件、温度控制装置和试剂引入线。
图16显示了设计用外部操纵的MOV阀和泵控制流动的微芯片筒的实施方式,其中较大的中央隔膜阀也用作反应室。该筒含有三条进行生物处理的主通道160-162、储存区170和储存库180。这些通道之一可用于加工基于DNA的分析所用的样品,第二条和第三条通道分别用于加工免疫测定分析所用的毒素和颗粒。图16所示设计是许多可能设计之一,该设计与用于生物防卫应用的下游单分子检测器接口相连。
在一些实施方式中,该筒可如下所述地运行。加入内标后,芯片外样品浓缩器将100μl样品递送至筒上的输入储存库190。用标为“A”的路由选择器200将7份未处理的10μl等份从储存库泵入筒上的储存库(保持4℃)。这些等份中三份用于再测试180,如果分析样品测试为阳性,可进行验证;如果再测试确认了初始阳性检测结果,那么将另外4等份170用于进行后续补救(retrieval)和法医学分析。通过外部冷却器如TEC Peltier冷却器将所有等份冷却储存在筒上;如果需要,可干燥储存于这些储存库中。筒使用后,将使用过的筒储存于冷藏的小圆盘传送带中。
然后,形成和加工立即加工的等份。通过路由选择器A200将10μL试验等份移动到生物处理通道2 161-室D163,进行免疫标记以检测毒素,如下所述。通过路由选择器A120将第二个10μL试验等份移动到生物处理通道3 160-室E164,进行免疫标记以检测完整的细菌或病毒颗粒,如下所述。然后,从上面盖上输入储存库,用通过筒底部偶联的外部超声处理器杆超声处理其余样品。产生的超声波能破坏植物细胞、芽孢和病毒,并剪切DNA,从而降低粘度以改进杂交动力学和流动特性。通过路由选择器A200将裂解的样品移动到生物处理通道1 162-室C165,与标记探针杂交以进行DNA分析。
三条通道的生物处理可同时进行。可能需要能降解RNA、蛋白质和脂质的样品消化步骤来降低基于DNA的单分子检测样品的背景,并降低下游检测器的需要。如果进行这种加工(如单分子检测中),那么在DNA分析样品中可加入缓冲液配制的RNA酶、蛋白酶和脂酶的混合物,以降解非DNA物质。可通过将储存库B的物质泵入含有样品的小室C实现加入。如果需要,可将样品和消化试剂在相邻小室之间来回抽吸以混合。可标记小室C中的等份,以通过与储存库F的DNA探针杂交进行DNA分析。可将杂交探针或抗体探针冷藏在试剂筒中,并在使用单个生物处理器单元之前才用外部泵加入筒。可用筒上的泵将探针泵入小室,以混合试剂。再一次,如果需要,可将样品和试剂在探针室和反应室C之间来回抽吸以进一步混合。该设备的小室下面可装有加热元件。在杂交中,可以关闭侧阀,将小室加热到95℃以使DNA变性,然后冷却到杂交优化条件以使DNA探针与存在的任何目标物杂交。这些阀的密封足以使得能够在这些小室中进行PCR,因此,可基本上避免蒸发。
上述BPM可应用于任何基于PCR的测定,如单独或多重PCR、可变数量的串联重复(VNTR)、多基因座VNTR分析(MLVA)或其它测定。可用合适的PCR引物和外部热源循环取代杂交探针。可用限制性消化取代消化步骤,以实现扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)。在毒素检测中,小室D中的等份可与储存库G的毒素的抗体探针混合,而在颗粒检测中,小室E中的等份可与储存库H的微生物表面被膜(coat)的抗体探针混合,样品维持于37℃。
标记后,可将生物处理过的样品泵入三个外部储存库中,在储存库中可通过吸出获得这些样品用于检测器分析。或者,可用变化形式的微芯片进行毛细管电泳或光学检测。
如果检测器仅检测到内标,那么可旋转该筒并准备下一个生物处理器单元。如果样品测试为阳性,则不旋转生物处理器单元,取而代之的是由再测试冲洗库冲洗并加载新鲜试剂。可通过路由选择器将储存用于再测试的三种样品泵回,一种直接泵入小室D进行毒性检测,第二种泵入小室C进行颗粒检测,第三种泵入输入储存库进行超声处理和DNA分析。可如上所述加工再测试样品,并输出至检测器,作为可能的假定阳性检测事件进行验证。
作为外部设备的微芯片接口装置可包括操作微芯片的设备。可开发一种微芯片,其中微芯片筒装在真空吸盘顶端,微芯片接口装置与微芯片连接,其具有气动部件、加热部件和冷却部件、以及注射器泵以将试剂移动到储存库中。计算机控制的微芯片接口装置可控制电磁阀,以开放和关闭外部全尺寸(fullscale)阀,这些阀又控制微芯片阀和泵以吸移动微芯片上的样品。
微芯片接口装置可包括加热器,例如电阻加热器,如镍铬合金、Peltier加热器、基于空气的加热器、红外加热器或本领域技术人员熟知的其它实施方式,还可包括热电偶或其它温度测定装置,以及相连的控制电路和软件,以控制微芯片的某个区域的温度和加热及冷却速率。冷却可以是辐射冷却、风扇主动冷却、Peltier冷却、水冷或本领域技术人员熟知的其它方法。也可通过加热真空吸盘设定整个芯片的温度。
可控制注射器泵以将试剂递送至安装的微芯片上的储存库,或者含有试剂的加压室可具有打开以允许试剂流过小管进入微芯片上的储存库的阀。在一些实施方式中,可采用重力流。在一些实施方式中,利用电力移动试剂、利用磁力递送附着于珠或颗粒的试剂也属于本发明范围。可用Laboratory RapidAutomation Toolkit软件或其它软件控制所有上述硬件和NanoPrep软件。
Laboratory Rapid Automation Toolkit(LabRATTM)软件平台500(图26)是设备软件开发包,它能够快速产生强大的商业级软件平台来驱动设备和使工艺自动化。LabRAT定义了一组通信和控制协议501-503,它具有标准化的自动化体系结构和架构,它比任何现有的商业软件平台更简单、更灵活、更有效率。LabRAT架构基于一组可跨越多种操作系统、开发语言和通信媒介504的核心技术。
LabRAT自动化体系结构的心脏是基于XML-RPC(可扩展置标语言-远程过程调用)的设备通信和控制接口协议,它是SOAP(简单对象访问协议)标准的核心。XML-RPC是进程间通信的出色机制:它简单、快速、强大、几乎在每一种现有软件开发系统中都有广泛应用性、在TCP/IP和HTTP上操作、并且易于实现。XML-RPC作为非常高水平的“中间机制(meta-mechanism)”操作,并可将不同部件连接在一起成为紧密排列的设备系统。除了核心通信和命令协议以外,也定义和实现一组适合实验室设备的接口,以在部件之间交换“实验室服务”。
已经使LabRAT或类似软件适合控制微芯片接口装置。一旦单个部件的驱动程序被覆盖(wrapped),现有的LabRAT软件为所有层提供功能。控制局部热循环的NanoPrep热循环仪软件已经合并到LabRAT中。气动电磁阀、注射器泵和其它元件(包括检测器)也可由LabRAT软件控制。此外,可通过LabRAT脚本命令协调不同硬件部件的相互作用。
在一些实施方式中,可控制以下三种硬件装置:1)加热和热循环,2)芯片上的阀和泵(气动操作),和3)用于递送试剂的注射器泵。可用直接位于反应室下并由现有的NanoPrep软件和硬件控制的镍铬合金加热线圈实现热循环。MiniPrep Cartesian机器人(Tecan)可用于驱动“智能I/O”板(Tecan),以操作控制芯片上微型机器人控制的阀和泵的多达32ttl的输出线,以及用于在微芯片上加载或卸载样品的全尺寸(full scale)机器人;LabRAT CAN接口也可操作高精度注射器泵,以将流体分配到芯片中。
智能I/O板可驱动Crydom固态继电器模块(每条线一个,MODC-5SSR模块(DigiKey#CC1226-ND)和MS-44-Pos安装板(DigiKey#CC1230-ND)),它进而可操作24V DC电磁阀(ARO,P251SS-024-0)。这些阀是三通的直接驱动单元,一个是通用端口,另外两个端口一个常开一个常闭(分别连接于真空和加压空气线)。该电磁阀控制8条全尺寸(full-scale)真空和压力线,它们将通过8条多支管(微芯片上的M1-M8)进行操作。控制软件可连续操作这些电磁阀,以产生驱动芯片上通道内的流体的泵吸作用。机器人控制软件可以是LabRAT软件控制下的Express脚本引擎(Tecan)执行的ASCII编码脚本形式。现有LabRAT软件提供了用先进的基于XML-RPC的架构操作设备的完整功能。
可将操作微芯片的硬件开发为独立的设备或与现有设备组合。例如,可用Tecan MiniPrep设备按需在芯片上或芯片外吸取溶液,用Tecan智能I/O卡控制硬件,进而控制MOV阀和泵。
图27显示了将MiniPrep机器人和微芯片联用的系统的正视图。该平台的前景(foreground)(右)是铝合金真空吸盘。该吸盘具有电阻加热元件,它嵌入能够全局加热该芯片的“三明治型”结构中。在最左端黑色图片的顶部可见温度控制器。从该吸盘的左侧,驱动芯片上的阀和泵的8条真空线通过管道连接于安装在Tecan面板之一的背面的真空支管(此照片中不可见)。该平台的左侧是用于将“储存库”试剂分配到芯片上的注射器泵(连接有注射器)。
图28显示了含有许多安装部件的MiniPrep的内侧(去除背面板之后),所述安装部件包括温度控制器、8个24V DC电磁阀和继电器。空气泵和智能I/O板也安装在MiniPrep内侧,但不可见。
可设计本文所述生物处理器筒使其用微流体筒上阀和泵作为控制元件加工样品。可设计该筒,以用这些外部驱动的阀和泵控制流动,较大的中央隔膜阀也用作反应室。图15显示了筒上12个相同的生物处理器单元200中的一个。各单元输入样品并制备三种经生物处理的输出样品201-203:1)用DNA杂交标记进行DNA分析,2)用免疫标记进行毒素分析,和3)用免疫标记进行颗粒分析。此外,各单元可具有用于试剂加入204、混合和反应205以及储存再测试样品206的区域。
在一些实施方式中,加入内标后,可用空气取样器将1mL样品递送入筒上的输入储存库207。输入储存库可带有粗滤器,加入它的目的是去除可能阻塞通道的“大颗粒”。可将未处理的700μL等份从输入储存库泵入标为“A”的小室208中,然后进入维持在4℃的筒上储存库206。储存样品可用于:1)再测试,以及如果分析样品测试为阳性,可能用于验证;和2)如果再测试确认了初始阳性检测结果,则用于后续补救和法医学分析。可用外部冷却器如TECPeltier冷却器冷藏筒上的储存样品;如果需要,可将稳定试剂干燥储存于这些储存库中。筒使用后,将使用过的筒储存于冷藏的小圆盘传送带中。
在一些实施方式中,可形成和加工用于立即加工的3等份DNA、毒素和颗粒。首先,可将用于毒素标记的100μL试验等份泵入小室A208,并可泵入用于免疫标记和检测毒素的试剂。如果需要,可将样品来回泵吸至小室B209以混合样品和试剂。可将样品泵入输出储存库201-203,进行孵育并转移至检测器。可将第二个100μL试验等份移入小室A208,进行免疫标记以检测完整的细菌或病毒颗粒。可将微生物或病毒表面被膜的抗体探针泵入小室A208,可将样品维持在37℃。抗体探针可以是随后可用检测器区分的抗体的复杂混合物。标记后,可将生物处理的颗粒样品泵入储存库,以通过吸引将样品引入毛细管进行检测器分析。
在DNA样品制备中,为毒素和颗粒检测加工这些等份和样品后,可从上面盖上输入储存库,用通过筒底部偶联的外部超声处理器杆超声处理其余样品。产生的超声波能破坏植物细胞、芽孢和病毒,并剪切DNA,从而降低粘度以改进杂交动力学和流动特性。可将裂解样品从试剂输入204移动到小室A208中与标记探针杂交,以进行DNA分析。为了杂交,该设备的小室A208下面可装有加热元件。可关闭侧阀,将小室加热到95℃以变性DNA,然后冷却到最优温度以使DNA探针与存在的任何目标物杂交。这些阀的密封足以使得能够在这些小室中进行PCR,因此,可基本上避免蒸发。
可能需要降解RNA、蛋白质和脂质的样品消化步骤来降低基于DNA的检测样品的背景和降低下游检测器的需要。如果需要这种加工,那么从试剂输入208加入的DNA分析样品的缓冲液中可含有RNA酶、蛋白酶和脂酶的混合物,以降解非DNA物质。可通过将材料泵入含有样品的小室A208实现加入。如果需要,可将样品和消化试剂在相邻小室A208和B209之间来回抽吸以混合。如果需要消化,可标记小室A208中消化的等份通过以与本文所述DNA探针杂交进行DNA分析。
杂交探针或抗体探针可冷藏于试剂筒中,并在单个生物处理器单元临用前用外部泵加入筒中。可用筒上的泵将该探针泵入小室以与试剂混合。再一次,如果需要,可将样品和试剂在小室A和B之间来回抽吸以进一步混合。未来的设备可含有预加载到生物处理器筒中的试剂。
在一些实施方式中,如果检测器仅检测到加入的内标,那么可旋转该筒并准备下一个生物处理器单元。如果样品测试为阳性,则不旋转该生物处理器单元,取而代之的是用来自试剂输入(装置)的缓冲液冲洗。可将100μL储存样品泵回到小室A中从测试阳性的方法开始进行再测试。可如上所述加工再测试样品,并输出至检测器作为可能的假定阳性检测事件进行验证。LabRATTM软件可用于控制注射器泵、小室A的热循环加热元件和用于操作芯片上阀的全尺寸(full scale)电磁阀。
可根据全体积或宏观体积结果单独优化杂交和抗体结合的化学。根据筒形式和在采用掺入(spiked)空气样品的重组实验中测试的一系列输入微生物的影响再优化反应物浓度、反应事件和温度。本领域技术人员能够确定试剂的贮存条件。所有试剂可储存于4℃的试剂筒中;可加入其它稳定剂如渗透压保护剂(osmoprotectant)(海藻糖、甘氨酸甜菜碱)或其它物质以延长保存期限。
在一些实施方式中,进行混合的方案可以是,布置两条液流使其在通道中混合,其中薄层蚀刻面上,一条在另一条的上方。液流之间的短路径增强了混合。另选的混合方案可利用珠(如磁珠)存在于反应室或加入它们以通过磁性操作该珠破坏层流。在一些实施方式中,这可将一条液流中的靶分析物压入“另一”液流,可用于启动处理或分析反应。在一些实施方式中,如果需要可用闸板捕获珠。在一些实施方式中,在使用后可冲洗出珠使其进入废液。
试剂稳定可能是所述系统的各种实施方式如野外装置的主要问题。因此,在一些实施方式中,试剂储存库可用Peltiers冷却至4℃进行温度控制。在一些实施方式中,可用Ready-To-GoTM化学方法或采用渗透压保护剂如海藻糖或甘氨酸甜菜碱的其它冻干方法稳定试剂,然后在用前再水化。再水化构思可以是每天或每周取出密封可破坏的安瓿中稳定试剂的等份。可将水或缓冲液泵入该设备中的安瓿以将稳定的试剂水化提供每天或每周的工作母液。可将工作母液移动入注射器泵或直接加载到生物处理器中,这取决于稳定性。
a)微珠集成DNA测序(MINDS)系统。
在一些实施方式中,MINDS系统可通过自动化、无人操作地制备和分析Sanger样品而超低成本制备和分析测序样品。可在珠上从剪切的染色体或BACDNA开始用大量乳剂PCR反应制备测序模板,各珠携带衍生自一种DNA片段的DNA。分选去除无片段的珠后,可将单个珠递送至整合到带净化和μCAE分析的400通道微芯片上的小体积(如25nL)循环测序反应室中。在一些实施方式中,可通过闸板捕获珠,可进行正向和逆向成对末端阅读的循环测序,将产物电泳入双样品净化室,其中含有亲和凝胶捕获基质以进行正向或反向阅读。可洗涤亲和凝胶以去除离子和未结合的核苷酸。可通过提高温度来洗脱亲和基质中纯化的循环测序片段,然后注射入折叠的CE通道进行电泳分析。此方法可使试剂体积和成本降低几个数量级,部分因为它可以接近分子数量的基本限制的规模进行测序。
在一些实施方式中,集成的MINDS系统可使鸟枪测序、定向测序和再测序的所有过程自动化和小型化。MINDS系统可产生基于微珠的荧光DNAμCAE测序仪,其运行成本比维持现有测序设备的成本低100倍或更多。各系统可进行无人操作的完全自动化的测序长达一周,用小型机器人控制的微流体装置取代大型(full-scale)机器人。
MINDS系统可以分模块执行,然后集成在一起。在一些实施方式中,可采用基于200nL循环测序微芯片的模块。将基于先进的旋转LIF扫描器的DNA分析模块构建为用于MINDS系统的平台模块,其中装有μCAE微芯片,该芯片可在注射入采用先进基质的电泳通道对之前用双亲和捕获室净化成对末端阅读样品。可通过MOV阀和泵操作这5层微芯片,“实现”(servicing)微流体操作。循环测序模块可组合在芯片上,产生整合100nL循环测序、样品净化和分离的核心MINDS芯片。在一些实施方式中,制备25nL样品的完整MINDS芯片可输入微珠库,并获得输出序列信息。
b)循环测序模块
微流体循环测序模块(CSM)可用作MINDS系统中的独立功能,也可用作基于微芯片的样品制备的模块。CSM可包括:1)含有样品制备微流体装置的微芯片,芯片上装有阀和泵以控制流动,和2)外部接口,以通过芯片上的阀和泵操作微芯片。样品制备CSM可以是循环测序体积为200nL的16条通道的规模,用毛细管(CAE)和微芯片(μCAE)进行芯片外分析。在一些实施方式中,可将具有外部流体接口、加热和气动装置的微芯片接口装置(MID)的规模改变到400条或更多条通道。
在一些实施方式中,可采用芯片上装有阀和泵的16通道的200nL循环测序样品制备微芯片装置。图14中示意性地显示了简化的微芯片筒的两条通道。标为“输入”260和“输出”261的储存库主要是可连接于微流体通道的微芯片262的上层中的孔洞。该装置可接纳微量滴定板上的输入DNA样品(PCR、质粒或其它模板),以200nL体积进行循环测序,并将荧光标记的循环测序产物输出到准备用于样品净化和注射到CAE设备或μCAE分析的微量滴定板中。可通过微芯片接口装置操作微芯片,该接口装置是由LabRATTM软件驱动的。CSM微芯片接口装置可为以下过程提供机械力:1)开放和关闭芯片上的阀,2)操作芯片上的泵,3)测定从储存(装置转移)到微芯片上的循环测序试剂,4)控制加热和冷却以进行循环测序,和5)用缓冲液和洗涤溶液再生芯片。微芯片和MID可安装在可进行流体转移的Tecan MiniPrep流体处理机器人的平板上。
在一些实施方式中,可如下操作200nL CSM微芯片。可用TecanMiniPrep机器人将样品从微量滴定板加载到输入260储存库的孔中。通过驱动芯片上泵的真空/压力线的外部致动控制泵吸,从而将MOV芯片上的泵264可将等份移动到反应室中,如图9-10所述。可通过芯片上的泵泵吸循环测序混合物265(CS混合物,图14),以将染料终止物循环测序主混合物分配到反应室263中。在计算机控制下,MID密封了环绕各反应室263的三个阀,并对反应混合物进行热循环。完成后,可通过筒上的泵将200nL样品泵入含有5μL水的输出储存库261。可用Tecan将稀释的样品移动到微量滴定板中的35μL醇中,以进行随后的芯片外后处理和分析。在一些实施方式中,可将样品移动到双亲和捕获室进行净化和分析。可用缓冲液冲洗CSM筒,以去除残留的DNA模板,再加载新样品,再次开始该过程。循环测序可耐受的来自前一反应的模板的大于5%的污染:因此冲洗该反应室可再生微芯片。在一些实施方式中,各微芯片可重复用于几百个反应。
c)CSM设备
操作CSM的设备的特征可包括:1)使芯片上的微型机器人的外部致动的自动化,该机器人能控制基于CSM微芯片的筒中的液体移动,2)控制外部加热和冷却以进行热循环,3)驱动注射器泵以将循环测序试剂递送至芯片和4)控制Tecan MiniPrep机器人以将样品从微量滴定板移动到输入储存库中,并从微芯片输出储存库取出制备的循环测序样品放入微量滴定板中。可通过LabRAT软件控制所有这四个元件。
热循环可采用外部来源进行加热和冷却以简化微芯片制造,并降低操作成本。一些实施方式采用一组电阻加热线圈,并用风扇冷却。在一些实施方式中,例如采用置于微芯片顶端的装有热电偶传感器的镍铬合金加热器,其加热速率可达到30℃/秒以上。在一些实施方式中,可在400条通道的水平可重复和可靠地操作加热器,无需监测每条通道。在一些实施方式中,当将样品制备和分析集成在一起时,可封闭冷却空气以防止其改变微芯片其它部分的温度。在一些实施方式中,可使用条状高效Peltier效果热泵以快速循环反应室的温度。这些各种方法可采用LabRATTM控制下的现有NanoPrep热循环软件。
由Peltier热泵保持冷却的注射器泵可用于将循环测序试剂递送至微芯片上的CS储存库通道,用芯片上的泵分配试剂来补充该储存库。类似地,可递送和控制水或缓冲液以再生微芯片。在一些实施方式中,注射器泵的全步(fullstep)长可以是1nL,它可由LabRATTM软件控制。在一些实施方式中,可能采用根据简单重力流动的溶液来补充储存库;在软件控制下的小阀可调节流动。
在一些实施方式中,可以在Tecan MiniPrep的平板上实施CSM。Tecan可将样品从微量滴定板移动到输入储存库中,并从输出储存库获得最终样品,并将它们移动到微量滴定板。Tecan能够操作单个注射器泵,其尖头安装在机器人上,X-Y-Z运动在CAN控制下。如上所述,LabRAT软件可用MicrosoftWSH控制器控制CAN装置。将液体移动到微量滴定板或从微量滴定板移动液体的脚本很简单。采用Tecan代替手工移液能够允许CSM以完全自动化的模式操作。
在一些实施方式中,CSM可包括芯片上的取样循环顺序以及芯片外MegaBACE CAE和μCAE微芯片系统的分析。可基本按照生产商的详细说明书用DYEnamicTMET终止物测序试剂盒(Amersham)进行染料-终止物测序反应。在一些实施方式中,可对试剂进行30个下述循环:95℃25秒,50℃10秒和60℃2分钟。热循环后,可将样品移动到微芯片输出储存库中,并用气压转移到微量滴定板中40μL80%乙醇(室温)中。在乙醇后处理中,可以约2,800RCF离心样品45分钟,通过以50RCF反向离心30秒去除醇。可将样品悬浮于10μL双蒸水。
对照可包括在微量滴定板中制备的全体积样品以及在毛细管中制备的500nL和200nL NanoPrep样品。可用10kV、15秒注射将样品注射入96-毛细管MegaBACE设备,用120V/cm电场强度分离。可用序列分析仪碱基调用(base-calling)软件包处理四色电泳图谱,该软件包中含有Cimarron3.12碱基调用程序(Amersham Biosciences)和Phred碱基调用和所述质量评分产生应用。可将所有阅读长度报道为Phred20窗口,它的准确率为99%。
如果需要,可单独优化扩增循环数、反应时间、循环特征以及不同反应物,即引物、聚合酶、dNTP、ddNTP等的浓度,这属于本领域技术人员能力范围内。例如,可测定耐受的DNA浓度范围,并测定一系列DNA-与-引物浓度的效能矩阵。起初,样品可以是纯化的PCR产物。为PCR产物优化CSM时,可测试代表非刺激和刺激序列的一系列实际样品(CAE和μCAE分析),并与具有CAE分析结果的全体积样品制备相比较。接受标准可以是与全体积样品制备结果相比的等价数据质量、阅读长度和成功率。对照包括全体积反应和NanoPrep(500nL和200nL体积)反应。
可通过加热器和冷却器设计以及通过改变微芯片设计实现一致结构。可通过添加剂如BSA或PVA抑制表面相互作用。可用改性的LPA、PEG或其它涂层抑制反应室的表面化学。对玻璃而言,另选方法可以是将聚合物如聚醚和氧化多糖与许多表面位点同时多点共价连接,从而延长表面固定的寿命,因为必须水解许多位点来释放聚合物。
d)集成的MINDS系统
在一些实施方式中,完整的MINDS系统可包括三个模块__珠文库模块、循环测序模块和DNA分析模块。在一些实施方式中,完整的MINDS系统可分析400条通道MINDS微芯片上的基于珠的文库,该微芯片在具有超转角(hyperturn)的折叠微通道上集成了25nL成对阅读循环测序、成对亲和捕获净化和μCAE分离。MINDS系统可以是用于鸟枪测序或再测序的完全自动化的系统,这取决于珠文库构建。在一些实施方式中,可集成循环测序模块和DNA分析模块,制备的样品如PCR或纯化的质粒可用作输入样品。在一些实施方式中,可在微芯片上进行PCR或其它扩增。
DNA分析模块可包括旋转扫描器(图30),并可在微芯片上进行成对末端阅读样品净化,然后将样品注射到两条单独的μCAE通道中分离和检测正反向测序反应。检测器可以是能够进行488nm激发和四色检测的旋转LIF扫描器。为了产生核心MINDS系统,可将循环测序模块与DNA分析模块设备集成。这种核心系统可集成100nL循环测序、成对亲和捕获净化和相同微芯片上的分离。可将含有由FACS设备分选的PCR片段的珠递送到微芯片中,可将单个珠导入25nL循环测序室。
i)DNA分析模块
DNA分析模块可进行成对末端阅读的样品净化和μCAE以分离和检测各成对末端阅读中的标记DNA片段。循环测序可采用各自含有独特的亲和捕获序列的正向和反向引物,插入载体。可将来自全体积、纳米级制备或CSM的成对循环测序样品加载到辐射状设计的分析微芯片的储存库中。可通过电动学方法将样品移动到两个样品净化室中,其中含有用于正向或反向阅读的亲和捕获寡核苷酸。可将循环测序样品浓缩到约20nL的体积,离子、未掺入的染料、模板、核苷酸和酶通过后进入废液。可通过提高温度释放浓缩和清洁的样品,并将其注射入双T注射器,以在充满分离基质的微通道中分离。辐射通道会聚在圆形检测区域上,可在该区域扫描和检测微通道。
模块硬件部件包括:1)LIF旋转扫描器,它可容纳许多不同的微芯片尺寸和设计,2)微芯片,3)电泳控制,4)温度控制,和5)微芯片再生。DNA分析模块可能是完全集成和自动化的MINDS系统的一部分。
一些实施方式产生了极其灵敏的扫描系统,与现有旋转扫描器相比,其检测性能提高了多达10倍。可通过扫描器、微芯片设计和染料化学的小幅提高(1.5-3倍)相乘,获得此10倍提高。对扫描器而言,最佳质量PMT、二向色元件和镜可提高光效率,并可与装有高数值孔镜的大功率(200mW)小型激光器偶联。可用采用花青供体的较亮的染料提高染料化学。微芯片的检测区可具有非常深的蚀刻,以用额外通路长度来改善检测和通过锐化条带来提高分辨率。微芯片夹心结构和微型光学元件的反射表面可增强光收集。最后下述直接注射法能够将全部循环测序样品加载到分离的通道中。通过仔细优化各元件,与现有研究方法相比可显著提高检测限值,因为同时降低了强大测序所需的标记片段的用量。
旋转扫描器和设备。在一些实施方式中,可采用倒置(up-looking)旋转共聚焦激光诱导的荧光扫描器来检测(interrogate)辐射状μCAE装置。旋转扫描器包括旋转物镜头,该镜头偶联于四色共聚焦检测单元。旋转扫描的基本优点是提供了高扫描速率,以及高位置准确性和速度一致性。旋转扫描可能与具有少至1条-384条以上通道的10-、30-cm或更大直径的晶片上的任何辐射状晶片装置相容。因此,可使芯片设计适合各种应用,如从头测序中的长通道和再测序中的短通道。
旋转扫描器的一个例子的示意图见图30。用双色分束器和镜通过步进电动机的空心轴反射200mW、488nm激光(SapphireTMOPSL,Coherent,SantaClara)。在空心轴上方,菱形棱镜将光束从旋转轴处移开1cm,高数值孔(>0.7)物镜使其通过微芯片的底层聚焦于通道。通过物镜收集荧光,并通过光学系统将荧光传回,经光谱和空间过滤后,用模块化共聚焦四PMT单元检测,其中Microstar IDSC板装有8条DA通道。步进电动机以5Hz运转,每旋转一圈产生5120个数据点,空间分辨率为12微米,一般是100微米通道上8个数据点。第五条通道由光电二极管供料,该光电二极管由连接于扫描器轴的盘片上的槽触发;在另外四条通道中开始数据获取参照第五条通道中产生的电压。扫描率一般为5Hz时,此设计对几pM的荧光素检测限敏感。在一些实施方式中,可用市售碱基调用程序预先处理和分析这些数据。
在一些实施方式中,DNA分析模块设备也可具有微芯片接口装置,以控制电泳和微芯片再生。用校准工具定位后,可用加热的真空吸盘将微芯片保持在位置上。在一些实施方式中,微芯片可具有约600轮寿命。该吸盘可具有三点以调节芯片的提升,相对于共聚焦检测器平面保持平面。在微芯片周长上电极环可匹配储存库;可通过四个高电压电源(Stanford Research Systems,3101型)控制电极。可用中央定位的“脐带”原位进行下述微芯片再生,以冲洗用过的基质并进行再填充,而储存库清洁和补充可来自管中管设计,内管去除材料而外管流动缓冲液或其它溶液。
微芯片和操作。在一些实施方式中,微芯片可在四层装置中整合亲和样品净化和分离通道。用寡核苷酸捕获序列进行亲和捕获净化可能是样品净化和浓缩的强大解决方案。与可在注射时浓缩稀释的样品的电动学注射相反,没有芯片上的浓缩步骤,双T注射器在加载时进行预分离,然后进行“心脏切开”注射,这些方法都针对稀释样品的检测。在分离微芯片上包括亲和捕获可使200nLCSM样品在加载前稀释到微升体积,因为亲和捕获可再浓缩稀释的样品,同时去除未掺入的终止物、离子和模板。因此,可分别设计CSM和DNA分析模块,然后集成。
在一些实施方式中,MINDS系统可采用具有辐射状设计290(图34)、超转角和中心来源291的12"晶片。在一些实施方式中,可采用8"晶片292的部分辐射状设计,它们与可具有400条通道且分离长度长达45cm的12"设计的通道密度和长度相同(通过折叠通道实现),这取决于应用。8"晶片可具有约108个分离通道293。
图21说明了8"晶片的一个实施方式。在各种示范性实施方式中,此8"晶片可具有用于短阅读的笔直14cm分离通道或用于长阅读的长达约45cm的折叠通道。可将样品吸入连接于两个亲和捕获室的单个加载储存库,进而各自注入分离通道。加载样品后,可降低具有电极的电极环,将各循环测序样品电泳到两个亲和捕获样品净化室上,各自具有基质以捕获和浓缩正向或反向阅读,同时去除循环测序反应混合物的不良组分。可通过将小室加热到>65℃释放正向或反向阅读,将各阅读分别电泳到双T注射器中进行分析。因此,各加载储存库服务于两条分离通道。分离后,可替换分离基质。可通过中心“脐带”将基质泵入,所述“脐带”含有基质管道和冲洗溶液,以及用于中心共用阳极缓冲液储存库的电连接。许多几何形状和设计均可用于400条通道的MINDS微芯片。可在许多CAE基质中进行分离。
在一些实施方式中,可将微芯片安置在Peltier加热器的真空吸盘上,以按需控制最优分离条件和基质操作的温度。分离后,可通过脐带用缓冲液冲洗,以替代用过的基质。微芯片接口装置中的手动管中管真空吸引单元可去除储存库中用过的缓冲液和基质。可通过中央室加入新鲜基质;可加入基质感受器来提供反馈信号以最大程度降低基质浪费。在一些实施方式中,可用精确泵吸控制基质的替换,使其仅替换稍多于柱长度的基质。这两种方法都能使基质用量降低高达10倍。可通过管中管的外管将缓冲液补充到储存库中,通过内管吸除基质。也可用工作线按需替换亲和样品净化基质,如本文所述。
在一些实施方式中,对洁净的样品来说,微芯片可持续600个循环。可通过软件监测微芯片性能,并由LabRAT通过e-mail、寻呼或屏显警告操作者性能降低。操作者可手工更换微芯片。在一些实施方式中,去除用过的微芯片可能需要拔掉芯片上阀和泵的脐带、电极环和致动束,然后释放微芯片。可用校准工具帮助安装新的微芯片,以使微芯片合适地定位。可通过用软件辅助以手动方式或完全自动化地检测校准标记并使光学元件聚焦来验证校准。
微芯片制造。在各种示范性实施方式中,显微制造方法如下所述:Liu等,2000.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA97(10):5369-5374和Anderson等,2000,Nucleic Acids Res.28:e60。通常,可用浓HF预蚀刻硼浮法(Borofloat)玻璃晶片(Schott,纽约州扬克斯),然后通过CVD或溅射法沉积(一层)非晶硅掩模。在一些实施方式中,铬-金可用于替换非晶硅。可将HMDS粘附层涂覆在非晶硅上,用一薄层光致抗蚀剂(Shipley,加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉)旋涂晶片,并进行软烘培(soft-bake)。可用穿过具有所需通道图案的掩模的紫外线使光致抗蚀剂图案化。光致抗蚀剂显影后,可去除暴露的非晶硅,用浓氢氟酸将通道图案化学蚀刻到玻璃内,流体晶片上的通道深度约为40μm,多支管晶片上的深度约为70μm。然而,本领域技术人员能够确定各种部件的深度。可剥离掉残留的光致抗蚀剂和非晶硅。用装有金刚石钻头的CNC-小型磨机在硼浮法通路晶片上钻出250μm或更小的入孔。在一些实施方式中,可用定制激光器钻出更小的孔。对生产而言,超声钻法可同时钻所有孔。最后用H2SO4/H2O2清洁后,可将流体晶片和通路晶片对齐,以使通路孔与通道缺口处于合适位置,在真空电炉中用约570℃与通路晶片进行热粘结,产生双层μCAE芯片。对5层微芯片而言,首先可对齐并组装这三个玻璃晶片;其中两个玻璃层可以是薄晶片。可用UV臭氧清洁器清洁多支管晶片和254μm厚PDMS膜(Bisco Silicones,伊利诺斯州Elk Grove),组装这四层或五层微芯片。UV臭氧处理可产生不可逆的玻璃-PDMS粘结。最终可将微芯片切成单个CSM微芯片产品或整个用于MINDS微芯片。
在一些实施方式中,可用塑料和其它材料制造微芯片以重现设计,所用方法如注射成型、热压凸、层压和其它熟知方法。应用这些制造方法来制备微芯片属于本公开范围。
DNA分析模块的表征。在采用旋转扫描器的实施方式中,可用流动染料溶液和作为内标的水拉曼峰(来自577.6nm和589.4nm的两个峰)测定检测限值。进行标准的全体积PCR反应然后对标准PCR产物进行连续稀释,从而表征装有DNA分析模块的样品净化和分离微芯片。可用本领域技术人员熟知的方法优化样品净化的参数(如加载、洗涤和洗脱条件)以及注射和分离的参数(时间、电压、分离温度、缓冲液浓度等)。可测定质量值、成功率和阅读长度,并与测试和真实样品进行比较。在一些实施方式中,阅读长度可约为600个碱基或更长。在一些实施方式中,可测试亲和捕获的再生,并可测定性能下降之前的轮次数。用DMSO部分替代分离基质中的脲可降低轮次次数和在毛细管中产生长阅读长度。在一些实施方式中,可用标准样品重复运行微芯片以测定具有不同基质或涂层的微芯片的寿命。例如,为了对8x BAC文库进行鸟枪测序,100条通道的DNA分析模块微芯片可进行约22轮(测定)。
ii)装有DNA分析模块的集成循环测序模块
结合CSM与DNA分析模块的特征,可产生核心MINDS系统。上述和图14中的CSM微芯片的基本单元设计可与8"DNA分析模块微芯片端口相连。这可产生具有50个用于成对末端阅读的100-nL循环测序样品制备室的微芯片,所述制备室是与100个成对末端阅读亲和样品净化室和分离微通道集成的。该系统的运行可采用微流体功能和微型机器人操作的芯片上功能来操作和再生微芯片。在包括外部自动化加样设备的实施方式中,核心MINDS系统每天可产生7M碱基的高质量序列,与现有方法相比成本大大降低。
设备。核心MINDS系统设备的基础可以是DNA分析模块设备。可采用未经改动的扫描器。可直接对上述CSM微芯片接口装置进行微小的改装,以1)使芯片上控制基于CSM微芯片的筒中液体移动的微型机器人的外部致动自动化,2)控制外部加热和冷却,以进行热循环,和3)驱动注射器泵以将循环测序试剂递送给芯片。在一些实施方式中,不需要Tecan机器人。对于1)而言,外部致动芯片上的阀,不需要改装装备,因为各致动通道可服务于所有通道的所有特定阀,不管有2个或是400个。对于2)而言,加热和冷却可以在微芯片以外进行,可以是电阻加热器的阵列或Peltiers条带。可通过包括加热器的额外长度和数量的结构设计实现改装。加热管理是本系统的重要考虑因素。对3)而言,不需要除注射器泵之外的附加泵。如下所述加入工作通道应能够使一个注射器泵服务于所有通道。因此,装备改动可以将CSM微芯片接口装置的部件与DNA分析模块微芯片接口装置组合。
在一些实施方式中,可设计微芯片接口装置和微芯片的细节,以消除任何空间或温度抵触。可改装真空吸盘,使其具有用于样品制备和净化室的较低温度的环。用下述芯片上微型机器人操作(service)微芯片的构思可大大简化组合CSM和DNA分析模块微芯片接口装置的设计。
微芯片和操作。核心MINDS微芯片可直接将CSM微芯片功能和设计与DNA分析模块的样品净化和分离集成。图22显示了一种示范性设计的一对通道。需要注意,阀和泵的致动线314会在微芯片上的圆环中-在图22中它们表现为水平线。
可将样品-PCR产物或带有PCR产物的珠-加载到输入储存库中。基本CSM重复单元(可重复约200次)可将样品泵入含有循环测序混合物的100nL循环测序反应室316,四个环绕阀关闭,进行循环测序。循环测序后,就像在CSM中那样,可将循环测序产物和反应物泵入含有水的储存库中,不同的是此时它具有电极连接。可将样品电泳到两个成对阅读的亲和捕获室317-318中。可去除污染物,并可通过双T注射器将纯化的荧光标记的循环测序片段注射到两条分离通道中;此单元可重复(例如)约200次,以产生400条分离通道。可在高效纳米凝胶或其它基质中分离片段,并通过旋转扫描器在中心附近进行检测。在一些实施方式中,具有约100条分离通道的8"晶片可用于模拟可具有约400条分离通道的12"晶片的四分之一扇区。
微芯片可提供45分钟的分离循环时间,以及45分钟的循环测序和净化循环时间,一个成对阅读循环测序反应室可提供两条分离通道。这简化了设计,减少了需要的阀、电极和通道的数量。分离可以是几乎连续的,仅微芯片再生和预运行与分离共享了循环时间。在35分钟分离期间,可从样品加载到输入储存库中再次开始样品制备循环。在一些实施方式中,可制备好样品并在分离通道准备好接受注射时准备分离。在一些实施方式中,可采用按需提供单分离通道的多循环测序或基因型分析室。除了具有共同的中心阳极以外,微芯片还可具有共同的圆形开放阴极通道,它环绕着具有大缓冲容量的微芯片圆周。此通道可具有额外的缓冲容量,以防止离子耗尽而减少分离,简化电极数量和安置,并可允许不去除缓冲液和过量基质的情况下重复加载基质。微芯片也可采用三维结构使工作通道(即循环测序混合物、废液、亲和凝胶聚合物、水)跨越其它通道,以大大简化设计和操作。
在一些实施方式中,组合的CSM和DNA分析模块微芯片接口装置可依赖采用中心晶片双面蚀刻的三维微芯片设计使芯片上的微型机器人操作微芯片。该工作通道建立在阀连接多层设计中不同层的能力的基础上。
图12说明工作通道320的连接的实施方式,它向样品净化室321提供新鲜的亲和捕获基质。在所示设计中,工作通道流径从蚀刻晶片322上方的左侧进入,跨过分离通道,上行至PDMS层的阀323的一个孔,跨过,然后下行至该阀的第二个孔,进入双蚀刻的晶片的下层,在这里蚀刻了样品制备、净化和分离通道321、324。然后,工作通道流径通过亲和捕获样品净化室(它垂直于该图的平面)和通过一个阀再结合于蚀刻微芯片上方。这允许微芯片上侧的工作通道穿过样品分离和其它通道,从它们的上方穿过而不干扰它们。可将此相同原理应用于样品制备通道,但不可应用于分析通道。单个工作通道可以是宽而深的,它将递送循环测序混合物、用两种亲和捕获基质再填充两个样品净化室、提供洗涤以恢复样品制备室以及收集所有样品制备、样品净化和分离通道的废液。这六个工作通道将各自在微芯片上形成同心环。它们将连接于注射器泵、大规模流体装置或真空线。双蚀刻的晶片和PDMS之间的“额外”晶片层将仅含通孔。由于蚀刻通道位于蚀刻晶片的两侧;通孔可相对较大,除了循环测序混合物。
可如下所述进行微芯片的再生。分离后,中央脐带可将新基质推入通道,仅仅充满分离通道。侧通道上不同的通道宽度可引导基质向阴极流动。在一些实施方式中,可用两条工作通道再生两个样品净化室。通常,由阀关闭工作通道。例如,为了取代亲和基质,可打开阀,起动通道的注射器泵,将新亲和基质泵入所有正向室(每次加载亲和基质都可能进行多轮)。在其它亲和室中进行了相似顺序的步骤。简单地,可通过将洗涤溶液从洗涤工作线泵送过小室、然后进入废液储存库来类似地清洁循环测序反应室。缓冲液储存库可连接于最上方晶片上方的共用大储存库。大体积可最大程度降低蒸发和缓冲液耗尽的影响,并简化缓冲液填充和冲洗。
可根据以下实施例进一步理解本发明的各个方面,不应认为这些实施例以任何方式限制了本发明范围。
G.实施例
1.基于珠的大肠杆菌(E.coli)捕获
用偶联于磁珠的单克隆或多克隆抗体捕获稀释溶液中的模式靶生物可用于提供浓缩、纯化的物质,以用于引入BPM微装置。本文中,我们描述了偶联有抗大肠杆菌菌株O157抗体的珠的应用。我们进行了三个系列的实验:(1)捕获稀释母液中的大肠杆菌,(2)在芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)大量过量的情况下捕获大肠杆菌,和(3)捕获获自Baltimore空气取样器的气溶胶样品中的大肠杆菌。
我们首先比较了“药签方案”,该方案用于检测食物样品中的大肠杆菌O157,其中将珠直接接种到合适的生长培养基上。我们发现,将非病原性菌株O157和大肠杆菌ATCC菌株700728直接接种到胰酶解酪蛋白大豆琼脂(TSA)上产生的集落约多5倍,因此能比药签法更好地估计捕获生物体的数量。因此,我们在所有后续实验中都采用直接接种。
我们测定了在105CFU/mL-101CFU/mL的细胞效价范围(在PBS/吐温缓冲液中)上珠结合大肠杆菌的能力。在这些和后续免疫磁性分离(IMS)实验中,方案是将5μL珠悬液加入大肠杆菌的250μLPBS/吐温适当稀释液中。在摇床上在有帽塑料小离心管中混合细胞和加入的珠10分钟。然后在试管侧面用强磁体捕获珠,去除上清(但保存用于接种),用PBS/吐温缓冲液洗涤珠三次。重悬珠,接种珠的稀释液。在几个实验中,我们也将洗液接种。通常,洗液含有少量靶生物;靶细胞或者被珠捕获,或者未结合并可在初级上清液中回收。
图35显示出捕获稀释在PBS/吐温中的大肠杆菌O157的结果,一式三份地进行捕获,细菌起始浓度为2×105、104、103、102、20和2个细胞/mL。在105-10个细胞/mL的范围内,捕获细胞的观察数量为线性(R2=0.995),在105-103个细胞/mL的范围内捕获效率约超过95%,在100个细胞/mL时降低到87%,在20个细胞/mL时降低到69%。在大肠杆菌浓度为103-105时,其它实验(数据未显示)中从PBS/吐温中回收的回收率通常大于85%。
2.用单克隆抗体捕获大肠杆菌的动态范围
首先在试管中的250μL体积中研究捕获化学,用分散于缓冲液的模式生物优化捕获和洗涤。图36显示出用偶联于珠的单克隆抗体代表性捕获大肠杆菌。将大肠杆菌O157以各种浓度加入与抗大肠杆菌O157抗体偶联的5μL珠的250μL PBS/吐温溶液中。在旋转混合器上混合该混合物10分钟。用强磁体将珠拉到试管一侧,去除上清。用250μL PBS/吐温(PBST)洗涤珠三次。将洗涤过的珠重悬于250μL PBST,在TSA上计数捕获的大肠杆菌。
图36所示结果证明,发现在珠的用量和其捕获大肠杆菌的能力之间有剂量反应关系。图36显示出,在高达约106个细胞/mL时捕获呈线性,在最大约4x107个细胞/mL时达到饱和。106个细胞/mL以上时,在上清中回收到的细胞百分数逐渐增加。用大肠杆菌饱和的珠的直接显微镜检揭示出,约5个细胞/珠。此捕获方法证明,在15分钟内能够从250μL(低至10μl以下体积)中纯化和浓缩的靶细胞平均超过90%。
3.用单克隆抗体特异性捕获大肠杆菌
为了测定基于珠的捕获的特异性,我们测试了在标准试验条件下加入蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)(ATCC11778)细胞对大肠杆菌与抗体-包被的珠的结合的影响。将约104个大肠杆菌/mL的悬液与不同效价的蜡样芽孢杆菌混合,如上所述进行IMS,除了回收所用的TSA培养基中加入了四唑盐,加入的水平能选择性抑制蜡样芽孢杆菌。这允许直接接种细胞混合物,但仅大肠杆菌可复制,从而可定量为菌落形成单位(CFU)。
如图37所示,当存在的两种微生物的比率为1/1时,蜡样芽孢杆菌的加入将结合于珠的大肠杆菌数量降低了约20%,但芽孢杆菌过量100,000倍仅能将大肠杆菌结合降低至对照的56%。这说明,对于这种抗体-细胞结合,珠可产生出色的特异性。
4.用单克隆抗体捕获气溶胶样品中的大肠杆菌
已经证明,我们可有效捕获、纯化和回收细菌细胞,我们想要将其扩展至回收溶液中的大肠杆菌O157,该溶液含有90%(v/v)来自Baltimore空气取样器的液体(BASL)样品(Spector Industries)。BASL含有极多种类的竞争微生物、花粉以及其它化学和生物物质,它们可能干扰抗体介导的结合和回收。
为了测试我们浓缩和回收BASL溶液中的大肠杆菌O157的能力,我们在纯培养物中培养了菌株,并用90%BASL制备成102、103和104CFU/mL的效价,用PBST作对照。将5μL珠悬液(含有抗-O157抗体)加入含有90%BASL或PBST中的大肠杆菌的250μL样品中,在摇床孵育10分钟,然后进行珠捕获。去除上清,用PBST洗涤珠三次,将珠重悬于PBST。将原始上清和珠接种,以测定CFU数量。用加入Cefixime和Tellurite的MacConkey-山梨糖醇琼脂(CT-SMAC)确定所有板计数。CT-SMAC是大肠杆菌O157的半选择性培养基,它用于降低BASL中所含大量生物体中非大肠杆菌CFU的总数,并通过发酵山梨糖醇提供O157的比色指征。
用我们的标准IMS方案出色地结合和回收了含90%BASL的溶液中的大肠杆菌O157(图38)。通常,大于90%的细胞结合于IMS珠并被回收,无论细胞是分散于PBST或90%BASL中。在由104、103和102CFU/ml测试的细胞浓度范围内,情况都是这样。
图39显示了特别针对104CFR/ml效价的数据组。第一个柱和第三个柱显示了对照的效价。第二个柱显示了仅用PBST中的样品作对照时,珠组分和上清组分中回收的细胞比例。第四个柱显示了仅用90%BASL进行实验时,珠组分和上清组分中回收的细胞比例。本实验说明,BASL中的组分不干扰结合和回收,至少对这种抗体和其表位如此。
5.固相提取(SPE)
我们评价了可处理多达一升样品体积、使分析物结合到小表面上而允许干扰化合物流过的芯片外一次性流过式装置的SPE。最后,可回收浓缩形式的靶分析物,以用基于微芯片的生物处理器进行下游处理,或者SPE材料本身可以是该微芯片的给料。
我们评价了大肠杆菌的二氧化硅基质SPE捕获。基本方案是:使不同效价的细菌通过固相、通过小体积的反向冲冼洗脱,然后分析上清和洗脱液中的细菌含量。在下述实验中,用PBS/吐温(PBST)制备104-102个细胞/mL稀释度的大肠杆菌菌株DH5α(Invitrogen Technologies)。将具有100mg固相床的裸露的二氧化硅提取物-清洁SPE筒(Alltech Associates)用于所有实验。
对各筒而言:(1)将18mL细菌/酶混合物通过SPE床,流速约为5mL/分钟;(2)收集上清并分析细菌效价;(3)用2mL缓冲液反向冲洗该筒,测定洗脱液中的细菌数量。如上所述用TSA在37℃培养细菌进行分析,以测定细菌的相对捕获和回收。
6.在流过模式中SPE介质对细菌的保留
图40显示了细菌试验结果,表明在加载样品中、以及细菌浓度相对高(25,000或45,000CFU/mL)的样品的SPE后上清液(未结合)和洗脱液中的细菌浓度。在此范围内,80-90%大肠杆菌保留在SPE基质上(图41),而少量细菌通过,非常少量(1%)通过反向洗涤回收。因此,在二氧化硅上产生强烈结合,活细胞被洗脱的很少。在效价非常低(125和250CFU/mL)时,成比例地更多的细胞通过该柱,仅约20%的细胞被保留(数据未显示)。
7.在流过模式中通过SPE和琼脂糖“大珠”介质保留蛋白质(β-半乳糖苷酶)
一些实施方式采用基于琼脂糖的“大珠”来捕获或纯化生物物质。将市售β-半乳糖苷酶(Sigma)溶解于0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液,pH7.5,1mM MgCl2中,浓度为:100和10ng/ml。将这两种溶液通过含有100mg50μm二氧化硅颗粒(孔径的“提取物清洁”SPE筒(Alltech),或5ml含有500μm硬化琼脂糖珠的“大珠”柱。对琼脂糖和二氧化硅衍生的介质而言,将酶溶液(20ml)通过其各自的SPE床,流速约为5mL/分钟,收集上清,用2mL缓冲液以约为1ml/秒的流速反向冲洗该筒。用o-硝基苯基-β-半乳糖苷(ONPG)作底物分析上清和洗脱液中的酶活性。
图42显示出在10和100ng/ml酶浓度下两种基质的“上清”、“洗脱液”和“保留”组分的β-半乳糖苷酶活性分布图。通过加载物、流过液和洗脱液之差计算“保留”。对于基于二氧化硅的SPE介质,流过约75%的β-半乳糖苷酶,在上清中回收。在反向冲洗洗脱液中检测到的酶非常少(1-2%)。因此,约25%β-半乳糖苷酶保留在柱上。对于“大珠”介质,85-99%的β-半乳糖苷酶流过该柱,而在洗脱液中回收的少于5%(图42)。这意味着非常少量(约0-10%)保留在基质上。因此,这些介质可用于流过模式,以分离靶分析物(如毒素)与保留物质。
8.在流过模式中用琼脂糖“大珠”作为捕获介质保留大肠杆菌
我们评价了琼脂糖大珠筒选择性结合和浓缩大肠杆菌菌株DH5α的能力。图43显示出获自以初始细胞浓度2,000或4,700CFU/ml进行的大珠捕获试验的组分中大肠杆菌DH5α的分布。用0.1M磷酸盐缓冲液,pH7.5,1mM MgCl2进行这些实验,其中采用104或103CFU/mL的20mL细菌悬液。该试验是在TSA平板上生长。较低效价(2,000CFU/ml)时,在流过组分中回收了>70%细菌,在反向冲洗的洗脱物中回收的少于1%。较高效价(4,730CFU/ml)时,在流过组分中回收了>80%细菌,在洗脱物中回收的少于5%。因此,仅25-10%细菌保持结合于大珠基质。
9.纳米生物处理器微芯片
主要根据Liu等,2000.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA97(10):5369-5374所述显微制造微流体装置。简要说,清洁硼浮法玻璃晶片,沉积非晶硅掩模,然后沉积HMDS粘附层和光致抗蚀剂层。用穿过掩模的紫外线使光致抗蚀剂图案化,用浓HF化学蚀刻通道图案,流体晶片上的通道深度一般为40μm,多支管晶片上的深度为70μm。剥离掉光致抗蚀剂和非晶硅,用装有金刚石钻头的CNC-小型磨机钻出入孔。这些孔可用于四层微芯片,作为反应和检测室。或者,我们采用超声钻法同时钻所有孔。清洁后,将流体晶片和通路晶片对齐,进行热粘结。加入多支管晶片和PDMS膜产生四层微芯片。
设计和生产两种纳米生物处理器微芯片。第一种微芯片MBI-11 240(图19)设计用于隔离和测试芯片上各种规模的主要微流体处理部件。它包括以下实施方式:(1)阀设计,(2)反应室设计,(3)成组(ganging)反应和(4)路由选择器设计。各元件的操作由八条通道全尺寸(full scale)气动系统241控制,该系统操作阀、泵和路由选择器。我们测试了对3层和4层芯片中的MOV阀、泵和路由选择器的操作。经设计,该芯片的各元件与8通道全尺寸气动总线接口相连,以有助于阀操作。
开发了第二种纳米生物处理器微芯片MBI-12,以测试循环测序或PCR所用珠的样品制备和测试μCAE(单独和与样品制备联合)。蚀刻图20所示掩模设计,将其组装到有功能的四层微芯片中,进行测试。MBI-12具有几种μCAE通道设计以及如何将它们连接于上游样品制备装置的设计。
我们已经证明用MOV阀、泵和路由选择器混合以及用在深室如通路中能充分发挥作用的表面声波(SAW)混合。SAW在微芯片的小室内产生脉冲式内压波并使溶液均匀化以混合。
虽然可能难以混合微升级和/或纳升级的体积(一般可能受扩散的限制),但本文所述的MOV阀、泵和路由选择器能增强混合,大大缩短了混合溶液的时间。在各种示范性实施方式中,可以各种几何形状或形式安排本文所述的一个或多个阀、泵和路由选择器,以便帮助依次或基本上同时混合两种或多种液体。可根据实施者的判断选择混合的速率和程度。在各种示范性实施方式中,可以进行快速混合和/或基本上完全混合。本领域技术人员应理解,混合的速率和程度可取决于流体的数量和类型、体积和互溶性。本领域技术人员能够选择需要的混合速率和程度,在各种示范性实施方式中,在MOV阀和/或泵用作路由选择器或“T”形混合器时进行混合。在一些实施方式中,可通过两个或多个泵驱动的路由选择器或“T”形结构使流体来回运动,从而混合溶液。
10.进行生物防卫样品制备的纳米生物处理器
这种生物处理器模块接受来自上游空气样品收集器或其它输入装置的样品,产生用于储存或再测试的等份,裂解样品,制备和标记样品,并将它们输出至单分子荧光相关检测器进行分析。生物处理器模块包括含有流体的一次性塑料筒和操作该筒的设备。
在分析之前分级样品并将其分为等份。自动化的微流体处理器可:1)制备用于测试的核酸;2)制备用于测试的蛋白质;3)制备用于检测的细胞;4)储存,以再测试阳性样品和进行法医分析。
该筒是“CD”形式,每个筒的扇区中具有12个生物处理器单元,各单元用于单种样品。该筒加工生物处理器单元中的一种样品,然后旋转以接受下一个生物处理器单元中的下一个样品。在2小时取样方案中,每天可从小圆盘传送带中储存的筒组中自动改变该筒,类似于CD交换器。约每两周进行一次手工介入,以再供应筒和试剂。
该设备提供了某些机构来储存、加载试剂、运行和换筒。该设备具有以下功能:1)打开和关闭电磁阀以输送压力或真空来操作阀和泵,2)加热和冷却筒上的区域,3)从小圆盘传送带移出或移入筒,4)超声破坏微生物,和5)需要的其它功能。
11.进行生物防卫遗传分析的纳米生物处理器
样品浓缩模块。从宏观尺度(macroscale)开始,将用靶生物表面表位的抗体修饰的磁珠加入小室中毫升体积的空气收集器210流出物(或由其它基质产生的浆液)中(图8)。珠是用对单个生物、亚型、物种等特异的抗体包被的珠组的混合物。加入另外的试剂混合物可扩展所研究的生物范围。珠捕获靶生物,而通过洗涤去除污染物-提供了选择性和特异性的第一维度(dimension)。在SCPM211中通过磁体收集含有靶生物的珠。
样品扩增和分析模块。现在进入微尺度,将这些珠加载到纳米生物处理器.(NBP)微芯片213上的含有裂解缓冲液的储存库212中,所有进一步操作都在微流体尺度上进行。经设计,NBP微芯片200(图18)能处理单个生物处理器单元中的样品,其中采用芯片上的微流体阀和泵作为控制元件。从储存库221泵吸珠,直到它们被闸板222捕获,在闸板处进行超声处理以破坏芽孢和/或细胞并释放DNA。将DNA移动到反应室223,在此通过芯片上的泵加入含有μRT-PCR所用探针的特异性引物的PCR试剂,以多重反应进行μRT-PCR-提供选择性和特异性的第二生化维度。
虽然RT-PCR是有力的分子诊断工具,但因为核酶、非特异性延伸或其它机制不能淬灭荧光染料,RT-PCR也有背景高且可变的缺点。为了最大程度降低假阳性结果,通过快速(<5分钟)芯片上的微通道毛细管阵列电泳分离224分离推定阳性的μRT-PCR样品,以进一步研究选择性和特异性。生物信息学引物设计产生了不同片段长度的产物,通过微通道电泳分离和荧光发射区分开这些产物-这允许增加PCR反应的多重数,其中通过片段筛分验证和鉴定真阳性结果。至少96个生物处理器单元辐射状地安置在微芯片225上(图18)。采用每小时一个通道时,96通道微芯片工作4天。
12.在纳米生物处理器中进行的EXPAR反应
EXPAR是用寡核苷酸序列、热稳定聚合酶和切口酶(nicking enzyme)在60℃特异性扩增DNA短节段的快速等温法。通过荧光或MS检测产物。可在纳米生物处理器中进行EXPAR反应,以进行遗传测试、基因表达测定、分子诊断、生物防卫和其它应用。
在单个步骤中将反应混合物加入样品,热稳定聚合酶和切口酶的作用方式与微通道中的大多数其它蛋白质相似。在稍许改装的图15或20所示微芯片中或在图13所示微芯片中进行EXPAR。将核酸(DNA或RNA)移动到微通道如标有IMS输入250的微通道中,用MOV泵251泵入小室,然后从试剂通道之一252加入单个反应混合物。流体线路用于将多种反应物之一加入反应室253。任选地控制反应室的温度。反应后,用MOV泵将处理的样品泵入储存库或管254中,以进行芯片外MS分析或微芯片上的荧光、化学发光或其它检测方法的分析。除了用于分析的单个通道以外,可用MOV路由选择器将样品分到许多通道中,然后进行多重-EXPAR。
13.在纳米生物处理器中进行的RiboMaker反应
RiboMaker检测系统基于采用人造启动子复合物(APC)和称为RiboLogsTM的核苷酸类似物的RNA聚合酶(RNAP)转录起始中断(称为abscriptionTM)。APC提供了RNAP聚合酶的起始位点,以产生50-450个三核苷酸中断产物/分钟/位点。检测可以是MS分析、荧光、化学发光或本领域技术人员熟知的其它方法。对于DNA或RNA分析,APC可具有提供靶位点探针特异性的侧接序列。具有不同质量单位的RiboLog可鉴定结合的是哪个位点。通过多重APC与待研究序列的不同部分的结合,RiboLog指纹可为生物防卫提供额外的特异性信息,这可帮助消除假阳性和假警报。对蛋白质而言,APC单元可连接于抗体。RiboMaker检测声称能快速、线性地检测,并且对抑制的敏感性低于PCR。
在纳米生物处理器微芯片如图13所示芯片上完成RiboMaker反应。加入单种APC试剂,然后加入单种反应混合物,需要两个混合步骤。如果在珠上捕获了RiboMaker样品,该珠通过“IMS输入”(图13)进入反应室,该反应室任选地装有闸板或具有磁性以捕获珠。用试剂通道之一加入APC。从第二个试剂通道加入RiboLog。如果需要,使该反应在泵A和B之间来回移动。
14.微芯片CMS阵列设计
16通道微芯片270的实施方式见图23。阀和泵的致动线271互相垂直并终止于微芯片底部的通路上,外部致动线可连接于此。通过注射器泵将循环测序混合物供应到左侧通道272中,将用于再生微芯片的水或缓冲液供应到右侧通道273中。复合这两个“工作”通道,以注入所有16条通道,并使芯片上的泵或阀274分别控制流动。为来自玻璃晶片和PDMS膜的四层装置构造此微芯片。
15.完整的MINDS系统
为了产生完整的MINDS系统,改装来自核心MINDS系统的设备:1)加入珠工作通道,并与珠分选法接口相连,以递送单个珠;2)微芯片接口装置上的电阻加热器设计和电极环更换到微芯片;3)通过微芯片改装保证重复地加载和卸载单个珠。
MINDS微芯片设计见图24。该微芯片类似于图22所示核心MINDS微芯片,除了珠工作通道导联330至输入线,将样品体积减少四倍,至25nL,在循环测序室中形成闸板以捕获珠。通过输入通道输入单个珠。将闸板蚀刻到仅2μm,这需要额外的掩模和制造步骤。
将单个珠泵入循环测序室,该小室具有导向电极和流向亲和捕获室的通道。闸板阻止了珠的移动。一旦加载珠后,通过芯片上的泵将含有正向和反向成对末端阅读引物的25nL循环测序混合物泵入反应室。关闭与小室相邻的阀,循环温度。循环后,将循环测序混合物中的循环测序产物泵入电极储存库6中,电泳至两个样品净化室中,基本如上所述进行处理,各成对末端阅读注射入分离的分离通道。打开导向废液的阀,通过洗涤线将珠冲洗到废液通道中。如上所述进行分离再生。
通过以下方法将单个珠注入各通道:1)操作充分分离的微流体珠串,并将它们连续或平行移动到各通道中,2)从珠‘箱”注入各通道,并将它们分配到循环测序反应器中,一次一个,或3)磁性操作单个珠或收集到毛细管末端进行“收集-和-放置”操作。对于珠串方法,在空间上一个珠与下一个珠通过一团(bolus)液体充分分离,所述液体可能是不混溶的如FluorInert(3M)。我们以前成功地将FluorInert团用于循环测序和PCR反应。将珠串一起移动到粗糙位置上。然后关闭循环珠工作通道上的阀,使流动转向通过单独的循环测序室,其长度足以将珠移动到加载通道中。关闭加载通道上的阀,打开珠工作通道上的阀,将下一个珠放入下一通道。也可能有平行变化,平行变化可能最大程度降低加载时间。光学珠感受器也可有助于调节时间和给料流。
MINDS系统采用激光钻出50μm测试孔的阀和泵,以使泵体积降低几纳升。或者,在各循环上完成部分“行程”以部分打开具有250μm孔的阀。脉冲小室周围的阀,以移动小室中的珠,或者施用外部超声混合。通过添加剂改善表面相互作用,按需进行表面修饰。
对直接注射而言,样品净化基质位于分离通道的连线中。如图44所示,此设计具有用于珠和样品净化的循环测序室的常见元件,除了样品净化室被移动到分离通道的阴极侧。在样品净化基质上电泳循环测序样品,污染物移动到阴极室中,如果需要可冲洗阴极室。清洁样品是样品净化基质上的锐条带,通过加热该小室释放清洁样品,开始分离。这依体积将锐条带注射到分离通道上。因此,分析了各样品净化基质上收集的所有样品,这与典型双T注射中发现的“心脏切开”相反,在双T注射中双T的加载仅能分析一部分样品。
16.用芯片上的MOV装置混合
利用四层微芯片示范用芯片上的MOV装置混合。该混合示例采用我们在MBI-13微芯片上制作的三种不同混合器设计一团混合、路由选择器混合和"T"形混合。将水和亮红染料溶液混合。
这些设计采用(1)两个反向的MOV泵(图45),(2)两个反向的MOV泵和第三个泵,以产生空气隔开的团,和(3)使用路由选择器混合两股液流。所有芯片混合设计均显示出充分地混合澄清的水和红色染料溶液。在一系列泵送过程中,我们观察到流出末端阀的液体部分的来回移动。末端阀由通道中吸取一定体积的液体,因为该通道是打开的。这种移动使得在该阀内充分混合。
利用图46所示结构产生团。由五阀泵组成的MOV路由选择器将来自两个孔(标为1和3)的试剂和来自孔2的空气泵入蓝色反应室,形成空气隔开的团。许多文献证明在团内能够充分地混合,这种混合是由壁剪切力驱动而在团内实现的,因为接触壁的物质的运动速度被减慢。在我们所研究的情况下,在多个泵送步骤中通过将两种试剂来回移动入空气通道来辅助混合。使用两种溶液,一种含有染料而另一种仅含水的情况下,在该团达到反应室时没有观察到颜色变化。
图45显示团和路由选择器混合的示范性芯片设计。由端口1泵送水、由端口2泵送空气、由端口3泵送红色染料,从而产生混合的液体/空气团。在反应室中没有观察到颜色差异。通过保持端口2关闭研究了路由选择器中试剂1和3的混合。在各泵送循环中,水和染料以层流模式进入路由选择器(路由选择器看上去半白半红),混合开始于出口阀、通道起点处。下一个泵送循环在出口阀打开时由通道吸回液体,其体积等于出口阀体积。在出口阀中的这种来回移动能实现非常有效的混合。在反应室中仍未观察到颜色差异—与均一混合(至少在显微镜下)相一致。
图47显示“T”形混合的示范性芯片设计。由于在泵出口阀内“来回”移动,观察到距离“T”形接头数毫米处发生充分混合。在2mm反应室中没有观察到颜色差异。为了更好的理解这种特殊的“T”形混合,提供了电影画面(图48)来说明这一过程。在步骤1中入口阀打开出口阀关闭(将混合溶液推入主通道)。在步骤2中泵阀打开(可以观察到更多的红色染料扩散到水中)。在步骤4中入口阀关闭而出口阀打开(将半混合溶液部分(plug)由主通道吸回)。在步骤4中泵阀关闭(新溶液部分(slug)被推动,可以在主通道中观察到层流)。
步骤3中混合液体的反流(由于出口阀打开)帮助实现充分混合。图49显示“T”形接头下游数毫米处均一溶液颜色的特写照片。
由于此类泵送系统诱发的流体“来回”移动,所检测的所有三种MOV混合方案都能实现充分混合。团混合在反应室中产生气泡,这可能不利于实现良好反应。距150μm通道仅数毫米处(接头下游)就足以实现充分混合。在Gen II设计中,我们决定将MOV混合与新型爱奥尼亚(Ionian)NEA试验一起使用,用MOV混合在芯片上混合试剂和样品、进行反应和终止反应。
Claims (2)
1.一种混合微升级或纳升级溶液的方法,所述方法包括:通过由两个或多个MOV阀或泵驱动的路由选择器或通过由两个或多个MOV阀或泵驱动的“T”形结构反复改变微流体装置中两种或多种溶液的流向,从而混合所述溶液。
2.一种混合微米级或纳米级溶液的方法,所述方法包括:
通过由两个或多个MOV阀或泵驱动的路由选择器或通过由两个或多个MOV阀或泵驱动的“T”形结构来回移动两种或多种溶液,从而混合所述溶液。
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US20080014576A1 (en) | 2008-01-17 |
EP1979079A2 (en) | 2008-10-15 |
US7745207B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 |
US8476063B2 (en) | 2013-07-02 |
US20110076735A1 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
WO2008030631A3 (en) | 2008-10-02 |
CA2641271A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
WO2008030631A2 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
JP2009525728A (ja) | 2009-07-16 |
EP1979079A4 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
US9752185B2 (en) | 2017-09-05 |
US20130344475A1 (en) | 2013-12-26 |
US20160053314A1 (en) | 2016-02-25 |
JP5063616B2 (ja) | 2012-10-31 |
CN101415813A (zh) | 2009-04-22 |
KR20080096567A (ko) | 2008-10-30 |
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