WO2008068967A1 - 磁気ランダムアクセスメモリ及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
磁気ランダムアクセスメモリ及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2008068967A1 WO2008068967A1 PCT/JP2007/070553 JP2007070553W WO2008068967A1 WO 2008068967 A1 WO2008068967 A1 WO 2008068967A1 JP 2007070553 W JP2007070553 W JP 2007070553W WO 2008068967 A1 WO2008068967 A1 WO 2008068967A1
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- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 15
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 440
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
- G11C11/161—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect details concerning the memory cell structure, e.g. the layers of the ferromagnetic memory cell
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
- G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
- G11C11/165—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C11/1675—Writing or programming circuits or methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/01—Manufacture or treatment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N50/00—Galvanomagnetic devices
- H10N50/10—Magnetoresistive devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a magnetic random access memory (MRAM).
- MRAM magnetic random access memory
- the present invention relates to a spin injection MRAM and a manufacturing method thereof.
- MRAM is a promising nonvolatile memory from the viewpoint of high integration and high-speed operation.
- a magnetoresistive element exhibiting a “magnetoresistance effect” such as a TMR (Tunnel MagnetoResistance) effect is used.
- TMR Tunnelnel MagnetoResistance
- the magnetoresistive element for example, a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) in which a tunnel barrier layer is sandwiched between two ferromagnetic layers is formed. The two ferromagnetic layers are a pinned layer whose magnetization direction is fixed and a free layer whose magnetization direction can be reversed.
- MTJ magnetic tunnel junction
- MTJ resistance value (R + AR) when the magnetization direction force of the pinned layer and the free layer is antiparallel is due to the magnetoresistive effect than the resistance value (R) when they are "parallel".
- MRAM uses a magnetoresistive element having this MTJ as a memory cell, and stores data in a non-volatile manner by utilizing the change in the resistance value. This writing is performed by reversing the magnetization direction of the free layer.
- spin transfer method As a writing method capable of suppressing an increase in write current due to miniaturization, “ A “spin transfer method” has been proposed. See, for example, JP 2005-93488 Koyuki! 3 ⁇ 4, gami (Fugami ana Suzuki, Research frenas in Spin Transfer Magnetization Switching, Journal of Japan Society of Applied Magnetics, Vol. 28, No. 9, 2004) According to the spin injection method, a spin-polarized current is injected into the ferromagnetic conductor, and the direct interaction between the spin of the conduction electron that carries the current and the magnetic moment of the conductor. Magnetization is reversed (hereinafter referred to as “Spin Transfer Magnetization Switching”) The outline of spin transfer magnetization reversal will be explained with reference to FIG.
- the magnetoresistive element includes a free layer 101, a pinned layer 103, and a tunnel barrier layer 102 that is a nonmagnetic layer sandwiched between the free layer 101 and the pinned layer 103.
- the pinned layer 103 whose magnetization direction is fixed is formed so as to be thicker than the free layer 101, and plays a role as a mechanism (spin filter) for creating a spin-polarized current.
- the state where the magnetization directions of the free layer 101 and the pinned layer 103 are parallel is associated with data “0”, and the state where they are antiparallel is associated with data “1”.
- the spin transfer magnetization reversal shown in FIG. 1 is realized by a CPP (Current Perpendicular to Plane) method, and a write current is injected perpendicularly to the film surface. Specifically, at the transition from data “0” force to data “1”, the current flows from the pinned layer 103 to the free layer 101. In this case, the spin state is the same as that of the pinned layer 103 as the spin filter. Electron force The free layer 101 force also moves to the pinned layer 103. And the spin transfer (spin angular momentum transfer) effect reverses the magnetization of the free layer 101. On the other hand, from the data ";! To the data "0" In the transition, current flows from the free layer 101 to the pinned layer 103. In this case, the electron force having the same spin state as the spin filter 103 as the spin filter moves from the pinned layer 103 to the free layer 101. Due to the spin transfer effect The magnetization of the free layer 101 is reversed.
- CPP Current Perpendicular to Plan
- spin injection magnetization reversal data is written by the movement of spin electrons.
- the direction of magnetization of the free layer 101 can be defined by the direction of the spin-polarized current injected perpendicular to the film surface. It is known that the write (magnetization reversal) threshold at this time depends on the current density. Therefore, as the memory cell size is reduced, the write current required for magnetization reversal decreases. Write with memory cell miniaturization Since the current decreases, spin transfer magnetization reversal is important for the realization of large capacity MRAM.
- a magnetic memory element described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-73930 has a first magnetic layer, an intermediate layer, and a second magnetic layer. Information is recorded based on the relationship between the magnetization direction of the first magnetic layer and the magnetization direction of the second magnetic layer.
- magnetic domains that are antiparallel to each other and domain walls that separate these magnetic domains are constantly formed. By moving the domain wall in the magnetic layer, the position of adjacent magnetic domains is controlled, and information recording is performed.
- a magnetic memory device described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-191032 has a magnetization fixed layer with fixed magnetization, a tunnel insulating layer stacked on the magnetization fixed layer, and a layer stacked on the tunnel insulating layer. And a magnetization free layer.
- the magnetization free layer has a junction overlapping the tunnel insulating layer and the magnetization fixed layer, a constriction adjacent to both ends of the junction, and a pair of magnetization fixed portions formed adjacent to the constriction. Fixed magnetizations in opposite directions are given to the pair of magnetization fixed portions.
- the magnetic memory device includes a pair of magnetic information writing terminals electrically connected to the pair of magnetization fixed portions. The pair of magnetic information writing terminal, the junction of the magnetization free layer, - may it is current passing through the pair of constricted portions and a pair of magnetization fixed portion 0
- An object of the present invention is to provide a new MRAM that uses domain wall motion by spin injection.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of improving the mobility of a domain wall in an MRAM using domain wall motion by spin injection.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of improving both the write characteristics and the read characteristics of an MRAM using domain wall motion by spin injection.
- an MRAM domain wall motion type MR AM
- the MRAM according to the present invention includes a pinned layer having a fixed magnetization direction and a magnetic recording layer connected to the pinned layer via a first nonmagnetic layer.
- the magnetic recording layer has a first free layer, a second free layer, and a second nonmagnetic layer provided between the first free layer and the second free layer.
- the second free layer is in contact with the first nonmagnetic layer and has reversible magnetization. That is, the MTJ is composed of the pinned layer, the first nonmagnetic layer, and the second free layer.
- the first free layer includes a magnetization switching region, a first magnetization fixed region, and a second magnetization fixed region.
- the magnetization switching region has reversible magnetization and overlaps the second free layer.
- the first magnetization fixed region is connected to the first boundary of the magnetization switching region, and the magnetization direction is fixed in the first direction.
- the second magnetization fixed region is connected to the second boundary of the magnetization switching region, and the magnetization direction is fixed in the second direction. Both the first direction and the second direction are directions toward the magnetization switching region or away from the magnetization switching region.
- the magnetization of the magnetization switching region is directed to either the first boundary or the second boundary. Therefore, in the first free layer, the domain wall is formed on either the first boundary or the second boundary.
- the second nonmagnetic layer is formed so as to cover at least the magnetization switching region.
- the magnetization switching region of the first free layer and the second free layer are magnetically coupled via the second nonmagnetic layer. That is, when the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region changes, the magnetization direction of the second free layer also changes according to the change. Depending on the relationship between the magnetization direction of the second free layer and the fixed magnetization direction of the pinned layer, data “0” or “;!” Is recorded. When rewriting data, the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region of the first free layer may be changed.
- the reversal of the magnetization direction of the magnetization reversal region is performed by a spin injection method.
- the spin injection can be realized by a write current that flows in a plane in the first free layer. This is because the first free layer has the structure as described above.
- the first magnetization fixed region serves to supply spin electrons in a certain direction to the magnetization switching region. We play a part.
- the second magnetization fixed region serves to supply spin electrons in the reverse direction to the magnetization reversal region. Therefore, the force S can be used to change the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region to a desired direction by flowing a write current in the first free layer in a direction corresponding to the data.
- the first write current flows from the first magnetization fixed region to the second magnetization fixed region through the magnetization inversion region.
- spin injection is performed from the second magnetization fixed region to the magnetization switching region.
- the domain wall moves from the second boundary to the first boundary in the magnetization switching region.
- the second write current flows from the second magnetization fixed region through the magnetization switching region to the first magnetization fixed region.
- spin injection is performed from the first magnetization fixed region to the magnetization switching region.
- the domain wall moves from the first boundary to the second boundary in the magnetization switching region.
- data writing is realized by the movement of the domain wall.
- the write current flows in a plane in the first free layer that does not penetrate the MTJ. Since the write current does not penetrate MTJ, degradation of the first nonmagnetic layer in MTJ is suppressed.
- the second nonmagnetic layer is formed to cover at least the magnetization switching region.
- This second non-magnetic layer serves to protect the damage reversal region due to oxidation or etching during the manufacturing process. If there is no second nonmagnetic layer covering the magnetization reversal region, the surface of the magnetization reversal region will be damaged by reactive gases, ions, radicals, etc. during etching. Then, the domain wall force S does not move smoothly in the magnetization switching region.
- the second nonmagnetic layer serves to protect the damage reversal region due to oxidation or etching during the manufacturing process. If there is no second nonmagnetic layer covering the magnetization reversal region, the surface of the magnetization reversal region will be damaged by reactive gases, ions, radicals, etc. during etching. Then, the domain wall force S does not move smoothly in the magnetization switching region.
- the second nonmagnetic layer is formed to cover at least the magnetization switching region.
- the magnetization reversal region is protected from damage. Therefore, the domain wall movement in the magnetization switching region is performed smoothly, that is, the domain wall mobility is improved. As a result, the reliability and yield of the domain wall motion type MRAM are improved.
- the magnetic recording layer has the first free layer and the second free layer separately.
- the first free layer is a layer in which the domain wall moves, and greatly contributes to the write characteristics (such as the magnitude of the write current).
- the second free layer in contact with the first nonmagnetic layer Is a layer that constitutes MTJ together with the pinned layer and greatly contributes to read characteristics (MR ratio, etc.). Therefore, according to the structure of the present invention, it is possible to independently control the write characteristics and the read characteristics.
- the write current required for magnetization reversal can be reduced as the saturation magnetization of the magnetic layer decreases.
- the saturation magnetization of the magnetic layer decreases, the polarizability of the magnetic layer decreases.
- the MR ratio decreases because the TMR effect decreases.
- the first free layer and the second free layer can be designed independently. Therefore, the force S can be designed to design the saturation magnetization of the first free layer to be relatively small and to design the saturation magnetization of the second free layer to be relatively large. This makes it possible to achieve both an increase in MR ratio (read margin) and a reduction in write current.
- the present invention it is possible to freely control the characteristics of the first free layer and the second free layer independently. This means an improvement in the degree of freedom in device design, and it is possible to improve both the write characteristics and the read characteristics.
- This advantage cannot be obtained by the CPP spin injection method. This is because in the case of the CPP spin injection method, both the write characteristics and the read characteristics are dominated by the ferromagnetic layer adjacent to the tunnel barrier layer. Even if the spin injection method uses a planar write current, the above advantage cannot be obtained if there is only one free layer (no second free layer). This is because the first free layer where the domain wall moves simultaneously becomes one end of the MTJ and affects both the write characteristics and the read characteristics.
- a domain wall motion type MRAM using domain wall motion by spin injection is provided.
- damage to the layer (domain wall motion layer) in which the domain wall moves is prevented. Therefore, the domain wall is moved smoothly in the domain wall moving layer, that is, the domain wall mobility is improved. As a result, the reliability and yield of the domain wall motion type MRAM are improved.
- the domain wall motion type MRAM according to the present invention it is possible to achieve both an increase in read margin and a decrease in write current. In other words, it is possible to improve both the write characteristics and the read characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining data writing by a spin injection method.
- FIG. 2 is an overall view showing an example of the structure of a magnetic memory cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view showing an example of a domain wall motion layer according to an example of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram showing domain wall movement in the domain wall moving layer shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram showing another example of a domain wall motion layer according to an embodiment of the present invention and domain wall motion in the domain wall motion layer.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view showing still another example of the domain wall motion layer according to the example of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram showing domain wall motion in the domain wall motion layer shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a conceptual diagram showing still another example of the domain wall motion layer according to the embodiment of the present invention and the domain wall motion in the domain wall motion layer.
- FIG. 9 is a side view showing an example of the structure of the magnetic memory cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is another example of the structure of the magnetic memory cell according to the embodiment of the present invention. It is a side view which shows the example of.
- FIG. 11 is a side view of still another example of the structure of the magnetic memory cell according to the example of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing the manufacturing process of the magnetic memory cell according to the example of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing the manufacturing process of the magnetic memory cell according to the example of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing the manufacturing process of the magnetic memory cell according to the example of the present invention.
- the MRAM according to this embodiment is a “domain wall motion type MRAM” that uses domain wall motion by spin injection.
- the MRAM according to the present embodiment has a plurality of magnetic memory cells arranged in an array, and each magnetic memory cell has an MTJ.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of the structure of the magnetic memory cell 1 (magnetoresistance element) according to the present example.
- the magnetic memory cell 1 has a magnetic recording layer 40, a tunnel barrier layer 50, and a pinned layer 60.
- the tunnel barrier layer 50 is sandwiched between the magnetic recording layer 40 and the pinned layer 60.
- the pinned layer 60 is a ferromagnetic layer, and its magnetization orientation is fixed.
- the pinned layer 60 includes a ferromagnetic film adjacent to the tunnel barrier layer 50, and the magnetization orientation of the ferromagnetic film is substantially fixed in one direction.
- the pinned layer 60 includes a CoFe film as a ferromagnetic film.
- the pinned layer 60 is a laminated film of Co 2 Fe / Ru / CoFe / PtMn.
- the tunnel barrier layer 50 is a nonmagnetic layer.
- the tunnel barrier layer 50 is a thin insulating film.
- the insulating film include an Al 2 O film, an SiO film, an MgO film, and an A1N film.
- a nonmagnetic metal such as Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, or Al is used for the tunnel barrier layer 50.
- the magnetic recording layer 40 is connected to the pinned layer 60 via the tunnel barrier layer 50. More specifically, the magnetic recording layer 40 includes a first free layer 10, an intermediate layer 20, and a second free layer 30.
- the intermediate layer 20 is provided between the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30.
- the second free layer 30 is in contact with the tunnel barrier layer 50.
- the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 are ferromagnetic layers and have reversible magnetization.
- the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 are made of a ferromagnetic metal such as NiFe, CoFe, NiFeCo, for example.
- the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 may contain nonmagnetic elements such as B, C, 0, and Zr as additives.
- the intermediate layer 20 is a nonmagnetic layer and is formed of a nonmagnetic metal such as Ru, Cu, Ir, or Rh, for example.
- the intermediate layer 20 is formed on the first free layer 10 so as to cover at least a part of the first free layer 10.
- This intermediate layer 20 serves to protect the first free layer 10 from damage caused by oxidation or etching during the manufacturing process described later. Plays. Therefore, it is preferable that the intermediate layer 20 be formed so as to cover the entire first free layer 10.
- the intermediate layer 20 preferably has the same shape as the first free layer 10 in the XY plane.
- the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 are magnetically coupled via the intermediate layer 20.
- the magnetic coupling includes anti-ferromagnetic coupling, ferromagnetic coupling, static coupling, and static coupling.
- the type of the 5 ⁇ 1 day bond is determined by adjusting the thickness of the intermediate layer 20. Since the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 are magnetically coupled, when the magnetization direction of the first free layer 10 changes, the magnetization of the second free layer 30 changes according to the change. The direction of changes.
- the second free layer 30 is in contact with the tunnel barrier layer 50. That is, the MTJ is composed of the second free layer 30, the tunnel barrier layer 50 and the pinned layer 60. By detecting the resistance value of the MTJ, the data recorded in the magnetic memory cell 1 is read out. In that sense, the second free layer 30 may be referred to as a “sense layer”.
- the second free layer 30 as the sense layer greatly contributes to the read characteristics (MR ratio, etc.) of the magnetic memory cell 1.
- the first free layer 10 has a domain wall, and magnetization reversal in the first free layer 10 is realized by movement of the domain wall.
- the first free layer 10 may be referred to as a “domain wall moving layer”.
- the first free layer 10 plays the role of reversing the magnetization of the second free layer 30 and greatly contributes to the write characteristics (such as the magnitude of the write current).
- the first free layer 10 as the domain wall motion layer will be described in detail.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view showing an example of the structure of the first free layer 10 according to the present embodiment.
- the first free layer 10 has a first magnetization fixed region 11, a second magnetization fixed region 12, and a magnetization switching region 13 which are three different regions. Those first magnetization fixed regions 1 1, the second magnetization fixed region 12 and the magnetization switching region 13 are formed on the same plane (XY plane).
- the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 are formed to extend in the Y direction.
- the magnetization switching region 13 is formed so as to extend in the X direction, and connects the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12.
- the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization switching region 13 are connected to each other at the first boundary B1, and the second magnetization fixed region 12 and the magnetization switching region 13 are connected to each other at the opposing second boundary B2.
- the first and second magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12 and the magnetization switching region 13 are formed in a “U-shape” or a “concave shape”.
- the direction of magnetization in each region is also indicated by arrows.
- the magnetization directions of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 are fixed. Specifically, the magnetization direction of the first magnetization fixed region 11 is fixed in the + Y direction. The direction is the direction away from the first boundary B1 (Away). Further, the magnetization direction of the second magnetization fixed region 12 is also fixed in the + Y direction. The direction is the direction away from the second boundary B2 (Away). That is, both the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 are formed such that their magnetization directions are separated from the magnetization reversal region 13. This means that the direction of magnetization of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the direction force of magnetization of the second magnetization fixed region 12 are opposite to each other along the shape of the first free layer 10.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is reversible and is the + X direction or the X direction.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is in the + X direction, that is, when the magnetization is directed to the second boundary B2
- the first magnetization fixed region 11 forms one magnetic domain
- the inversion region 13 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 form separate magnetic domains. That is, a “domain wall” is formed at the first boundary B1.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the X direction, that is, when the magnetization is directed to the first boundary B1
- the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization switching region 13 form one magnetic domain
- the second magnetization fixed region 12 forms another magnetic domain. That is, a domain wall is formed at the second boundary B2.
- the magnetization switching region 13 overlaps the second free layer 30.
- the magnetization switching region 13 and the second free layer 30 are magnetically coupled via the intermediate layer 20. That is, if the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 changes, the change The magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 also changes according to the change. Data “0” or “1” is recorded depending on the relationship between the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 and the fixed magnetization direction of the pinned layer 60. Therefore, at the time of data rewriting, it is only necessary to change the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13.
- the first write current IW1 flows to the second magnetization fixed region 12 through the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization switching region 13.
- electrons spin electrons
- the spin of the injected electrons affects the magnetic moment of the magnetization switching region 13.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 switches to the direction of the second boundary B2.
- the magnetization of the magnetization switching region 13 is reversed and the direction of the magnetization is changed to the + X direction (spin injection magnetization switching).
- the domain wall DW moves in the magnetization switching region 13 from the second boundary B2 to the first boundary B1 in accordance with the moving direction of the electrons.
- the second write current IW 2 flows from the second magnetization fixed region 12 through the magnetization switching region 13 to the first magnetization fixed region 11.
- electrons are injected from the first magnetization fixed region 11 into the magnetization switching region 13.
- the magnetization of the magnetization switching region 13 is reversed and the magnetization direction is changed to the X direction.
- the domain wall DW moves in the magnetization switching region 13 from the first boundary B1 to the second boundary B2 in accordance with the moving direction of the electrons.
- the first magnetization fixed region 11 plays a role of supplying spin electrons in a certain direction to the magnetization switching region 13.
- the second magnetization fixed region 12 plays a role of supplying spin electrons in the reverse direction to the magnetization switching region 13. Therefore, the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 can be changed to a desired direction by flowing a write current in the first free layer 10 in a direction corresponding to the data. This is It can also be described from the viewpoint of “Domain Wall Motion”. That is, the domain wall DW in the first free layer 10 goes back and forth between the first boundary B1 and the second boundary B2 like a “seesaw or flow meter” according to the moving direction of the electrons. The domain wall DW moves in the magnetization switching region 13, and the magnetization switching region 13 can also be referred to as a “domain wall moving region”. It can be said that the magnetic memory cell 1 according to the present embodiment stores data according to the position of the domain wall DW.
- the spin injection is realized by a current flowing in the first free layer 10 in a plane.
- the write currents FW1 and FW2 flow in a plane in the first free layer 10 that does not pass through the MTJ. Since the write currents I Wl and IW2 do not penetrate the MTJ, deterioration of the tunnel barrier layer 50 in the MTJ is suppressed.
- the magnetization directions of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 are not limited to the directions shown in FIG. 3 and FIG.
- the magnetization direction of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization direction of the second magnetization fixed region 12 may be opposite to each other along the shape of the first free layer 10.
- FIG. 5 shows another example of the first free layer 10.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram corresponding to FIG. 4, and redundant description will be omitted as appropriate.
- the magnetization direction of the first magnetization fixed region 11 is fixed in the Y direction.
- the direction is the direction toward the first boundary B1, the forward direction. Further, the magnetization direction of the second magnetization fixed region 12 is also fixed in the Y direction. The direction is the direction toward the second boundary B2. That is, the magnetization of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization of the second magnetization fixed region 12 are both fixed to the magnetization reversal region 13 in the direction opposite to the magnetization direction, and are reversed along the shape of the first free layer 10. Facing the direction.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the + ⁇ direction, and the domain wall DW exists at the second boundary ⁇ 2.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the X direction, and the domain wall DW exists at the first boundary B 1.
- the first write current IW1 flows to the second magnetization fixed region 12 through the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization switching region 13.
- magnetization reversal Electrons are injected into the region 13 from the second magnetization fixed region 12.
- the magnetization of the magnetization reversal region 13 is reversed and the magnetization direction is changed to the ⁇ X direction.
- the domain wall DW moves from the second boundary B2 to the first boundary B1 in accordance with the moving direction of the electrons.
- the second write current IW2 flows from the second magnetization fixed region 12 through the magnetization switching region 13 to the first magnetization fixed region 11.
- electrons are injected into the magnetization switching region 13 from the first magnetization fixed region 11.
- the magnetization of the magnetization switching region 13 is reversed, and the magnetization direction is changed to the + X direction.
- the domain wall DW moves from the first boundary B1 to the second boundary B2.
- FIG. 6 is a plan view showing still another example of the structure of the first free layer 10.
- the first and second magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12 and the magnetization switching region 13 are formed in a “linear shape” along the X direction.
- the magnetization direction of the first magnetization fixed region 11 is fixed in the X direction.
- the direction is the direction away from the first boundary B1 (Away).
- the magnetization direction of the second magnetization fixed region 12 is fixed in the + X direction.
- the direction is the direction away from the second boundary B2 (Away).
- the magnetization of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization of the second magnetization fixed region 12 are both fixed in a direction away from the magnetization switching region 13 and are directed in opposite directions.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization reversal region 13 can be reversed, and is in the + X direction or the ⁇ X direction.
- FIG. 7 shows magnetization reversal in the magnetization reversal region 13.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the X direction, and the domain wall DW exists at the second boundary B2.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the + X direction, and the domain wall DW exists at the first boundary B1.
- the first write current IW1 flows through the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization switching region 13 to the second magnetization fixed region 12.
- electrons are injected from the second magnetization fixed region 12 into the magnetization switching region 13.
- the domain wall DW moves from the second boundary B2 to the first boundary B1 in accordance with the moving direction of the electrons.
- the second write current IW2 is changed from the second magnetization fixed region 12 to the magnetization inversion region.
- FIG. 8 shows still another example of the first free layer 10.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram corresponding to FIG. 7, and redundant description is omitted as appropriate.
- the magnetization direction of the first magnetization fixed region 11 is fixed in the + X direction.
- the direction is the direction toward the first boundary B 1 and the forward direction. Further, the magnetization direction of the second magnetization fixed region 12 is fixed in the ⁇ X direction. The direction is the direction toward the second boundary B2. In other words, the magnetization of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the magnetization of the second magnetization fixed region 12 are both fixed in the direction opposite to the magnetization reversal region 13 and are directed in opposite directions.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the + X direction, and the domain wall DW exists at the second boundary B2.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the X direction, and the domain wall DW exists at the first boundary B 1.
- the first write current IW1 flows to the second magnetization fixed region 12 through the first magnetization fixed region 1 1 force and the magnetization switching region 13.
- electrons are injected from the second magnetization fixed region 12 into the magnetization switching region 13.
- the magnetization of the magnetization reversal region 13 is reversed and the magnetization direction is changed to the ⁇ X direction.
- the domain wall DW moves from the second boundary B2 to the first boundary B1 in accordance with the moving direction of the electrons.
- the second write current IW2 flows from the second magnetization fixed region 12 through the magnetization switching region 13 to the first magnetization fixed region 11.
- electrons are injected into the magnetization switching region 13 from the first magnetization fixed region 11.
- the magnetization of the magnetization switching region 13 is reversed, and the magnetization direction is changed to the + X direction.
- the domain wall DW moves from the first boundary B 1 to the second boundary 2 in accordance with the electron moving direction.
- a pinning layer (not shown) made of a magnetic material is provided in the vicinity of the magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12. Provided. Magnetization is fixed by magnetostatic coupling between the pinning layer and the magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12. Further, the pinning layer may be provided so as to be in close contact with the magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12. In that case, the magnetization is fixed by exchange coupling.
- the magnetization may be fixed by utilizing magnetic anisotropy.
- Figure 3 to Figure 3
- the longitudinal direction of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 is the Y direction
- the longitudinal direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the X direction. Therefore, the magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12 have magnetic anisotropy in the same direction, and the magnetization switching region 13 has magnetic anisotropy in a direction different from those of the magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12. Therefore, when the initial annealing process is performed, a magnetic field in the + Y direction or the Y direction is applied. As a result, the magnetization directions of the magnetization fixed regions 11 and 12 are maintained in the + Y direction or the Y direction due to magnetic anisotropy. In this case, there is no need to provide a peeling layer. That is, the “U-shape” shown in FIGS. 3 to 5 is a preferable shape from the viewpoint of magnetization fixation.
- the magnetization switching region 13 of the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 are magnetically coupled via the intermediate layer 20.
- the magnetic coupling include antiferromagnetic coupling, ferromagnetic coupling, and magnetostatic coupling.
- the type of magnetic coupling is determined by adjusting the thickness of the intermediate layer 20.
- FIG. 9 is a side view schematically showing the magnetic memory cell 1 in the case of antiferromagnetic coupling.
- the magnetization switching region 13 and the second free layer 30 are antiferromagnetically coupled via the intermediate layer 20. Therefore, the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is opposite to the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13.
- the magnetization direction of the pinned layer 60 is fixed in the X direction.
- Data “0” is associated when the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is in the —X direction.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the + X direction.
- data “1” is associated when the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is the + X direction.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the X direction.
- the MTJ resistance value is better when the data is “1”. It becomes larger than the case of data “0”.
- a write current flows in a plane in the first free layer 10.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is reversed.
- the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is also reversed.
- a read current is supplied so as to flow between the pinned layer 60 and the second free layer 30.
- the read current is transferred from the pinned layer 60 to the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 via the tunnel barrier layer 50, the second free layer 30, the intermediate layer 20, and the magnetization switching region 13. Flow to either.
- the MTJ resistance value is detected, and the direction of magnetization of the second free layer 30 (sense layer) is sensed.
- FIG. 10 is a side view schematically showing the magnetic memory cell 1 in the case of ferromagnetic coupling.
- the magnetization switching region 13 and the second free layer 30 are ferromagnetically coupled via the intermediate layer 20. Therefore, the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is the same as the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13.
- the magnetization direction of the pinned layer 60 is fixed in the X direction.
- Data “0” is associated when the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is in the —X direction. At this time, the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the ⁇ X direction.
- data “1” is associated when the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is the + X direction. At this time, the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the + X direction.
- the MTJ resistance value is greater for data “1” than for data “0”.
- FIG. 11 is a side view schematically showing the magnetic memory cell 1 in the case of magnetostatic coupling.
- the magnetization switching region 13 and the second free layer 30 have neither antiferromagnetic coupling nor ferromagnetic coupling.
- the magnetization switching region 13 and the second free layer 30 are mutually connected by a leakage magnetic field from the domain wall. Is magnetically coupled to Therefore, the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is opposite to the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13.
- the magnetization direction of the pinned layer 60 is fixed in the X direction.
- Data “0” is associated when the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is in the —X direction.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the + X direction.
- data “1” is associated when the magnetization direction of the second free layer 30 is the + X direction.
- the magnetization direction of the magnetization switching region 13 is the X direction.
- the MTJ resistance value is greater for data “1” than for data “0”.
- the first ferromagnetic layer 10 as the first free layer 10 is formed on the seed layer 5.
- the seed layer 5 is a layer for controlling crystal growth when the first ferromagnetic layer 10 is formed.
- the material of the seed layer 5 a material having high electrical resistance is used.
- the first ferromagnetic layer 10 include ferromagnetic metal layers such as NiFe, CoFe, and NiFeCo.
- the first ferromagnetic layer 10 may contain a nonmagnetic element such as B, C, 0, or Zr as an additive.
- the intermediate layer 20 is formed on the first ferromagnetic layer 10.
- the intermediate layer 20 is a nonmagnetic layer, and is formed of a nonmagnetic metal such as Ru, Cu, Ir, or Rh, for example.
- the thickness of this intermediate layer 20 is designed to achieve the desired magnetic coupling between the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30.
- the intermediate layer 20 serves to protect the first ferromagnetic layer 10 from damage caused by oxidation or etching.
- the second ferromagnetic layer 30 as the second free layer 30 is formed on the intermediate layer 20.
- Examples of the second ferromagnetic layer 30 include ferromagnetic metal layers such as NiFe, CoFe, and NiFeCo.
- the second ferromagnetic layer 30 may contain nonmagnetic elements such as B, C, 0, and Zr as additives. good.
- the tunnel barrier layer 50 is a thin insulating film.
- the insulation film Al O film, SiO
- Examples include 2 3 2 films, MgO films, and A1N films.
- a nonmagnetic metal such as Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, or Al can also be used as the tunnel barrier layer 50.
- the third ferromagnetic layer 60 as the pinned layer 60 is formed on the tunnel barrier layer 50.
- An example of the third ferromagnetic layer 60 is a CoFe film.
- an antiferromagnetic layer 70 for fixing the magnetization direction of the third ferromagnetic layer 60 is formed on the third ferromagnetic layer 60.
- a cap layer 75 is formed on the antiferromagnetic layer 70. In this way, the laminated structure shown in FIG. 12 is obtained.
- a mask 80 having a predetermined pattern is formed on the laminated structure by photolithography.
- etching using the mask 80 is performed.
- the etching for example, reactive gas etching (RIE) or ion milling is performed.
- the intermediate layer 20 is used as an “etching stop layer”. That is, the cap layer 75, the antiferromagnetic layer 70, the third ferromagnetic layer 60, the tunnel barrier layer 50, and the second free layer 30 are sequentially etched until the intermediate layer 20 is exposed.
- the domain wall DW moves in the magnetization switching region 13 of the first free layer 10 during the write operation. If the surface of the magnetization switching region 13 is damaged by reactive gas, ions, radicals, etc. during etching, the domain wall will not move smoothly in the magnetization switching region 13.
- the first ferromagnetic layer 10 is protected from damage by the etching stop layer 20 (intermediate layer 20). Accordingly, during the write operation, the domain wall movement in the magnetization switching region 13 is performed smoothly, that is, the domain wall mobility is improved.
- the intermediate layer 20 and the first ferromagnetic layer 10 are patterned. As a result, the structure of the first free layer 10 according to this embodiment is obtained (see FIGS. 2 to 8).
- the intermediate layer 20 may have the same planar shape as the first free layer 10. For the above reason, it is preferable that the intermediate layer 20 covers at least the magnetization switching region 13 of the first free layer 10. In addition, the first The magnetization directions of the first magnetization fixed region 11 and the second magnetization fixed region 12 of the single layer 10 are fixed. Magnetization is fixed as described in Sections 2-5 above.
- an interlayer insulating film 85 is formed on the entire surface, and CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) is performed. Subsequently, a via hole is formed so as to reach the cap layer 75, and a via 90 is formed by burying a metal in the via hole. Further, an upper electrode 95 connected to the via 90 is formed. In this way, the magnetic memory cell 1 according to this example is manufactured.
- CMP Chemical Mechanical Polishing
- the write current scaling is improved as compared to the asteroid method and the toggle method.
- the reversal magnetic field necessary for reversing the magnetization of the magnetization reversal region is substantially in inverse proportion to the memory cell size. That is, the write current tends to increase as the memory cell is miniaturized.
- the magnetization reversal threshold depends on the current density. Since the current density increases as the memory cell size is reduced, the write current can be reduced as the memory cell size is reduced. In other words, it is not necessary to increase the write current even if the memory cell size is reduced. In this sense, the write current scaling is improved. This is important for realizing large-capacity MRAM.
- the current magnetic field conversion efficiency increases as compared with the asteroid method and the toggle method.
- the write current is consumed by Joule heat.
- it was necessary to provide dedicated wiring such as a flux keeper or yoke structure. This can lead to complex manufacturing processes and wiring inductance. Increases the chances.
- the write current directly contributes to the spin transfer. Therefore, the current magnetic field conversion efficiency increases. This prevents the manufacturing process from becoming complicated and the wiring inductance from increasing.
- the degradation of MTJ is suppressed.
- the write current is injected perpendicular to the film surface.
- the write current at the time of data writing may destroy the large current force S tunnel barrier layer 50 which is much larger than the read current.
- the current path for reading and the current path for writing are separated. Specifically, when writing data, the write currents IW 1 and IW 2 do not pass through the MTJ and flow in the plane of the first free layer 10. When writing data, it is not necessary to inject a large current perpendicular to the MTJ film surface. Therefore, deterioration of the tunnel barrier layer 50 in the MTJ is suppressed.
- the writing speed increases with the miniaturization of the memory cell. This is because in this embodiment, data writing is realized by domain wall motion in the first free layer 10.
- the reduction in the memory cell size means that the moving distance of the domain wall DW is reduced. Therefore, the writing speed increases with the reduction of the memory cell size.
- the magnetic recording layer 40 of the domain wall motion type MRAM includes a plurality (two or more) of free layers that are magnetically coupled.
- the effects of such a structure are as follows:
- the domain wall moves in the magnetization switching region 13 of the first free layer 10.
- the intermediate layer 20 is formed so as to cover at least the magnetization switching region 13.
- the intermediate layer 20 serves to protect the magnetization reversal region 13 from damage caused by oxidation or etching during the manufacturing process. If there is no intermediate layer 20 covering the magnetization switching region 13, the surface of the magnetization switching region 13 is damaged by reactive gases, ions, radicals, and the like during etching. Then, the domain wall does not move smoothly in the magnetization switching region 13. However, according to the present embodiment, the magnetization switching region 13 is protected from damage by the intermediate layer 20. Accordingly, the domain wall moving force S in the magnetization switching region 13 is performed smoothly, that is, the domain wall mobility is improved. As a result, domain wall motion Improved reliability and yield of type MRAM.
- the magnetic recording layer 40 has the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 separately.
- the first free layer 10 is a domain wall moving layer in which the domain wall moves, and greatly contributes to the write characteristics (the magnitude of the write current).
- the second free layer 30 in contact with the tunnel barrier layer 50 is a sense layer that forms an MTJ together with the pinned layer 60, and greatly contributes to read characteristics (MR ratio, etc.). Therefore, according to the structure of this embodiment, it is possible to independently control the write characteristics and the read characteristics.
- the write characteristics are mainly governed by the first free layer 10
- a material NiFe or the like
- the read characteristics are mainly controlled by the second free layer 30, it is necessary to use a material S (CoFe, CoFeB, etc.) that enhances the read characteristics as the material of the second free layer 30.
- the write current required for magnetization reversal can be reduced.
- the saturation magnetization of the magnetic layer decreases, the polarizability of the magnetic layer decreases.
- the MR ratio decreases.
- the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 can be designed independently. Therefore, it is possible to design the saturation magnetization of the first free layer 10 to be relatively small and to design the saturation magnetization of the second free layer 30 to be relatively large. This makes it possible to achieve both an increase in MR ratio (read margin) and a reduction in write current.
- the characteristics of the first free layer 10 and the second free layer 30 can be controlled independently and freely. This means an improvement in the degree of freedom in device design, and it is possible to improve both the write and read characteristics. And this merit is not obtained by CPP spin injection method.
- both the write and read characteristics are governed by the ferromagnetic layer adjacent to the tunnel barrier layer.
- the spin injection method uses a planar write current, the above advantage cannot be obtained if there is only one free layer (when there is no second free layer 30). That This is because the first free layer 10 in which the domain wall moves simultaneously becomes one end of the MTJ and affects both the write characteristics and the read characteristics.
- the above-described effects can be obtained simultaneously.
- the technology according to this embodiment is extremely useful for realizing high-integration, high-speed operation, and low power consumption MRAM.
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JP2016111042A (ja) * | 2014-12-02 | 2016-06-20 | 株式会社東芝 | 磁気記憶素子および磁気メモリ |
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US20100046288A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
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JPWO2008068967A1 (ja) | 2010-03-18 |
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