US20120148691A1 - Compositions and methods for the prevention and treatment of hypertension - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for the prevention and treatment of hypertension Download PDF

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US20120148691A1
US20120148691A1 US13/377,498 US201013377498A US2012148691A1 US 20120148691 A1 US20120148691 A1 US 20120148691A1 US 201013377498 A US201013377498 A US 201013377498A US 2012148691 A1 US2012148691 A1 US 2012148691A1
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oegj
blood pressure
administered
hypertension
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Ming Li
Peng Peng
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Generex Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Generex Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Definitions

  • the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing hypertension in mammalian subjects, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an organic extract of Geum japonicum (OEGJ).
  • OEGJ organic extract of Geum japonicum
  • the peripheral resistance of small arteries is systemically decreased in a subject administered the OEGJ compared to a subject not administered the OEGJ.
  • the peripheral resistance of small arteries is decreased by collateral vessel formation in organs or tissues.
  • OEGJ stimulates collateral vessel formation in organs or tissues with increased resistance of small arteries so that the peripheral resistance will be decreased.
  • the subject's blood pressure is reduced compared to a subject not administered with the OEGJ.
  • the mammalian subject is a human.
  • OEGJ is administered in an amount ranging from about 0.01 mg to about 10 g of the extract per kilogram of body weight per day. In one embodiment, OEGJ is administered in a dosage unit form. In one embodiment, OEGJ is administered in a dosage unit form comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, OEGJ is administered orally. In one embodiment, OEGJ is administered by subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection, or intravenous infusion.
  • the OEGJ is a lower alkyl alcohol solvent extract of Geum japonicum.
  • the lower alkyl alcohol has 1-6 carbons atoms.
  • the lower alkyl alcohol is ethanol.
  • the lower alkyl alcohol is methanol.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing hypertension in mammalian subjects, comprising an effective amount of an organic extract of Geum japonicum (OEGJ) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • OEGJ organic extract of Geum japonicum
  • the present invention provides a kit comprising an effective amount of an organic extract of Geum japonicum (OEGJ) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a container and instructions indicating that the pharmaceutical composition is beneficial to a human suffering from hypertension or high blood pressure.
  • OEGJ organic extract of Geum japonicum
  • FIG. 1 is micrograph showing OEGJ-induced differentiation of vessel endothelial cells (HUVEC).
  • Panel (a) The vehicle treated cells show proliferation and no sign of differentiation.
  • FIG. 2 presents data showing that OEGJ treatment decreased the blood pressure in a 2VO rat model.
  • FIG. 3 shows ultrasound Doppler evaluation of the reduced peripheral resistance of blood vessels in 2VO brain 2 weeks after termination of OEGJ treatment.
  • the blood flow volume was evaluated by measuring basal artery of the experimental animals. Frequency is plotted vertically and time horizontally. Each signal corresponds to one cardiac cycle.
  • A Real time two dimensional image showing the basal artery in longitudinal section (upper panel) and Doppler shift signals recorded from basal artery (lower panel) in vehicle treated animals.
  • B Real time two dimensional image showing the basal artery in longitudinal section (upper panel) and Doppler shift signals recorded from basal artery (lower panel) in OEGJ treated animals.
  • OEGJ treated animals had lower blood pressure (128 mmHg) compared with the significantly elevated blood pressure (148 mmHg) in vehicle treated, the cerebral blood flow volume was significantly higher (21.1 ml/min) in OEGJ treated group than that (14.6 ml/min) in vehicle treated.
  • BP blood pressure
  • BF blood flow volume
  • FIG. 4 is a representative image of the cortex of the frontal lobe in OEGJ-treated 2VO rats showing significantly more vessels ( ⁇ 61.7 ⁇ 20.3/HPF) compared with that (38.5 ⁇ 12.6/HPF) of vehicle treated control 2VO rats (C).
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing blood pressure and cerebral blood flow in a 2VO animal model.
  • BP denotes blood pressure.
  • Basal CBFV denotes the cerebral blood flow volume through basal artery.
  • Nor Normal control rats.
  • Mod Vehicle treated 2VO rats.
  • OEGJ OEGJ treated 2VO rats.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing blood pressure and cerebral blood flow in partial ligation (60%) of the right carotid artery in SD rats.
  • BP blood pressure
  • CBFV the total cerebral blood flow volume
  • Ctr vehicle treated model rats
  • OEGJ treatment significantly increased cerebral blood flow through basal artery while the normal blood pressure was maintained.
  • the cerebral blood flow through basal artery in vehicle treated rats is significantly lower than that in OEGJ treated, while the blood pressure was elevated.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing blood pressure in APP mice.
  • OEGJ OEGJ treated APP mice
  • Ctr vehicle treated APP mice.
  • OEGJ treatment decreased the blood pressure by about 10% to a normal level in OEGJ treated APP mice compared with that in vehicle treated APP control mice.
  • the present invention provides compounds, extracts, and methods for preventing or treating hypertension.
  • the compounds provided herein can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments that are useful in the disclosed methods. Also provided are the use of the compounds and extracts in preparing pharmaceutical formulations and medicaments.
  • the “administration” of an agent or drug to a subject or subject includes any route of introducing or delivering to a subject a compound to perform its intended function. Administration can be carried out by any suitable route, including orally, intranasally, parenterally (intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, or subcutaneously), rectally, or topically. Administration includes self-administration and the administration by another.
  • the term “effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” of a composition is a quantity sufficient to achieve a desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect, e.g., an amount which results in the prevention of, or a decrease in, the symptoms associated with a disease that is being treated.
  • the amount of a composition administered to the subject will depend on the type and severity of the disease and on the characteristics of the individual, such as general health, age, sex, body weight and tolerance to drugs. It will also depend on the degree, severity and type of disease. The skilled artisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors.
  • the compositions of the present invention can also be administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic compounds.
  • OEGJ used in the invention, without specific indication, means an extract of the plant Geum japonicum Thunb. var. by an organic solvent described below.
  • a medical condition includes, but is not limited to, any condition or disease manifested as one or more physical and/or psychological symptoms for which treatment and/or prevention is desirable, and includes previously and newly identified diseases and other disorders.
  • a medical condition may be hypertension.
  • the term “subject” includes any mammalian subject, such as a human, but can also be an animal, e.g., domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., monkey, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and the like).
  • domestic animals e.g., dogs, cats and the like
  • farm animals e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses and the like
  • laboratory animals e.g., monkey, rats, mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and the like.
  • the terms “treating” or “treatment” or “alleviation” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder.
  • a subject is successfully “treated” for a disorder if, after receiving a therapeutic agent according to the methods of the present invention, the subject shows observable and/or measurable reduction in or absence of one or more signs and symptoms of a particular disease or condition.
  • prevention or “preventing” of a disorder or condition refers to a compound that, in a statistical sample, reduces the occurrence of the disorder or condition in the treated sample relative to an untreated control sample, or delays the onset or reduces the severity of one or more symptoms of the disorder or condition relative to the untreated control sample.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating or preventing hypertension with agents and/or extracts and compounds, and derivatives of such compounds from a variety of plants including Geum japonicum.
  • the agent is an extract, e.g., an organic extract, of Geum japonicum.
  • the agent is a methanol or ethanol extract of Geum japonicum or an active fraction thereof.
  • An agent of the invention may be part of a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more excipients, carriers, or fillers.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is packaged in unit dosage form. The unit dosage form is effective in improving various diseases or medical conditions when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • a method for preparing an organic extract from Geum japonicum comprises the step of (a) extracting the plant of Geum japonicum with alcohol selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alcohols. This step maybe repeated 3-6 times, typically 5 times, at room temperature. Before performing step (a), the plant material may be powdered or cut into small pieces.
  • the C1-C4 alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, and ter-butanol. Typically, alcohol is added in 1-10 times by weight of the amount of the Geum japonicum to be extracted.
  • the methods may further comprise the step of (b) drying the extract obtained from the step of (a) into a dried powder; and (c) successively extracting the powder obtained from the step of (b) with C6 alkane, EtOAc and an alcohol selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alcohols.
  • the C6 alkane includes cyclic and non-cyclic alkane having 6 carbon atoms, 1 including, for example, cyclohexane, n-hexane, and neo-hexane, etc.
  • the C1-C4 alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, and ter-butanol.
  • the amount of organic solvent to be used is typically 1-10 times by weight of the amount of the powders to be further extracted.
  • the method as recited above may also include filtering the extract to remove any insoluble powders therein.
  • a drying step may be completed under reduced pressure at a temperature higher than room temperature, for example, at 50° C.
  • the method may further comprise the steps of applying the powder to a chromatographic column; and eluting the column with an aqueous solution with increasing concentration of an alcohol selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alcohols.
  • an alcohol selected from the group consisting of C1-C4 alcohols.
  • a Sephadex or reverse phase column may be used.
  • the alcohol used may be any one selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, and ter-butanol.
  • the OEGJ typically contains mainly tannins including Gemin A, B, C, D, E and F and triterpenes including 2-hydroxyoleanolic acid, 2-hydroxylursolic acid, 2,19-dihydroxy-ursolic acid, 2- ⁇ ,19- ⁇ -dihydroxy-3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid, ursolic acid, epimolic acid, maslinic acid, euscaphic acid, tormentic acid, 28- ⁇ -D-glucoside of tormentic acid.
  • tannins including Gemin A, B, C, D, E and F and triterpenes including 2-hydroxyoleanolic acid, 2-hydroxylursolic acid, 2,19-dihydroxy-ursolic acid, 2- ⁇ ,19- ⁇ -dihydroxy-3-oxo-12-ursen-28-oic acid, ursolic acid, epimolic acid, maslinic acid, euscaphic acid, tormentic acid, 28- ⁇ -D-glucoside of
  • the extracts, fractions, and compounds of the invention are obtained by extraction, using water and/or of an organic solvent, from crude plant material comprises the following stages:
  • the crude extract may be subjected to a purification stage by chromatography.
  • centrifugal partition chromatography CPC
  • This technique is in particular described by A. P. FOUCAULT, Ed., Centrifugal Partition Chromatography, Chromatographic Science Series, Marcel Dekker Inc., 1995, 68, or W. D. CONWAY, Ed., Countercurrent Chromatography apparatus theory and applications, VCH Publishers Inc., 1990.
  • CPC is based on the partition of the solutes between two non-miscible liquid phases prepared by the mixture of two or more solvents or solutions. One of the two phases is kept stationary by a centrifugal force.
  • the solvents, their proportions and the flow rate chosen closely depend both on the stability of the stationary phase within the CPC column and the actual pressure.
  • Systolic blood pressure is the maximum pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and pushes blood out into the body.
  • the diastolic blood pressure is the minimum pressure in the arteries between beats when the heart relaxes to fill with blood.
  • Hypertension is defined as an average systolic blood pressure above 140-150 mm Hg, a diastolic blood pressure above 90-95 mm Hg, or both.
  • An elevation of the systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart disease, kidney disease, hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis), eye damage, and stroke (brain damage).
  • end-organ damage because damage to these organs is the end result of chronic high blood pressure. For this reason, the diagnosis and early treatment of high blood pressure is important to normalize blood pressure and prevent complications.
  • ACE inhibitors stop the production of a hormone called angiotensin II that makes the blood vessels narrow
  • Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists work in a similar way as ACE inhibitors
  • Beta-blockers block the effect of the hormone adrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system on the body relaxing the heart
  • Alpha-blockers cause the blood vessels to relax and widen
  • calcium-channel blockers reduce muscle tension in the arteries.
  • the nature of blood pressure is the force of blood as it is pumped through the arteries.
  • the heart is required to pump certain volume of blood around the body through the arteries. Therefore, the best solution to reduce blood pressure without negatively affecting normal activities of the body is to permanently increase the cross-sectional area of the total arteries of the whole body.
  • the present inventors have discovered an organic extract of Geum japonicum that can significantly decrease the elevated blood pressure of subjects after about a two-week treatment with the extract.
  • treatment for four to eight weeks with the extract can permanently increase the cross-sectional area of the arteries in subjects, which substantially reduces the resistance of the peripheral arteries. As a result, the blood pressure decreases without compromising functional performance of the whole body.
  • the present invention is related to the use of an organic extract of Geum japonicum (OEGJ) and a method of treating hypertension in humans or animals and diseases associated with hypertension. Particularly, it relates to a pharmaceutical composition and method for reducing systemic blood pressure.
  • OEGJ organic extract of Geum japonicum
  • the OEGJ may act by stimulating the growth of new collateral capillaries, arterioles and micro-vessels systemically in the subject with increased peripheral resistance that substantially improves blood perfusion to important organs and tissues and increases cross-sectional area of the small blood vessels at different levels.
  • the increased peripheral resistance of the small arterioles in hypertension is rectified due to the compensation of the newly grown collateral vessels to the narrowed arteries, thereby leading to a decrease in blood pressure. Therefore, the methods provide a substantial treatment modality that addresses the underlying pathological cause of hypertension.
  • the invention provides methods of treating or preventing hypertension in a subject in need thereof, which comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, composition, fraction, or extract described herein.
  • the methods for the prevention or treatment of hypertension include administering to a mammal in need thereof fractions and/or extracts from a variety of plants including Geum japonicum.
  • the extract is an organic extract obtained from the plant Geum japonicum.
  • an agent for the treatment or prevention of hypertension is part of a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more excipients, carriers, or fillers.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is packaged in unit dosage form.
  • the unit dosage form is effective in improving (i.e., lowering) blood pressure in the subject.
  • suitable in vitro or in vivo assays are performed to determine the effect of an agent (extracts, fractions, and compounds) of the invention and whether its administration is indicated for the treatment or prevention of hypertension in a subject.
  • in vivo models of hypertension are used to assess the effects of an agent on a subject. The effects of the agent in mediating the hypertension in the animal subject are investigated and compared to suitable controls.
  • plants, extracts, active fractions, and/or compounds of the invention may be administered as part of a combination therapeutic with another cardiovascular agent.
  • cardiovascular agents include vasodilators, for example, hydralazine; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, for example, captopril; anti-anginal agents, for example, isosorbide nitrate, glyceryl trinitrate and pentaerythritol tetranitrate; anti-arrhythmic agents, for example, quinidine, procainaltide and lignocaine; cardioglycosides, for example, digoxin and digitoxin; calcium antagonists, for example, verapamil and nifedipine; diuretics, such as thiazides and related compounds, for example, bendrofluazide, chlorothiazide, chlorothalidone, hydrochlorothiazide and other diuretics, for example, fursemide and triamterene, and sedative
  • cardiovascular agents include, for example, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor such as aspirin or indomethacin, a platelet aggregation inhibitor such as clopidogrel, ticlopidene or aspirin, fibrinogen antagonists or a diuretic such as chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, flumethiazide, hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorthiazide, trichloromethiazide, polythiazide or benzthiazide as well as ethacrynic acid ticrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosemide, muzolimine, bumetanide, triamterene, amiloride and spironolactone and salts of such compounds, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril, zofenopril, fosinopril, enalapril, ceranopril
  • cardiovascular agents include, for example, vasodilators, e.g., bencyclane, cinnarizine, citicoline, cyclandelate, cyclonicate, ebumamonine, phenoxezyl, flunarizine, ibudilast, ifenprodil, lomerizine, naphlole, nikamate, nosergoline, nimodipine, papaverine, pentifylline, nofedoline, vincamin, vinpocetine, vichizyl, pentoxifylline, prostacyclin derivatives (such as prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin I2), an endothelin receptor blocking drug (such as bosentan), diltiazem, nicorandil, and nitroglycerin.
  • vasodilators e.g., bencyclane, cinnarizine, citicoline, cyclandelate, cyclonicate,
  • Examples of the cerebral protecting drug include radical scavengers (such as edaravone, vitamin E, and vitamin C), glutamate antagonists, AMPA antagonists, kainate antagonists, NMDA antagonists, GABA agonists, growth factors, opioid antagonists, phosphatidylcholine precursors, serotonin agonists, Na + /Ca 2+ channel inhibitory drugs, and K + channel opening drugs.
  • Examples of the brain metabolic stimulants include amantadine, tiapride, and gamma-aminobutyric acid.
  • anticoagulant examples include heparins (such as heparin sodium, heparin potassium, dalteparin sodium, dalteparin calcium, heparin calcium, pamaparin sodium, reviparin sodium, and danaparoid sodium), warfarin, enoxaparin, argatroban, batroxobin, and sodium citrate.
  • heparins such as heparin sodium, heparin potassium, dalteparin sodium, dalteparin calcium, heparin calcium, pamaparin sodium, reviparin sodium, and danaparoid sodium
  • antiplatelet drug examples include ticlopidine hydrochloride, dipyridamole, cilostazol, ethyl icosapentate, sarpogrelate hydrochloride, dilazep hydrochloride, trapidil, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent (such as aspirin), beraprostsodium, iloprost, and indobufene.
  • thrombolytic drug include urokinase, tissue-type plasminogen activators (such as alteplase, tisokinase, nateplase, pamiteplase, monteplase, and rateplase), and nasaruplase.
  • antihypertensive drug examples include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (such as captopril, alacepril, lisinopril, imidapril, quinapril, temocapril, delapril, benazepril, cilazapril, trandolapril, enalapril, ceronapril, fosinopril, imadapril, mobertpril, perindopril, ramipril, spirapril, and randolapril), angiotensin II antagonists (such as losartan, candesartan, valsartan, eprosartan, and irbesartan), calcium channel blocking drugs (such as aranidipine, efonidipine, nicardipine, bamidipine, benidipine, manidipine, cilnidipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipin
  • anti anginal drug examples include nitrate drugs (such as amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin, and isosorbide), ⁇ -adrenaline receptor blocking drugs (such as propranolol, pindolol, indenolol, carteolol, bunitrolol, atenolol, acebutolol, metoprolol, timolol, nipradilol, penbutolol, nadolol, tilisolol, carvedilol, bisoprolol, betaxolol, celiprolol, bopindolol, bevantolol, labetalol, alprenolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, befunolol, bucumolol, bufetolol, buferalol, buprandolol, butylidine
  • diuretic examples include thiazide diuretics (such as hydrochlorothiazide, methyclothiazide, trichlormethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, and penflutizide), loop diuretics (such as furosemide, etacrynic acid, bumetanide, piretanide, azosemide, and torasemide), K + sparing diuretics (spironolactone, triamterene, and potassium can renoate), osmotic diuretics (such as isosorbide, D-mannitol, and glycerin), nonthiazide diuretics (such as meticrane, tripamide, chlorthalidone, and mefruside), and acetazolamide.
  • thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide, methyclothiazide, trichlormethiazide, benzylhydroch
  • cardiotonic examples include digitalis formulations (such as digitoxin, digoxin, methyldigoxin, deslanoside, vesnarinone, lanatoside C, and proscillaridin), xanthine formulations (such as aminophylline, choline theophylline, diprophylline, and proxyphylline), catecholamine formulations (such as dopamine, dobutamine, and docarpamine), PDE III inhibitors (such as amrinone, olprinone, and milrinone), denopamine, ubidecarenone, pimobendan, levosimendan, aminoethylsulfonic acid, vesnarinone, carperitide, and colforsin daropate.
  • digitalis formulations such as digitoxin, digoxin, methyldigoxin, deslanoside, vesnarinone, lanatoside C, and proscillaridin
  • xanthine formulations such
  • antiarrhythmic drug examples include ajmaline, pirmenol, procainamide, cibenzoline, disopyramide, quinidine, aprindine, mexiletine, lidocaine, phenyloin, pilsicainide, propafenone, flecainide, atenolol, acebutolol, sotalol, propranolol, metoprolol, pindolol, amiodarone, nifekalant, diltiazem, bepridil, and verapamil.
  • antihyperlipidemic drug examples include atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin sodium, fluvastatin sodium, clinofibrate, clofibrate, simfibrate, fenofibrate, bezafibrate, colestimide, and colestyramine.
  • an effective amount of the compositions of the present invention ranges from about 0.000001 mg per kilogram body weight per day to about 10,000 mg per kilogram body weight per day.
  • the dosage ranges are from about 0.0001 mg per kilogram body weight per day to about 10000 mg per kilogram body weight per day.
  • the dosage ranges may be from about 0.0001 to 10000 mg/kg, and more usually 0.1 to 10000 mg/kg every week, every two weeks or every three weeks, of the host body weight.
  • An exemplary treatment regime entails administration once per every two weeks or once a month or once every 3 to 6 months. The agent usually administered on multiple occasions. Intervals between single dosages can be daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
  • the agents can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required. Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the agent in the subject. The dosage and frequency of administration can vary depending on whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeutic. In prophylactic applications, a relatively low dosage is administered at relatively infrequent intervals over a long period of time. Some subjects continue to receive treatment for the rest of their lives. In therapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively short intervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease is reduced or terminated, and preferably until the subject shows partial or complete amelioration of symptoms of disease. Thereafter, the patient can be administered a prophylactic regime.
  • an effective amount (e.g., dose) of an agent described herein will provide therapeutic benefit without causing substantial toxicity to the subject.
  • Toxicity of the agent described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., by determining the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) or the LD 100 (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is the therapeutic index.
  • the data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a dosage range that is not toxic for use in human.
  • the dosage of the agent described herein lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the effective dose with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage can vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the subject's condition. See, e.g., Fingl et al., In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ch. 1 (1975).
  • the agents can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may comprise purified or substantially purified extracts of Geum japonicum and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may comprise Pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions for administering the compositions (see, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. 18 th ed., 1990).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are generally formulated as sterile, substantially isotonic and in full compliance with all Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  • GMP Good Manufacturing Practice
  • compositions, carriers, diluents and reagents are used interchangeably and represent that the materials are capable of administration to or upon a subject without the production of undesirable physiological effects to a degree that would prohibit administration of the composition.
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and desirable, and includes excipients that are acceptable for veterinary use as well as for human pharmaceutical use. Such excipients can be solid, liquid, semisolid, or, in the case of an aerosol composition, gaseous.
  • “Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts and esters” means salts and esters that are pharmaceutically-acceptable and have the desired pharmacological properties. Such salts include salts that can be formed where acidic protons present in the agent are capable of reacting with inorganic or organic bases. Suitable inorganic salts include those formed with the alkali metals, e.g., sodium and potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum. Suitable organic salts include those formed with organic bases such as the amine bases, e.g., ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
  • Such salts also include acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids) and organic acids (e.g., acetic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, and the alkane- and arene-sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid).
  • Pharmaceutically-acceptable esters include esters formed from carboxy, sulfonyloxy, and phosphonoxy groups present in the agent, e.g., C 1-6 alkyl esters.
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or ester can be a mono-acid-mono-salt or ester or a di-salt or ester; and similarly where there are more than two acidic groups present, some or all of such groups can be salified or esterified.
  • the agent named in this invention can be present in unsalified or unesterified form, or in salified and/or esterified form, and the naming of such agent is intended to include both the original (unsalified and unesterified) compound and its pharmaceutically-acceptable salts and esters.
  • certain agents named in this invention can be present in more than one stereoisomeric form, and the naming of such agent is intended to include all single stereoisomers and all mixtures (whether racemic or otherwise) of such stereoisomers.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art would have no difficulty determining the appropriate timing, sequence and dosages of administration for particular drugs and compositions of the present invention.
  • Such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used.
  • the use of such media and compounds for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or compound is incompatible with the agent, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • compositions of the invention are formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • the compositions of the present invention can be administered by parenteral, topical, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous, intraarterial, intradermal, transdermal, rectal, intracranial, intraperitoneal, intranasal; intramuscular route or as inhalants.
  • the agent can optionally be administered in combination with other agents that are at least partly effective in treating various diseases.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial compounds such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating compounds such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and compounds for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • the pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, e.g., water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, e.g., by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal compounds, e.g., parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic compounds e.g., sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition a compound which delays absorption, e.g., aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the agents in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the binding agent into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the agents of this invention can be administered in the form of a depot injection or implant preparation which can be formulated in such a manner as to permit a sustained or pulsatile release of the active ingredient.
  • Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
  • the binding agent can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules.
  • Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible binding compounds, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating compound such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium,stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening compound such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring compound such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating compound such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium,stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • the agents are prepared with carriers that will protect the agent against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, or protect the drug from degraded by the acid of the stomach.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems, or protect the drug from degraded by the acid of the stomach.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.
  • a bio-assay guided strategy was used for screening plant constituents to identify a composition of compounds showing the action on reducing peripheral resistance of small arteries through stimulating the growth of arterioles and micro-vessels. Briefly, 10 kg dried Geum japonicum collected from Anhui province was cut into small pieces, which was percolated with 75% ethanol (10 ⁇ volume) at 40° C. for 3 days. The extract was electro-sprayed to yield a brown powder.
  • Vessel endothelial cell proliferation analysis was conducted using an MTT assay following the modified ATCC protocol.
  • Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs, 2 ⁇ 10 3 /well) were seeded onto a 96-well culture plate with growth medium (F12K medium with 15% FBS, 6 U/ml heparin and 30 ⁇ g/ml endothelial cell growth supplement). After cell attachment, the medium was changed to Ham's F12K medium with 2% FBS for 12 hours. Cells were then treated with OEGJ (prepared as described in Example 1) of gradient concentrations 50, 100 and 200 ⁇ g/ml, respectively, for 48 hours. The optical density (OD) was measured by Tecan Sunrise plate reader (GmbH, Australia). For evaluation of the phenotype and differentiation of the cultured endothelial cells, all wells with different treatments were examined under an inverted microscope before MTT measurement.
  • OEGJ not only promoted the proliferation of the HUVECs at low concentration of OEGJ, but also enhanced the differentiation of HUVECs forming thin, elongated and connected tube-like structures in culture, indicating its potential in promoting angiogenesis ( FIG. 1 ).
  • Three of the rats in sham treated group were intragastricly administered daily with an OEGJ suspension (480 mg/kg/day in water) for 4 weeks and the remaining other 3 animals were administered with an equal volume of water daily.
  • the blood pressure and the blood flow to the brain were analyzed 4 weeks after the treatment.
  • SBP stolic blood pressure
  • MBP mean blood pressure
  • the numbers of vessels are about 61.7 ⁇ 20.3/HPF in the regions of cortex in frontal lobe ( FIG. 4 ) and 56.4 ⁇ 12.3/HPF around the regions of hippocampus in OEGJ treated rats.
  • the numbers of vessels are about 38.5 ⁇ 12.6/HPF in regions of cortex in frontal lobe ( FIG. 4 ) and 30.7 ⁇ 10.5/HPF around the regions of hippocampus in vehicle treated rats.
  • OEGJ treatment induced 37.4% more collateral vessels formed in ischemic brains that resulted in 30.8% more blood supply to the ischemic brain and 14.5% reduction of the blood pressure in the OEGJ treated 2VO induced hypertension animals ( FIG. 5 ).
  • the therapeutic effects of OEGJ in several mild hypertension animal models were examined. All studies were conducted in accordance with the National Regulations of Experimental Animal Administration, and all animal experiments were approved by the Committee of Experimental Animal Administration of Zhangjiang High-tech Park.
  • the animal models included a partial ligation of clearlylateral carotid arteries in rat, APP mice, stroke rat, and senescence accelerated mouse induced mild hypertensionanimal models, which are described below.
  • Rat models of ischemic stroke induced high blood pressure Ischemic stroke was induced in SD rats by surgery according to the methods used previously (Mayzel-Oreg et al., 2004). Briefly, the common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and external carotid artery (ECA) around the carotid bifurcation were exposed through a midline incision in the right side of the neck. CCA was ligated proximal to the carotid bifurcation. Saline solution (0.5 ml) containing ⁇ 1000 microspheres (80-150 ⁇ M) was injected by a syringe inserted into the ECA pointing toward the carotid bifurcation.
  • CCA common carotid artery
  • ICA internal carotid artery
  • ECA external carotid artery
  • the rats and mice in OEGJ treatment groups of all above animal models were intragastricly treated with an OEGJ suspension (480 mg/kg/day in water) for 4 weeks respectively.
  • the rats and mice in the vehicle-treated groups were intragastricly administered with an equal volume of water daily for the same period.
  • OEGJ treatment group is about 15% heavier than that in vehicle treatment group.
  • the histological studies also demonstrated that significantly more newly grown vessels were found in the cortex and hippocampus of brains in OEGJ treated APP mice.
  • OEGJ treatment not only induced growth of new collateral vessels in brain and other tissues, but also decreased the systemic blood pressure ( ⁇ 114 mmHg) in APP mice.
  • the blood pressure in vehicle treated APP mice was about 10% higher (124 mmHg) than that in OEGJ treated ( FIG. 7 ).
  • MEGJ Geum japonicum Thunb. variant
  • MEGJ MEGJ-induced blood pressure lowering effect seemed different from current clinically available anti-high blood pressure drugs.
  • Increasing the total cross-sectional area of the arteriole bed in treated subjects is considered to be one of the major mechanisms for smoothly lowering blood pressure as an effective and possible cure for hypertension.
  • a range includes each individual member.
  • a group having 1-3 units refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 units.
  • a group having 1-5 units refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 units, and so forth.

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