WO2010067785A1 - 糖液の製造方法 - Google Patents
糖液の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010067785A1 WO2010067785A1 PCT/JP2009/070512 JP2009070512W WO2010067785A1 WO 2010067785 A1 WO2010067785 A1 WO 2010067785A1 JP 2009070512 W JP2009070512 W JP 2009070512W WO 2010067785 A1 WO2010067785 A1 WO 2010067785A1
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- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- sugar
- sugar solution
- fermentation
- acid
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
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- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/029—Multistep processes comprising different kinds of membrane processes selected from reverse osmosis, hyperfiltration or nanofiltration
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B1/00—Preparatory treatment of cellulose for making derivatives thereof, e.g. pre-treatment, pre-soaking, activation
- C08B1/003—Preparation of cellulose solutions, i.e. dopes, with different possible solvents, e.g. ionic liquids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
- C12P7/44—Polycarboxylic acids
- C12P7/46—Dicarboxylic acids having four or less carbon atoms, e.g. fumaric acid, maleic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/40—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a carboxyl group including Peroxycarboxylic acids
- C12P7/56—Lactic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13B—PRODUCTION OF SUCROSE; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- C13B20/00—Purification of sugar juices
- C13B20/16—Purification of sugar juices by physical means, e.g. osmosis or filtration
- C13B20/165—Purification of sugar juices by physical means, e.g. osmosis or filtration using membranes, e.g. osmosis, ultrafiltration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
- C13K1/00—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups
- C13K1/02—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups obtained by saccharification of cellulosic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
- C13K1/00—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups
- C13K1/02—Glucose; Glucose-containing syrups obtained by saccharification of cellulosic materials
- C13K1/04—Purifying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
- C13K13/00—Sugars not otherwise provided for in this class
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13K—SACCHARIDES OBTAINED FROM NATURAL SOURCES OR BY HYDROLYSIS OF NATURALLY OCCURRING DISACCHARIDES, OLIGOSACCHARIDES OR POLYSACCHARIDES
- C13K13/00—Sugars not otherwise provided for in this class
- C13K13/002—Xylose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P2203/00—Fermentation products obtained from optionally pretreated or hydrolyzed cellulosic or lignocellulosic material as the carbon source
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a sugar liquid from cellulose-containing biomass.
- the fermentation production process of chemicals using sugar as a raw material is used for the production of various industrial raw materials.
- sugar derived from edible raw materials such as sugar cane, starch and sugar beet is used industrially as sugar for this fermentation raw material, but the price of edible raw materials will rise due to the increase in the world population in the future, or it will compete with edible foods.
- a process for producing sugar solution more efficiently than renewable non-edible resources, ie cellulose-containing biomass, or a process for efficiently converting the obtained sugar solution as a fermentation raw material into an industrial raw material The future is a future challenge.
- Non-patent Document 1 As a method for producing a sugar solution from cellulose-containing biomass, as a method for producing a sugar solution using sulfuric acid, a method for producing a sugar solution by acid hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose using concentrated sulfuric acid (Patent Document 1 or 2) ), A method for producing a sugar solution by hydrolyzing cellulose-containing biomass with dilute sulfuric acid and further treating with an enzyme such as cellulase (Non-patent Document 1).
- a method of hydrolyzing cellulose-containing biomass using subcritical water at about 250 to 500 ° C. to produce a sugar solution (Patent Document 3), and a method of using cellulose-containing biomass as subcritical water
- a method for producing a sugar solution by further enzymatic treatment (Patent Document 4), and further hydrolyzing the cellulose-containing biomass with pressurized hot water at 240 ° C. to 280 ° C., followed by further enzymatic treatment
- Discloses a method for producing a sugar solution (Patent Document 5).
- Non-Patent Document 2 As a method for removing such fermentation-inhibiting substances during the sugar liquid production process, a method such as overlining has been disclosed (Non-Patent Document 2).
- a fermentation inhibitor such as furfural and HMF is retained in the gypsum component while being heated to around 60 ° C. for a certain period of time. It is a method of removing together.
- the overlining has a problem that the effect of removing organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and levulinic acid is small.
- Patent Document 6 a method of evaporating and removing the fermentation inhibitory substance by blowing water vapor into the sugar solution from the cellulose-containing biomass is disclosed.
- evaporation and removal methods depend on the boiling point of the fermentation inhibitor, and in particular, the removal efficiency of fermentation inhibitors such as organic acids having a low boiling point is low. To obtain sufficient removal efficiency, a large amount of energy is required. There was a problem that it had to be thrown in.
- Patent Document 7 There is also a method for removing fermentation-inhibiting substances by ion exchange (Patent Document 7), but there is a problem in cost.
- Patent Document 8 There is also a method of adsorption removal using a wood-based carbide, that is, activated carbon, but there is a problem that the removal target is limited to a hydrophobic compound.
- the present invention provides a method for removing the fermentation inhibitor produced in the step of producing sugar from cellulose-containing biomass as described above, in the step of producing a sugar solution, and purification with a very small amount of fermentation inhibitor.
- a method for producing a sugar solution is provided.
- the inventors of the present invention in the step of producing sugar from cellulose-containing biomass, allow sugar solution to pass through a nanofiltration membrane and / or a reverse osmosis membrane, whereby sugar as a fermentation raw material and fermentation inhibition. It was found that the material can be separated and removed. That is, the present invention has the following configurations [1] to [14].
- a method for producing a sugar solution using cellulose-containing biomass as a raw material (1) Hydrolyzing cellulose-containing biomass to produce an aqueous sugar solution (2) Filtering the obtained aqueous sugar solution through a nanofiltration membrane and / or a reverse osmosis membrane to obtain a purified sugar solution from the non-permeating side
- a method for producing a sugar solution comprising a step of collecting and removing a fermentation inhibitor from the permeate side.
- the aqueous sugar solution obtained in the step (1) is passed through a microfiltration membrane and / or an ultrafiltration membrane before the treatment in the step (2) to remove fine particles and polymer components.
- the manufacturing method of the sugar liquid in any one of [7].
- step (2) is a step of filtering the aqueous sugar solution through a nanofiltration membrane and filtering the obtained filtrate through a reverse osmosis membrane.
- the functional layer of the nanofiltration membrane in the step (2) contains a cross-linked piperazine polyamide as a main component and a constituent represented by the chemical formula 1;
- the manufacturing method of the sugar liquid in any one.
- R represents —H or —CH 3
- n represents an integer of 0 to 3
- [14] A method for producing a chemical product, wherein the sugar solution obtained by the method for producing a sugar solution according to any one of [1] to [13] is used as a fermentation raw material.
- the present invention comprehensively removes fermentation inhibitors furfural, furan compounds such as HMF, organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and levulinic acid, and phenolic compounds such as vanillin from an aqueous sugar solution derived from cellulose-containing biomass.
- sugars such as glucose and xylose can be produced with high purity and high yield.
- the efficiency of fermentation production of various chemical products can be improved by using the purified sugar solution obtained in the present invention as a fermentation raw material.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a nanofiltration membrane / reverse osmosis membrane filtration device.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a stainless steel cell used in the flat membrane test.
- FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the amount of flux according to the difference in pH when a sugar solution is filtered through a nanofiltration membrane.
- FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the amount of flux by a microfiltration membrane or a method of processing before filtering a sugar solution with a nanofiltration membrane.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph taken by a scanning electron microscope of the membrane surface before and after filtration when the hydrothermal treatment liquid is filtered through a microfiltration membrane.
- FIG. 6 shows the result of measuring the element distribution with the accompanying energy dispersive X-ray analyzer while observing the scanning electron micrograph of FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a physical map of the expression vector for yeast pTRS11.
- Examples of the cellulose-containing biomass used in the method for producing a sugar liquid of the present invention include herbaceous biomass such as bagasse, switchgrass, corn stover, rice straw, and straw, and woody biomass such as trees and waste building materials. Can be mentioned. These cellulose-containing biomass contains cellulose or hemicellulose which is a polysaccharide obtained by dehydrating and condensing saccharides, and a sugar solution that can be used as a fermentation raw material can be produced by hydrolyzing such a polysaccharide.
- the sugar solution of the present invention refers to an aqueous sugar solution obtained by hydrolysis of cellulose-containing biomass.
- sugars are classified according to the degree of polymerization of monosaccharides, such as monosaccharides such as glucose and xylose, oligosaccharides obtained by dehydration condensation of 2 to 9 monosaccharides, and polysaccharides obtained by dehydration condensation of 10 or more monosaccharides. Classified as a saccharide.
- the sugar solution of the present invention refers to a sugar solution containing a monosaccharide as a main component, and specifically includes glucose or xylose as a main component.
- oligosaccharides such as cellobiose and monosaccharides such as arabinose and mannose, although in small amounts.
- the main component being a monosaccharide means that 80% by weight or more of the total weight of monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide saccharide dissolved in water is a monosaccharide.
- HPLC can be used for quantification by comparison with a standard product.
- step (1) in the method for producing the sugar liquid of the present invention will be described with respect to the step of hydrolyzing the cellulose-containing biomass.
- the cellulose-containing biomass When the cellulose-containing biomass is subjected to hydrolysis, the cellulose-containing biomass may be used as it is, but it is possible to perform known treatments such as steaming, pulverization, and explosion, and the efficiency of hydrolysis can be improved by such treatment. It is possible to improve.
- processing method A The method of using only an acid
- Processing method B The method of using an enzyme after acid treatment
- Processing method C Only hydrothermal treatment
- Treatment method D hydrothermal treatment, using an enzyme
- treatment method E alkali treatment
- treatment method F after ammonia treatment, using an enzyme Can be mentioned.
- Treatment method A uses acid for hydrolysis of cellulose-containing biomass.
- sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc. are mentioned regarding the acid to be used, it is preferable to use a sulfuric acid.
- the acid concentration is not particularly limited, but 0.1 to 99% by weight of acid can be used.
- the reaction temperature is set in the range of 100 to 300 ° C., preferably 120 to 250 ° C., and the reaction time is 1 second. It is set in the range of ⁇ 60 minutes.
- the number of processes is not particularly limited, and one or more processes may be performed. In particular, when two or more processes are performed, the first process and the second and subsequent processes may be performed under different conditions.
- the reaction temperature is set in the range of 10 to 100 ° C.
- the reaction time is set in the range of 1 second to 60 minutes. .
- the number of acid treatments is not particularly limited, and the above treatment may be performed once or more. In particular, when two or more processes are performed, the first process and the second and subsequent processes may be performed under different conditions.
- the hydrolyzate obtained by the acid treatment contains an acid such as sulfuric acid, it needs to be neutralized for use as a fermentation raw material.
- Neutralization may be performed on the acid aqueous solution from which the solid content has been removed from the hydrolyzate by solid-liquid separation, or may be performed while the solid content is still contained.
- the alkali reagent used for neutralization is not particularly limited, but is preferably a monovalent alkali reagent. If both acid and alkali components are divalent or higher salts during the step (2), the nanofiltration membrane will not pass through the salt, and in the process of concentration, the salt will precipitate in the solution, causing fouling of the membrane. May be a factor.
- ammonia sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like can be mentioned, but are not particularly limited.
- the solid-liquid separation method includes a centrifugal separation method and a membrane separation method, but is not particularly limited. A plurality of types of separation steps may be provided and removed.
- Hydrolysis using acid generally has a characteristic that hydrolysis occurs from a hemicellulose component having low crystallinity, and then a cellulose component having high crystallinity is decomposed. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a liquid containing a large amount of xylose derived from hemicellulose using an acid.
- the biomass solid content after the treatment is further subjected to a reaction at a higher pressure and a higher temperature than the treatment to further decompose a highly crystalline cellulose component and contain a liquid containing a large amount of cellulose-derived glucose. It is possible to obtain.
- hydrolysis conditions suitable for hemicellulose and cellulose can be set, and the decomposition efficiency and sugar yield can be improved.
- two types of sugar solutions with different monosaccharide component ratios contained in the hydrolyzate can be obtained. It becomes possible to manufacture. That is, the sugar solution obtained under the first decomposition condition can be separated mainly with xylose, and the sugar solution obtained under the second decomposition condition can be separated mainly with glucose.
- sugars derived from both components may be obtained at once without separating the hemicellulose component and the cellulose component by performing a high-pressure and high-temperature treatment with an acid for a long time.
- the cellulose-containing biomass is further hydrolyzed with an enzyme from the treatment liquid obtained by the treatment method A.
- concentration of the acid used in the treatment method B is preferably 0.1 to 15% by weight, more preferably 0.5 to 5% by weight.
- the reaction temperature can be set in the range of 100 to 300 ° C., preferably 120 to 250 ° C.
- the reaction time can be set in the range of 1 second to 60 minutes.
- the number of processes is not particularly limited, and the process may be performed once or more. In particular, when the above process is performed twice or more, the first process and the second and subsequent processes may be performed under different conditions.
- the hydrolyzate obtained by the acid treatment contains an acid such as sulfuric acid, and further needs to be neutralized in order to perform an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction or use as a fermentation raw material. Neutralization can be carried out in the same manner as the neutralization in treatment method A.
- the enzyme may be any enzyme having cellulolytic activity, and general cellulase can be used. Preferably, exo cellulase or endo cellulase having crystalline cellulose degrading activity is used. A cellulase comprising is preferred. As such a cellulase, a cellulase produced by Trichoderma bacteria is preferable. Trichoderma bacteria are microorganisms classified as filamentous fungi, and are microorganisms that secrete a large amount of various cellulases to the outside of cells. The cellulase used in the present invention is preferably a cellulase derived from Trichoderma reesei.
- glucosidase which is a cellobiose decomposing enzyme, and may use it for a hydrolysis together with the above-mentioned cellulase.
- the ⁇ -glucosidase is not particularly limited, but is preferably derived from Aspergillus.
- the hydrolysis reaction using such an enzyme is preferably performed in the vicinity of pH 3 to 7, more preferably in the vicinity of pH 5.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 40 to 70 ° C.
- the hemicellulose having low crystallinity is hydrolyzed by acid treatment in the first hydrolysis, and then the enzyme is used as the second hydrolysis. It is preferable to hydrolyze cellulose with high crystallinity.
- an enzyme in the second hydrolysis the hydrolysis process of the cellulose-containing biomass can be advanced more efficiently. Specifically, in the first hydrolysis with acid, hydrolysis of the hemicellulose component contained in the cellulose-containing biomass and partial decomposition of lignin occur, and the hydrolyzate is separated into an acid solution and a solid containing cellulose. The solid component containing cellulose is hydrolyzed by adding an enzyme.
- the acid solution can be neutralized to isolate the aqueous sugar solution.
- the monosaccharide component which has glucose as a main component can be obtained from the hydrolysis reaction product of the solid content containing a cellulose.
- the sugar aqueous solution obtained by neutralization may be mixed with solid content, and an enzyme may be added here and it may hydrolyze.
- treatment method C no special acid is added, and water is added so that the cellulose-containing biomass becomes 0.1 to 50% by weight, followed by treatment at a temperature of 100 to 400 ° C. for 1 second to 60 minutes. By treating at such temperature conditions, hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose occurs.
- the number of processes is not particularly limited, and the process may be performed once or more. In particular, when the process is performed twice or more, the first process and the second and subsequent processes may be performed under different conditions.
- Hydrolysis using hydrothermal treatment is generally characterized in that hydrolysis occurs from a hemicellulose component having low crystallinity and then a cellulose component having high crystallinity is decomposed. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a liquid containing a large amount of xylose derived from hemicellulose using hydrothermal treatment. Moreover, in the hydrothermal treatment, the biomass solid content after the treatment is further reacted at a higher pressure and a higher temperature than the treatment to further decompose the highly crystalline cellulose component to obtain a liquid containing a large amount of cellulose-derived glucose. It is possible.
- hydrolysis conditions suitable for hemicellulose and cellulose can be set, and the decomposition efficiency and sugar yield can be improved.
- two types of sugar solutions with different monosaccharide component ratios contained in the hydrolyzate can be obtained. It becomes possible to manufacture. That is, the sugar solution obtained under the first decomposition condition can be separated mainly with xylose, and the sugar solution obtained under the second decomposition condition can be separated mainly with glucose.
- the cellulose-containing biomass is further hydrolyzed with an enzyme from the treatment liquid obtained by the treatment method C.
- the same enzyme as in the treatment method B is used. Moreover, the same conditions as the processing method B can be employ
- hydrolysis process of the cellulose-containing biomass can be advanced more efficiently. Specifically, in the first hydrolysis by hydrothermal treatment, hydrolysis of the hemicellulose component contained in the cellulose-containing biomass and partial decomposition of lignin occur, and the hydrolyzate is separated into an aqueous solution and a solid containing cellulose. The solid content containing cellulose is hydrolyzed by adding an enzyme.
- the separated and recovered aqueous solution contains pentose xylose as a main component.
- the monosaccharide component which has glucose as a main component can be obtained from the hydrolysis reaction product of the solid content containing a cellulose.
- the aqueous solution obtained by hydrothermal treatment may be mixed with solid content, and an enzyme may be added here and hydrolyzed.
- the alkali used is more preferably sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.
- the concentration of these alkalis may be added to the cellulose-containing biomass in the range of 0.1 to 60% by weight and treated at a temperature range of 100 to 200 ° C., preferably 110 to 180 ° C.
- the number of processes is not particularly limited, and one or more processes may be performed. In particular, when two or more processes are performed, the first process and the second and subsequent processes may be performed under different conditions.
- the treated product obtained by the alkali treatment contains an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, it is necessary to carry out neutralization in order to perform an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction.
- Neutralization may be performed on an alkaline aqueous solution from which the solid content has been removed from the hydrolyzate by solid-liquid separation, or may be performed while the solid content is still contained.
- the acid reagent used for neutralization is not particularly limited, it is more preferably a monovalent acid reagent. If both acid and alkali components are divalent or higher salts during the step (2), the nanofiltration membrane will not pass through the salt, and in the process of concentration, the salt will precipitate in the solution, causing fouling of the membrane. It is a factor.
- nitric acid nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and the like can be mentioned but are not particularly limited.
- the solid-liquid separation method includes a centrifugal separation method and a membrane separation method, but is not particularly limited. A plurality of types of separation steps may be provided and removed.
- the same enzyme as in the treatment method B is used. Moreover, the same conditions as the processing method B can be employ
- hemicellulose and the lignin component around the cellulose component are removed by mixing with an alkali-containing aqueous solution and heated to react the hemicellulose component and the cellulose component.
- hydrolysis of hemicellulose having low crystallinity and cellulose having high crystallinity which are not decomposed by hydrothermal heat during alkali treatment by an enzyme, is performed.
- hydrolysis of some hemicellulose components mainly contained in cellulose-containing biomass and partial decomposition of lignin occur, and the hydrolyzate is separated into an alkali solution and a solid containing cellulose.
- the solid component containing cellulose is hydrolyzed by adjusting the pH and adding an enzyme. Further, when the alkaline solution concentration is dilute, it may be hydrolyzed by adding an enzyme after neutralization as it is without separating the solid content.
- a monosaccharide component mainly composed of glucose and xylose can be obtained from a hydrolysis reaction product of solids containing cellulose. Further, since the separated / recovered alkaline solution contains xylose, which is pentose, as a main component in addition to lignin, it is also possible to neutralize the alkaline solution and isolate the aqueous sugar solution. Moreover, the sugar aqueous solution obtained by neutralization may be mixed with solid content, and it may hydrolyze by adding an enzyme here.
- the ammonia treatment conditions for Treatment Method F are in accordance with JP2008-161125A and JP2008-535664A.
- the ammonia concentration to be used is added to the cellulose-containing biomass in the range of 0.1 to 15% by weight with respect to the cellulose-containing biomass, and is treated at 4 to 200 ° C., preferably 90 to 150 ° C.
- Ammonia to be added may be in a liquid state or a gaseous state. Further, the form of addition may be pure ammonia or an aqueous ammonia solution.
- the number of processes is not particularly limited, and the process may be performed once or more. In particular, when the process is performed twice or more, the first process and the second and subsequent processes may be performed under different conditions.
- the treated product obtained by the ammonia treatment is further subjected to an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, it is necessary to neutralize ammonia or remove ammonia. Neutralization may be performed on ammonia from which the solid content has been removed from the hydrolyzate by solid-liquid separation, or may be performed while the solid content is still contained.
- the acid reagent used for neutralization is not particularly limited. For example, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and the like can be mentioned, and sulfuric acid is more preferable in consideration of the corrosiveness of the process piping and not becoming a fermentation inhibiting factor.
- Ammonia can be removed by volatilizing ammonia into a gaseous state by keeping the ammonia-treated product in a reduced pressure state. The removed ammonia may be recovered and reused.
- the water component may have the same effect as the treatment method C (hydrothermal treatment) in addition to ammonia during the ammonia treatment, and the hydrolysis of hemicellulose and the decomposition of lignin may occur.
- the lignin component around the hemicellulose and the cellulose component is removed by mixing and heating to an aqueous solution containing ammonia, and the hemicellulose component and the cellulose component After making it easy to react, hydrolysis of hemicellulose having low crystallinity and cellulose having high crystallinity that are not decomposed by hydrothermal heat during ammonia treatment by an enzyme is performed.
- hydrolysis of some hemicellulose components and partial decomposition of lignin occur mainly in the cellulose-containing biomass, and the hydrolyzate is separated into an aqueous ammonia solution and a solid containing cellulose.
- the solid component containing cellulose is hydrolyzed by adjusting the pH and adding an enzyme.
- the ammonia concentration is close to 100%, after removing a large amount of ammonia by deaeration, it may be hydrolyzed by adding enzyme after neutralization as it is without separating the solid content.
- a monosaccharide component mainly composed of glucose and xylose can be obtained from a hydrolysis reaction product of solids containing cellulose.
- the separated and recovered aqueous ammonia solution contains xylose which is pentose in addition to lignin as a main component, it is possible to neutralize the alkaline solution and isolate the aqueous saccharide solution.
- the sugar aqueous solution obtained by neutralization may be mixed with solid content, and it may hydrolyze by adding an enzyme here.
- the aqueous sugar solution obtained in the step (1) can be obtained by removing the solid content by the centrifugal separation method or the membrane separation method as described above. At that time, depending on the separation conditions, particularly the separation membrane to be used, the solid content may not be sufficiently removed and may contain fine particles. Examples of the constituents of such fine particles include lignin, tannin, silica, calcium, undegraded cellulose, and the like, but are not particularly limited thereto. Further, the particle size of the fine particles is not particularly limited. In addition to fine particles, a water-soluble polymer component is also included. As the water-soluble polymer contained in the aqueous sugar solution, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, tannins, or sugar aqueous solutions using enzymes contain many enzymes.
- the presence of fine particles or water-soluble polymers contained in the aqueous sugar solution causes fouling although it can be operated when the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane treatment described later is continuously operated.
- the exchange frequency of the membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane may increase.
- the filtration method include pressure filtration, vacuum filtration, and centrifugal filtration, but are not particularly limited.
- the filtration operation is broadly classified into constant pressure filtration, constant flow filtration, and non-constant pressure non-constant flow filtration, but is not particularly limited.
- the filtration operation may be multistage filtration using a microfiltration membrane or an ultrafiltration membrane twice or more in order to efficiently remove the solid content, and regarding the material and properties of the membrane used at that time. It is not particularly limited.
- the microfiltration membrane used in the present invention is a membrane having an average pore diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m to 5 mm, and is abbreviated as microfiltration, MF membrane or the like.
- the ultrafiltration membrane used in the present invention is a membrane having a molecular weight cut-off of 1,000 to 200,000, and is abbreviated as ultrafiltration, UF membrane or the like.
- the ultrafiltration membrane is too small to measure the pore diameter on the membrane surface with an electron microscope or the like, and instead of the average pore diameter, the value of the fractional molecular weight is used as an index of the pore diameter. It is supposed to be.
- the molecular weight cut-off is based on the Membrane Society of Japan edited by the Membrane Science Experiment Series Volume III Artificial Membrane Editor / ist Kimura, Shinichi Nakao, Haruhiko Ohya, Tsutomu Nakagawa (1993, Kyoritsu Shuppan) P92, A plot of data with the rejection rate on the vertical axis is called a fractional molecular weight curve.
- the molecular weight at which the blocking rate is 90% is called the fractional molecular weight of the membrane. ”Is well known to those skilled in the art as an index representing the membrane performance of the ultrafiltration membrane.
- microfiltration membranes or ultrafiltration membranes is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention of removing the fine particles described above can be achieved.
- Cellulose, cellulose ester, polysulfone, polyether examples thereof include organic materials such as sulfone, chlorinated polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene, metals such as stainless steel, and inorganic materials such as ceramic.
- the material of the microfiltration membrane or ultrafiltration membrane may be appropriately selected in view of the properties of the hydrolyzate or running cost, but is preferably an organic material, such as chlorinated polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polysulfone. Polyether sulfone is preferred.
- the enzyme used for saccharification can be recovered from the non-permeating side by filtering the aqueous saccharide solution obtained in step (1) with an ultrafiltration membrane.
- the step of recovering the enzyme will be described.
- the enzyme used for hydrolysis by passing the sugar solution obtained in the step (1) of the present invention through an ultrafiltration membrane has a molecular weight in the range of 10,000 to 100,000, and can prevent them.
- an ultrafiltration membrane having a fractional molecular weight the enzyme can be recovered from the non-permeate side fraction.
- an enzyme used for hydrolysis can be efficiently recovered by using an ultrafiltration membrane having a molecular weight cut-off in the range of 10,000 to 30,000.
- the form of the ultrafiltration membrane to be used is not particularly limited, and may be either a flat membrane or a hollow fiber.
- the recovered cellulase can be reused for hydrolysis in the step (1) to reduce the amount of enzyme used. Prior to the filtration of such an aqueous sugar solution with an ultrafiltration membrane, it is preferable to remove the fine particles by previously treating the aqueous sugar solution through a microfiltration membrane.
- a processing method ⁇ a method of filtering with a microfiltration membrane
- a processing method ⁇ after centrifugation treatment
- treatment method ⁇ After centrifugation, filtration with a microfiltration membrane and further filtration with an ultrafiltration membrane
- treatment method ⁇ Solid-liquid separation with a filter press
- ultrafiltration of the filtrate examples thereof include a method of filtering with a membrane, a processing method ⁇ : a method of performing a microfiltration treatment after solid-liquid separation with a filter press, and further filtering the filtrate with an ultrafiltration membrane.
- the treatment method ⁇ is a substance that easily clogs the surface of the microfiltration membrane represented by, for example, a solid component typified by undegraded cellulose and a gel component derived from a polymer in the sugar solution obtained in step (1).
- a solid component typified by undegraded cellulose and a gel component derived from a polymer in the sugar solution obtained in step (1).
- solid-liquid separation is performed only with a microfiltration membrane, and it is possible to remove inorganic components such as undecomposed cellulose and silica having a particle size of several tens nm or more attached to biomass. . If these solids are not removed, when passing through the surface of the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane in step (2), the membrane surface is damaged and the membrane is destroyed, or the flux is deposited on the surface in a short time. It becomes a factor to reduce.
- the treatment method ⁇ in which an ultrafiltration membrane is installed in the subsequent stage allows inorganic particle components of several tens of nm or less that cannot be removed by a microfiltration membrane, and water-soluble polymer components derived from lignin. (Tannins), hydrolyzed but not monosaccharides, sugars that are in the process of being degraded at the polysaccharide level from oligosaccharides, and enzymes used to hydrolyze sugars can be removed .
- an inorganic particle component it becomes a cause which damages and destroys a film
- ultrafine particles / clusters having a size of several nanometers or less which are usually aggregated and present at a size of several tens of nanometers, may enter the film and be blocked.
- tannins, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and enzymes are gelled and deposited on the membrane or become clogging factors within the membrane.
- the addition of an ultrafiltration membrane has the effect of suppressing membrane fouling in step (2) and significantly reducing membrane maintenance costs.
- the enzyme can be recovered by an ultrafiltration membrane, and the enzyme blocked by the ultrafiltration membrane is returned to the hydrolysis step of step (1) and recycled. There is also an advantage that it can be used.
- treatment method ⁇ which is a method that can increase the clarity of the liquid during solid-liquid separation, such as filter press, centrifugal filtration, high-speed centrifugation, etc. It is also possible to perform the ultrafiltration membrane process directly without the microfiltration process.
- the processing method ⁇ which is a solid-liquid separation method with a high degree of clarity, in which the microfiltration membrane treatment is placed before the ultrafiltration membrane treatment, is selected. It is also conceivable that the total running cost of the filtration membrane and the ultrafiltration membrane is lower than the processing method ⁇ using only the ultrafiltration membrane.
- the sugar solution is filtered through the nanofiltration membrane and / or the reverse osmosis membrane, which is the step (2) in the method for producing the sugar solution of the present invention, and the purified sugar solution is recovered from the non-permeating side and permeated.
- the process of removing the fermentation inhibitor from the side will be described.
- the fermentation inhibition referred to in the present invention is a comparison with the case where a reagent monosaccharide is used as a fermentation raw material when a chemical product is produced using a sugar solution made from cellulose-containing biomass containing a fermentation inhibitor as a raw material. It means a phenomenon that the production amount, accumulation amount, or production rate of a chemical product decreases.
- the degree of such fermentation inhibition varies depending on the type of fermentation inhibiting substance present in the saccharified liquid, and the degree of inhibition that microorganisms receive depending on the amount of these substances, and also depends on the type of microorganism used or the chemical product that is its product. However, since the degree of inhibition is different, the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the aqueous sugar solution obtained by the hydrolysis treatment method of the cellulose-containing biomass has a difference in amount or component depending on the treatment method or the type of the raw material of the cellulose-containing biomass.
- the fermentation inhibitor can be removed by the treatment method in step (2).
- a fermentation inhibitor refers to a substance that is produced by hydrolysis of cellulose-containing biomass and that acts as an inhibitor in the fermentation process using the sugar solution obtained by the production method of the present invention as a raw material. In particular, it is broadly classified into organic acids, furan compounds, and phenol compounds produced in the acid treatment step of cellulose-containing biomass.
- organic acid examples include acetic acid, formic acid, levulinic acid and the like.
- furan compounds include furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
- HMF hydroxymethylfurfural
- phenolic compound examples include vanillin, acetovanillin, vanillic acid, syringic acid, gallic acid, coniferyl aldehyde, dihydroconiphenyl alcohol, hydroquinone, catechol, acetoglycone, homovanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Specific examples include hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl derivatives (Hibbert's ketones), and these compounds are derived from lignin or lignin precursors.
- components such as adhesives and paints used in the lumbering process may be included as fermentation inhibitors.
- the adhesive include urea resin, melamine resin, phenol resin, and urea melamine copolymer resin.
- fermentation inhibitors derived from such adhesives include acetic acid, formic acid, formaldehyde and the like.
- the aqueous sugar solution obtained by the step (1) contains at least one of the substances as a fermentation inhibitor, and actually contains a plurality of kinds. These fermentation-inhibiting substances can be detected and quantified by a general analytical technique such as thin phase chromatography, gas chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography.
- the nanofiltration membrane used in the present invention is also called a nanofilter (nanofiltration membrane, NF membrane), and is generally defined as “a membrane that transmits monovalent ions and blocks divalent ions”. It is a film to be made. It is a membrane that is considered to have a minute gap of about several nanometers, and is mainly used to block minute particles, molecules, ions, salts, and the like in water.
- the reverse osmosis membrane used in the present invention is also called an RO membrane, and is a membrane generally defined as “a membrane having a desalting function including monovalent ions”.
- the membrane is several angstroms to several nanometers. It is a membrane that is considered to have a very small gap, and is mainly used for removing ionic components such as seawater desalination and ultrapure water production.
- filtering through a nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane in the present invention means that a sugar solution obtained by hydrolysis of cellulose-containing biomass is passed through the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane. It means that a sugar solution of filtered and dissolved sugar, particularly a monosaccharide such as glucose or xylose, is blocked or filtered to the non-permeate side, and the fermentation inhibitor is permeated as a permeate or a filtrate.
- the permeability (%) of the target compound (fermentation inhibitor, monosaccharide, etc.) contained in the aqueous sugar solution is calculated. Can be evaluated.
- the calculation method of the transmittance (%) is shown in Formula 1.
- the concentration of the target compound in Formula 1 is not limited as long as it is an analytical technique that can be measured with high accuracy and reproducibility, but high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, or the like can be preferably used.
- the target compound is a monosaccharide
- the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane used in the present invention preferably has a lower permeability, whereas when the target compound is a fermentation inhibitor, the permeability is low. High is preferred.
- the permeation flow rate (m 3 / m 2 / day) of sodium chloride (500 mg / L) per unit area of the membrane is 0.5 to 0.00 at a filtration pressure of 0.3 MPa.
- Eight nanofiltration membranes are preferably used.
- the permeation flow rate membrane permeation flux or flux
- the permeate amount, the time during which the permeate amount was sampled, and the membrane area can be measured and calculated according to Equation 2. .
- the pH of the aqueous sugar solution used for the nanofiltration membrane and / or the reverse osmosis membrane is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 5.
- the pH is less than 1, the membrane is denatured when used for a long period of time and the membrane performance such as flux and transmittance is remarkably lowered.
- the pH is greater than 5, the removal rate of organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and levulinic acid is remarkably increased. This is because it may decrease. Since nanofiltration membranes and / or reverse osmosis membranes are charged on the membrane surface, substances that are ionized in the solution are easier to remove or block than non-ionized substances.
- the removal efficiency can be drastically improved by adjusting the aqueous sugar solution to a pH within the above range.
- the pH of the aqueous sugar solution to 1 to 5 and filtering through the nanofiltration membrane and / or the reverse osmosis membrane, there is an effect of suppressing fouling of the membrane.
- the initial flux value decreases as the pH decreases, but the long-term stability of the membrane can be maintained when the pH is 1 to 5, particularly for sugar aqueous solutions derived from cellulose-containing biomass.
- a reverse osmosis membrane it is more preferable to adjust the pH of the aqueous sugar solution to 1 to 3.
- the pH is less than 1, the membrane will be denatured when used for a long period of time, and the membrane performance such as flux and permeability will decrease significantly. This is because there is a case where the sufficient value cannot be obtained.
- the reverse osmosis membrane has a smaller ionic radius, which is the effective radius of the organic acid, if the ionic-derived charge of the elution component is not further suppressed for reasons such as the pore size being smaller than that of the nanofiltration membrane. It is presumed that the removal performance equivalent to that cannot be maintained.
- a reverse osmosis membrane of low pressure / ultra-low pressure type that can reduce the operating pressure is used among reverse osmosis membranes, even if the adjusted pH of raw water is greater than 3, it is equivalent to RO membrane that is not low pressure / ultra low pressure type
- the effect of reducing the amount of acid used for adjusting the pH and the amount of alkali used for adjusting the pH in the subsequent fermentation step is obtained. Since the removal rate of organic acid is improved as compared with a reverse osmosis membrane which is not a low pressure type, it is preferably used in the present invention.
- the low pressure / ultra-low pressure type reverse osmosis membrane is a permeation flow rate (m 3 / m 2 / day) of sodium chloride (500 mg / L) per unit membrane area at a filtration pressure of 0.75 MPa and pH 6.5.
- a reverse osmosis membrane of 0.4 or more.
- the acid or alkali used for adjusting the pH of the aqueous sugar solution is not particularly limited.
- the acid is preferably hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, more preferably sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid from the viewpoint of preventing inhibition during fermentation, more preferably sulfuric acid from the viewpoint of economy.
- the alkali is preferably ammonia, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and an aqueous solution containing them from the viewpoint of economy, more preferably ammonia, sodium which is a monovalent ion from the viewpoint of membrane fouling, and more preferably inhibition during fermentation. Ammonia from the viewpoint of hardly occurring.
- the step of adjusting the pH of the aqueous sugar solution may be performed before the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane treatment.
- the pH may be adjusted to 5 or less during the hydrolysis reaction.
- the pH of the filtrate after the ultrafiltration membrane treatment should be adjusted because the enzyme tends to be deactivated when the pH is lowered to 4 or less. Is preferred.
- the temperature of the aqueous sugar solution used for the nanofiltration membrane and / or the reverse osmosis membrane in the present invention is not particularly limited, but can be appropriately set for the purpose of enhancing the fermentation inhibitor removal ability during filtration of the membrane to be used.
- the ability to remove the fermentation-inhibiting substance of the nanofiltration membrane is increased, so this is preferably set.
- the removal ability increases from the range of 40 ° C. or higher when the temperature of the aqueous sugar solution is filtered through the nanofiltration membrane, the membrane characteristics may be lost due to denaturation of the nanofiltration membrane when the temperature is higher than 80 ° C. It is.
- the temperature of the sugar aqueous solution is 1 to 15 ° C.
- the ability of the reverse osmosis membrane to remove the fermentation inhibitor is increased, so this is preferably set. If the temperature of the aqueous sugar solution when filtering through a reverse osmosis membrane is lower than 1 ° C., the piping will freeze, resulting in a device failure. If the temperature is higher than 15 ° C., the loss reduction will not have a significant effect.
- the temperature control when the temperature is high, the membrane expands and a larger molecular weight is removed, and the removal amount tends to be improved. When the temperature is low, the membrane shrinks and the pore size of the membrane becomes small. This is because the loss of sugar to the filtrate side may be reduced.
- nanofiltration membranes are generally classified into a class having a larger pore size than reverse osmosis membranes
- the weight of substances that permeate and exclude fermentation inhibitors is the reverse osmosis membranes.
- the weight lost to the permeation side of the target monosaccharide is also larger than that of the reverse osmosis membrane. This tendency appears particularly when the sugar concentration is high.
- a reverse osmosis membrane is used in the step (2), it is considered that the weight capable of removing an inhibitor having a large molecular weight as compared with the nanofiltration membrane is reduced because the pore diameter is small.
- a suitable membrane from nanofiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes according to the weight of the fermentation inhibitor of the sugar solution obtained by the treatment described above and the molecular weight of the main fermentation inhibitor. It is preferable to use it.
- the type of membrane to be selected is not limited to one, and filtration may be performed using various types of membranes in combination from nanofiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes according to the composition of the sugar solution.
- the nanofiltration membrane which can remove more fermentation-inhibiting substances compared to reverse osmosis membranes, performs the purification process to a concentration at which it is judged that the sugar loss to the filtrate is large.
- a purified sugar solution is obtained by combining a nanofiltration membrane and a reverse osmosis membrane
- the combination is not particularly limited, but the aqueous sugar solution obtained in step (1) is first filtered through a nanofiltration membrane, It is preferable to further filter the obtained filtrate with a reverse osmosis membrane.
- a polymer material such as cellulose acetate polymer, polyamide, polyester, polyimide, vinyl polymer can be used. It is not limited to this, and a film including a plurality of film materials may be used.
- the membrane structure has a dense layer on at least one side of the membrane, and on the asymmetric membrane having fine pores gradually increasing from the dense layer to the inside of the membrane or the other side, or on the dense layer of the asymmetric membrane. Either a composite film having a very thin functional layer formed of another material may be used.
- a composite membrane described in JP-A No. 62-201606 in which a nanofilter composed of a polyamide functional layer is formed on a support membrane made of polysulfone as a membrane material can be used.
- a composite membrane having a high-pressure resistance, high water permeability, and high solute removal performance and having an excellent potential and a functional layer of polyamide is preferable.
- a structure in which polyamide is used as a functional layer and is held by a support made of a porous membrane or nonwoven fabric is suitable.
- the polyamide semipermeable membrane a composite semipermeable membrane having a functional layer of a crosslinked polyamide obtained by polycondensation reaction of a polyfunctional amine and a polyfunctional acid halide on a support is suitable.
- carboxylic acid components of monomers constituting the polyamide include, for example, trimesic acid, benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, trimellitic acid, pyrometic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene
- trimesic acid benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, trimellitic acid, pyrometic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene
- Aromatic carboxylic acids such as dicarboxylic acid, diphenyl carboxylic acid, pyridine carboxylic acid and the like can be mentioned, but considering solubility in a film forming solvent, trimesic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and a mixture thereof are more preferable.
- Preferred amine components of the monomers constituting the polyamide include m-phenylenediamine, p-phenylenediamine, benzidine, methylenebisdianiline, 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl ether, dianisidine, 3,3 ′, 4- Triaminobiphenyl ether, 3,3 ′, 4,4′-tetraaminobiphenyl ether, 3,3′-dioxybenzidine, 1,8-naphthalenediamine, m (p) -monomethylphenylenediamine, 3,3′- Monomethylamino-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl ether, 4, N, N ′-(4-aminobenzoyl) -p (m) -phenylenediamine-2,2′-bis (4-aminophenylbenzimidazole), 2 , 2'-bis (4-aminophenylbenzoxazole), 2,2'-bis (4-amino) Secondary diamines
- the nanofiltration membrane is generally used as a spiral membrane module, but the nanofiltration membrane used in the present invention is also preferably used as a spiral membrane module.
- preferable nanofiltration membrane modules include, for example, GE Sepa, a nanofiltration membrane manufactured by GE Osmonics, which is a cellulose acetate-based nanofiltration membrane, NF99 or NF99HF, a nanofiltration membrane manufactured by Alfa Laval, which has a functional layer of polyamide, NF-45, NF-90, NF-200, NF-270, or NF-400, a nanofiltration membrane manufactured by Filmtec Co., Ltd.
- nanofiltration membrane modules SU-210, SU-220, SU-600 or SU-610 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc. having a functional layer of a polyamide containing the constituents shown, and more preferably Alfa Laval nano filter with polyamide as functional layer NF99 or NF99HF of a membrane, NF-45, NF-90, NF-200 or NF-400 of a nanofiltration membrane manufactured by Filmtec Co., which has a functional layer of cross-linked piperazine polyamide, and a main component of the above chemical formula 1 is a nanofiltration membrane module SU-210, SU-220, SU-600 or SU-610 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., which has a functional layer of a polyamide containing the constituent shown in 1.
- nanofiltration membrane module SU-210, SU-220 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., which includes a crosslinked piperazine polyamide as a main component and a functional layer of a polyamide containing the component represented by the above chemical formula 1.
- the nanofiltration membrane may be filtered, and pressure may be applied, and the filtration pressure is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 8 MPa. If the filtration pressure is lower than 0.1 MPa, the membrane permeation rate decreases, and if it is higher than 8 MPa, the membrane may be damaged. In addition, if the filtration pressure is in the range of 0.5 to 7 MPa, the membrane permeation flux is high, so that the sugar solution can be efficiently permeated and there is little possibility of affecting the membrane damage. More preferably, it is in the range of 1 to 6 MPa.
- a composite membrane using a cellulose acetate-based polymer as a functional layer (hereinafter, also referred to as a cellulose acetate-based reverse osmosis membrane) or a composite membrane using a polyamide as a functional layer (hereinafter referred to as a cellulose acetate-based reverse osmosis membrane) And a polyamide-based reverse osmosis membrane).
- cellulose acetate-based polymer organic acid esters of cellulose such as cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose butyrate and the like, or a mixture thereof and those using mixed esters can be mentioned. It is done.
- the polyamide includes a linear polymer or a crosslinked polymer having an aliphatic and / or aromatic diamine as a monomer.
- reverse osmosis membrane used in the present invention include, for example, ultra-low pressure type SUL-G10, SUL-G20, low pressure type SU-710, SU-, which are polyamide-based reverse osmosis membrane modules manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.
- SU-720F SU-710L, SU-720L, SU-720LF, SU-720R, SU-710P, SU-720P, high-pressure type SU-810, SU-820 including UTC80 as a reverse osmosis membrane, SU-820L, SU-820FA, the company's cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membrane SC-L100R, SC-L200R, SC-1100, SC-1200, SC-2100, SC-2200, SC-3100, SC-3200, SC-8100 , SC-8200, NTR-759HR, NTR-729HF, NT made by Nitto Denko Corporation -70 SWC, ES10-D, ES20-D, ES20-U, ES15-D, ES15-U, LF10-D, Alfa Laval RO98pHt, RO99, HR98PP, CE4040C-30D, GE GE Sepa, Filmtec BW30-4040 TW30-4040, X
- a reverse osmosis membrane having a polyamide material is preferably used. This is because when a cellulose acetate membrane is used for a long time, a part of an enzyme used in the previous step, particularly a cellulase component, may permeate to decompose cellulose as a membrane material.
- the membrane form an appropriate form such as a flat membrane type, a spiral type, and a hollow fiber type can be used.
- the filtration with the reverse osmosis membrane may apply pressure, and the filtration pressure is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 8 MPa. If the filtration pressure is lower than 0.1 MPa, the membrane permeation rate decreases, and if it is higher than 8 MPa, the membrane may be damaged. In addition, if the filtration pressure is in the range of 0.5 to 7 MPa, the membrane permeation flux is high, so that the sugar solution can be efficiently permeated and there is little possibility of affecting the membrane damage. More preferably, it is in the range of 1 to 6 MPa.
- the fermentation inhibitor is removed from the aqueous sugar solution by permeating through the nanofiltration membrane and / or the reverse osmosis membrane.
- the fermentation inhibitors HMF, furfural, acetic acid, formic acid, levulinic acid, vanillin, acetovanillin or syringic acid can be preferably permeated and removed.
- sugar contained in the aqueous sugar solution is blocked or filtered out on the non-permeation side of the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane.
- sugar monosaccharides such as glucose and xylose are the main components, but sugar components such as disaccharides and oligosaccharides that have not been completely decomposed to monosaccharides in the hydrolysis step of step (1) are also included. .
- the purified sugar solution obtained from the non-permeation side of the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane has a particularly high fermentation inhibitor content relative to the aqueous sugar solution before passing through the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane. Is reduced with respect to the initial content.
- the sugar component contained in the purified sugar liquid is a sugar derived from cellulose-containing biomass, and is essentially not significantly different from the sugar component obtained by hydrolysis in the step (1). That is, the monosaccharide contained in the purified sugar solution of the present invention is composed mainly of glucose and / or xylose. The ratio of glucose and xylose varies depending on the hydrolysis step of step (1) and is not limited by the present invention.
- the purified sugar solution obtained in the step (2) may be once concentrated using a concentrator represented by an evaporator, and the purified sugar solution may be further condensed with a nanofiltration membrane and / or a reverse osmosis membrane.
- a step of further increasing the concentration of purified sugar solution by filtering with a nanofiltration membrane and / or a reverse osmosis membrane can be preferably employed.
- the membrane used in this concentration step is a filtration membrane that removes ions and low molecular weight molecules by using a pressure difference equal to or higher than the osmotic pressure of the water to be treated as the driving force.
- cellulose-based cellulose acetate and polyfunctional amine compounds A film in which a polyamide separation functional layer is provided on a microporous support film by polycondensation with a polyfunctional acid halide can be employed.
- the surface of the polyamide separation functional layer is coated with an aqueous solution of a compound having at least one reactive group that reacts with an acid halide group,
- a low fouling membrane mainly for sewage treatment in which a covalent bond is formed between the acid halogen group remaining on the surface of the separation functional layer and the reactive group can also be preferably used.
- the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane used in the present invention has a higher blocking rate of monosaccharides such as glucose or xylose than at least the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane used in step (2). Higher ones can be more preferably adopted.
- nanofiltration membrane or reverse osmosis membrane used for concentration are the same as the specific examples of the nanofiltration membrane or reverse osmosis membrane.
- the water discharged from the filtrate in the step (2) may be reused for a step of producing a sugar such as hydrolysis or sugar purification or a step of producing a chemical such as fermentation or chemical purification later.
- the filtrate may be reused after being once filtered again with a nanofiltration membrane and / or a reverse osmosis membrane. More preferably, after the pH is adjusted to 1 to 5 and purified with a nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane, the filtrate is filtered through the nanofiltration membrane and / or reverse osmosis membrane, and then reused. How to do it.
- the pH is adjusted to 1 to 5 and purified with a nanofiltration membrane and / or a reverse osmosis membrane, and then the pH is further increased to select an organic acid particularly in the nanofiltration membrane and / or the reverse osmosis membrane. This is a method of performing the reuse by excluding it.
- the purified sugar solution obtained in the present invention contains glucose and / or xylose, which are carbon sources for the growth of microorganisms or cultured cells, as the main component, while fermenting furan compounds, organic acids, aromatic compounds and the like. Since the content of the inhibitor is extremely small, it can be used effectively as a fermentation raw material, particularly as a carbon source.
- the microorganisms or cultured cells used in the method for producing a chemical product of the present invention include, for example, yeasts such as baker's yeast often used in the fermentation industry, bacteria such as Escherichia coli and coryneform bacteria, filamentous fungi, actinomycetes, and animal cells. Insect cells and the like.
- yeasts such as baker's yeast often used in the fermentation industry
- bacteria such as Escherichia coli and coryneform bacteria
- filamentous fungi filamentous fungi, actinomycetes, and animal cells.
- Insect cells and the like The microorganisms and cells used may be those isolated from the natural environment, or may be those whose properties have been partially modified by mutation or genetic recombination.
- pentose such as xylose
- microorganisms with enhanced pentose metabolic pathway can be preferably used.
- the medium used in the method for producing a chemical product of the present invention is preferably a liquid medium containing, in addition to a purified sugar solution, a nitrogen source, inorganic salts, and if necessary, organic micronutrients such as amino acids and vitamins. used.
- the purified sugar liquid of the present invention contains monosaccharides that can be used by microorganisms, such as glucose and xylose, as a carbon source. In some cases, glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, lactose, etc.
- Saccharides starch saccharified solution containing these saccharides, sweet potato molasses, sugar beet molasses, high test molasses, organic acids such as acetic acid, alcohols such as ethanol, glycerin and the like may be added and used as a fermentation raw material.
- Nitrogen sources include ammonia gas, aqueous ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, nitrates, and other supplementary organic nitrogen sources such as oil cakes, soybean hydrolysates, casein degradation products, other amino acids, vitamins, Corn steep liquor, yeast or yeast extract, meat extract, peptides such as peptone, various fermented cells and hydrolysates thereof are used.
- inorganic salts phosphates, magnesium salts, calcium salts, iron salts, manganese salts, and the like can be appropriately added.
- the nutrient may be added as a preparation or a natural product containing it. Moreover, you may use an antifoamer as needed.
- Microorganism is usually cultured in the range of pH 4-8 and temperature 20-40 ° C.
- the pH of the culture solution is usually adjusted to a predetermined value within a pH range of 4 to 8 with an inorganic or organic acid, an alkaline substance, urea, calcium carbonate, ammonia gas, or the like. If it is necessary to increase the oxygen supply rate, means such as adding oxygen to the air to keep the oxygen concentration at 21% or higher, pressurizing the culture, increasing the stirring rate, or increasing the aeration rate can be used.
- a fermentation culture method known to those skilled in the art can be employed. From the viewpoint of productivity, WO2007 The continuous culture method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 097260 is preferably employed.
- the chemical product produced by the method for producing a chemical product of the present invention is not limited as long as it is a substance produced by the microorganism or cell in the culture solution.
- Specific examples of the chemical product produced in the present invention include substances that are mass-produced in the fermentation industry, such as alcohols, organic acids, amino acids, and nucleic acids.
- alcohols include ethanol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and glycerol.
- Examples of organic acids include acetic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, itaconic acid, citric acid, and nucleic acid.
- nucleosides such as inosine and guanosine
- nucleotides such as inosinic acid and guanylic acid
- diamine compounds such as cadaverine.
- the present invention can also be applied to the production of substances such as enzymes, antibiotics, and recombinant proteins.
- Organic acid fermentation inhibitors contained in the sugar solution were quantified by comparison with the standard under the HPLC conditions shown below.
- Reaction solution 5 mM p-toluenesulfonic acid, 20 mM Vistris, 0.1 mM EDTA ⁇ 2Na (flow rate 0.8 mL / min)
- Detection method electric conductivity temperature: 45 ° C.
- Rice straw was used as the cellulose-containing biomass.
- the cellulose-containing biomass was immersed in a 1% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and autoclaved (manufactured by Nitto Koatsu Co., Ltd.) at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes. After the treatment, solid-liquid separation was performed to separate into a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (hereinafter, dilute sulfuric acid treatment liquid) and sulfate-treated cellulose. Next, after mixing with sulfuric acid-treated cellulose and dilute sulfuric acid treatment solution so that the solid content concentration becomes 10% by weight, the pH was adjusted to around 5 with sodium hydroxide.
- Trichoderma cellulase (Sigma-Aldrich Japan) and Novozyme 188 (Aspergillus niger-derived ⁇ -glucosidase preparation, Sigma-Aldrich Japan) were added to this mixture as cellulase, and the hydrolysis reaction was carried out at 50 ° C. with stirring for 3 days. Went. Thereafter, centrifugation (3000 G) was performed to separate and remove undegraded cellulose or lignin to obtain an aqueous sugar solution. The turbidity of the aqueous sugar solution was 700 NTU. Furthermore, the composition of the fermentation inhibitor and monosaccharide contained in the aqueous sugar solution was as shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
- Rice straw was used as the cellulose-containing biomass.
- the cellulose-containing biomass was immersed in water and autoclaved (manufactured by Nitto Koatsu Co., Ltd.) at 180 ° C. for 20 minutes while stirring. The pressure at that time was 10 MPa.
- the solution component hereinafter, hydrothermal treatment liquid
- the treated biomass component were subjected to solid-liquid separation using centrifugation (3000 G).
- the pH of the hydrothermal treatment liquid was 4.0, and the turbidity of the hydrothermal treatment liquid was 800 NTU.
- RO water is added so that the solid content concentration becomes 15% by weight in terms of the above-mentioned completely dry treated biomass, and further Trichoderma cellulase (Sigma Aldrich Japan) as cellulase and Novozyme 188 (Aspergillus niger-derived ⁇ -glucosidase preparation, Sigma-Aldrich Japan) was added, and a hydrolysis reaction was performed while stirring and mixing at 50 ° C. for 3 days. Thereafter, centrifugation (3000 G) was performed to separate and remove undegraded cellulose or lignin to obtain an aqueous sugar solution.
- Trichoderma cellulase Sigma Aldrich Japan
- Novozyme 188 Aspergillus niger-derived ⁇ -glucosidase preparation, Sigma-Aldrich Japan
- the pH of the aqueous sugar solution was 5.2, and the turbidity of the aqueous sugar solution was 900 NTU. Furthermore, the composition of the fermentation inhibitor and monosaccharide contained in the hydrothermal treatment liquid and the aqueous sugar solution was as shown in Tables 3 and 4.
- the reactor was taken out from the oil bath, and ammonia gas was immediately leaked in the fume hood, and then the inside of the reactor was evacuated to 10 Pa with a vacuum pump to dry the cellulose-containing biomass. Pure water was stirred and mixed so that the treated cellulose-containing biomass and the solid content concentration were 15% by weight, and then the pH was adjusted to around 5 with sulfuric acid. To this mixture, Trichoderma cellulase (Sigma Aldrich Japan) and Novozyme 188 (Aspergillus niger-derived ⁇ -glucosidase preparation, Sigma Aldrich Japan) were added as cellulases, and the hydrolysis reaction was performed while stirring at 50 ° C. for 3 days. Went.
- aqueous sugar solution from which undegraded cellulose or lignin was separated and removed.
- the turbidity of the aqueous sugar solution was 600 NTU.
- the composition of the fermentation inhibitor and monosaccharide contained in the aqueous sugar solution was as shown in Tables 5 and 6.
- Example 1 Step of filtering a dilute sulfuric acid-treated / enzyme-treated sugar aqueous solution through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane
- the sugar aqueous solution obtained in Reference Example 3 was subjected to a nanofiltration membrane (NF membrane) or a reverse osmosis membrane (RO Examples of the process of filtering through a membrane), recovering the purified sugar solution from the non-permeate side, and removing the fermentation inhibitor from the permeate side will be described with examples.
- 20 L of the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 3 was further filtered using a PVDF membrane having a pore size of 0.05 ⁇ m and processed through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane module.
- the sugar aqueous solution 20L obtained in Example 2 was injected into the raw water tank 1 of the membrane filtration apparatus shown in FIG. Thereafter, 200 L of RO water was added to the raw water tank 1.
- a crosslinked piperazine polyamide-based nanofiltration membrane UTC60 (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) is set as the nanofiltration membrane indicated by reference numeral 7 in FIG. 2, and a crosslinked wholly aromatic polyamide-based reverse osmosis membrane UTC80 (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) is set as the RO membrane.
- the permeate was removed by adjusting the raw water temperature to 25 ° C. and the pressure of the high-pressure pump 3 to 3 MPa. A total of 200 L of permeate was removed, and a little less than 20 L of solution remaining in the raw water tank was made up to 20 L with RO water, and this was used as a purified sugar solution.
- the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 3 and the fermentation inhibitor (HMF, furfural, vanillin, acetovanillin, syringic acid) contained in the purified sugar solution are the HPLC conditions shown in Reference Example 1 and are compared with the sample. Quantified. The monosaccharide concentration was quantified by comparison with a sample under the HPLC conditions described in Reference Example 1. The results are summarized in Tables 7 and 8. Analysis showed that fermentation inhibitors include acetic acid, formic acid, furfural, HMF, vanillin, acetovanillin, syringic acid, and levulinic acid. Moreover, as a monosaccharide contained in each sugar solution, glucose and xylose were the main components.
- Example 2 Step of filtering a hydrothermal treatment / enzyme-treated sugar aqueous solution through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane
- the sugar aqueous solution obtained in Reference Example 4 is filtered through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane
- a purified sugar solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the fermentation inhibitor and the monosaccharide concentration were quantified.
- the results are summarized in Tables 9 and 10. Analysis showed that fermentation inhibitors include acetic acid, formic acid, furfural, HMF, vanillin, acetovanillin, and syringic acid.
- glucose and xylose were the main components.
- arabinose and mannose were also detected.
- Example 3 Step of filtering an ammonia-treated / enzyme-treated sugar aqueous solution through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane
- the sugar aqueous solution obtained in Reference Example 5 is filtered through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane
- a purified sugar solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the fermentation inhibitor and the monosaccharide were quantified.
- the results are summarized in Tables 11 and 12. Analysis showed that fermentation inhibitors include acetic acid, formic acid, furfural, HMF, vanillin, acetovanillin, and syringic acid.
- glucose and xylose were the main components.
- arabinose and mannose were also detected.
- Each purified sugar solution was confirmed to have a greatly reduced amount of fermentation inhibitor compared to the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 5. On the other hand, the sugar concentration is not greatly reduced.
- the fermentation inhibitor can be removed as a permeate and the fermentation inhibitor concentration is reduced from the non-permeate side. It was confirmed that the purified sugar solution was recovered.
- Example 5 Step of filtering a hydrothermal treatment liquid through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane
- the hydrothermal treatment liquid obtained in Reference Example 4 is filtered through a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane to obtain a non-permeate side.
- a purified sugar solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the fermentation inhibitor and the monosaccharide concentration were quantified.
- the results are summarized in Tables 13 and 14. Analysis showed that fermentation inhibitors include acetic acid, formic acid, furfural, HMF, vanillin, acetovanillin, and syringic acid.
- glucose and xylose were the main components.
- arabinose and mannose were also detected.
- Each purified sugar solution was confirmed to have a greatly reduced amount of fermentation inhibitor compared to the hydrothermal treatment solution obtained in Reference Example 4. On the other hand, the sugar concentration is not greatly reduced.
- the fermentation inhibitor can be removed as a permeate and the fermentation inhibitor concentration is reduced from the non-permeate side. It was confirmed that the purified sugar solution was recovered.
- Example 6 Step of filtering through a nanofiltration membrane or reverse osmosis membrane using a model sugar solution
- a model sugar solution of a sugar aqueous solution obtained by hydrolyzing biomass a sugar solution having a high sugar concentration (model sugar aqueous solution A) and sugar A low concentration (model sugar aqueous solution B) was prepared.
- Tables 15 and 16 show the respective compositions.
- Model sugar solutions A and B adjusted to pH 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 using sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide were filtered by the same method as in Example 1, and the permeate
- the fermentation inhibitory substance and sugar concentration contained in the sample were quantified by the method described in Reference Example 1.
- the results are shown in Tables 17-20.
- Monosaccharide permeability was different between model sugar solutions A and B, but no difference due to pH was observed.
- the difference was seen by pH about the permeability
- Example 7 Hydrothermal treatment / enzyme-treated sugar aqueous solution is filtered through a reverse osmosis membrane (fouling suppression effect by pH adjustment) The fouling suppression effect by pH adjustment of the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 4 was examined. 10 L of the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 4 was filtered through a microfiltration membrane (Millipore Corporation, pore size 0.45 ⁇ m PVDF membrane). The turbidity at this time was 1 NTU or less. Further, filtration was performed with an ultrafiltration membrane (GE SEPA PW series, polyethersulfone, molecular weight cut off 10,000).
- GE SEPA PW series polyethersulfone
- the filtrate was divided into 2 L portions and each was adjusted with sulfuric acid and ammonia so that the pH was 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7, and the same as in Example 1 until the raw water tank reached 0.5 L.
- concentration factor: 4 concentration factor
- the calculation results of the flux are shown in FIG. As a result, when the pH was 1, the flux was very small, and it took a long time for filtration. When the pH was 7, the flux decreased significantly during the operation. Even when the pH was 2, 3, and 5, a decrease was observed after about 1.5 hours. This was presumably because the osmotic pressure was significantly increased due to the increased sugar concentration.
- the concentration of monosaccharides and fermentation inhibitory substances in the aqueous sugar solution and the purified sugar solution are as shown in Tables 21 and 22, and the concentration of the fermentation inhibitory substances is low compared to the concentration of monosaccharides according to the concentration factor. It was confirmed that the fermentation inhibitor was removed from the aqueous sugar solution.
- Example 8 Step of filtering hydrothermal treatment liquid through nanofiltration membrane (fouling suppression effect of microfiltration membrane / ultrafiltration membrane)
- the fouling suppression effect in the case where the hydrothermal treatment liquid obtained in Reference Example 4 was filtered before being concentrated with the nanofiltration membrane was examined by an acceleration test with a reduced capacity.
- a solution obtained by subjecting the hydrothermal treatment liquid obtained in Reference Example 4 only to a centrifugal separation as it is, a solution subjected to a microfiltration membrane (Millipore Corp., pore size 0.45 ⁇ m PVDF membrane) treatment, an ultrafiltration membrane (GE SEPA PW series) , Polyethersulfone, molecular weight cut off 10,000) were prepared, and the pH was adjusted to 3.
- the turbidity at this time was 800 NTU for the centrifugal separation solution, and both of the remaining two types were 1 NTU or less.
- Each liquid 2L is filtered through the nanofiltration membrane in the same manner as in Example 1 until the raw water tank reaches 0.5L, and the flux amount when collecting the permeate is determined as the difference in the change in the total permeate amount over time. I calculated it.
- the calculation results of the flux are shown in FIG. As a result, the treatment with only the centrifugal separation had high turbidity and the flux decreased rapidly during concentration. It was inferred that the component defining the turbidity adhered to the membrane during concentration and rapidly deteriorated the filterability of the membrane.
- Example 9 Identification of fouling component
- the membrane after microfiltration while aeration and washing of the hydrothermal treatment liquid obtained in Reference Example 4 was vacuum-dried to obtain a scanning electron microscope apparatus (manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation) S-4800). Furthermore, component analysis was performed using an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EX-250 manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.) attached to the scanning electron microscope apparatus. As a result, a gel-like volume as shown in FIG. 5 and many particles of several nanometers to several microns were seen on the microfiltration membrane.
- EX-250 energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
- Example 10 Recovery of enzyme An example in which an enzyme is recovered from the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 1 will be described.
- a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane (diameter 44.5 mm, Millipore) with a molecular weight cut off of 10,000 was placed in the stirring cell 8000 series (Millipore) and pressurized using a nitrogen cylinder. Filtration was performed. In the pressure filtration, 50 mL of the sugar solution obtained in Example 1 was added to the non-permeate side, and 45 mL was removed as the permeate. The enzyme concentration (protein concentration) of 5 mL of the sugar solution remaining on the non-permeating side was measured.
- the enzyme concentration was measured using a BCA measurement kit (BCA Protein Assay Regent kit, Pierce), the absorbance at 562 nm was measured using bovine albumin (2 mg / mL) as a standard, and colorimetric quantification was performed. As a result, it was confirmed that the enzyme concentration recovered in Reference Example 1 can be recovered in the range of 10 to 60% as a relative value when the enzyme concentration at the initial charging was 100%.
- Example 11 Change in Fermentation Inhibitory Substance Removal Ability by Temperature of Sugar Solution
- the ammonia-treated / enzyme-treated sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 5 was filtered through a microfiltration membrane and an ultrafiltration membrane, it was further passed through a nanofiltration membrane.
- An example is given and demonstrated about the process which filters, collect
- 4 L of the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 5 was filtered through a microfiltration membrane (Millipore Corporation, pore diameter 0.45 ⁇ m PVDF membrane). The turbidity at this time was 1 NTU or less.
- filtration was performed with an ultrafiltration membrane (GE SEPAG PW series polyethersulfone molecular weight cut off 10,000).
- an ultrafiltration membrane GE SEPAG PW series polyethersulfone molecular weight cut off 10,000.
- the permeate was collected by filtration through an osmosis membrane.
- the solution was made up with RO water so that the solution became 2 L, and a purified sugar solution was obtained.
- the concentration of the purified sugar solution when the sugar aqueous solution temperature is 25 ° C. and 50 ° C. is as shown in Table 23, and the ability to remove the fermentation inhibitor was improved by increasing the sugar aqueous solution temperature. This is probably because the pore size of the membrane increased due to the temperature increase of the aqueous sugar solution.
- Example 12 Change in monosaccharide loss suppression level with sugar aqueous solution temperature
- the ammonia-treated / enzyme-treated sugar aqueous solution obtained in Reference Example 5 was filtered through a microfiltration membrane and an ultrafiltration membrane, and then passed through a nanofiltration membrane.
- An example is given and demonstrated about the process which filters, collect
- 4 L of the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 5 was filtered through a microfiltration membrane (Millipore Corporation, pore diameter 0.45 ⁇ m PVDF membrane). The turbidity at this time was 1 NTU or less.
- filtration was performed with an ultrafiltration membrane (GE SEPA PW series, polyethersulfone, molecular weight cut-off 10,000, manufactured by GE Osmonics).
- GE SEPA PW series polyethersulfone, molecular weight cut-off 10,000, manufactured by GE Osmonics.
- each 2 L was nano-sized in the same manner as in Example 1 until the raw water tank reached 0.5 L under the conditions of the aqueous sugar solution temperature of 25 ° C. or 10 ° C.
- the permeate was collected by filtration through a filtration membrane.
- the solution was made up with RO water so that the solution became 2 L, and a purified sugar solution was obtained.
- the concentration of the purified sugar solution when the sugar aqueous solution temperature is 25 ° C. and 10 ° C. is as shown in Table 24.
- the amount of sugar loss was improved by increasing the temperature. This is probably because the pore size of the membrane became smaller due to the decrease in the temperature of the aqueous sugar solution
- Example 13 Production Examples of Purified Sugar Solution Using Various Nanofiltration Membranes
- the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 3 was further filtered using a microfiltration membrane (Millipore Corporation, pore size 0.05 ⁇ m PVDF membrane). Then, 20 L of a solution obtained by diluting an aqueous sugar solution 20 times with RO water was subjected to nanofiltration membrane treatment until 1 L was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- cross-linked piperazine polyamide nanofiltration membrane UTC60 (Nanofiltration membrane 1; manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.), cross-linked piperazine polyamide nanofiltration membrane NF-400 (nanofiltration membrane 2; manufactured by Filmtec), polyamide nano A filtration membrane NF99 (nanofiltration membrane 3; manufactured by Alfa Laval) and a cellulose acetate-based nanofiltration membrane GE Sepa DK (nanofiltration membrane 4; manufactured by GE Osmonics) were used.
- the permeability of fermentation inhibitors (acetic acid, formic acid, HMF, furfural, vanillin, acetovanillin, syringic acid, levulinic acid) and the permeability of monosaccharides (glucose, xylose) contained in the permeate were calculated.
- monosaccharides glucose, xylose
- the nanofiltration membranes 1 to 3 that is, polyamide-based and cross-linked piperazine polyamide-based nanofiltration membranes, It was shown that the permeability was low while the permeability of fermentation inhibitors was high (Tables 25 and 26).
- Example 14 Production Examples of Purified Sugar Solution Using Various Reverse Osmosis Membranes
- the aqueous sugar solution obtained in Reference Example 5 was filtered through a microfiltration membrane (Millipore, pore diameter 0.45 ⁇ m PVDF membrane). The turbidity at this time was 1 NTU or less. Further, filtration was performed with an ultrafiltration membrane (GE SEPA PW series, polyethersulfone, molecular weight cut off 10,000). This filtrate was prepared with sulfuric acid so that the pH was 3, and 20 L was treated with a reverse osmosis membrane in the same manner as in Example 1.
- GE SEPA PW series polyethersulfone
- a cross-linked wholly aromatic polyamide-based reverse osmosis membrane UTC80 (reverse osmosis membrane 1; manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) and a cross-linked wholly aromatic polyamide-based reverse osmosis membrane UTC80 at 50 ° C. for 1 day are Novozymes that are cellulase enzyme solutions.
- Novozyme 188 (Aspergillus niger-derived ⁇ -glucosidase preparation, Sigma-Aldrich Ja The permeate was collected using a membrane (reverse osmosis membrane 5) soaked in RO and then washed with RO water until the amount of raw water was concentrated to one-fourth of that at the time of charging.
- the concentration of the fermentation inhibitor contained in the raw water tank and the permeate was analyzed by HPLC (manufactured by Shimadzu), and the fermentation inhibitor (acetic acid, The permeability of formic acid, HMF, furfural, vanillin, acetovanillin, syringic acid) and the permeability of monosaccharides (glucose, xylose) were calculated.
- reverse osmosis membranes 1-2 that is, polyamide-based and cross-linked wholly aromatic polyamide-based reverse osmosis membranes
- sugar permeability was low while the fermentation inhibitor permeability was high.
- cellulose acetate-based membranes have low cellulase resistance (Tables 27 and 28).
- Example 15 Comparison of Concentration Effect of Monosaccharide and Fermentation Inhibitory Substance
- a simple aqueous solution obtained by filtering an aqueous sugar solution through a nanofiltration membrane and / or a reverse osmosis membrane was used.
- the concentration of sugar and fermentation inhibitor was compared.
- 60 L of the ammonia-treated / enzyme-treated sugar aqueous solution obtained in Reference Example 5 was adjusted to pH 3 with aqueous ammonia and sulfuric acid, and then filtered through a microfiltration membrane. Furthermore, it filtered through the ultrafiltration membrane. The turbidity at this time was 0.5 NTU or less.
- This filtrate is divided into 3 types (20 L each), and processed in the same manner as in Example 7 until the amount on the stock solution side becomes 5 L only with the nanofiltration membrane (concentration 4 times), and the amount on the stock solution side with the nanofiltration membrane After processing (concentrate 2 times) until the volume reaches 10 L, process until the volume on the stock solution side becomes 10 L with the reverse osmosis membrane (concentrate 2 times further, concentrate 4 times in total).
- a crosslinked piperazine polyamide-based nanofiltration membrane UTC60 (Nanofiltration membrane 1; manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) is used, and as a reverse osmosis membrane, a crosslinked wholly aromatic polyamide-based reverse osmosis membrane UTC80 (reverse osmosis membrane 1; Toray Industries, Inc.). Used).
- Table 29 shows the results of HPLC analysis of the concentrations of monosaccharides and fermentation inhibitors contained in the purified sugar solution under the conditions shown in Reference Example 1.
- concentration when glucose was diluted to 50 g / L later in parentheses is shown.
- the concentration of fermentation inhibitors is lower than that of monosaccharides, and the ability to remove fermentation inhibitors per glucose concentration in the order of nanofiltration membrane treatment, reverse filtration membrane treatment after nanofiltration membrane treatment, and reverse osmosis membrane treatment Turned out to be good.
- Example 16 Example of production of purified sugar solution using low pressure / ultra-low pressure type reverse osmosis membrane In order to compare the concentration effect of monosaccharides and fermentation inhibitors according to the type of reverse osmosis membrane, the same method as in Example 6 was used. The model sugar solution was used for filtration through reverse osmosis membranes with different permeation flow rates. Table 30 shows the composition of each model sugar solution of an aqueous sugar solution obtained by hydrolyzing biomass.
- a reverse osmosis membrane Filmtec BW-30 (reverse osmosis membrane 6) as an example of a low pressure type, Toray Industries, Inc. SU-700 (reverse osmosis membrane 7), as an example of an ultra-low pressure type, KOCH TFC-ULP (reverse osmosis) Membrane 8), SUL-G10 (reverse osmosis membrane 9) manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., and DESAL-3B (reverse osmosis membrane 10) manufactured by DESAL of medium pressure type were used as a reference.
- Table 31 shows the permeation flow rate (m 3 / m 2 / day) of sodium chloride (500 mg / L) per unit area of the membrane at a filtration pressure of 0.75 MPa and pH 6.5 of each membrane.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a chemical product using the refined sugar solution obtained by the present invention as a fermentation raw material.
- L-lactic acid, D-lactic acid, ethanol, cadaverine, and succinic acid are used as chemical products. An example will be described.
- the chemicals that can be produced according to the present invention are not limited to the following examples.
- optical purity of L-lactic acid was calculated by the following formula.
- Optical purity (%) 100 ⁇ (LD) / (L + D)
- L represents the concentration of L-lactic acid
- D represents the concentration of D-lactic acid.
- the optical purity of D-lactic acid was calculated in the same manner.
- succinic acid The succinic acid accumulation concentration was analyzed by HPLC (Shimadzu Corporation LC10A, RI monitor: RID-10A, column: Aminex HPX-87H). The column temperature was 50 ° C. and the column was equilibrated with 0.01N H 2 SO 4 , and then the sample was injected and analyzed by eluting with 0.01N H 2 SO 4 .
- a yeast strain having L-lactic acid production capacity was constructed as follows.
- a yeast strain capable of producing L-lactic acid was constructed by linking the human-derived LDH gene downstream of the PDC1 promoter on the yeast genome.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- La-Taq Tikara Bio Inc.
- KOD-Plus-polymerase manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.
- pL-ldh gene expression plasmid pL-ldh5 (L-ldh gene) was obtained.
- pL-ldh5 which is a human-derived L-ldh gene expression vector
- FERM to the independent biological corporation National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (JST 1-1-1 Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture). Deposited as AP-20421 (Deposit date: February 21, 2005).
- a DNA fragment containing the TRP1 gene derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae of 1.2 kb was amplified by PCR using the plasmid pRS424 as an amplification template and the oligonucleotides represented by SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 7 as a primer set. Each DNA fragment was separated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and purified according to a conventional method.
- a product obtained by the PCR method using a mixture of the 1.3 kb fragment and the 1.2 kb fragment obtained here as an amplification template and the oligonucleotides represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 7 as a primer set is 1 2.5% agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out, and a 2.5 kb DNA fragment to which the human-derived LDH gene and TRP1 gene were linked was prepared according to a conventional method.
- the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC10505 strain was transformed with this 2.5 kb DNA fragment according to a conventional method so as not to require tryptophan.
- the obtained transformed cells were cells in which the human-derived LDH gene was linked downstream of the PDC1 promoter on the yeast genome.
- genomic DNA of a transformed cell was prepared according to a conventional method, and a 0.7 kb amplified DNA fragment was obtained by PCR using the oligonucleotides represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9 as a primer set. Confirmed by being.
- whether or not the transformed cells have the ability to produce lactic acid is determined by the HPLC method that lactic acid is contained in the culture supernatant obtained by culturing the transformed cells in SC medium (METHODS IN YEST GENETIC 2000 EDITION, CSHL PRESS). This was confirmed by measuring the amount of lactic acid.
- Strain SW-1 was cultured overnight in a test tube with 5 mL of fermentation medium (preculture medium) (preculture). Yeast was recovered from the preculture by centrifugation and washed thoroughly with 15 mL of sterile water. The washed yeast was inoculated into 100 mL of each medium having the composition described in Table 34, and cultured with shaking in a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask for 40 hours (main culture).
- L-lactic acid fermentation method (lactic acid bacteria)
- the medium used was the L-lactic acid bacteria fermentation medium shown in Table 35, which was used after high-pressure steam sterilization (121 ° C., 15 minutes).
- a lactic acid bacterium a prokaryotic microorganism Lactococcus lactis JCM7638 strain was used, and a lactic acid lactic acid fermentation medium having the composition shown in Table 35 was used as a medium.
- L-lactic acid contained in the fermentation broth was evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 1.
- glucose test Wako C (made by Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd.) was used for the measurement of glucose concentration.
- Lactococcus lactis JCM7638 strain was statically cultured at a temperature of 37 ° C. for 24 hours in a lactic acid fermentation medium purged with 5 mL of nitrogen gas shown in Table 35 in a test tube (preculture).
- the obtained culture solution was inoculated into 50 mL of a fresh lactic acid fermentation medium purged with nitrogen gas, and statically cultured at a temperature of 37 ° C. for 48 hours (main culture).
- the OC2 strain was cultured in a test tube with 5 mL of fermentation medium (preculture medium) with shaking overnight (preculture). Yeast was recovered from the precultured solution by centrifugation and washed well with 15 mL of sterile water. The washed yeast was inoculated into 100 mL of each medium having the composition described in Table 34 and cultured with shaking in a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask for 24 hours (main culture).
- Cadaverine fermentation (Corynebacterium glutamicum) As a microorganism for producing cadaverine, Corynebacterium glutamicum TR-CAD1 strain described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-222569 was used, and fermentation of cadaverine utilizing glucose was examined.
- a sugar solution was prepared so as to have a glucose composition shown in Table 36 as a carbon source and a pH of 7.0 with 3 M aqueous ammonia, and a cadaverine fermentation medium was prepared. The concentration of the product cadaverine was evaluated by the HPLC method.
- glucose test Wako C manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. was used for measuring the glucose concentration.
- Corynebacterium glutamicum TR-CAD1 strain was cultured with shaking in a test tube with addition of cadaverine fermentation medium supplemented with 5 mL of kanamycin (25 ⁇ g / mL) overnight (preculture).
- Corynebacterium glutamicum TR-CAD1 strain was recovered from the precultured solution by centrifugation and washed well with 15 mL of sterile water. The washed cells were inoculated into 100 mL of the above medium and cultured with shaking in a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask for 24 hours (main culture).
- Reference Example 12 D-Lactic Acid Fermentation
- the yeast NBRC10505 / pTM63 strain described in JP-A-2007-074939 is used as the microorganism, and the D-lactic acid production medium having the composition shown in Table 37 is used as the medium.
- the concentration of was measured by the same HPLC method as in Reference Example 1.
- glucose test Wako C manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. was used for measuring the glucose concentration.
- the NBRC10505 / pTM63 strain was cultured with shaking in a 5 mL D-lactic acid production medium overnight in a test tube (preculture).
- the obtained culture broth was inoculated into 50 mL of a fresh D-lactic acid production medium, and cultured with shaking at a temperature of 30 ° C. for 24 hours in a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask (main culture).
- Example 17 Chemical fermentation using purified sugar solution of dilute sulfuric acid-treated / enzyme-treated sugar solution 1 L of each sugar solution or purified sugar solution (nanofiltration membrane treatment, reverse osmosis membrane treatment) of Example 1 was added to a rotary evaporator ( Using Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.), by evaporating water under reduced pressure (200 hPa) and concentrating about 3 times, and using the reagent glucose as a comparison, each of the fermentation conditions of Reference Examples 8 to 13 A medium component suitable for each fermentation was prepared under the concentration condition of the medium component and used in the main culture. In the preculture, reagent monosaccharides were used, and each sugar solution was used only during the main culture. As a result, as shown in Table 39, fermentation treatment was suppressed and the accumulated concentration of chemicals was improved by membrane treatment as compared to untreated ones.
- Example 18 Chemical Fermentation Using Purified Sugar Liquid of Hydrothermal Treatment / Enzyme-treated Sugar Aqueous Solution
- a rotary evaporator Using Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.
- evaporating water under reduced pressure 200 hPa
- Reference Examples 8 to 13 Under fermentation conditions, medium components suitable for each fermentation were prepared under the concentration conditions of each medium component and used in the main culture.
- Example 19 Chemical fermentation using purified sugar solution of ammonia-treated / enzyme-treated sugar aqueous solution About 1 L of each sugar solution or purified sugar solution (nanofiltration membrane treatment, reverse osmosis membrane treatment) of Example 3 was added to a rotary evaporator ( Using Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.), water was evaporated under reduced pressure (200 hPa) and concentrated to about 1.2 times, and as a comparison, reagent glucose was used and shown in Reference Examples 8 to 13 Under fermentation conditions, medium components suitable for each fermentation were prepared under the concentration conditions of each medium component and used in the main culture. In the pre-culture, a reagent monosaccharide was used, and each sugar solution was used only during the main culture. As a result, as shown in Table 42, by performing membrane treatment, fermentation inhibition was suppressed as compared with untreated ones, and the accumulated concentration of chemicals was improved.
- Example 20 Chemical fermentation using purified sugar solution of hydrothermally treated sugar aqueous solution 1 L of sugar solution or purified sugar solution (NF membrane treatment, RO membrane treatment) of Example 4 is used for each rotary evaporator (manufactured by Tokyo Rika Kikai Co., Ltd.) ), By evaporating water under reduced pressure (200 hPa) and concentrating about 20 times, and using the reagent glucose as a comparison, the concentration of each medium component under the fermentation conditions shown in Reference Examples 8 to 13 Medium components suitable for each fermentation were prepared under the conditions and used in the main culture. In the pre-culture, a reagent monosaccharide was used, and each sugar solution was used only during the main culture. As a result, as shown in Table 43, by performing membrane treatment, fermentation inhibition was suppressed as compared with untreated ones, and the accumulated concentration of chemicals was improved.
- Example 21 Effect of pH of sugar aqueous solution on chemical production
- L-lactic acid fermentation in the case of different pH of sugar aqueous solution
- the two purified sugar solutions of Example 7 reverse osmosis membrane treatment with aqueous sugar solution pH 3 or pH 7
- the reagent glucose was used as a control.
- each purified sugar solution of Example 7 was adjusted to pH 5 with sulfuric acid and aqueous ammonia, and sugar solutions A and B were further diluted to a glucose concentration of 55 g / L (A: reverse osmosis membrane treatment with pH 3, B: pH 7 Yeast Synthetic Drop-out Medium Suppression Without Tryptophan (Sigma Aldrich Japan, Table 34 Dropout MX), Yeast Nitrogen Base w / o Amino Acid Ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulfate) was mixed at a ratio shown in the medium for L-lactic acid fermentation shown in Table 34 of Reference Example 8 to obtain purified sugar solutions A and B, respectively. Similarly, the reagent monosaccharide medium was prepared by mixing reagent glucose at the ratio shown in Table 34.
- Each medium was sterilized by filter (Millipore, Stericup 0.22 ⁇ m) and used for fermentation.
- Glucose Test Wako manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- the amount of lactic acid produced in each culture solution was measured by HPLC under the same conditions as the HPLC measurement of the organic acid in Reference Example 2.
- the yeast SW-1 strain was pre-cultured in a test tube with 5 mL of a reagent monosaccharide medium, and then the main culture was carried out with purified sugar solution A, B medium and reagent monosaccharide medium.
- the purified sugar solution obtained by treating the aqueous saccharide solution (pH 7) with the reverse osmosis membrane the purified saccharide solution obtained by the reverse osmosis membrane treatment with the aqueous saccharide solution (pH 3) increases the glucose consumption of microorganisms as in the reagent monosaccharide medium. It was confirmed that fermentation inhibition was reduced.
- the lactic acid accumulation concentration was also shown to be the same as that of the reagent monosaccharide medium in the purified saccharide solution medium that was filtered through a reverse osmosis membrane with an aqueous saccharide solution (pH 3).
- Example 22 Performance comparison of nanofiltration membrane and reverse osmosis membrane in chemical production
- purified sugar solution and reverse osmosis membrane by nanofiltration membrane We compared and examined ethanol fermentation using refined sugar solution, nanofiltration membrane, and purified sugar solution using reverse osmosis membrane.
- the three purified sugar solutions of Example 15 were used as a carbon source, and reagent glucose was used as a control.
- Example 15 About 0.5 L of each of the concentrated sugar solutions obtained in Example 15 was adjusted to pH 5 with aqueous ammonia, and the sugar solutions E, F, and G (E: nanofiltration membrane treatment) were further diluted to a glucose concentration of 55 g / L , F: reverse osmosis membrane treatment after nanofiltration membrane treatment, G: reverse osmosis membrane treatment), Yeast Synthetic Drop-out Medium Without Tryptophan (Sigma Aldrich Japan, Table 34 Dropout MX), Yeast Nitrogen Base / O Amino Acids and Ammonium Sulfate (Difco, Yeast NTbase) and ammonium sulfate (ammonium sulfate) were mixed at the ratio shown in Table 34 of Reference Example 8 to obtain purified sugar solutions C to E medium, respectively. Similarly, the reagent monosaccharide medium was prepared by mixing reagent glucose at the ratio shown in Table 34.
- Each medium was sterilized by filter (Millipore, Stericup 0.22 ⁇ m) and used for fermentation.
- Glucose Test Wako manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- the amount of ethanol produced in each culture solution was measured by GC under the conditions of Reference Example 1.
- the OC2 strain was precultured in a test tube with 5 mL of a reagent monosaccharide medium, and then the main culture was carried out with purified sugar solution CE medium and reagent monosaccharide medium.
- the glucose consumption and ethanol accumulation concentration of the microorganism were equivalent to the reagent monosaccharide medium, and it was confirmed that fermentation inhibition was reduced.
- E using a purified sugar solution using a reverse osmosis membrane although almost inferior to C and D, almost the same fermentation as the reagent monosaccharide medium was confirmed.
- a gapA gene promoter 500 bp upstream of the gapA gene, hereinafter referred to as gapA
- promoter 500 bp upstream of the gapA gene
- Each PCR amplified fragment was purified and the end was phosphorylated with T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.), and then ligated to the pUC118 vector (which was cleaved with the restriction enzyme HincII and the cut surface was dephosphorylated). Ligation was performed using DNA-Ligation-Kit-Ver.2 (Takara Bio Inc.). Escherichia coli DH5 ⁇ competent cells (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.) were transformed with the ligation solution, spread on an LB plate containing 50 ⁇ g / mL of antibiotic ampicillin, and cultured overnight. For the grown colonies, the plasmid DNA was collected with a miniprep, cut with the restriction enzyme HindIII, and a plasmid in which the gapA promoter was inserted was selected. All of these series of operations were performed according to the attached protocol.
- PCR was performed using E. coli W3110 genomic DNA obtained in ⁇ 1> as a template and oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 12 (CadAF2), SEQ ID NO: 13 (CadAR2)) as primer sets.
- the cadA gene encoding lysine decarboxylase was cloned.
- the PCR amplification reaction was performed under the same conditions as in ⁇ 1> except that only the extension reaction was changed to 2 minutes.
- the primers for gene amplification (SEQ ID NO: 12 (CadAF2), SEQ ID NO: 13 (CadAR2)) were prepared such that HindIII was added to the 5 ′ end and an XbaI recognition sequence was added to the 3 ′ end.
- the obtained DNA fragment was ligated to the pUC118 vector in the same manner as in ⁇ 1> to obtain a pUC118 vector in which the cadA gene was inserted.
- the obtained vector was cleaved with restriction enzymes HindIII and XbaI to confirm a plasmid into which the cadA gene was inserted.
- the pUC118 vector into which the cadA gene has been inserted is digested with restriction enzymes HindIII and XbaI, and the resulting DNA fragment containing the cadA gene is ligated to the HindIII / XbaI cleavage site of pUC19, and the resulting plasmid DNA is recovered. Then, an expression vector into which the cadA gene was inserted was selected by cutting with restriction enzymes HindIII and XbaI. The obtained plasmid was designated as pHS7.
- ⁇ 3> Cloning of Chloramphenicol Resistance Gene a vector pKD3 having a chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat gene) and a FLP recognition site (FRT) upstream and downstream thereof as a template, oligonucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 14, sequence)
- the cat gene was cloned by PCR using No. 15) as a primer set.
- the PCR amplification reaction was performed under the same conditions as in ⁇ 1> except that only the extension reaction was changed to 1 minute.
- the gene amplification primers (SEQ ID NO: 14 and SEQ ID NO: 15) were prepared such that BamHI was added to the 5 ′ end and a SacI recognition sequence was added to the 3 ′ end.
- the obtained DNA fragment was ligated to the pUC118 vector in the same manner as in ⁇ 1> to obtain a pUC118 vector into which the cat gene was inserted.
- the obtained vector was cleaved with restriction enzymes BamHI and SacI to confirm the plasmid into which the cat gene was inserted.
- pKS8 a pUC118 vector into which the gapA promoter has been inserted is cleaved with the restriction enzyme HindIII, and the resulting DNA fragment is introduced into the HindIII cleavage site of pKS5.
- PCR was performed using this plasmid DNA as a template and oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 16 (M13 RV), SEQ ID NO: 11 (KS030)) as a primer set.
- PremixTaq ExTaq Ver manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.
- a plasmid from which an amplified fragment of about 500 bp was obtained by this PCR was selected as a target plasmid. The plasmid thus obtained was designated as pKS8.
- DNA fragment containing gapA promoter, cadA gene, and cat gene by PCR using pKS8 obtained as described in ⁇ 4> as a template and oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 17 (KS032), SEQ ID NO: 18 (KS033)) as a primer set was amplified.
- KOD-Plus polymerase manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.
- the attached reaction buffer, dNTPmix, etc. were used.
- a 50 ⁇ L reaction system was prepared so that the plasmid DNA was 50 ng / sample, the primer was 50 pmol / sample, and KOD-Plus polymerase (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) was 1 unit / sample.
- the reaction solution was thermally denatured at 94 ° C. for 5 minutes with a PCR amplification device iCycler (manufactured by BIO-RAD), then 94 ° C. (thermal denature): 30 seconds, 65 ° C. (primer annealing): 30 seconds, 68 ° C. (Extension of complementary strand): 30 cycles of 3 minutes 30 seconds were performed, and then cooled to a temperature of 4 ° C.
- the obtained amplified fragment of about 3.5 kb was extracted from the agarose gel after electrophoresis according to a conventional method, and adjusted to 500 ng / ⁇ L.
- a strain in which plasmid pKD46 having FLP recombinase was introduced into W3110 strain was inoculated into 5 mL of LB medium and cultured overnight at 30 ° C. (preculture). 1% of the obtained preculture was inoculated into 5 mL of SOB medium (containing 1 mM arabinose), and cultured at 30 ° C. until OD600 reached 0.6 (main culture). The culture was collected by centrifugation, washed 3 times with ice-cooled 10% glycerol, and finally the cells were suspended in 50 ⁇ L of 10% glycerol.
- Example 23 Production of purified sugar solution containing xylose component
- the dilute sulfuric acid treatment solution of Reference Example 3 xylose concentration 15 g / L
- the hydrothermal treatment solution of Reference Example 4 xylose concentration 14 g / L
- the turbidity at this time was 1.0 NTU or less, respectively.
- a total of four types of sugar aqueous solutions were subjected to nanofiltration membrane treatment in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a purified sugar solution.
- a crosslinked piperazine polyamide-based nanofiltration membrane UTC60 (Nanofiltration membrane 1; manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) was used, and each was filtered until the amount of raw water was reduced to a quarter of that at the time of charging.
- the concentration of the fermentation inhibitor and monosaccharide contained in the concentrate of the raw water tank was analyzed by HPLC (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), the fermentation inhibitor (acetic acid, formic acid, HMF, furfural, vanillin, acetovanillin, Syringic acid) and monosaccharides (glucose, xylose), as shown in Tables 46 and 47.
- Example 24 Cadaverine fermentation by Escherichia coli using xylose sugar solution
- the medium used was a total of five types of the purified sugar solution of Example 23 as a carbon source, and a reagent monosaccharide using reagents glucose and xylose as a comparison.
- Sugar solutions F, G, H, and I prepared by adjusting 0.5L of each purified sugar solution to pH 5 with sulfuric acid and aqueous ammonia
- F nanofiltration membrane treatment with hydrothermal treatment solution at pH 3
- G nanofiltration with hydrothermal treatment solution at pH 7
- Membrane treatment H: Nanofiltration membrane treatment with dilute sulfuric acid treatment solution at pH 3
- I Nanofiltration membrane treatment with dilute sulfuric acid treatment solution at pH 7, Table 48 shows magnesium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and polypeptone S
- the purified sugar solutions F to I were mixed at the ratios shown in FIG.
- the reagent monosaccharide medium was prepared by mixing at a ratio shown in Table 48 so that the reagent xylose was 50 g / L. Each medium was subjected to filter sterilization (Millipore, Stericup 0.22 ⁇ m) and used for fermentation. For quantification of the xylose concentration, a xylose concentration measurement kit (Megazyme) was used.
- the W3110 (gapA-cadA) strain was cultured in a test tube with shaking overnight in 5 mL of a reagent monosaccharide medium (preculture).
- the cells were collected from the precultured solution by centrifugation and washed thoroughly with 15 mL of sterilized water.
- the washed cells were inoculated into 100 mL of each medium described in Table 56 and cultured with shaking in a 500 mL Sakaguchi flask for 24 hours.
- Table 49 xylose consumption is increased in the purified sugar solutions G and I subjected to nanofiltration membrane treatment at pH 7 and in the purified sugar solutions F and H subjected to nanofiltration membrane treatment at pH 3, It was confirmed that fermentation inhibition was reduced.
- the cadaverine accumulation concentration is the same as that of the medium using the reagent monosaccharide.
- the present invention it is possible to remove fermentation inhibitors from an aqueous sugar solution derived from cellulose-containing biomass, while producing a purified sugar solution containing monosaccharides such as glucose and xylose with high purity and high yield. Therefore, when the purified sugar liquid is used as a fermentation raw material, the efficiency of fermentation production of various chemical products can be improved.
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Abstract
Description
(1)セルロース含有バイオマスを加水分解し、糖水溶液を製造する工程
(2)得られた糖水溶液をナノ濾過膜および/または逆浸透膜に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程
を含む、糖液の製造方法。
得られた糖水溶液に含まれる単糖濃度は、下記に示すHPLC条件で、標品との比較により定量した。
カラム:Luna NH2(Phenomenex社製)
移動相:超純水:アセトニトリル=25:75(流速0.6mL/min)
反応液:なし
検出方法:RI(示差屈折率)
温度:30℃。
糖液に含まれるフラン系発酵阻害物質(HMF、フルフラール)、およびフェノール系発酵阻害物質(バニリン、アセトバニリン、シリンガ酸、レブリン酸、4-ヒドロキシ安息香酸)は下記に示すHPLC条件で、標品との比較により定量した。
カラム:Synergi HidroRP 4.6mm×250mm(Phenomenex製)
移動相:アセトニトリル-0.1% H3PO4(流速1.0mL/min)
検出方法:UV(283nm)
温度:40℃。
カラム:Shim-Pack SPR-HとShim-Pack SCR101H(株式会社島津製作所製)の直列
移動相:5mM p-トルエンスルホン酸(流速0.8mL/min)
反応液:5mM p-トルエンスルホン酸、20mM
ビストリス、0.1mM EDTA・2Na(流速0.8mL/min)
検出方法:電気伝導度
温度:45℃。
工程(1)のセルロース含有バイオマスを加水分解する工程に関し、0.1~15重量%の希硫酸および酵素を使用するセルロース含有バイオマスの加水分解方法について例を挙げて説明する。
工程(1)のセルロース含有バイオマスを加水分解する工程に関し、水熱処理および酵素を使用するセルロース含有バイオマスの加水分解方法について例を挙げて説明する。
工程(1)のセルロース含有バイオマスを加水分解する工程に関し、5.0~100重量%アンモニア水のおよび酵素を使用するセルロース含有バイオマスの加水分解方法について例を挙げて説明する。セルロース含有バイオマスとして、稲藁を使用した。前記セルロース含有バイオマスを小型反応器(耐圧硝子工業株式会社製、TVS-N2 30mL)に投入し、液体窒素で冷却した。この反応器にアンモニアガスを流入し、試料を完全に液体アンモニアに浸漬させた。リアクターの蓋を閉め、室温で15分ほど放置した。次いで、150℃のオイルバス中にて1時間処理した。処理後、反応器をオイルバスから取り出し、ドラフト中で直ちにアンモニアガスをリーク後、さらに真空ポンプで反応器内を10Paまで真空引きし前記セルロース含有バイオマスを乾燥させた。この処理セルロース含有バイオマスと固形分濃度が15重量%となるように純水を攪拌混合した後、硫酸によって、pHを5付近に調整した。この混合液に、セルラーゼとしてトリコデルマセルラーゼ(シグマ・アルドリッチ・ジャパン)およびノボザイム188(アスペルギルスニガー由来βグルコシダーゼ製剤、シグマ・アルドリッチ・ジャパン)を添加し、50℃で3日間攪拌混同しながら、加水分解反応を行った。その後、遠心分離(3000G)を行い、未分解セルロースあるいはリグニンを分離除去した糖水溶液を得た。糖水溶液の濁度は600NTUであった。さらに糖水溶液に含まれる発酵阻害物質および単糖の組成は表5および6の通りであった。
参考例3で得られた糖水溶液をナノ濾過膜(NF膜)または逆浸透膜(RO膜)に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程に関し、実施例を挙げて説明する。参考例3で得られた糖水溶液20Lを、さらに細孔径0.05μmPVDF膜を使用して濾過を行い、ナノ濾過膜または逆浸透膜モジュールに通じて処理を行った。図1に示す、膜濾過装置の原水槽1に実施例2で得られた糖水溶液20Lを注入した。その後、原水槽1に200LのRO水を添加した。図2の符号7に示されるナノ濾過膜として、架橋ピペラジンポリアミド系ナノ濾過膜UTC60(東レ株式会社製)、RO膜として架橋全芳香族ポリアミド系逆浸透膜UTC80(東レ株式会社製)をセットし、原水温度を25℃、高圧ポンプ3の圧力を3MPaに調整し、透過液を除去した。透過液は、計200L除去し、原水槽に残った20L弱の溶液を、RO水により20Lにメスアップし、これを精製糖液とした。
参考例4で得られた糖水溶液をナノ濾過膜または逆浸透膜に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程に関し、実施例1と同様の方法で精製糖液を得て、発酵阻害物質と単糖濃度を定量した。その結果を表9および10にまとめた。発酵阻害物質としては、酢酸、ギ酸、フルフラール、HMF、バニリン、アセトバニリン、シリンガ酸が含まれることが分析より示された。またそれぞれの糖液に含まれる単糖としては、グルコースおよびキシロースが主成分であった。また極少量ではあるが、アラビノース、マンノースに関しても検出された。
参考例5で得られた糖水溶液をナノ濾過膜または逆浸透膜に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程に関し、実施例1と同様の方法で精製糖液を得て、発酵阻害物質と単糖を定量した。その結果を表11および12にまとめた。発酵阻害物質としては、酢酸、ギ酸、フルフラール、HMF、バニリン、アセトバニリン、シリンガ酸が含まれることが分析より示された。またそれぞれの糖液に含まれる単糖としては、グルコースおよびキシロースが主成分であった。また極少量ではあるが、アラビノース、マンノースに関しても検出された。
参考例4で得られた水熱処理液をナノ濾過膜または逆浸透膜に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程に関し、実施例1と同様の方法で精製糖液を得て、発酵阻害物質と単糖濃度を定量した。その結果を表13および14にまとめた。発酵阻害物質としては、酢酸、ギ酸、フルフラール、HMF、バニリン、アセトバニリン、シリンガ酸が含まれることが分析より示された。またそれぞれの糖液に含まれる単糖としては、グルコースおよびキシロースが主成分であった。また極少量ではあるが、アラビノース、マンノースに関しても検出された。
バイオマスを加水分解処理した糖水溶液のモデル糖液として糖濃度の高いもの(モデル糖水溶液A)と糖濃度の低いもの(モデル糖水溶液B)を用意した。表15および16に各々の組成を示す。
参考例4で得られた糖水溶液のpH調整によるファウリング抑制効果を調べた。参考例4で得られた糖水溶液10Lを、精密濾過膜(ミリポア社製、細孔径0.45μmPVDF膜)で濾過した。この時の濁度は1NTU以下であった。さらに限外濾過膜(GE SEPA PWシリーズ、ポリエーテルスルホン、分画分子量10000)で濾過を行った。その後、この濾液を2Lずつに分けてpHを1、2、3、5、7となるように硫酸およびアンモニアを用いてそれぞれ調製し、原水槽が0.5Lになるまで実施例1と同様の方法で逆浸透膜に通じて濾過(濃縮倍率4倍)し、透過液を回収する際のフラックス量を透過液合計量の経時変化の差分をとって計算した。フラックスの計算結果を図3に示す。その結果、pHが1の時はフラックスが非常に小さく濾過に長時間かかり、pHが7の時は運転途中からのフラックス低下が顕著に現れた。pHが2,3,5の時も約1.5時間後から低下が見られるがこれは糖濃度が高くなり浸透圧が大幅に上昇したためと推察された。また、糖水溶液と精製糖液の単糖および発酵阻害物質濃度は表21および22に示す通りであり、単糖は濃縮倍率通り濃縮されるのに比べ、発酵阻害物質の濃縮の程度は低く、糖水溶液から発酵阻害物質が除去されていることが確認できた。
参考例4で得られた水熱処理液をナノ濾過膜で濃縮する前に濾過処理した場合のファウリング抑制効果について、容量を減らした加速度試験により調べた。参考例4で得られた水熱処理液をそのまま遠心分離処理のみ行った液、精密濾過膜(ミリポア社製、細孔径0.45μmPVDF膜)処理を行った液、限外濾過膜(GE SEPA PWシリーズ、ポリエーテルスルホン、分画分子量10000)処理を行った液の3種類用意してpHを3に調整した。この時の濁度は遠心分離処理液が800NTU、残り2種は共に1NTU以下であった。各液2Lを原水槽が0.5Lになるまで実施例1と同様の方法でナノ濾過膜に通じて濾過し、透過液を回収する際のフラックス量を透過液合計量の経時変化の差分をとって計算した。フラックスの計算結果を図4に示す。その結果、遠心分離のみの処理では濁度も高く濃縮中にフラックスが急激に低下した。濁度を規定している成分が濃縮中に膜に付着して膜の濾過性を急激に悪化させたと推察された。
参考例4で得られた水熱処理液を曝気して洗浄しながら精密濾過した後の膜を、真空乾燥させて走査電子顕微鏡装置(株式会社日立ハイテクノロジーズ製S-4800)により観察した。さらに該走査電子顕微鏡装置に付随のエネルギー分散型X線分析装置(株式会社堀場製作所製EX-250)を用いて成分分析を行った。その結果、精密濾過膜上に図5に示すようなゲル状の体積物と数nmから数ミクロンレベルの粒子が多数見られた。この成分をエネルギー分散型X線分析装置のマッピングモードで成分の分散を調べたところ、Si(ケイ素)およびO(酸素)が粒子と同様の場所に多く検出された(図6)。この粒子状のものはSiO2(シリカ)と推察される。また周りのゲル状の成分としてC(炭素)およびO(酸素)が観察された。以上からゲル状のものは未分解のセルロース、リグニンなどと考えられた。さらに精密濾過した濾液を限外濾過膜で濾過し、限外濾過膜をRO水で軽く洗浄した後、真空乾燥させて走査電子顕微鏡で20kVの電圧をかけながら100倍の倍率にしてエネルギー分散型X線分析装置で元素分析のみを異なる3点でおこなった。結果、C(炭素)が72~77%、O(酸素)が20~25%検出された。以上から除去成分は水溶性の多糖、タンニン、ポリフェノールなどが限外濾過膜上に堆積し除去されると推察された。
上記参考例1で得られた糖水溶液より酵素を回収した例を説明する。酵素の回収には、分画分子量10,000のポリエーテルスルホン製限外濾過膜(直径44.5mm、ミリポア)を攪拌式セル8000シリーズ(ミリポア)に設置し、窒素ボンベを使用して加圧ろ過を行った。加圧ろ過は、実施例1で得られた糖液50mLを非透過側に投入し、透過液として45mLを除去した。非透過側に残った糖液5mLの酵素濃度(タンパク質濃度)を測定した。酵素濃度は、BCA測定キット(BCA Protein Assay Regent kit、ピアス社)を使用して行い、牛アルブミン(2mg/mL)を標品として、562nmの吸光度を測定し、比色定量を行った。その結果、初期投入時の酵素濃度100%として、参考例1で回収された酵素濃度は、相対値として10~60%の範囲回収できることが確認できた。
参考例5で得られたアンモニア処理・酵素処理糖水溶液を精密濾過膜、限外濾過膜で濾過後、さらにナノ濾過膜に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程に関し、実施例を挙げて説明する。参考例5で得られた糖水溶液4Lを、精密濾過膜(ミリポア社製、細孔径0.45μmPVDF膜)で濾過した。この時の濁度は1NTU以下であった。さらに限外濾過膜(GE SEPAG PWシリーズ ポリエーテルスルホン 分画分子量10000)で濾過を行った。この糖水溶液をpHが3になるように硫酸で調製した後、2Lずつを糖水溶液温度25℃または50℃の条件下で原水槽が0.5Lになるまで実施例1と同様の方法で逆浸透膜に通じて濾過し、透過液を回収した。濾過を終えたら共に液が2LとなるようにRO水でメスアップし精製糖液とした。糖水溶液温度が25℃の場合と50℃の場合の精製糖液の濃度は表23に示す通りであり、糖水溶液温度上昇によって発酵阻害物質の除去能が改善された。糖水溶液温度上昇によって膜の孔径が大きくなったためと推察された。
参考例5で得られたアンモニア処理・酵素処理糖水溶液を精密濾過膜、限外濾過膜で濾過後、さらにナノ濾過膜に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程に関し、実施例を挙げて説明する。参考例5で得られた糖水溶液4Lを、精密濾過膜(ミリポア社製、細孔径0.45μmPVDF膜)で濾過した。この時の濁度は1NTU以下であった。さらに限外濾過膜(GE SEPA PWシリーズ、ポリエーテルスルホン、分画分子量10,000、GE Osmonics社製)で濾過を行った。この糖水溶液をpHが3になるように硫酸で調製した後、2Lずつを糖水溶液温度25℃または10℃の条件下で原水槽が0.5Lになるまで実施例1と同様の方法でナノ濾過膜に通じて濾過し、透過液を回収した。濾過を終えたら共に液が2LとなるようにRO水でメスアップし精製糖液とした。糖水溶液温度が25℃の場合と10℃の場合の精製糖液の濃度は表24に示す通りであり、温度上昇によって糖の損失量が改善された。糖水溶液温度の低下によって膜の孔径が小さくなったためと推察された。
参考例3で得られた糖水溶液を、さらに精密濾過膜(ミリポア社製、細孔径0.05μmPVDF膜)を使用して濾過を行い、糖水溶液をRO水で20倍希釈した溶液20Lを実施例1と同様の方法により1Lになるまでナノ濾過膜処理した。90φナノ濾過膜として、架橋ピペラジンポリアミド系ナノ濾過膜UTC60(ナノ濾過膜1;東レ株式会社製)、架橋ピペラジンポリアミド系ナノ濾過膜NF-400(ナノ濾過膜2;フィルムテック製)、ポリアミド系ナノ濾過膜NF99(ナノ濾過膜3;アルファラバル製)、酢酸セルロース系ナノ濾過膜GE Sepa DK(ナノ濾過膜4;GE Osmonics社製)を使用した。透過液に含まれる発酵阻害物質(酢酸、ギ酸、HMF、フルフラール、バニリン、アセトバニリン、シリンガ酸、レブリン酸)の透過率および単糖(グルコース、キシロース)の透過率を計算した。その結果、いずれのナノ濾過膜においても単糖と発酵阻害物質を阻害することができたが、特にナノ濾過膜1~3、すなわちポリアミド系、架橋ピペラジンポリアミド系のナノ濾過膜が、単糖の透過率が低く、一方で発酵阻害物質の透過率が高いことが示された(表25および26)。
参考例5で得られた糖水溶液を精密濾過膜(ミリポア社製、細孔径0.45μmPVDF膜)で濾過した。この時の濁度は1NTU以下であった。さらに限外濾過膜(GE SEPA PWシリーズ、ポリエーテルスルホン、分画分子量10000)で濾過を行った。この濾液をpHが3になるように硫酸で調製した後、20Lを実施例1と同様の方法により逆浸透膜処理した。逆浸透膜として、架橋全芳香族ポリアミド系逆浸透膜UTC80(逆浸透膜1;東レ株式会社製)、架橋全芳香族ポリアミド系逆浸透膜UTC80を50℃で1日間、セルラーゼ酵素液であるノボザイム188(アスペルギルスニガー由来βグルコシダーゼ製剤、シグマ・アルドリッチ・ジャパン)に浸した後RO水で洗浄した膜(逆浸透膜2)、ポリアミド系逆浸透膜DESAL-3B(逆浸透膜3;DESAL製)、酢酸セルロース系逆浸透膜GE SEPA CE(逆浸透膜4;GE Osmonics製)(比較例)、酢酸セルロース系逆浸透膜GE SEPA CE(GE Osmonics製)を50℃で1日間、セルラーゼ酵素液であるノボザイム188(アスペルギルスニガー由来βグルコシダーゼ製剤、シグマ・アルドリッチ・ジャパン)に浸した後RO水で洗浄した膜(逆浸透膜5)を使用し、原水の液量が投入時の4分の1に濃縮されるまで透過液を回収した。
単糖および発酵阻害物質の濃縮効果を比較するため、糖水溶液をナノ濾過膜および/または逆浸透膜に通じて濾過した場合の単糖と発酵阻害物質の濃縮度を比較した。参考例5で得られたアンモニア処理・酵素処理糖水溶液60Lをアンモニア水および硫酸でpH3に調製した後、精密濾過膜で濾過した。さらに限外濾過膜を通して濾過した。この時の濁度は0.5NTU以下であった。この濾液を3種類(20Lずつ)に分けて、実施例7と同様の方法でナノ濾過膜のみで原液側の量が5Lになるまで処理(4倍濃縮)、ナノ濾過膜で原液側の量が10Lになるまで処理(2倍濃縮)後に逆浸透膜で原液側の量が10Lになるまで処理(さらに2倍濃縮、合わせて4倍濃縮)、逆浸透膜のみで原液側の量が5Lになるまで処理(4倍濃縮)を行った。ナノ濾過膜として、架橋ピペラジンポリアミド系ナノ濾過膜UTC60(ナノ濾過膜1;東レ株式会社製)を、逆浸透膜として、架橋全芳香族ポリアミド系逆浸透膜UTC80(逆浸透膜1;東レ株式会社製)用いた。
逆浸透膜の種類に応じた単糖および発酵阻害物質の濃縮効果を比較するため、実施例6と同様の方法でモデル糖液を用いて透過流量の異なる逆浸透膜に通じて濾過を行った。バイオマスを加水分解処理した糖水溶液のモデル糖液各々の組成を表30に示す。
[L-乳酸、D-乳酸]
L-乳酸またはD-乳酸蓄積濃度測定にはHPLC法により乳酸量を測定することで確認した。
カラム:Shim-Pack SPR-H(株式会社島津製作所製)
移動相:5mM p-トルエンスルホン酸(流速0.8mL/min)
反応液:5mM p-トルエンスルホン酸、20mM ビストリス、0.1mM EDTA・2Na(流速0.8mL/min)
検出方法:電気伝導度
温度:45℃。
カラム:TSK-gel Enantio L1(東ソー株式会社製)
移動相 :1mM 硫酸銅水溶液
流速:1.0mL/min
検出方法 :UV254nm
温度 :30℃。
ここで、LはL-乳酸の濃度、DはD-乳酸の濃度を表す。なお、D-乳酸の光学純度も同様に計算した。
エタノール蓄積濃度の測定には、ガスクロマトグラフ法により定量した。Shimadzu GC-2010キャピラリーGC TC-1(GL science) 15 meter L.*0.53 mm I.D., df1.5 μmを用いて、水素炎イオン化検出器により検出・算出して評価した。
カダベリンは以下に示すHPLC法によって評価した。
使用カラム:CAPCELL PAK C18(株式会社資生堂製)
移動相:0.1%(w/w)リン酸水溶液:アセトニトリル=4.5:5.5
検出:UV360nm
サンプル前処理:分析サンプル25μLに内標として、1,4-ジアミノブタン(0.03M)を25μL、炭酸水素ナトリウム(0.075M)を150μLおよび2,4-ジニトロフルオロベンゼン(0.2M)のエタノール溶液を添加混合し、37℃の温度で1時間保温する。
上記の反応溶液50μLを1mLアセトニトリルに溶解後、10,000rpmで5分間遠心した後の上清10μLをHPLC分析した。
コハク酸蓄積濃度の測定については、HPLC(株式会社島津製作所 LC10A、RIモニター:RID-10A、カラム:アミネックスHPX-87H)で分析した。カラム温度は50℃、0.01N H2SO4でカラムを平衡化した後、サンプルをインジェクションし、0.01N H2SO4で溶出して分析を行った。
L-乳酸生産能力を持つ酵母株を下記のように造成した。ヒト由来LDH遺伝子を酵母ゲノム上のPDC1プロモーターの下流に連結することでL-乳酸生産能力を持つ酵母株を造成した。ポリメラーゼ・チェーン・リアクション(PCR)には、La-Taq(タカラバイオ株式会社)、あるいはKOD-Plus-polymerase(東洋紡株式会社製)を用い、付属の取扱説明に従って行った。
参考例7で得られた酵母株(SW-1)によるL-乳酸発酵を行った。培地は、炭素源としてグルコース、他成分としてYeast Synthetic Drop-out Medium Supplement Without Tryptophan(シグマ・アルドリッチ・ジャパン、表34ドロップアウトMX)、Yeast Nitrogen Base w/o Amino Acids and Ammonium Sulfate(Difco、Yeast NTbase)および硫酸アンモニウム(硫安)を表34に示す比率で混合した。培地はフィルター滅菌(ミリポア、ステリカップ0.22μm)を行い発酵に用いた。グルコース濃度の定量は、グルコーステスト和光(和光純薬工業株式会社製)を使用した。また、各培養液中に産生された乳酸量は、参考例6と同様の条件でHPLCにより測定した。
培地には表35に示すL-乳酸菌発酵培地を用い、高圧蒸気滅菌処理(121℃、15分)して用いた。乳酸菌としては、原核微生物であるラクトコッカス・ラクティス(Lactococcus lactis)JCM7638株を用い、培地として表35に示す組成の乳酸菌乳酸発酵培地を用いた。発酵液に含まれるL-乳酸は、参考例1と同様の方法で評価した。また、グルコース濃度の測定には、グルコーステストワコーC(和光純薬工業株式会社製)を用いた。
酵母株(OC2、サッカロマイセス・セレビシエ、ワイン酵母)によるエタノール発酵を検討した。培地は、参考例8の組成の培地をフィルター滅菌(ミリポア、ステリカップ0.22μm)したものを発酵に用いた。グルコース濃度の定量は、グルコーステスト和光(和光純薬工業株式会社製)を使用した。また、各培養液中に産生されたエタノール量は参考例7と同様の条件でGCにより測定した。
カダベリンを生産させる微生物として、特開2004-222569号公報に記載のコリネバクテリウム・グルタミカム(Corynebacterium gulutamicum)TR-CAD1株用い、グルコースを資化するカダベリンの発酵を検討した。培地は、炭素源として表36に示すグルコース組成になりかつ3Mのアンモニア水でpHを7.0になるように糖液を調製し、カダベリン発酵培地を調整した。生産物であるカダベリンの濃度の評価はHPLC法により測定した。また、グルコース濃度の測定にはグルコーステストワコーC(和光純薬工業株式会社製)を用いた。
微生物として、特開2007-074939記載の酵母NBRC10505/pTM63株を用い、培地として表37に示す組成のD-乳酸生産培地を用い、生産物であるD-乳酸の濃度の評価は参考例1と同様のHPLC法により測定した。また、グルコース濃度の測定には、グルコーステストワコーC(和光純薬工業株式会社製)を用いた。
コハク酸の生産能力のある微生物として、アナエロビオスピリラム・サクシニシプロデュセンス(Anaerobiospirillum succiniciniciproducens)ATCC53488株によるコハク酸の発酵を行った。表38の組成からなる種培養用培地100mLを、125mL容三角フラスコに入れ加熱滅菌した。
実施例1の糖水溶液または精製糖液(ナノ濾過膜処理、逆浸透膜処理)各1Lをロータリーエバポレーター(東京理化器械株式会社製)を用いて、減圧下(200hPa)で水を蒸発させて約3倍程度に濃縮したものならびに比較として試薬グルコースを使用して、参考例8から13の発酵条件で各培地成分の濃度条件下で各発酵に適した培地成分を調製して本培養で使用した。なお、前培養では試薬単糖を用い、本培養時のみ各糖液を用いた。その結果、表39に見られる通り、膜処理をすることにより未処理のものに比べて発酵阻害が抑制され化学品の蓄積濃度が改善した。
実施例2の糖水溶液または精製糖液(ナノ濾過膜処理、逆浸透膜処理)各約1Lをロータリーエバポレーター(東京理化器械株式会社製)を用いて、減圧下(200hPa)で水を蒸発させて約1.2倍程度に濃縮したものならびに比較として試薬グルコースを使用して、参考例8から13に示した発酵条件で各培地成分の濃度条件下で各発酵に適した培地成分を調製して本培養で使用した。なお、前培養では試薬単糖を用い、本培養時のみ各糖液を用いた。その結果、表41に見られる通り、膜処理をすることにより未処理のものに比べて発酵阻害が抑制され化学品の蓄積濃度が改善した。
実施例3の糖水溶液または精製糖液(ナノ濾過膜処理、逆浸透膜処理)各約1Lをロータリーエバポレーター(東京理化器械株式会社製)を用いて、減圧下(200hPa)で水を蒸発させて約1.2倍程度に濃縮したものおよび比較として試薬グルコースを使用して、参考例8から13に示した発酵条件で各培地成分の濃度条件下で各発酵に適した培地成分を調製して本培養で使用した。なお、前培養では試薬単糖を用い、本培養時のみ各糖液を用いた。その結果、表42に見られる通り膜処理をすることにより未処理のものに比べて発酵阻害が抑制され化学品の蓄積濃度が改善した。
実施例4の糖水溶液または精製糖液(NF膜処理、RO膜処理)各1Lをロータリーエバポレーター(東京理化器械株式会社製)を用いて、減圧下(200hPa)で水を蒸発させて約20倍程度に濃縮したものおよび比較として試薬グルコースを使用して、参考例8から13に示した発酵条件で各培地成分の濃度条件下で各発酵に適した培地成分を調製して本培養で使用した。なお、前培養では試薬単糖を用い、本培養時のみ各糖液を用いた。その結果、表43に見られる通り膜処理をすることにより未処理のものに比べて発酵阻害が抑制され化学品の蓄積濃度が改善した。
糖水溶液のpHが精製糖液を使用した化学品の製造に及ぼす影響を調べるため、糖水溶液のpHが異なる場合のL-乳酸発酵を比較・検討した。発酵培地の炭素源として、実施例7の2種の精製糖液(糖水溶液pH3またはpH7で逆浸透膜処理)、そして対照として試薬グルコースを使用した。実施例7の各精製糖液0.5Lを硫酸およびアンモニア水でpH5に調製し、さらにグルコース濃度を55g/Lまで希釈した糖液AおよびB(A:pH3で逆浸透膜処理、B:pH7で逆浸透膜処理)に対し、Yeast Synthetic Drop-out Medium Supplement Without Tryptophan(シグマ・アルドリッチ・ジャパン、表34ドロップアウトMX)、Yeast Nitrogen Base w/o Amino Acids and Ammonium Sulfate(Difco、Yeast NTbase)および硫酸アンモニウム(硫安)を、参考例8の表34に示すL-乳酸発酵用培地に示す比率になるように混合し、それぞれ精製糖液A、B培地とした。同様に試薬単糖培地は、試薬グルコースを表34に示す比率で混合して調整した。
化学品の製造におけるナノ濾過膜と逆浸透膜の性能を比較するため、ナノ濾過膜による精製糖液、逆浸透膜による精製糖液、ナノ濾過膜および逆浸透膜による精製糖液によるエタノール発酵を比較・検討した。炭素源として、実施例15の3種の精製糖液(ナノ濾過膜処理、逆浸透膜処理、ナノ濾過膜処理後に逆浸透膜処理)、そして対照として試薬グルコースを使用した使用した。実施例15で得られた濃縮糖液各約0.5Lをアンモニア水でpH5に調製して、さらにグルコース濃度を55g/Lまで希釈した糖液E、F、およびG(E:ナノ濾過膜処理、F:ナノ濾過膜処理後に逆浸透膜処理、G:逆浸透膜処理)に対し、Yeast Synthetic Drop-out Medium Supplement Without Tryptophan(シグマ・アルドリッチ・ジャパン、表34ドロップアウトMX)、Yeast Nitrogen Base w/o Amino Acids and Ammonium Sulfate(Difco、Yeast NTbase)および硫酸アンモニウム(硫安)を参考例8の表34に示す比率で混合し、それぞれ精製糖液C~E培地とした。同様に試薬単糖培地は、試薬グルコースを表34に示す比率で混合して調整した。
大腸菌染色体中に存在するリジンデカルボキシラーゼ遺伝子の発現量を増強させてカダベリン発酵能を高めるために、リジンデカルボキシラーゼ遺伝子のプロモーターを大腸菌のgapA遺伝子(グリセルアルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ遺伝子)プロモーターと置換した株の作製を試みた。プロモーターの置換は、FLPレコンビナーゼを用いた相同組換えによる遺伝子破壊方法を改変して行った。以下に、作製方法を示す。
大腸菌W3110株を培養し遠心回収後、UltraClean Microbial DNA Isolation Kit(MO BIO社製)を用いてゲノムDNAの抽出を行った。詳細な操作方法は、付属のプロトコールに従った。
次に、<1>で得られた大腸菌W3110のゲノムDNAを鋳型として、オリゴヌクレオチド(配列番号12(CadAF2)、配列番号13(CadAR2))をプライマーセットとしてPCRを行い、リジンデカルボキシラーゼをコードしているcadA遺伝子のクローニングを行った。PCR増幅反応は、伸張反応のみ2分に変えた以外は<1>と同様な条件で行った。なお、遺伝子増幅用プライマー(配列番号12(CadAF2)、配列番号13(CadAR2))には、5’末端側にHindIII、3’末端側にXbaI認識配列が付加されるようにして作製した。得られたDNA断片を<1>と同様な方法でpUC118ベクターにライゲーションし、cadA遺伝子が挿入されているpUC118ベクターを得た。得られたベクターを制限酵素HindIIIおよびXbaIで切断して、cadA遺伝子が挿入されているプラスミドを確認した。
次に、クロラムフェニコール耐性遺伝子(cat遺伝子)およびその上下流にFLP認識サイト(FRT)を有するベクターpKD3を鋳型、オリゴヌクレオチド(配列番号14、配列番号15)をプライマーセットとして、PCRによりcat遺伝子のクローニングを行った。PCR増幅反応は、伸張反応のみ1分に変えた以外は<1>と同様な条件で行った。なお、遺伝子増幅用プライマー(配列番号14、配列番号15)には、5’末端側にBamHI、3’末端側にSacI認識配列が付加されるようにして作製した。得られたDNA断片を<1>と同様な方法でpUC118ベクターにライゲーションし、cat遺伝子が挿入されているpUC118ベクターを得た。得られたベクターを制限酵素BamHIおよびSacIで切断して、cat遺伝子が挿入されているプラスミドを確認した。
次に、cat遺伝子が挿入されているpUC118ベクターを制限酵素BamHIで切断し、得られたDNA断片を上記pHS7のBamHI/SacI切断部位に導入したプラスミドを作製した。得られたベクターを制限酵素BamHIおよびSacIで切断して、cat遺伝子が挿入されていることを確認した。このようにして得られたプラスミドをpKS5とした。
次に、gapAプロモーターが挿入されたpUC118ベクターを制限酵素HindIIIで切断し、得られたDNA断片を上記pKS5のHindIII切断部位に導入したプラスミドを作製した。このプラスミドDNAを鋳型、オリゴヌクレオチド(配列番号16(M13 RV)、配列番号11(KS030))をプライマーセットとしてPCRを行った。PCRにはPremixTaq ExTaq Ver(タカラバイオ株式会社製)を用いた。このPCRにより、約500bpの増幅断片が得られるプラスミドを目的のプラスミドとして選抜した。このようにして得られたプラスミドをpKS8とした。
キシロース成分を多く含む糖液として、参考例3の希硫酸処理液(キシロース濃度15g/L)、および参考例4の水熱処理液(キシロース濃度14g/L)を水酸化カルシウム水溶液および硫酸でそれぞれpH3および7に調整した後、精密濾過膜で濾過した。この時の濁度はそれぞれ1.0NTU以下であった。この計4種類の糖水溶液を実施例1と同様の方法によりナノ濾過膜処理することで精製糖液を得た。ナノ濾過膜として、架橋ピペラジンポリアミド系ナノ濾過膜UTC60(ナノ濾過膜1;東レ株式会社製)を用いて、それぞれ原水の液量が投入時の4分の1になるまで濾過した。この時原水槽の濃縮液に含まれる、発酵阻害物質および単糖の濃度をHPLC(株式会社島津製作所製)により分析したところ、発酵阻害物質(酢酸、ギ酸、HMF、フルフラール、バニリン、アセトバニリン、シリンガ酸)および単糖(グルコース、キシロース)、表46および47の通りであった。
参考例14のカダベリン発酵大腸菌株(W3110(gapA-cadA)株)によるカダベリン発酵試験を実施した。培地は、炭素源として実施例23の精製糖液4種と、比較として試薬グルコースおよびキシロースを使用した試薬単糖、の計5種を使用した。精製糖液各0.5Lを硫酸およびアンモニア水でpH5に調製した糖液F、G、H、I(F:水熱処理液をpH3でナノ濾過膜処理、G:水熱処理液をpH7でナノ濾過膜処理、H:希硫酸処理液をpH3でナノ濾過膜処理、I:希硫酸処理液をpH7でナノ濾過膜処理)に対し、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸アンモニウム、リン酸二水素カリウム、ポリペプトンSを表48に示す比率で混合し、それぞれ精製糖液F~I培地とした。試薬単糖培地は、試薬キシロースが50g/Lとなるように表48に示す比率で混合して調整した。各培地はフィルター滅菌(ミリポア、ステリカップ0.22μm)を行い発酵に用いた。キシロース濃度の定量はキシロース濃度測定キット(メガザイム社)を使用した。
2 ナノ濾過膜または逆浸透膜が装着されたセル
3 高圧ポンプ
4 膜透過液の流れ
5 膜濃縮液の流れ
6 高圧ポンプにより送液された培養液またはナノ濾過膜透過液の流れ
7 ナノ濾過膜または逆浸透膜
8 支持板
Claims (14)
- セルロース含有バイオマスを原料として糖液を製造する方法であって、
(1)セルロース含有バイオマスを加水分解し、糖水溶液を製造する工程
(2)得られた糖水溶液をナノ濾過膜および/または逆浸透膜に通じて濾過して、非透過側から精製糖液を回収し、透過側から発酵阻害物質を除去する工程
を含む、糖液の製造方法。 - 前記工程(2)の糖水溶液のpHを1~5に調整する、請求項1に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記発酵阻害物質が有機酸、フラン系化合物およびフェノール系化合物からなる群から選択される1種または2種以上を含む、請求項1または2に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記有機酸がギ酸または酢酸である、請求項3に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記フラン系化合物がヒドロキシメチルフルフラールまたはフルフラールである、請求項3に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記フェノール系化合物がバニリン、アセトバニリンまたはシリンガ酸である、請求項3に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(2)の精製糖液が単糖を主成分とする糖液である、請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(1)で得られた糖水溶液を、前記工程(2)の処理の前に精密濾過膜および/または限外濾過膜に通じて微粒子および高分子成分を除去する、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(2)の糖水溶液の温度を1~15℃に調整してナノ濾過膜で濾過する、請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(2)の糖水溶液の温度を40℃~80℃に調整して逆浸透膜で濾過する、請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(2)が、糖水溶液をナノ濾過膜に通じて濾過し、得られた濾過液を逆浸透膜に通じて濾過する工程である、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(2)のナノ濾過膜および/または逆浸透膜の機能層がポリアミドである、請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 請求項1から13のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法によって得られた糖液を発酵原料として使用する、化学品の製造方法。
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US10093747B2 (en) | 2018-10-09 |
US20140287461A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
CA2746504C (en) | 2016-09-20 |
PH12016502440A1 (en) | 2017-10-09 |
JP4770987B2 (ja) | 2011-09-14 |
DK2371973T3 (en) | 2015-04-20 |
BRPI0917617B1 (pt) | 2018-08-07 |
EP2371973A1 (en) | 2011-10-05 |
RU2516792C2 (ru) | 2014-05-20 |
RU2011128348A (ru) | 2013-01-20 |
EP2840150B1 (en) | 2019-10-16 |
KR101768561B1 (ko) | 2017-08-16 |
DK2840150T3 (da) | 2019-12-16 |
AU2009325467A1 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
PH12016502440B1 (en) | 2017-10-09 |
EP2840150A1 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
EP2371973B1 (en) | 2015-02-18 |
CN102639722B (zh) | 2017-09-29 |
EP2371973A4 (en) | 2012-07-04 |
BRPI0917617B8 (pt) | 2018-09-25 |
AU2009325467B2 (en) | 2016-05-12 |
US8765405B2 (en) | 2014-07-01 |
JPWO2010067785A1 (ja) | 2012-05-17 |
BRPI0917617A2 (pt) | 2015-07-28 |
SG172038A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
CN102639722A (zh) | 2012-08-15 |
ES2764124T3 (es) | 2020-06-02 |
US20110250637A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
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