Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
  • C07K16/2866—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for cytokines, lymphokines, interferons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K40/00—Cellular immunotherapy
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/26—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against hormones ; against hormone releasing or inhibiting factors
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  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/10—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by their source of isolation or production
  • C07K2317/14—Specific host cells or culture conditions, e.g. components, pH or temperature
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  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
  • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
  • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/90—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by (pharmaco)kinetic aspects or by stability of the immunoglobulin
  • C07K2317/92—Affinity (KD), association rate (Ka), dissociation rate (Kd) or EC50 value

Definitions

• lnterleukin-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by immune and non-immune cells that plays a crucial role in regulation of immune response, acute-phase reactions, and hematopoiesis. It binds to soluble and cell membrane bound IL-6R ( ⁇ chain) forming a binary complex and this complex is able to interact with cell membrane bound gp130 ( ⁇ chain), induces formation of signaling complex comprising two each of IL-6, IL-6R, and gp130.
• Antibodies to hlL-6R are described in US 5,670,373, 5,795,965, 5,817,790, 6,410,691 , and EP 409 607B1. Therapeutic methods are described in US 5,888,510 and 6,723,319.
• the invention provides human antibodies, preferably recombinant human antibodies, that specifically bind human interleukin-6 receptor (hlL-6R). These antibodies are characterized by binding to hlL-6R with high affinity and slow dissociation kinetics and by the ability to neutralize IL-6 activity.
• the antibodies can be full-length (for example, an IgGI or lgG4 antibody) or may comprise only an antigen-binding portion (for example, a Fab, F(ab') 2 or scFv fragment), and may be modified to effect functionality, e.g., to eliminate residual effector functions (Reddy et al. (2000) J. Immunol. 164:1925-1933).
• the invention provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, which binds human IL-6 receptor (SEQ ID NO:1) with a K D of about 500 pM or less, as measured by surface plasmon resonance.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a K D of less than 300 pM, or less than 200 pM, or even less than 100 pM.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof blocks hlL-6 activity with an IC 50 of 250 pM or less, as measured by luciferase bioassay.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof exhibits an IC 50 of 150 pM or less.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention binds hlL- 6R with an affinity at least 2-fold higher than it binds monkey IL-6R.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment binds hlL-6R protein (SEQ ID NO:1) with an affinity that is up to about 3-fold higher relative to its binding to monkey IL-6R (Macaca fascicularis extracellular domain shown in SEQ ID NO:251).
• the antibody or antigen-binding portion of the antibody of the invention comprises a heavy chain variable region (HCVR) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3, 227, 19, 231 , 35, 51 , 67, 83, 99, 115, 131, 147, 239, 241 , 163, 179, 235, 195 and 211, or substantially similar sequence thereof.
• HCVR heavy chain variable region
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof further comprises a light chain variable region (LCVR) selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11 , 229, 27, 233, 43, 59, 75, 91 , 107, 123, 139, 155, 171 , 187, 237, 203 and 219, or a substantially similar sequence thereof.
• LCVR light chain variable region
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprise HCVR/LCVR pairs selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3/11 ; 227/229; 19/27; 231/233; 35/43; 51/59; 67/75; 83/91 ; 99/107; 115/123; 131/139; 147/155; 239/155; 241/155; 163/171 ; 179/187; 235/237; 195/203; and 211/219, or substantially similar sequences thereof.
• the invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody of the invention.
• the nucleic acid molecule of the invention encodes an antibody or fragment thereof comprising an HCVR as described above.
• the nucleic acid molecule encoding the HCVR is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, 226, 18, 230, 34, 50, 66, 82, 98, 114, 130, 146, 238, 240, 162, 178, 234, 194 and 210, or a substantially identical sequence thereof.
• the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an LCVR as described above.
• the nucleic acid molecule encoding the LCVR is a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 10, 228, 26, 232, 42, 58, 74, 90, 106, 122, 138, 154, 170, 186, 236, 202 and 218, or a substantially identical sequence thereof.
• the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment, comprising a heavy chain complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) domain and a light chain CDR3 domain, wherein the heavy chain CDR3 domain comprises an amino acid sequence of the formula X 1 - X 2
• X 1 Ala
• X 2 Lys
• X 3 GIy
• X 4 Arg
• X s Asp
• X 6 Ser or Ala
• X 7 Phe
• X 8 Asp
• X 9 lie
• X 10 Pro or absent
• X 11 Phe or absent
• X 12 VaI or absent
• X 13 Tyr or absent
• X 14 Tyr or absent
• X 15 Tyr or absent
• X 16 GIy or absent
• X 17 Met or absent
• X 18 Asp or absent
• X 19 VaI or absent
• X 1 GIy or Arg
• X 2 Phe
• X 3 Thr
• X 4 Phe
• X 5 Asp
• X ⁇ Asp
• X 7 Tyr
• X 8 Ala
• a heavy chain CDR2 domain comprising an amino acid sequence of the formula X 1 - X 2
• X 1 lie or VaI
• X 4 Asn
• the invention features an antibody or antigen-binding fragment, comprising: a heavy chain CDR3 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, 153, 9, 185, 41 , 57, 73, 89, 105, 121 , 137, 169, 201 and 217; and a light chain CDR3 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33, 161 , 17, 193, 49, 65, 81 , 97, 113, 129, 145, 177, 209 and 225.
• a heavy chain CDR3 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 25, 153, 9, 185, 41 , 57, 73, 89, 105, 121 , 137, 169, 201 and 217
• a light chain CDR3 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:33, 161 , 17, 193, 49, 65, 81 , 97, 113, 129, 145, 177, 209 and 225.
• the antibody or antigen-binding fragment further comprises: a heavy chain , CDR1 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 21 , 149, 5, 181 , 37, 53, 69, 85, 101 , 117, 133, 165, 197, and 213; a heavy chain CDR2 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 23, 151 , 7, 183, 39, 55, 71 , 87, 103, 119, 135, 167, 199 and 215; a light chain CDR1 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 29, 157, 13, 189, 45, 61, 77, 93, 109, 125, 141, 173, 205 and 221; and a light chain CDR2 domain selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 31 , 159, 15, 191 , 47, 63, 79, 95, 111 , 127, 143, 175, 207 and 22
• the antigen or antigen-binding fragment comprises heavy chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:21 , 23, 25 and light chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:29, 31 , 33; heavy chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO: 149, 151 , 153 and light chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:157, 159, 161 ; heavy chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:5, 7, 9 and light chain SEQ ID NO: 13, 15, 17; and heavy chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO: 181. 183, 185 and light chain CDR sequences SEQ ID NO:189, 191 , 193.
• the invention features isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding an antibody or antigen-binding fragments of the invention, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:24, 152, 8, 184, 40, 56, 72, 88, 104, 120, 136, 168, 200 and 216; and a light chain CDR3 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:32, 160, 16, 192, 48, 64, 80, 96, 1 12, 128, 144, 176, 208 and 224; as well as substantially identical nucleic acid sequences thereof.
• isolated nucleic acid molecules are provided encoding an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of the invention, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain CDR1 encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 20, 148, 4, 180, 36, 52, 68, 84, 100, 116, 132, 164, 196 and 212; a heavy chain CDR2 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22, 150, 6, 182, 38, 54, 70, 86, 102, 118, 134, 166, 198 and 214; a light chain CDR1 domain encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:28, 156, 12, 188, 44, 60, 76, 92, 108, 124, 140, 172, 204 and 220; and a light chain CDR2 domain encoded by a nucleo
• the invention encompasses anti-hlL-6R antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof having a modified glycosylation pattern.
• modification to remove undesirable glycosylation sites may be useful, or an antibody lacking a fucose moiety on an oligosaccharide chain, for example, to increase antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (see Shield et al. (2002) JBC 277:26733).
• ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• modification of a galactosyl ation can be made in order to modify complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
• the invention provides recombinant expression vectors carrying the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, and host cells into which such vectors have been introduced, as are methods of making the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments of the invention obtained by culturing the host cells of the invention.
• the host cell may be a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, preferably the host cell is an E. coli cell or a mammalian cell, such as a CHO cell.
• the invention features a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a human antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody which specifically binds hlL-6R and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention features methods for inhibiting human lL-6 activity using an antibody, or antigen-binding portion thereof, of the invention.
• the invention encompasses a therapeutic method comprising administering an antibody of the invention, or a fragment thereof, to a human subject suffering from a disorder which is treated or ameliorated by inhibition of IL-6 activity.
• the disorder can be, for example, arthritis, including chronic rheumatoid arthritis; inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; systemic lupus erythematosus; and inflammatory diseases.
• the invention provides the use of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody as defined above in the manufacture of a medicament for use to attenuate or inhibit an IL-6-mediated disease or disorder in a human.
• the invention provides an antibody or antigen-binding fragment of an antibody as defined above for use in the attenuation or inhibition of an IL-6-mediated disease or disorder in a human.
• hll_-6R human IL6R
• IL-6 interleukin-6
• antibody is intended to refer to immunoglobulin molecules comprising four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds.
• Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as HCVR or VH) and a heavy chain constant region.
• the heavy chain constant region comprises three domains, CH1 , CH2 and CH3.
• Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as LCVR or VL) and a light chain constant region.
• the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain (CL1).
• VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementary determining regions (CDR), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FR).
• CDR complementary determining regions
• FR framework regions
• Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino- terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1 , CDR1 , FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
• antigen-binding portion of an antibody or simply “antibody portion” or “antibody fragment” refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., hlL-6R).
• binding fragments encompassed within the term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL1 and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab')2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al.
• VL and VH are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single contiguous chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883).
• scFv single chain Fv
• single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody.
• Other forms of single chain antibodies, such as diabodies, are also encompassed (see e.g., Holliger et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 90:6444-6448).
• a “neutralizing” or “blocking” antibody is intended to refer to an antibody whose binding to hlL-6R results in inhibition of the biological activity of hlL-6. This inhibition of the biological activity of hlL-6 can be assessed by measuring one or more indicators of hlL-6 biological activity known to the art, such as hlL-6-induced cellular activation and hlL-6 binding to h!L-6R (see examples below).
• a “CDR” or complementary determining region is a region of hypervariability interspersed within regions that are more conserved, termed “framework regions” (FR).
• FR framework regions
• the FRs may be identical to the human germline sequences, or may be naturally or artificially modified.
• surface plasmon resonance refers to an optical phenomenon that allows for the analysis of real-time interactions by detection of alterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, for example using the BIAcoreTM system (Pharmacia Biosensor AB).
• epitope is an antigenic determinant that interacts with a specific antigen binding site in the variable region of an antibody molecule known as a paratope.
• a single antigen may have more than one epitope.
• Epitopes may be either conformational or linear.
• a conformational epitope is produced by spatially juxtaposed amino acids from different segments of the linear .polypeptide chain.
• a linear epitope is one produced by adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain.
• an epitope may include moieties of saccharides, phosphoryl groups, or sufonyl groups on the antigen.
• nucleic acid or fragment thereof indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 95%, and more preferably at least about 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the nucleotide bases, as measured by any well-known algorithm of sequence identity, such as FASTA, BLAST or Gap, as discussed below.
• the term “substantial similarity” or “substantially similar” means that two peptide sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, share at least 95% sequence identity, even more preferably at least 98% or 99% sequence identity.
• residue positions which are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.
• a “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which an amino acid residue is substituted by another amino acid residue having a side chain (R group) with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change the functional properties of a protein.
• the percent sequence identity or degree of similarity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. See,, e.g., Pearson (1994) Methods MoI. Biol. 24: 307-331.
• Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include 1) aliphatic side chains: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine; 2) aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains: serine and threonine; 3) amide-containing side chains: asparagine and glutamine; 4) aromatic side chains: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; 5) basic side chains: lysine, arginine, and histidine; 6) acidic side chains: aspartate and glutamate, and 7) sulfur-containing side chains are cysteine and methionine.
• Preferred conservative amino acids substitution groups are: valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine- tyrosine, lysine-arginine, alanine-valine, glutamate-aspartate, and asparagine-glutamine.
• a conservative replacement is any change having a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Go ⁇ net et al. (1992) Science 256: 1443 45.
• a "moderately conservative" replacement is any change having a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log- likelihood matrix.
• Sequence similarity for polypeptides is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Protein analysis software matches similar sequences using measures of similarity assigned to various substitutions, deletions and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions.
• GCG software contains programs such as Gap and Bestfit which can be used with default parameters to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between closely related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides from different species of organisms or between a wild type protein and a mutein thereof. See, e.g., GCG Version 6.1. Polypeptide sequences also can be compared using FASTA using default or recommended parameters, a program in GCG Version 6.1.
• FASTA e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3
• FASTA2 and FASTA3 provides alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of the best overlap between the query and search sequences (Pearson (2000) supra).
• Another preferred algorithm when comparing a sequence of the invention to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the computer program BLAST, especially blastp or tblastn, using default parameters. See, e.g., Altschu! et al. (1990) J. MoI. Biol. 215: 403 410 and Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389 402.
• Methods for generating human antibodies include, for example, VeloclmmuneTM (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals), XenoMouseTM technology (Green et al. (1994) Nature Genetics 7:13-21 ; Abgenix), the "minilocus” approach, and phage display (and see, for example, US 5,545,807, US 6,787,637).
• the VeloclmmuneTM technology (US 6, 596,541) encompasses a method of generating a high specificity fully human antibody to a select antigen.
• This technology involves generation of a transgenic mouse having a genome comprising human heavy and light chain variable regions operably linked to endogenous mouse constant region loci such that the mouse produces an antibody comprising a human variable region and a mouse constant region in response to antigenic stimulation.
• the DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody are isolated and operably linked to DNA encoding the human heavy and light chain constant regions.
• the DNA is then expressed in a cell capable of expressing the fully human antibody.
• the cetl is a CHO cell.
• Antibodies may be therapeutically useful in blocking a ligand-receptor interaction or inhibiting receptor component interaction, rather than by killing cells through fixation of complement (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) (CDC) and participation antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
• CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
• ADCC participation antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• the constant region of an antibody is important in the ability of an antibody to fix complement and mediate cell-dependent cytotoxicity.
• the isotype of an antibody may be selected on the basis of whether it is desirable for the antibody to mediate cytotoxicity.
• Human immunoglobulins can exist in two forms that are associated with hinge heterogeneity.
• an immunoglobulin molecule comprises a stable four chain construct of approximately 150-160 kDa in which the dinners are held together by an interchain heavy chain disulfide bond.
• the dimers are not linked via interchain disulfide bonds and a molecule of about 75-80 kDa is formed composed of a covantlently coupled light and heavy chain (half-antibody). These forms have been extremely difficult to separate, even after affinity purification.
• the frequency of appearance of the second form in various intact IgG isotypes is due to, but not limited to, structural differences associated with the hinge region isotype of the antibody.
• a single amino acid substitution in the hinge region of the human lgG4 hinge can significantly reduce the appearance of the second form (Angal et al. (1993) Molecular Immunology 30:105) to levels typically observed using a human IgGI hinge.
• the instant invention encompasses antibodies having one or more mutations in the hinge, CH2 or CH3 region which may be desirable, for example, in production, to improve the yield of the desired antibody form.
• Antibodies of the invention are preferably prepared with the use of VeloclmmuneTM technology.
• a transgenic mouse in which the endogenous immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable regions are replaced with the corresponding human variable regions is challenged with the antigen of interest, and lymphatic cells (such as B-cells) are recovered from the mice that express antibodies.
• lymphatic cells such as B-cells
• the lymphatic cells may be fused with a myeloma cell line to prepare immortal hybridoma cell lines, and such hybridoma cell lines are screened and selected to identify hybridoma eel! lines that produce antibodies specific to the antigen of interest.
• DNA encoding the variable regions of the heavy chain and light chain may be isolated and linked to desirable isotypic constant regions of the heavy chain and light chain.
• Such an antibody protein may be produced in a cell, such as a CHO cell.
• DNA encoding the antigen- specific chimeric antibodies or the variable domains of the light and heavy chains may be isolated directly from antigen-
• the transgenic mouse comprises up to 18 functional human variable heavy chain genes and 12 functional human variable kappa light chain genes. In another embodiment, the transgenic mouse comprises up to 39 human variable heavy chain genes and 30 human variable kappa light chain genes. In yet another embodiment, the transgenic mouse comprises up to 80 human variable heavy chain genes and 40 human variable kappa light chain genes.
• the antibodies of the instant invention possess very high affinities, typically possessing KpS of from about 10 "9 through about 10 ⁇ 12 M, when measured by binding to antigen either immobilized on solid phase or in solution phase.
• high affinity chimeric antibodies are isolated having a human variable region and a mouse constant region.
• the antibodies are characterized and selected for desirable characteristics, including binding affinity to hlL-6R, ability to block hlL-6, and/or selectivity for the human protein.
• the mouse constant regions are replaced with a desired human constant region to generate the fully human antibody of the invention, for example wild- type or modified lgG4 or IgGI (for example, SEQ ID NO:242, 243, 244). While the constant region selected may vary according to specific use, high affinity antigen-binding and target specificity characteristics reside in the variable region.
• Modification-Assisted Profiling also known as Antigen Structure-based Antibody Profiling (ASAP) is a method that categorizes large numbers of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the same antigen according to the similarities of the binding profile of each antibody to chemically or enzymatically modified antigen surfaces (US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0101920). Each category may reflect a unique epitope either distinctly different from or partially overlapping with an epitope represented by another category. This technology allows rapid filtering of genetically identical antibodies, such that characterization can be focused on genetically distinct antibodies.
• MAP may facilitate identification of rare hybridoma clones with desired characteristics.
• MAP may be used to sort the hlL-6R antibodies of the invention into groups of antibodies binding different epitopes.
• Agents useful for altering the structure of the immobilized antigen are enzymes, such as, for example proteolytic enzymes and chemical agents.
• the antigen protein may be immobilized on either biosensor chip surfaces or polystyrene beads.
• the latter can be processed with, for example, an assay such as a multiplex LuminexTM detection assay (Luminex Corp., TX). Because of the capacity of LuminexTM to handle multiplex analysis with up to 100 different types of beads, LuminexTM provides almost unlimited antigen surfaces with various modifications, resulting in improved resolution in antibody epitope profiling over a biosensor assay.
• formulations include, for example, powders, pastes, ointments, jellies, waxes, oils, lipids, lipid (cationic or anionic) containing vesicles (such as LipofectinTM), DNA conjugates, anhydrous absorption pastes, oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions, emulsions carbowax (polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights), semi-solid gels, and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax.
• vesicles such as LipofectinTM
• DNA conjugates such as LipofectinTM
• anhydrous absorption pastes oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions
• emulsions carbowax polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights
• semi-solid gels and semi-solid mixtures containing carbowax.
• Example 1 Generation of Human Antibodies to Human IL-6 Receptor.
• Immunization of rodents can be done by any methods known in the art (see, for example, Harlow and Lane (1988) supra; Malik and Lillehoj, Antibody techniques: Academic Press, 1994, CA).
• hlL-6R antigen is administered directly to mice which comprise DNA loci encoding both human Ig heavy chain variable region and Kappa light chain variable region (VeloclmmuneTM, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; US 6,596,541), with an adjuvant to stimulate the immune response.
• Such an adjuvant includes complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, MPL+TDM adjuvant system (Sigma), or RIBI (muramyl dipeptides) (see O'Hagan, Vaccine Adjuvant, by Human Press, 2000, NJ).
• Such an adjuvant can prevent rapid dispersal of polypeptide by sequestering the antigen in a local depot, and may contain factors that can stimulate host immune response.
• hIL-6R is administered indirectly as DNA plasmid that contains hlL-6R gene and expresses hlL-6R using the host cellular protein expression machinery to produce antigen polypeptide in vivo. In both approaches, the immunization schedule requires several administrations spaced by a few weeks.
• the antibody immune response is monitored by standard antigen-specific immunoassay. When animals reached their maximum immune response, the antibody expressing B cells were harvested and fused with mouse myeloma cells to preserve their viability, forming hybridoma cells. To select functionally desirable monoclonal antibodies, conditioned media of the hybridoma cells or transfected cells were screened for specificity, antigen-binding affinity, and potency in blocking hlL-6 binding to hlL-6R (described below).
• DNA encoding VH and VL domains may be isolated directly from a single antigen positive B cell. Briefly, the hlL-6R ⁇ immunized transgenic mouse was terminated and splenocytes were harvested. Red blood cells were removed by lysis followed by pelleting the harvested splenocytes. Resuspended splenocytes were first incubated with a cocktail of human IgG, FITC-anti-mFc, and biotin-IL6Ra for 1 hour.
• the stained cells were washed twice with PBS, then stained with a cocktail of human and rat IgG, APC-anti-mlgM, and SA-PE for one hour.
• the stained cells were washed once with PBS and were analyzed by flow cytometry on a MoFIo (Cytomation).
• Each IgG positive, IgM negative, and antigen positive B cell was sorted and plated into a separate well on a 96-well plate.
• RT-PCR of antibody genes from these B cells was performed according to a method described by Wang et al. (2000) (J Immunol Methods 244:217-225). Briefly, cDNAs for each single B cell were synthesized via RT-PCR.
• Each resulting RT product was then split and transferred into two corresponding wells on two 96-well plates.
• One set of the resulting RT products was first amplified by PCR using a 5' degenerate primer specific for human IgG heavy chain variable region leader sequence and a 3' primer specific for mouse heavy chain constant region, to form an amplicon.
• the amplicon was then amplified again by PCR using a 5' degenerate primer set specific for framework 1 of human IgG heavy chain variable region sequence and a nested 3' primer specific for mouse heavy chain constant region.
• the other set of the resulting RT products was first amplified by PCR using a 5' degenerate primer specific for human kappa light chain variable region leader sequence and a 3" primer specific for mouse kappa light chain constant region to form an amplicon.
• the amplicon was then amplified again by PCR using a 5' degenerate primer set specific for framework 1 of human kappa light chain variable region sequence and a nested 3' primer specific for mouse kappa light chain constant region.
• the heavy chain and light chain PCR products were cloned into Sap l-linearized antibody vectors containing IgGI heavy chain constant region and kappa light chain constant region, respectively.
• the heavy chain plasmid has a Iox2272 site and a Iox511 site flanking the heavy chain expression cassettes.
• Iox2272 immediately downstream of the Iox2272 in the heavy chain plasmid there is a hygromycin- resistance gene that lacks a promoter and an initiating ATG.
• the hygromycin-resistance gene is also transcriptionally linked to a downstream eGFP gene via an IRES sequence.
• the light chain plasmid has a loxP site and Iox2272 site flanking the light chain expression cassette.
• the light chain plasmid has a SV40 promoter immediately before an ATG at the Iox2272 site, such that upon integration into an appropriate host cell the Iox2272-proximal SV40 promoter and initiating ATG from the light chain plasmid is brought adjacent to the hygromycin- resistance gene in the heavy chain plasmid in the proper reading frame to allow transcription and translation of the hygromycin-resistance and eGFP genes.
• Purified recombinant plasmids having a heavy chain variable region sequence and plasmids having a light chain variable region sequence from the same B cell were then combined and transfected, together with a plasmid that expresses the Cre recombinase, into a modified CHO host cell line.
• the modified CHO host cell line contains, from 5' to 3", a loxP site, an eCFP, a Iox2272 site, DsRed, and a Iox511 site at a transcriptionally active locus. Consequently, the host CHO cell can be isolated by flow cytometry as a blue-positive, red-positive, and green-negative cell.
• CHO cells transfected with recombinant plasmids having a heavy chain variable region sequence and plasmids having a light chain variable region sequence from the same B cell were sorted by flow cytometry, and proper recombinants that show the blue-negative, red-negative, and green- positive phenotype were isolated, and stable recombinant antibody-expressing CHO cell lines were established from isolated clones.
• the K D of the antigen binding to the selected antibodies described above were determined by surface kinetics on a real-time biosensor surface plasmon resonance assay (BIAcoreTM). More specifically, the affinity of the antibodies for human IL-6R was measured using a BIAcore® 2000 or BIAcore® 3000. The antibody was captured on an anti-mouse IgG surface and exposed to various concentrations of recombinant hlL-6R protein either in monomeric or dimeric form. Kinetic analysis using BlAevaluationTM software was performed to obtain the association and dissociation rate constants.
• BIAcoreTM real-time biosensor surface plasmon resonance assay
• Binding affinities of the antibodies to hlL-6R was also measured for either hybridoma- conditioned media or purified proteins by plate-based competition immunoassay.
• the antibody proteins were purified using Protein G affinity chromatography from hybridoma cell conditioning medium that was bovine IgG-depleted (Invitrogen).
• competition ELISA briefly, constant amounts of antibody at different levels were premixed with serial dilutions of antigen protein, hlL-6R-hFc, ranging from 0 to 10 ⁇ g/ml, and incubated for two hours at room temperature to reach pseudo-binding equilibrium between the antibody and antigen.
• Results are shown in Table 1 (control: humanized monoclonal antibody to human IL-6R (U.S. Patent No. 5,817,790 SEQ ID NO:69 and 71).
• Monomer and dimer K D determined by BIAcoreTM; solution K D by KinexaTM; IC 50 by ELISA as
• hlL-6 blocking activities of the anti-hlL-6R antibodies of the invention were screened by hlL-6 blocking immunoassays, in vitro hlL-6 dependent cell growth bioassays, and surface plasmon resonance (BIAcoreTM).
• the immunoassay was used to screen ability of the tested antibody to block hlL-6 binding to hlL-6R, and the in vitro bioassay was used to determine the potency of the antibodies in neutralizing hlL-6R-mediated cellular signal transduction.
• hlL-6 recombinant protein was coated on a 96-well plate in PBS buffer overnight at 4°C.
• This plate was used to capture free hlL-6R-hFc from antibody sample solutions, and the amount of captured hH_-6R-hFc was quantified according to the standard curve.
• the sample solutions were composed of a constant amount of hlL-6R-hFc recombinant protein (100 pM) and varying amounts of antibody, either in crude hybridoma condition medium or as purified antibody protein, ranging from 0 to about 50 nM in serial dilutions.
• the antibody- antigen mixtures were incubated at room temperature for ⁇ 2 hours to allow antibody-antigen binding to reach equilibrium.
• the equilibrated sample solutions were then transferred to the hlL- 6 coated plates for measurement of free hlL-6R-hFc.
• hlL-6R-hFc was detected using HRP-conjugated goat anti-hFc polyclonal antibodies (Jackson lmmuno Research), and developed using TMB substrate (BD Pharmigen).
• IC 50 S were determined as the amount of antibody required to reduce 50% of IL-6R-hFc detectable to plate bound hlL-6 ligand. Results are shown in the first column of Table 2. [0051] Additionally, the ability of the test antibody to block hlL-6 binding to the hlL-6R receptor was determined using surface plasmon resonance.
• hlL-6R-hFc molecules were captured by goat anti-human IgG polyclonal antibodies immobilized on CM-5 surface through amine coupling to a density of 250 RU.
• hlL-6 solution (0.25ml, 50 nM) was injected over the receptor surface and bound hlL-6 recorded (first injection of IL-6). Bound hlL-6 was then removed with a pulse of 3 M MgCb following by conditioning buffer.
• Anti-hlL6R antibody in hybridoma conditioned medium was injected over the captured receptor surface followed by second injection of hlL-6. The percent reduction in hL-6 binding resulting from preformed antibody and receptor complex was used as a score to define hlL-6 blockers from non-blockers (second column, Table 2).
• hlL-6R antibodies to block hlL-6 activity in vitro was measured in the hlL-6- dependent myeloma line XG-1.
• XG-1 cells maintained in hlL-6-containing medium were washed twice with hlL-6-free media and cultured for -24 hours in hlL-6-free medium to deplete residual hlL-6.
• the starved cells were then spun down and re-suspended in the medium at 4 x 10 5 cells per ml and plated 20,000 cells per well in a 96-well tissue culture plate.
• the purified antibody proteins were serially diluted in medium and added to the plated cells at concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 nM.
• hlL-6 was added to the wells to a final concentration of 8 pM.
• Cells were allowed to grow for ⁇ 72 hours at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO 2 incubator. At the end of growth period, live cells were measured using CCK-8 kit (Dojindo, Japan). ICs 0 S were determined as described above, and reported in the third column of Table 2. [0053] The ability of hlL-6R antibodies to block hlL-6 activity was also measured in vitro in the hlL-6-responsive human hepatoma cell line, HepG2.
• HepG2 cells were transfected with a reporter plasmid containing a STAT3 (Signal Transducer and activator of Transcription 3) response element linked to a luciferase gene.
• the transfected cells were trypsinized, spun down and re-suspended in the medium at approximately 2.5 x 10 5 cells per ml and plated at 20,000 cells per well in a 96-well tissue culture plate.
• the purified antibody proteins were serially diluted in medium and added to the plated cells at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 nM. Subsequently, recombinant hlL-6 was added to the wells to a final concentration of 50 pM.
• An antibody binding competition immunoassay was performed using as a control humanized antibody to human IL-6R. Briefly, a 96-well immunosorbent plate was coated with 20 ng per well hlL-6R recombinant protein overnight at 4°C. After blocking non-specific binding with BSA, the hlL-6R binding sites on one half of the plate were saturated with binding of the control antibody by addition of 500 ng of the control per well, and to the other half of the plate was added binding buffer only. After three hours binding at room temperature, the purified antibodies were spiked in at a final concentration of 50 ng/ml with and without the preexisting control antibody in the well.
• Antibodies VQ8F11 , W3D8, W6A9, W6C10-1 bound epitopes overlapping with the control antibody; while antibodies VQ8A9, W1 G4, W6F12, W7G4, W9A6, and W6C10-3 appeared to bind distinct epitopes as antigen binding was not blocked by the control antibody. Partial competition may result from steric hindrance from the first antibody bound, even though epitopes may not be overlapping.
• the binding affinity to monomeric hlL-6R of four antibodies having mouse IgG, human IgGI or human lgG4 (wild-type and modified) were determined using BIAcoreTM as described above except a goat anti-human Fc polyclonal antibody surface was used to capture hlgG antibodies.
• Monomeric hlL-6R was injected at concentrations of 12.5, 6.25, 3.12, and 1.56 nM.
• the ability of the antibodies to neutralize hlL-6-dependent HepG2/STAT3 signal transduction was also determined in a luciferase assay (ICso)- IC 50 S for different IgG isotypes were similar, suggesting no effect of isotype on antibody affinity for antigen.

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