CN100460513C - 无溶剂的提取方法 - Google Patents
无溶剂的提取方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100460513C CN100460513C CNB018064248A CN01806424A CN100460513C CN 100460513 C CN100460513 C CN 100460513C CN B018064248 A CNB018064248 A CN B018064248A CN 01806424 A CN01806424 A CN 01806424A CN 100460513 C CN100460513 C CN 100460513C
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Abstract
本发明提供不使用非极性有机溶剂作为提取溶剂从微生物中提取脂质的方法。尤其是,本发明提供了从微生物中提取脂质的下述方法,裂解细胞并通过用水性冲洗液冲洗裂解细胞混合物以除去水溶性化合物和/或物质,得到基本非乳化脂质。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及不使用任何显著量的非极性有机溶剂从微生物中提取脂质的方法。
发明背景
一种典型的微生物脂质制备方法,例如制备ω-3高度不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是富含二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)的脂质混合物,涉及培养能在发酵罐,池(pond)或生物反应器中产生所需脂质的微生物,分离微生物生物量,将其干燥并利用非极性有机溶剂例如己烷提取胞内脂质。通常,在破裂(即裂解)干燥的微生物细胞后提取微生物胞内脂质。提取的脂质可进一步精制以产生高纯度和/或质量的脂质。通常按照以下所述分离微生物,首先用水稀释发酵液(fermentation broth),并离心混合物以分离微生物。然后干燥细胞,如果此后不能立即或很快地提取脂质,将细胞储存在例如真空密封的袋中以防止脂质的降解。
不辛的是,干燥方法要使微生物受热,如果操作不正确可损害脂质即降低其质量。真空密封的袋可能会产生漏洞使微生物暴露于空气中,因此会进一步降低脂质的质量。此外,如果不用抗氧化剂处理干燥过的微生物,由于暴露于空气和或光中使得脂质进一步降解。例如,类胡萝卜素,叶黄素和长链脂肪酸如DHA由于空气和/或光的氧化作用可能会降解。此外,一些情况下,接触干燥微生物的操作者会产生变态反应而威胁操作者的安全和健康。
此外,在工业规模的生产中,脂质提取中用到的大量挥发性和易燃性非极性有机溶剂会形成危险的工作环境。提取方法中如果使用非极性有机溶剂则必须要用防爆的油回收系统,因此增加了脂质回收的成本。而且,使用非极性有机溶剂从微生物中提取脂质会产生非极性有机溶剂废物液,这需要合适的处理方法,进一步增加了脂质提取的总生产成本。
因此,存在一种不需要使用非极性有机溶剂从微生物中提取脂质的方法的需求。还存在一种提取前不需要昂贵的干燥微生物步骤从微生物中提取脂质的方法的需求。
发明概述
本发明一个实施方案提供从微生物中获得脂质的方法,包括:
(a)裂解微生物细胞以产生裂解细胞混合物;
(b)处理裂解细胞的混合物以产生相分离的混合物,包含重层(heavylayer)和富含脂质的轻层(light layer);
(c)使重层与富含脂质的轻层分离;和
(d)从轻层中获得脂质和/或脂质组分。
本发明另一实施方案提供从微生物中获得脂质的方法,包括:
(a)在培养基中培养微生物;
(b)处理所述培养基和微生物细胞以释放胞内脂质;
(c)将包含已释放胞内脂质的培养基进行重力分离以形成含脂质的轻相和重相;
(d)使所述轻相和所述重相分离;
(e)处理所述轻相以破坏在该脂质和水间形成的乳状液;和
(f)回收粗脂质。
本发明的另一实施方案,提供从微生物中获得脂质的方法,包括下述步骤:
(a)在培养基中培养所述微生物;
(b)处理来自所述培养基的微生物细胞并没有干燥所述细胞以释放胞内脂质;
(c)将包含已释放胞内脂质的培养基进行重力分离以形成含脂质的轻相和重相;
(d)使所述轻相与所述重相分离;
(e)处理所述轻相以破坏在该脂质和水间形成的乳状液;和
(f)回收粗脂质。
优选的是,在发酵罐中发酵培养基里培养微生物。或者,在光生物反应器(photobioreactor)或池中光合成培养微生物。微生物优选的是富含脂质的微生物,更优选的是,微生物选自藻类,细菌,真菌,原生生物。更优选的是,微生物选自金藻,绿藻,沟鞭藻(dinoflagelate),酵母,被孢霉属(Mortierella)的真菌,和异鞭毛藻类(Stramenopiles)。优选的是,微生物包含被孢霉属,Crypthecodinium属,和Thraustochytriales目微生物,更优选的是,微生物选自破囊壶菌属(Thraustochytrium),裂殖壶菌属(Schizochytrium)或它们的混合物,更优选的是,微生物选自具有ATCC 20888,ATCC 20889,ATCC20890,ATCC 20891,ATCC 20892,施穆克氏被孢霉(Mortierella Schmuckeri)的菌株,寇式隐甲藻(Crypthecodinium cohnii)的菌株,源于前面任一种的突变菌株以及它们的混合物鉴定特征的微生物。
细胞的处理包括释放脂质的处理例如裂解,破裂或透化。正如此处所用,本文所用裂解,正在裂解,已裂解等术语属类上用于指的是释放胞内脂质的处理,包括破碎和透化细胞。优选的处理选自加热细胞,使细胞处于碱性条件下,使细胞接触螯合化合物或者它们的结合。更优选的是,细胞的裂解或破裂包含在细胞处于碱性条件,螯合化合物或它们的结合时加热细胞到至少50℃。
优选的是,重力分离包含将含释放胞内脂质的发酵液通过离心机,例如堆积盘(stacked-disc-),分离器(separator-)或倾笔式(decanter-type)离心机进行离心。
所分离的裂解细胞混合物包含重层和含脂质的轻层,所述重层包含的水溶液含由裂解细胞产生的固体物质。通过离心可分离轻层和重层。脂质以乳化状态存在。将轻层进一步用水冲洗溶液清洗直至脂质基本上成为非乳化。用于破坏乳状液的处理优选包括将乳状液与水,乙醇(alcohol),丙酮或它们的混合物混合,并且将混合物进行重力分离。优选的是,不使用非极性有机溶剂例如己烷的方法。
当本发明脂质的提取方法包括使用来自发酵方法的微生物时,该提取方法还包括通过加入选自氢氧化物,碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐,磷酸盐和它们的混合物的碱溶解发酵液中至少部分蛋白化合物。
本发明的方法还包括加热微生物到至少50℃。优选的是,将化学化合物例如碱加入到培养基中以助细胞裂解。
作为加热的一种替换途径,在螯合化合物例如EDTA的帮助下细胞可得以裂解。除了有助于裂解和破裂细胞外,通过螯合(结合)发酵液中产生自由基的金属离子诸如铁或铜离子,在作用期间螯合物还有助于抑制脂质的氧化。螯合物优选的类型是那些被认为是食品级(food grade)或GRAS的(通常认为安全(Generally RecognizedAs safe))。有效的螯合化合物包括EDTA,柠檬酸或柠檬酸盐,乳酸,磷酸三钠(trisodium phosphate),聚磷酸盐,六偏磷酸盐(hexametaphosphate),EGTA,DTPA,肌醇六磷酸或CDTA及这些化合物的其它盐类。在一实施方案中,将EDTA钠加入到细胞中,通过螯合有助于保持细胞壁的二价阳离子以降解细胞壁。该方法可在较高的温度和较少的EDTA或者在较低的温度和较高浓度的EDTA下进行。例如,我们已经发现通过在发酵过程末期将EDTA加入到培养物中,富含DHA的细胞(Schizochytrium sp.)可被透化和/或破裂。在30℃需要10,000ppm的浓度来帮助破裂细胞。在50℃浓度为5,000ppm,温度高于70℃而浓度低于1000ppm也是有效的。将螯合物加入到发酵液中通过诸如同质化的物理方法较容易使细胞破裂。为了裂解细胞,除螯合物外还可加入水以增加内渗透压。
优选的是,微生物能在低于约12g/L氯化钠的盐度水平生长,更优选的是低于约5g/L氯化钠,最优选的是低于约3g/L氯化钠。优选的是微生物能在低于约7g/L钠和低于约250mg/L氯化物的盐度水平生长。氯化物优选的存在量是约为70-150mg/L。
优选的是,微生物包含的脂质至少约为20%重量,更优选的是至少约30%,最优选的是至少约40%。或者至少约20%,更优选的是至少约20%的脂质是胆固醇,植物甾醇,链甾醇,生育三烯酚(tocotrienols),生育酚,泛醌,类胡萝卜素和叶黄素例如β-胡萝卜素,黄体素,番茄红素,虾青素,玉米黄质,角黄素,和脂肪酸例如结合亚油酸,ω-3和ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸,例如,二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid),二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid),二十二碳六烯酸,花生四烯酸,十八碳四烯酸(stearidonic acid),双高γ-亚麻酸(dihomogammalinolenic acid)和γ-亚麻酸(linolenic acid)或它们的混合物。优选的是至少约30%,更优选的是至少约40%。
本发明具体的一方面,微生物至少能产生约0.1克/升/小时脂质混合物,优选的是包括胆固醇,植物甾醇,链甾醇,生育三烯酚,生育酚,泛醌,类胡萝卜素和叶黄素例如β-胡萝卜索,黄体素,番茄红索,虾青索,玉米黄质,角黄素,如脂肪酸例如结合亚油酸,ω-3和ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸,例如,二十碳五烯酸,二十二碳五烯酸,二十二碳六烯酸,花生四烯酸,十八碳四烯酸,双高γ-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸或它们的混合物。更优选的是至少约0.2g/L/h,还更优选至少约0.3g/L/h,最优选至少约0.4g/L/h。
本发明的另一方面,微生物选自藻类,真菌,细菌和原生生物。优选的是Thraustochytriales目微生物。更优选的是,微生物选自破囊壶菌属,Schizochytrium属和它们的混合物。最优选的是,微生物选自具有ATCC20888,ATCC 20889,ATCC 20890,ATCC 20891,ATCC 20892,源于前面任一项的突变菌株以及它们的混合物鉴定特征的微生物。优选的是,微生物选自具有ATCC 20888,ATCC 20889,更优选的是ATCC 20888,源于前面任一项的突变菌株和它们的混合物鉴定特征的微生物。
附图简述
图1是本发明无溶剂提取方法的一实施方案的流程。
发明详述
本发明涉及从微生物中提取,回收,分离或获得脂质的方法。本发明的方法可被用在从各种微生物中提取各种脂质,例如从能产生与下述脂质相同的微生物中提取脂质,所述脂质含胆固醇,植物甾醇,链甾醇,生育三烯酚,生育酚,泛醌,类胡萝卜素和叶黄素例如β-胡萝卜素,黄体素,番茄红素,虾青素,玉米黄质,角黄素,如脂肪酸例如结合亚油酸,ω-3和ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸,例如二十碳五烯酸,二十二碳五烯酸,二十二碳六烯酸,和花生四烯酸,十八碳四烯酸,双高γ-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸或它们的混合物,更优选的是,ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸,例如二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),二十碳五烯酸(EPA),和/或二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)(即ω-3形式的DPA),尤其是含相对大量DHA的脂质;从能产生相同与下述脂质的微生物中提取包含ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸例如花生四烯酸和二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)(即ω-6形式的DPA)的脂质。产生相对大量ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸的微生物示例公开在美国普通转让专利5,340,594和5,340,742中,均授予Barclay,产生相对大量花生四烯酸的微生物示例在美国普通转让专利5,583,019中公开,均授予Barclay。所有上述公开的专利在此全部引入作为参考。
为了简便,然而,本发明所提供详细说明书的目的是为了方便和解释从产生同一脂质的微生物中提取包含ω-3高不饱和脂脂酸的脂质的情况,尤其是从能产生相对大量DHA的微生物中提取脂质。然而,可以理解的是总体上本发明不欲如此限制,根据本文所讨论的技术在本发明的概念应用在能产生各种脂质组合物的其它微生物时能为本领域的技术人员所认同。这些微生物包括微生物,例如真菌,原生生物,藻类和细菌,产生各种脂质,例如磷脂;游离脂肪酸;脂肪酸酯,包括脂肪酸甘油三酯;固醇;色素(例如,类胡萝卜素和氧化类胡萝卜素(oxycarotenoid))和其它的脂质以及结合脂质的化合物例如植物甾醇,ergothionine,硫锌酸和抗氧化剂包括β-胡萝卜素,生育三烯酚,生育酚。优选的脂质和结合脂质的化合物包括但并不限于,胆固醇,植物甾醇,链甾醇,生育三烯酚,生育酚,泛醌,类胡萝卜素和叶黄素例如β-胡萝卜素,黄体素,番茄红素,虾青素,玉米黄质,角黄素,和脂肪酸例如结合亚油酸,ω-3和ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸,例如,二十碳五烯酸,二十二碳五烯酸,二十二碳六烯酸,花生四烯酸,十八碳四烯酸,双高γ-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸或它们的混合物。为了简便,除非声明,否则本发明术语“脂质”是指脂质或结合脂质的化合物。其它适合用于本发明的脂质和微生物很容易为本领域技术人员所理解。
典型的微生物脂质(尤其是含ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸诸如DHA的油)制备方法中涉及在发酵罐中培养产生DHA的微生物,分离该微生物,干燥微生物生物量和用非极性有机溶剂例如己烷提取胞内脂质。一般进一步精制提取的脂质以产生高纯度和/或质量的脂质。微生物的分离涉及用水稀释发酵液并离心混合物以分离微生物。在分离微生物之后不能立即或很快地提取脂质时,典型地是所分离的微生物要在例如转鼓式干燥机上干燥,将细胞包装在例如真空密封的袋中以防止脂质的降解。不幸的是,干燥过程使微生物受热,如果不正确操作就会使脂质受到损害即降低质量。包装可能会产生漏洞会进一步降低脂质的质量。此外,如果不用抗氧化剂处理干燥过的微生物,由于微生物暴露于空气和/或光中会进一步降解脂质。
直接从发酵液中进行粗油的回收就可避免这些问题。避免采用非极性有机溶剂的提取步骤降低生产成本并且还避免由于操作者接触干燥的微生物而在一些个体中产生变态反应。
本发明提供通过基本上不使用非极性有机溶剂的提取方法从微生物中获得脂质的方法,即“无溶剂”提取方法。术语“无溶剂提取方法”指的是一种提取方法,其中在用水或极性溶剂时,水或极性溶剂包括低于约5%的非极性有机溶剂,优选低于约4%,更优选低于约2%,最优选低于1%。然而,在下游的步骤如精制步骤中要用到溶剂。本发明的方法包括获得或分离微生物,优选得自发酵步骤的。本方法与本领域现有技术工艺当前方法例如从大豆中提取油其中大豆必须被干燥进行比较,本发明的方法在提取步骤之前不需干燥步骤。因此,本发明的方法可用在从微生物生物量提取脂质,其中微生物生物量包含夹带(entrained)水的重量至少约为10%,优选的是至少约20%,更优选的是至少约30%,最优选的是至少约50%。在所获得的微生物来自发酵方法时,本发明的方法包括向发酵液中加入碱以溶解发酵液中可能存在的任何蛋白质化合物。“碱”是在水溶液中显示碱性(碱性的)反应的物质即它们结合质子和离解出氢氧化物离子。碱的强度应足以水解或溶解可能存在于发酵液中的至少部分蛋白化合物。用于溶解蛋白的碱是化学领域的普通技术人员所熟悉的。本发明方法中所用示例碱包括但不限于,锂,钠,钾,钙的氢氧化物,碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐及碳酸镁。其它碱性强的化合物象碱性磷酸盐例如磷酸三钠也可被使用。
本发明的方法还包括破裂或裂解微生物细胞以释放细胞内的脂质。细胞裂解可利用任何已知的方法包括化学的,加热的,机械的包括但不限于弗氏压碎器,粉碎机,超声破碎,同质化,蒸汽爆炸(explosion)以及它们的结合。在细胞的热裂解中,加热含微生物的发酵液使微生物的细胞即细胞壁降解或破坏。典型的是,加热发酵液到至少约50℃,优选至少约75℃,更优选至少约100℃,最优选至少约130℃。本发明重要的一方面是维持温度低于所提取的脂质被降解的温度。热裂解微生物的细胞壁尤其对于细胞壁是蛋白组成的微生物有用。该方法中发酵罐顶部空间可充满氮或其它惰性气体以阻止脂质被氧所氧化。
加热发酵液还会使蛋白变性并且有助于溶解有机物质,包括蛋白。加热发酵液的步骤可通过任一种已知的方法进行,包括线内(in-line)热交换器,优选的是通过喷射蒸汽进入发酵液,在所需的温度维持发酵液少于约90分钟,优选少于约60分钟,更优选少于约30分钟。
本发明无溶剂提取方法还包括从脂质中至少部分分离所消耗的发酵液。典型的是,通过以下可得,例如通过堆积盘(stacked-disc),分离器或倾笔式离心机进行离心,收集乳状液相的脂质。离心混合物导致含重层和轻层两相的混合。典型的是,重层是水相,其中包含大部分的细胞碎片。然后用水稀释包含乳化脂质的轻层,重新分成两相的混合物,并再次分离轻层。所述用水的稀释,分开,分离方法(即冲洗方法)可通过在过程中供给水并除去重层连续进行或通过不连续步骤进行。一般重复冲洗过程至虽有微量的乳状液残留但基本上得到的是非乳状脂质层。相信乳状液油水的界面通过冲洗方法除去残留的细胞碎片可得以稳定。在冲洗过程中,添加的水量连续的降低以增加脂质的含量。虽然添加的水量减少过快时会导致脂质丢失在水相中,但水的添加量减少过慢时导致冲洗无效。通过观察或分析所分离的水层可比较容易地决定供给水降低的速率。一般,脂质层即轻层有颜色,因此很多情况中通过简单地观察或分析从脂质层所分离的水层的颜色就可比较容易地确定供给水降低的速率。
或者,优选的是,破坏乳状液利用在此完整引入作为参考的WO96/05278所概括的去油的方法回收油。该方法中水溶性化合物例如乙醇和/或丙酮被加入到油/水乳状液中以破坏乳状液,通过离心分离所形成的混合物。所分离的脂质可通过利用与精制标准植物油相似的方法进行进一步精制。简单地说,脂质精制方法一般涉及通过将磷酸加入到脂质水解磷脂,接着通过加入氢氧化钠中和游离的脂肪酸。经离心可除去这些化合物。接着通过水冲洗步骤进一步除去任何残留量的水合磷脂(“胶(gum)”)并中和脂质中的脂肪酸(“soapstock”)。所形成的脂质用TrysilTM和标准漂白粘土(clay)进行漂白。加入柠檬酸通过螯合除去二价金属离子。然后经过滤去除TrysilTM和漂白粘土以产生精制的脂质。漂白的脂质可冷冻过滤以除去脂质中可能存在的高熔点的化合物。然而,一般很少需要该步骤。
所形成的脂质通过除去可能存在的任何低分子量组分得以精制。典型的是,通过在高真空下喷射蒸汽除去这些化合物。该方法也破坏可能存在的任何过氧化键,降低或除去气味并有助于改善油的稳定性。接着将抗氧化剂加入到所形成的除臭(deodorize)脂质中以改善产物的稳定性。
在精制方法中,所分离的脂质可被冬化以除去高熔点的化合物,例如饱和脂肪酸。冬化(winterization)方法一般涉及将所分离的脂质溶解在有机溶剂例如己烷中,冷却所形成的有机溶液,并且将溶液过滤以除去高熔点的脂质或硬脂(stearine)相成分。特别当所分离的脂质混浊或不透明时,冬化方法通常产生澄清的脂质。应当理解的是,在例如上述“精制”的方法中使用溶剂例如己烷是可以被认同的。或者,不使用溶剂冷却所分离的脂质,并将固化杂质滤除。
上面概括的精制,漂白,除臭的方法用在富含甘油三酯脂质的混合物上。或者,或除此方法外,其它的脂质,例如,色素或类胡萝卜素例如通过分配进各种溶剂里,层析方法等得以分离和纯化等。
本发明的方法包括从发酵方法中分离微生物,本发明的一个优点是允许微生物发酵和脂质的分离在一个容器中得以实现。例如,发酵后,将碱加入到发酵容器内并加热混合物以裂解细胞。在相分离成重层和轻层后,可将轻层转移到另一容器中以进行进一步的操作或将重层从发酵容器中移去。例如,从发酵容器底部排出,所剩轻层在同一容器中进一步进行处理。
如果微生物培养物细胞中脂质浓度高(例如约高于20%)而细胞的浓度低(例如约低于40g/L),对于连续发酵系统,或难于生长细胞的培养物(例如易碎的),或基于光合成培养系统产生的培养物的细胞生长,如果需要,在实施本方法之前例如通过离心,过滤,或沉淀,可将细胞浓缩。
由下面的实施例的检测本领域的技术人员很容易看出本发明的其它目的,优点和新的特征,并不欲于限制。
实施例
由新的无溶剂的提取方法通过利用粗油产生的三个完全精制的油的样品鉴定了方法的重复性特征。己烷提取的样品也被完全精制以用作对照。大规模的进行发酵,提取和油的分离,而小规模地进行油的精制。
分析完全精制的油的样品以证实方法的重复性。
发醇:
富含油的微生物(Schizochytrium sp.)在1200加仑的发酵罐中生长以产生用于下面提取方法的发酵液。三个无溶剂的提取过程所用的起始(starting)发酵液由同一个批次的发酵产生。控制葡萄糖水平为13g/L,发醇进行94小时,然后停止玉米糖浆进料。四小时后剩余的葡萄糖水平降到<5g/L。终时间为98小时,最终发酵液体积为958加仑。终产量为146g/L细胞干重。过程中(in-process)污染检测和终发酵液样品的全面分析没有显示任何污染的迹象。
己烷提取的对照样品:
发酵批的少量的等分试样发酵液于转鼓式干燥机上干燥用己烷提取以用作对照样品。用双转鼓式干燥机(double-drum dryer)回收生物量中间体。所述脂质的分析在表1中显示。
表1 鼓式干燥的Schizochytrium sp.生物量的分析
参数 | 数值 |
DHA含量(以FAME为基准) | 35.7% |
油的含量 | 62.7% |
过氧化物值(mep/kg) | 2.6 |
Total Plate Count(cfu/g) | <50 |
DHA含量 | 20.3% |
FAME含量 | 56.9% |
*以细胞干重为基准
无溶剂提取方法:
通过处理三个400加仑等分试样(近似)发酵液得到粗油。以腐蚀剂(caustic)/加热处理步骤开始,发酵罐的每400加仑等分试样分别进行。每等分试样用20g45% KOH/升处理,并使蒸汽通入发酵液,在130℃加热约30分钟。用商业购得Westfalia HFA-100堆积-盘离心机从处理过的发酵液回收粗油。各方法参数的概括结果在表2中报道,最终粗油分析的结果在表3中显示。
表2 无溶剂提取方法的工艺数据
SFE-1 | SFE-2 | SFE-3 | |
发酵液处理 | |||
加工发酵液的体积 | 288gal | 288gal | 258gal |
最终处理的pH | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.7 |
加热处理后的终体积 | 388gal | 398gal | 308gal |
相对冷状态时体积的增大 | 34.7% | 38.2% | 19.4% |
1st Pass Emulsion | |||
总体积(gal) | 180 | 133 | 149 |
Est.Oil浓度(w/w) | 12.0% | 24.5% | 16.1% |
视密度(g/mL) | 0.986 | 0.991 | 0.999 |
油的分离 |
回收的总粗油(1b) | 182 | 165 | 174 |
DHA油批号 | SF1A | SF2A | SF3A |
表3 无溶剂提取方法的DHA油批号分析
参数 | SF1A | SF2A | SF3A |
DHA含量(%FAME) | 39.0% | 38.6% | 39.2% |
过氧化物值(meq/kg) | 4.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 |
酸值(mg KOH/g) | N/D | N/D | N/D |
含水量 | N/D | N/D | N/D |
精制:
小规模地对各粗油每等分样品进行冬化,精制,漂白并除臭,己烷提取对照的粗油样品同样处理。这些小规模实验的各项过程数据在表4中显示,包括各加工步骤的回收率。尽管由于损失趋向不成比例的增大而很难对实验室规模(bench-scale)过程的回收效率作很多解释,除冬化步骤以外,表4中所列值显示无溶剂提取样品的值有与己烷提取对照所测得的值等同(bracket)的趋势。在冬化步骤期间己烷对照的回收率低于所观察到的其它三样品时,统计观点而言此差异是不显著的。冬化步骤的高损失也导致己烷对照样品的总的回收率的较低。预计较低的产量不会对油的总质量产生显著影响。总而言之,各种油样品加工过程间的差异是小的。
表4 油精制步骤的各项工艺数据
HEX-1 | SF1A | SF2A | SF3A | |
加工条件 | ||||
各项浓度 | 45.0% | 52.9% | 52.8% | 45.0% |
蒸汽喷射率 | 3.4% | 3.4% | 2.5% | 2.2% |
回收率 | ||||
冬化 | 80.6% | 92.3% | 87.7% | 85.5% |
精制 | 89.4% | 84.8% | 91.8% | 95.0% |
水冲洗 | 90.6% | 94.5% | 95.8% | 81.2% |
漂白 | 86.1% | 89.2% | 87.3% | 84.1% |
除臭 | 97.4% | 96.1% | 97.2% | 97.5% |
包装 | 88.2% | 89.7% | 89.3% | 95.8% |
总体 | 48.2% | 56.9% | 58.5% | 51.8% |
分析来自三个无溶剂的提取方法的完全精制的油样品和己烷提取对照,结果在表5中显示。还显示每个参数相应release specification。
无溶剂的提取实验的起始粗油样品也被分析铁的含量,该样品中铁的含量为0.08ppm。其它痕量金属都低于它们各自的检测范围。
表5 无溶剂提取方法的RBD DHA油与己烷提取油的QC结果的对比
*重复精制和漂白步骤后数值降至0.22mg KOH/g
**用San Diego Fermentation Science Analytical Group分析样品
***重复精制和漂白步骤后数值降至<0.02ppm
表6所示无溶剂提取方法的三个样品平均分析结果与己烷对照的更直接比较。
表6 平均值的比较
*用重做样品的酸值计算。
该实施结果清楚地显示无溶剂的提取方法是可重复的,并且就方法的实施和产物质量而言无溶剂提取的脂质与己烷提取方法得到的脂质相比没有显著区别。由两方法的产物脂肪酸和甾醇产物间总体(profile)的相似性确定,无溶剂提取方法的终产物基本上等价于目前基于己烷提取方法的脂质。
本发明各实施方案中包括成分,方法,过程(process),系统,和/或仪器基本上如本文所述,包括各种实施方案,subcombination及它们的亚集(subset)。在理解了该公开内容后,本领域的技术人员知道怎样进行和应用本发明。在本发明各种实施方案中包括提供在本文或各种实施方案中没有说明和/或描述的各项装置和方法,包括缺少在先前的装置和方法中可能已用的所述各项,例如用于改进实施,实现减轻劳动和/或降低实施的成本。
本发明先前的讨论是为了提供阐述和说明。前述并非欲限制本发明在此所公开的形式。尽管本发明的描述已包括一或更多种实施方案,特定变化,修改,在理解了本发明所公开的之后,其它的变化和修改在本发明的范围之内,例如在本领域的技术人员已知的技术范围内。意图是获得权利,其包括到允许程度的备选的实施方案,包括没有意图公开致力于任何专利的主题,要求的备选的,可互换的和/或等价的结构,功能,范围或步骤,无论这样备选,可互换的和/或等价的结构,功能,范围或步骤是否在此公开。
Claims (54)
1.一种从含有脂质的微生物中获得脂质的方法,包括:
(a)处理生长于发酵培养液中的微生物细胞以释放胞内脂质,其中所述处理包括裂解所述细胞以产生裂解细胞混合物;
(b)使释放的胞内脂质经历在介质中进行的方法,所述介质包含少于5%的有机溶剂,而避免有机溶剂萃取得到所述脂质,其中所述处理产生包含重层和轻层的相分离的混合物,其中所述重层包含水相以及所述轻层包含所述脂质;
(c)将所述重层与所述轻层分离;和
(d)从所述轻层中获得所述脂质。
2.权利要求1的方法,还在所述(a)步骤前包含至少溶解所述发酵液中的部分任何蛋白。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中所述溶解蛋白质的步骤包含将所述发酵培养液与碱接触。
4.权利要求1-3任一项的方法,其中所述相分离混合物的生产包含离心所述裂解细胞的混合物。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中所述处理步骤包括选自加热所述细胞,使所述细胞接触碱化合物,使所述细胞接触螯合化合物或它们的结合的处理。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中所述处理步骤包含向发酵液中加入碱。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中所述碱选自氢氧化物、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐、磷酸盐和它们的混合物。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中所述处理步骤包含加热所述微生物的温度到至少50℃。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中所述处理步骤包括在细胞接触碱化合物、螯合化合物或它们的混合物之前、期间或之后加热细胞到至少为50℃。
10.前面任一项权利要求的方法,其中所述处理步骤没有干燥所述细胞而释放胞内脂质。
11.权利要求1-9之一的方法,其中所述获得步骤进一步包含:
(i)将水性冲洗液加入到所述的轻层中;
(ii)将所述水性冲洗液与所述的轻层分离;和
(iii)重复所述步骤(i)和(ii)使所述脂质变成非乳化。
12.权利要求1-9之一的方法,其中所述处理、经历和分离步骤重复至少3次以得到所述脂质。
13.权利要求1-9之一的方法,其中所述轻层包含乳化脂质。
14.权利要求13的方法,其中所述乳化脂质包含水相中所述脂质的悬浮液。
15.权利要求1-9之一的方法,其中所述水相包含固体细胞材料。
16.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)中包含已释放胞内脂质的培养液进行重力分离以形成相分离的混合物,其包含重层和轻层,其中所述重层含有水相,所述轻层包含所述脂质。
17.权利要求16的方法,其中所述重力分离包含将含释放胞内脂质的培养基通过堆积盘、分离器或倾笔式离心机进行离心。
18.权利要求16的方法,其中所述重力分离包括离心。
19.权利要求1的方法,包括步骤:
(a)发酵培养基中培养微生物;
(b)通过如下步骤处理所述微生物细胞以释放胞内脂质:
(i)将碱与所述发酵液接触使存在于所述发酵液中的任何蛋白至少部分溶解;和
(ii)增加所述发酵液的温度到至少为50℃以裂解所述微生物细胞以产生裂解细胞混合物;
(c)将释放的胞内脂质进行处理,包括在介质中从所述裂解细胞混合物分离不同密度的物质,所述介质含有少于5%的有机溶剂,从而避免有机溶剂萃取得到所述脂质,产生包含重层和轻层的相分离的混合物,其中所述重层包含水相以及所述轻层包含乳化脂质;
(d)将所述重层与所述轻层分离;
(e)向所述轻层加入水性冲洗液;
(f)从所述(e)步骤的混合物中分离不同密度的物质;
(g)将所述重层从相的分离混合物中除去;和
(h)重复所述步骤(e)-(g)使所述脂质成为非乳化以得到所述脂质。
20.权利要求1的方法,包括如下步骤:
(a)在发酵培养液中培养微生物;
(b)处理所述培养液和所述微生物细胞以释放胞内脂质;
(c)将包含已释放胞内脂质的培养基经历重力分离以形成相分离的混合物,其包含重层和轻层,其中所述所述重层含有水相,所述轻层包含所述脂质;
(d)使所述轻层与所述重层分离;
(e)处理所述轻层以破坏在所述脂质和水间形成的乳状液以从轻层得到所述脂质,并回收粗脂质。
21.权利要求20的方法,其中所述处理步骤没有进行所述细胞的干燥以释放胞内脂质。
22.权利要求20的方法,其中破坏乳状液的步骤包含将乳状液与水、乙醇或丙酮混合,并且将混合物进行重力分离。
23.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中将所述脂质进一步精制或加工以获得精制的脂质。
24.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述脂质被漂白和除臭。
25.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物从发酵方法中获得。
26.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物能在低于12g/L氯化钠的盐度水平生长。
27.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物包含至少20%重量的脂质。
28.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物选自真菌、细菌和原生生物。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中所述微生物是藻类。
30.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物包含选自金藻、绿藻、沟鞭藻、酵母、被孢霉属的真菌、和异鞭毛藻类(Stramenopiles)。
31.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物包含破囊壶菌目微生物。
32.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物选自破囊壶菌属、裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium)属和它们的混合物。
33.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物选自具有ATCC20888,ATCC 20889,ATCC 20890,ATCC 20891,ATCC 20892,施穆克氏被孢霉(Mortierella Schmuckeri)的菌株,寇式隐甲藻(Crypthecodinium cohnii)的菌株,以及它们的混合物鉴定特征的微生物。
34.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中所述微生物至少能产生0.1克/升/小时胆固醇、植物甾醇、链甾醇、生育三烯酚、生育酚、泛醌、类胡萝卜素、和脂肪酸。
35.权利要求34的方法,其中所述类胡萝卜素是叶黄素。
36.权利要求34的方法,其中所述类胡萝卜素选自番茄红素和β-胡萝卜素。
37.权利要求34的方法,其中所述叶黄素选自黄体素、虾青素、玉米黄质和角黄素。
38.权利要求34的方法,其中所述脂肪酸选自结合亚油酸、ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸和ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸。
39.权利要求38的方法,其中所述ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸选自二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。
40.权利要求38的方法,其中所述ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸选自二十二碳五烯酸、花生四烯酸、十八碳四烯酸、双高γ-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸。
41.权利要求1-9或19-22之一的方法,其中至少20%的脂质是胆固醇、植物甾醇、链甾醇、生育三烯酚、生育酚、泛醌、类胡萝卜素、和脂肪酸。
42.权利要求41的方法,其中所述类胡萝卜素是叶黄素。
43.权利要求41的方法,其中所述类胡萝卜素选自番茄红素和β-胡萝卜素。
44.权利要求41的方法,其中所述叶黄素选自黄体素、虾青素、玉米黄质和角黄素。
45.权利要求41的方法,其中所述脂肪酸选自结合亚油酸、ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸和ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸。
46.权利要求45的方法,其中所述ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸选自二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。
47.权利要求45的方法,其中所述ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸选自二十二碳五烯酸、花生四烯酸、十八碳四烯酸、双高γ-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸。
48.权利要求1-9或19-22任一项的方法制成的脂质,其源于微生物,具有低于0.2ppm残留的非极性有机溶剂。
49.权利要求1-9或19-22任一项的方法制成的脂质,其包含高于15%的胆固醇、植物甾醇、链甾醇、生育三烯酚、生育酚、泛醌、类胡萝卜素、和选自结合亚油酸、ω-3和ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸的脂肪酸、或它们的混合物,具有低于0.2ppm残留的非极性有机溶剂。
50.权利要求49的脂质,其中所述类胡萝卜素选自叶黄素、番茄红素和β-胡萝卜素。
51.权利要求50的脂质,其中所述叶黄素选自黄体素、虾青素、玉米黄质和角黄素。
52.权利要求49的脂质,其中所述ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸选自二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸。
53.权利要求49的脂质,其中所述ω-6高不饱和脂肪酸选自二十二碳五烯酸、花生四烯酸、十八碳四烯酸、双高γ-亚麻酸和γ-亚麻酸。
54.权利要求1-9或19-22任一项的方法制成的脂质,其包含高于15%的二十二碳六烯酸和低于0.2ppm残留的非极性有机溶剂。
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