TWI584976B - 用於最佳努力經濟之動態限制車輛操作 - Google Patents

用於最佳努力經濟之動態限制車輛操作 Download PDF

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Publication number
TWI584976B
TWI584976B TW101127046A TW101127046A TWI584976B TW I584976 B TWI584976 B TW I584976B TW 101127046 A TW101127046 A TW 101127046A TW 101127046 A TW101127046 A TW 101127046A TW I584976 B TWI584976 B TW I584976B
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Taiwan
Prior art keywords
vehicle
determining
controller
storage device
determined
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TW101127046A
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English (en)
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TW201309502A (zh
Inventor
學森 荷倫斯 路克
馬修 懷丁 泰勒
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睿能創意公司
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/02—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to electric heating circuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2045—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for optimising the use of energy
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
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    • B60L3/0069—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to the isolation, e.g. ground fault or leak current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Description

用於最佳努力經濟之動態限制車輛操作
本發明大體係關於使用電動馬達作為原動機或牽引馬達之車輛且，詳言之，係關於可再充電電能儲存器件(例如，二次電池組(secondary battery)、超級電容器或超電容器)及/或用於此等車輛中之其他組件(例如，電力轉換器、控制電路)之熱管理。
本申請案依據35 U.S.C.119(e)主張以下專利申請案之申請日的權利：題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」且於2011年7月26日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/511,900號(代理人案號170178.401P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」且於2012年5月16日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/647,936號(代理人案號170178.401P2)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BETWEEN COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且於2011年9月14日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/534,753號(代理人案號170178.402P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES」且於2011年9月14日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/534,761號(代理人案號170178.403P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BASED ON USER PROFILES」且於2011年9月14日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/534,772號(代理人案號170178.404P1)；題為「THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES」且於2011年7月26日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/511,887號(代理人案號170178.406P1)；題為「THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES」且於2012年5月16日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/647,941號(代理人案號170178.406P2)；題為「DYNAMICALLY LIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BEST EFFORT ECONOMY」且於2011年7月26日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/511,880號(代理人案號170178.407P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD,AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES」且於2011年11月8日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/557,170號(代理人案號170178.408P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COMPARTMENT」且於2011年12月29 日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/581,566號(代理人案號170178.412P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA」且於2012年2月21日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/601,404號(代理人案號170178.417P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING LOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且於2012年2月22日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/601,949號(代理人案號170178.418P1)；及題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES AT A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE」且於2012年2月22日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/601,953號(代理人案號170178.419P1)。
混合及全電車輛正變得日益普遍。此等車輛可達成相較於傳統內燃機車輛之許多優勢。舉例而言，混合或電車輛可達成較高燃料經濟，且可具有極少或甚至零尾管污染。詳言之，全電動車輛不僅可具有零尾管污染，而且可與較低總污染相關聯。舉例而言，可自再生源(例如，太陽、水電)產生電力。再者，舉例而言，可在不產生空氣污染之發電廠(例如，核電廠)產生電力。再者，舉例而言，可 在燃燒相對「清潔燃燒」燃料(例如，天然氣)之發電廠產生電力，該等發電廠具有比內燃機高的效率及/或使用對於供個別車輛使用而言過大、成本高或昂貴之污染控制或移除系統(例如，工業空氣洗滌器)。
個人運輸車輛(諸如，燃機動力小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車)在許多地方普遍存在，例如，在亞洲的許多大城市。此等小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車傾向於相對較不昂貴，特別與汽車、小汽車或卡車相比而言。具有大量燃機小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車之城市亦傾向於有非常密集的人口，且受到高度空氣污染。新近以來，許多燃機小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車裝備為相對較低的個人運輸污染源。舉例而言，此等小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車可具有比較大車輛高的哩程額定值。一些小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車可甚至裝備有基本污染控制設備(例如，催化轉換器)。不幸地，當使用小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車且皆不加維修時及/或當因(例如)催化轉換器之故意或無意移除而修改小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車時，迅速超過了工廠指定排放等級。小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車之擁有者或操作者常缺少維修其車輛之財源或動機。
已知空氣污染對人的健康具有負面影響，與造成或加重各種疾病相關聯(例如，眾多報告將空氣污染與氣腫、哮喘、肺炎及囊腫性纖維化以及各種心血管疾病相聯繫)。此等疾病奪走了大量生命，且嚴重降低了無數其他人的生命品質。
對燃機之零尾管排放替代將大大地使空氣品質及因此之大眾健康受益。
雖然欣賞全電動車輛之零尾管排放，但大眾對全電動車輛之採用尚慢。原因之一似乎與主電力或電能儲存器件之稍微有限範圍有關，主電力或電能儲存器件通常為二次(亦即，可再充電)化學電池組電池陣列(通常被稱為電池組)。主電力儲存器件之效能可受各種各樣之狀況不利地影響，諸如當前充電位準、溫度及使用歷史，包括主電力儲存器件已經受的再充電循環之年限及數目。範圍亦可基於各種各樣之其他因素或狀況而變化。舉例而言，與車輛有關之狀況可影響範圍，例如，大小、重量、扭矩、最高速度、拖曳係數。又舉例而言，駕駛員或操作者狀況可影響範圍，例如，駕駛員或操作者是否以高速駕駛或迅速地加速(亦即，猛然一動)及高速駕駛或迅速地加速(亦即，猛然一動)之頻率。作為另一實例，環境狀況可影響範圍，例如，周圍溫度及地形(例如，平地、丘陵)。
確保充分及可預測範圍對於達成對電動車輛之廣泛接受而言係重要的。在替換或補給主電力或電能儲存器件為可能的(假定車輛可到達可得到此替換或補給之位置)之情況下，此情形可能特別成立。
本文中所描述之方法可解決具有零尾管排放技術之有限採用(特定言之，在人口密集的城市，及在具有有限財源之人群中)的問題中之一些問題。
舉例而言，本文中所描述之方法中之一些方法可基於諸如以下各者之各種狀況而限制車輛操作(例如，速度、加速度)及/或電動車輛附件(例如，電動附件，諸如空氣調節系統、加熱系統、除霜系統、照明系統、聲頻系統、電動窗、電動鎖、座椅加熱器、全球定位系統、無線通信系統，及其類似者)之操作：電力或電能儲存器件(例如，電池組、超級電容器或超電容器)之當前充電狀況或狀態、電力或電能儲存器件之歷史、與車輛有關之狀況(例如，哩程、重量、大小、拖曳係數)、與車輛之駕駛員或操作者有關之狀況(例如，關於速度、加速度、哩程之歷史)及/或環境狀況(例如，周圍溫度、地形)。舉例而言，控制器可控制一或多個電力轉換器之操作以在需要時限制供應至車輛或車輛附件之牽引電動馬達之電流及/或電壓，以確保到達替換或補給位點之充分範圍。
一種操作具有藉由一主電力儲存器件供電之一原動機之一車輛的方法可概述為包括：至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍；判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計；比較該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍；及至少部分基於該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍的該比較之一結果，判定是否限制該車輛之該原動機之一操作特性。
該方法可進一步包括回應於該判定而限制該車輛之該原動機之至少一操作特性。回應於該判定而限制該車輛之該 原動機之至少一操作特性可包括限制該車輛之一速度。回應於該判定而限制該車輛之該原動機之至少一操作特性可包括限制該車輛之一加速度。
在該原動機為一電動馬達之情況下，該方法可進一步包括回應於判定該所判定行進距離大於該所判定所估計範圍，限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電壓。
在該原動機為一電動馬達之情況下，該方法可進一步包括回應於判定該所判定行進距離大於該所判定所估計範圍，限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電流。
該方法可進一步包括回應於判定該所判定行進距離大於該所判定所估計範圍，調整該主電力儲存器件之一溫度。該方法可進一步包括回應於判定該所判定行進距離大於該所判定所估計範圍，中止至該車輛之至少一非必需品之組件的電力之一供應。
一種操作具有藉由一主電力儲存器件供電之一原動機之一車輛的方法可概述為包括：至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍；判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計；比較該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍；及至少部分基於該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍的該比較之一結果，判定是否限制電動車輛附件之一操作特性。
至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍可包括：至少部分基 於在該目前時間該主電力儲存器件之一充電位準而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍可包括：至少部分基於該主電力儲存器件之一歷史設定檔而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍可包括：至少部分基於該車輛之至少一特性(大小、重量、拖曳)而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍可包括：至少部分基於該車輛之一歷史駕駛型樣而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍可包括：至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛之一駕駛員之一歷史駕駛型樣(速度、加速度)而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍可包括：至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛操作所在之一環境之至少一環境參數(周圍溫度、地形)而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計可包括：判定該目前位置與具有用於該主電力儲存器件之一替換品的至少一位置之間的一行進距離。判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計可包括：判定在該車輛可沿著行進之道路上的該目前位置與該至少一目的地 之間的一最短距離。比較該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍可包括：判定該所估計範圍是否在該所判定行進距離之一所定義臨限值內。至少部分基於該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍的該比較之一結果而判定是否限制該車輛之該原動機之一操作特性可包括：回應於該所估計範圍在該所判定行進距離之該所定義臨限值內，限制該車輛之一速度或一加速度中之至少一者。判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計可包括：考慮該目前位置與該至少一目的地之間的至少一海拔改變。
一種車輛可概述為包括：一原動機，其經耦接以驅動該車輛之至少一車輪；一主電力儲存器件，其儲存電力；一電源供應器，其經耦接且可操作以選擇性地在該主電力儲存器件與該原動機之間轉移電力；及一控制器，其經通信地耦接以控制該電源供應器，其中該控制器回應於在一目前時間該車輛之一所判定所估計範圍與在該車輛之一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的一所判定行進距離之一比較的一結果，限制該車輛之該原動機之至少一操作特性。
該控制器可進一步：至少部分基於在該目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍；判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的該行進距離；比較該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍；及至少部分基於該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍之該比較的該結果，判定是否限制該車輛之該原動機之該操作特 性。該原動機可為一電動馬達且該控制器可回應於該判定而將控制信號施加至該電源供應器，該等控制信號限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電壓。該原動機可為一電動馬達且該控制器可回應於該判定而將控制信號施加至該電源供應器，該等控制信號限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電流。該控制器可回應於該判定而中止至該車輛之至少一非必需品之組件的電力之一供應。
該控制器可至少部分基於在該目前時間該主電力儲存器件之一充電位準而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。該控制器可至少部分基於該主電力儲存器件之一歷史設定檔而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。該控制器可至少部分基於該車輛之至少一特性而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。該控制器可至少部分基於該車輛之一歷史駕駛型樣而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。該控制器可至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛之一駕駛員之一歷史駕駛型樣而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。該控制器可至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛操作所在之一環境之至少一環境參數而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。該控制器可至少部分基於該目前位置與該至少一目的地之間的至少一海拔改變而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。該控制器可判定該目前位置與具有用於該主電力儲存器件之一替換品的至少一位置之間的該行進距離。該控制器可判定沿著該車輛可沿著行進之道路的該目前位置與該至少一目的地之間的一最短距離。該控制器可判定該所估計範圍是否在該所判定行進距離之一所定義臨限值內。該 控制器可回應於該所估計範圍在該所判定行進距離之一所定義臨限值內而限制該車輛之一速度或一加速度中之至少一者。
在圖式中，相同參考數字識別類似的元件或動作。在圖式中的元件之大小及相對位置未必按比例繪製。舉例而言，各種元件及角度之形狀未按比例繪製，且此等元件中之一些元件經任意放大及定位以改良圖式辨視性。另外，如所繪製的元件之特定形狀並不意欲傳送關於特定元件之實際形狀的任何資訊，且僅為了易於圖式中之辨識而選擇。
在以下描述中，闡明了某些特定細節以便提供對各種所揭示之實施例之透徹理解。然而，熟習相關技術者應認識到，可在無此等特定細節中之一或多者的情況下或藉由其他方法、組件、材料等來實踐實施例。在其他情況下，未詳細展示或描述與售貨裝置、電池組、超級電容器或超電容器、電力轉換器(包括(但不限於)變壓器、整流器、DC/DC電力轉換器、開關模式電力轉換器、控制器及通信系統及結構)及網路相關聯之熟知結構，以避免不必要地使實施例之描述晦澀難懂。
除非上下文另有需要，否則貫穿本說明書及接著的申請專利範圍，詞「包含(comprise)」及其變化形式(諸如，「comprises」及「comprising」)應按開放的包括性意義來解釋，亦即，解釋為「包括但不限於」。
貫穿本說明書的對「一項實施例」或「一實施例」之提及意謂結合該實施例描述的特定特徵、結構或特性包括於至少一實施例中。因此，片語「在一項實施例中」或「在一實施例中」在貫穿本說明書之各處中之出現未必皆指代相同實施例。
諸如第一、第二及第三的序數詞之使用未必暗示次序之排名意義，而是可能僅區分動作或結構之多個例項。
對攜帶型電力儲存器件或電能儲存器件之提及意謂能夠儲存電力及釋放所儲存電力的任何器件，包括(但不限於)電池組、超級電容器或超電容器。對電池組之提及意謂一或多個化學儲存電池，例如，可再充電或二次電池組電池(secondary battery cell)，包括(但不限於)鎳鎘合金或鋰離子電池組電池。
本文中提供的本發明之標題及發明摘要僅為了便利起見，且並不解譯實施例之範疇或意義。
圖1展示根據一所說明實施例之呈電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之形式的電動個人運輸車輛。
如先前所註釋，燃機小輪機踏車及機動腳踏車在許多大城市(例如，在亞洲、歐洲及中東)普遍。解決與使用電能儲存器件(例如，二次電池組)作為車輛之主電源或一次電源有關之效能或效率問題的能力可促進使用全電動小輪機踏車及機動腳踏車100代替內燃機小輪機踏車及機動腳踏車，藉此減輕空氣污染，以及減少噪音。
電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100包括框架102、車輪 104a、104b(統稱為104)，及具有使用者控制(諸如，節流閥108、制動桿110、轉向指示器開關112等)之把手106，所有此等各者具有習知設計。電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100亦可包括電力系統114，電力系統114包括：牽引電動馬達116，其經耦接以驅動該等車輪104b中之至少一者；至少一主電力儲存器件118，其存儲電力以至少對牽引電動馬達116供電；及控制電路120，其控制在至少該主電力儲存器件118與牽引電動馬達116之間的電力分配。
牽引電動馬達116可呈各種各樣之形式中之任一者，但通常將為能夠產生足夠電力(瓦特或馬力)及扭矩從而以所要速度及加速度驅動期望之負載的永久磁體感應馬達。牽引電動馬達116可為能夠在驅動模式中操作以及在再生制動模式中操作之任何習知電動馬達。在驅動模式中，牽引電動馬達消耗電力以驅動車輪。在再生制動模式中，牽引電動馬達作為產生器操作，其回應於車輪之旋轉而產生電流且產生制動效應以使車輛減緩。
主電能儲存器件118可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，電池組(例如，電池組電池陣列)或超級電容器或超電容器(例如，超電容器電池陣列)。舉例而言，電能儲存器件118可呈矩形電池組(亦即，二次電池(secondary cell)或二次電池組(secondary battery))之形式。電能儲存器件118可(例如)經設定大小以實體地配合個人運輸車輛(諸如，全電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100)且對個人運輸車輛(諸如，全電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100)供電，且可為攜帶型以允 許容易的替換或交換。假定運輸應用強加之很可能的需求，則主電能儲存器件118很可能呈一或多個化學電池組電池之形式。
電能儲存器件118可包括可自電能儲存器件118外部接取之若干電端子122a、122b(說明兩者，統稱為122)。電端子122允許自電能儲存器件118傳遞電荷，以及允許將電荷傳遞至電能儲存器件118以用於對電能儲存器件118充電或再充電。雖然在圖1中說明為埠，但電端子122可呈可自電能儲存器件118外部接取之任何其他形式，包括定位於電池組外殼中之槽內的電端子。
如下文較好地說明及描述，控制電路120包括各種組件，以用於變換、調節及控制電力之轉移(特定言之，在電能儲存器件118與牽引電動馬達116之間)。
圖2展示根據一所說明實施例之電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之部分。詳言之，圖2展示一實施例，該實施例使用電能儲存器件118供應由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力以用於經由若干溫度調整器件(統稱為200)調整或控制各種組件(例如，電能儲存器件118及/或電路)之溫度。
如所說明，牽引電動馬達116包括軸桿202，其經直接地或間接地耦接以驅動電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之至少一車輪104b。雖然未加以說明，但可使用傳動裝置(例如，鏈條、齒輪、萬向接頭)。
控制電路120可呈大量各種各樣形式中之任一者，且通常將包括控制器204、一或多個電力轉換器206a至206e(說 明五者)、開關SW1至SW3(說明三者)及/或感測器STB、SVB、SIB、STC、SVC、SIC、STM、SVM、SIM、SRM。
如圖2中所說明，控制電路120可包括第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a，在驅動模式或組態中，第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a耦接電能儲存器件118以供應由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力。第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a可使來自電能儲存器件118之電力之電壓升壓至足夠驅動牽引電動馬達116之位準。第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，未經調節或經調節開關模式電力轉換器(其可能隔離或可能不隔離)。舉例而言，第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a可呈經調節升壓式開關模式電力轉換器或降壓-升壓式開關模式電力轉換器之形式。
控制電路120可包括DC/AC電力轉換器206b(通常被稱為反相器)，在驅動模式或組態中，DC/AC電力轉換器206b耦接電能儲存器件118以經由第一DC/DC轉換器206a供應由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力。DC/AC電力轉換器206b可使來自第一DC/DC轉換器206a之電力反相成適合於驅動牽引電動馬達116之AC波形。AC波形可為單相的或多相的，例如，兩相或三相AC電力。DC/AC電力轉換器206b可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，未經調節或經調節開關模式電力轉換器(其可能隔離或可能不隔離)。舉例而言，DC/AC電力轉換器206b可呈經調節反相器之形式。
第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a及DC/AC電力轉換器206b分別係經由經控制器204供應之控制信號C1、C2來控制。舉 例而言，控制器204或某一中間閘極驅動電路可供應經脈寬調變之閘極驅動信號以控制第一DC/DC及/或DC/AC電力轉換器206a、206b之開關(例如，金屬氧化物半導體場效電晶體或MOSFET、雙極絕緣閘極電晶體或IGBT)之操作。
如圖2中進一步說明，控制電路120可包括AC/DC電力轉換器206c(通常被稱為整流器)，在制動或再生制動模式或組態中，AC/DC電力轉換器206c耦接牽引電動馬達116以將藉此所產生之電力供應至電能儲存器件118。AC/DC電力轉換器206c可將由牽引電動馬達116產生之AC波形整流成適合於供應電能儲存器件118且視情況供應諸如控制電路120之其他組件的DC形式。AC/DC電力轉換器206c可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，全橋被動式二極體整流器或全橋主動式電晶體整流器。
控制電路120亦可包括第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d，其經由AC/DC電力轉換器206c將牽引電動馬達116電耦接至電能儲存器件118。第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d將由牽引電動馬達116產生的電力之電壓降壓至適合於電能儲存器件118之位準。第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，未經調節或經調節開關模式電力轉換器(其可能隔離或可能不隔離)。舉例而言，第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d可呈經調節降壓式開關模式電力轉換器、同步降壓式開關模式電力轉換器或降壓-升壓式開關模式電力轉換器之形式。
AC/DC電力轉換器206c及第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d分別係經由經控制器204供應之控制信號C3、C4來控制。舉例而言，控制器204或某一中間閘極驅動控制器可供應經脈寬調變之閘極驅動信號以控制AC/DC及/或第二DC/DC電力轉換器206c、206d之開關(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)之操作。
如圖2中進一步說明，控制電路120可包括第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e，其將電能儲存器件118電耦接至各種其他組件(例如，控制器120)。第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e可使由電能儲存器件118供應之電力之電壓降壓至適合於一或多個其他組件之位準。第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，未經調節或經調節開關模式電力轉換器(其可能隔離或可能不隔離)。舉例而言，第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e可呈經調節降壓式開關模式電力轉換器、同步降壓式開關模式電力轉換器或降壓-升壓式開關模式電力轉換器之形式。
亦如圖2中所說明，溫度調整器件200可經定位以控制或調整某些組件之溫度或最接近某些組件之溫度。
溫度調整器件200可位於最接近一或多個其他組件處、鄰近於一或多個其他組件處或與一或多個其他組件接觸處，該一或多個其他組件將受益於具有主動溫度管理或處置。舉例而言，第一數目個溫度調整器件200a、200b(說明兩者)可位於最接近主電能儲存器件118處、鄰近於主電能儲存器件118處或與主電能儲存器件118接觸處，主電能 儲存器件118將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116。第二數目個溫度調整器件200c可位於最接近控制電路之組件或元件中之一或多者(例如，電力轉換器206a至206e中之一或多者)處、鄰近於控制電路之組件或元件中之一或多者(例如，電力轉換器206a至206e中之一或多者)處，或與控制電路之組件或元件中之一或多者(例如，電力轉換器206a至206e中之一或多者)接觸處。第三數目個溫度調整器件200d可位於最接近控制器204之一或多個組件處、鄰近於控制器204之一或多個組件處，或與控制器204之一或多個組件接觸處。雖然說明為最接近第一DC/DC電力轉換器206a及DC/AC電力轉換器206b，但溫度調整器件200c或者或另外可位於最接近AC/DC電力轉換器206c或第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d處，鄰近於AC/DC電力轉換器206c或第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d處，或與AC/DC電力轉換器206c或第二DC/DC電力轉換器206d接觸處。或者或另外，一或多個溫度調整器件200可位於最接近第三DC/DC電力轉換器206e處。溫度調整器件200可自由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力供電，該電力藉此係在再生制動操作期間產生。一或多個開關SW1(僅說明一者)可回應於來自控制器120之控制信號CS1而操作，以選擇性地將電力自電能儲存器件118耦合至溫度調整器件。
溫度調整器件200可呈各種各樣之形式。舉例而言，溫度調整器件200中之一或多者可呈帕耳帖(Peltier)器件(亦被稱為帕耳帖效應器件)之形式。此等器件使用帕耳帖效 應來建立兩種不同類型之材料的接面之間的熱流通量。帕耳帖器件為固態主動式熱泵，其回應於直流而轉移熱以防止自器件之一側至另一側之溫度梯度。熱轉移之方向藉由所施加DC電壓之極性來控制。因此，此等器件有時被稱為帕耳帖冷卻器、帕耳帖加熱器或熱電熱泵。溫度調整器件200中之一或多者可(例如)呈電阻性加熱器之形式。
溫度調整器件200中之一或多者可包括一或多個熱交換器件208a至208d(統稱為208)，或與一或多個熱交換器件208a至208d(統稱為208)熱導耦接。熱交換器件208可包括單獨的或任何組合的散熱片(亦即，將熱自固體材料轉移至諸如空氣之流體的器件)、熱散播器(亦即，具有相對較高之熱導率之板)及/或熱管(亦即，使用材料之相變的熱轉移器件)。與溫度調整器件200相比，熱交換器件208通常將具有相對較大之熱耗散表面積。舉例而言，熱交換器件208可包括複數個鰭片(例如，銷狀鰭片)，以使用於給定容積之表面積最大化。熱交換器件208之熱耗散表面可定位於相對遠離被冷卻之特定組件處。
控制器204可呈各種各樣之形式，該等形式可包括一或多個積體電路、積體電路組件、類比電路或類比電路組件。如所說明，控制器204包括微控制器220、非暫時性電腦或處理器可讀記憶體(諸如，唯讀記憶體(ROM)222及/或隨機存取記憶體(RAM)224)，且可視情況而包括一或多個閘極驅動電路226。
微控制器220執行邏輯以控制電力系統之操作，且可呈 各種各樣之形式。舉例而言，微控制器220可呈以下各者之形式：微處理器、程式化邏輯控制器(PLC)、可程式化閘極陣列(PGA)(諸如，場可程式化閘極陣列(FPGS))，及特殊應用積體電路(ASIC)，或其他此微控制器器件。ROM222可呈能夠儲存處理器可執行指令及/或資料以實施控制邏輯的各種各樣之形式中之任一者。RAM 224可呈能夠臨時保留處理器可執行指令或資料的各種各樣之形式中之任一者。微控制器220、ROM 222、RAM 224及視情況之閘極驅動電路226可藉由一或多個匯流排(未圖示)而耦接，該等匯流排包括電力匯流排、指令匯流排、資料匯流排、位址匯流排等。或者，控制邏輯可實施於類比電路中。
閘極驅動電路226可呈適合於經由驅動信號(例如，PWM閘極驅動信號)驅動電力轉換器206之開關(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)的各種各樣之形式中的任一者。雖然說明為控制器204之部分，但一或多個閘極驅動電路可介於控制器204與電力轉換器206之間。
控制器204可自一或多個感測器STB、SVB、SIB、STC、SVC、SIC、STM、SVM、SIM、SRM接收信號。控制器可在控制溫度調整器件200中使用所感測資訊，例如，開始熱轉移、停止熱轉移、增加熱轉移速率，或甚至改變熱轉移之方向。此情形可藉由施加控制信號CS1至CS3以選擇開關SW1至SW3來實現。舉例而言，控制信號CS1至CS3選擇開關SW1至SW3以造成將電力(例如，直流)供應至溫度調整器件200中之選定溫度調整器件，且設定所施加電力之電 壓位準及甚至所施加電力之極性。
電池組溫度感測器STB可經定位以感測主電力儲存器件118或最接近主電力儲存器件118之周圍環境的溫度，且提供指示所感測溫度之信號TB。
電池組電壓感測器SVB可經定位以感測主電力儲存器件118上之電壓且提供指示所感測電壓之信號VB。
電池組電荷感測器SIB可經定位以感測主電力儲存器件118之電荷且提供指示所感測電荷之信號IB。
電力轉換器溫度感測器STC可經定位以感測電力轉換器206中之一或多者或最接近電力轉換器206之周圍環境的溫度，且提供指示所感測溫度之信號TC。
電力轉換器電壓感測器SVC可經定位以感測電力轉換器206中之一或多者上之電壓，且提供指示所感測電壓之信號VC。
電力轉換器電荷感測器SIC可經定位以感測穿過電力轉換器206中之一或多者之電荷，且提供指示所感測電荷之信號IC。
牽引馬達溫度感測器STM可經定位以感測牽引電動馬達116或最接近牽引電動馬達116之周圍環境的溫度，且提供指示所感測溫度之信號TM。
牽引馬達電壓感測器SVM可經定位以感測牽引電動馬達116上之電壓且提供指示所感測電壓之信號VM。
牽引馬達電流感測器SIM可經定位以感測流經牽引馬達116之線圈之電流且提供指示所感測電流之信號IM。
牽引馬達旋轉感測器SRM可經定位以感測流經牽引馬達116之電流且提供指示所感測旋轉速度之信號RPM。
如本文中所論述，控制器可使用所感測狀況中之一或多者來控制溫度調整器件200中之一或多者之操作。
控制器204包括可形成為或命名為收發器228之傳輸器及接收器，收發器228提供與遠離電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之組件或系統的無線通信。收發器228可呈適合於提供無線通信的大量各種各樣之形式。舉例而言，收發器可呈經由蜂巢式服務提供者網路繼續進行與遠端系統之通信的蜂巢式電話晶片組(亦被稱為無線電)及天線的形式。收發器228可實施不同於基於蜂巢式之通信的無線通信方法。通信可包括自遠端系統或服務接收資訊及/或指令，以及將資訊及/或指令或查詢傳輸至遠端系統或器件。
控制器204可包括全球定位系統(GPS)接收器230，全球定位系統(GPS)接收器230自GPS衛星接收信號，該等信號允許控制器204判定小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之當前位置。可使用大量各種各樣之市售GPS接收器中之任一者。目前位置(location或position)可以座標(例如，經度及緯度)來指定，通常具有低於3公尺之準確度。或者，可使用其他技術來判定小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之目前位置(location或position)，例如，基於三個或三個以上蜂巢式塔台或基地台之三角量測。
目前位置之海拔可基於GPS座標來辨別或判定。同樣地，當前位置與一或多個其他位置或目的地之間的海拔改 變可使用使GPS座標與海拔有聯繫之地形映射或其他結構化格式來判定。此情形可有利地用於較好地估計電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之範圍中。或者或另外，電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100可包括偵測海拔之高度計或其他感測器(例如，偵測海拔改變之加速度計)。此情形可允許在判定估計範圍時考慮與電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100關於丘陵之相對位置(例如，丘陵之頂部、丘陵之底部)相關聯的可能的能量。此情形可有利地產生更準確或估計範圍，從而防止對操作效能之不必要的限制。舉例而言，對於電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100處於或最接近較大丘陵之頂部的瞭解可導致所判定所估計範圍的增加，從而使得替換或補給位置在範圍內，且防止對於限制操作效能之需要。或者，對於電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100處於或最接近較大丘陵之底部的瞭解可導致所判定所估計範圍的減小，從而指示最近的替換或補給位置在所估計範圍之外，且造成較早發生對於操作效能之限制，從而確保電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100將到達替換或補給位置。
圖3展示根據另一所說明實施例之電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之部分。詳言之，圖3展示一實施例，該實施例使用輔助電能儲存器件300供應由牽引電動馬達116產生之電力以用於經由若干溫度調整器件200調整或控制各種組件(例如，電能儲存器件118及/或電路)之溫度。輔助電能儲存器件300另外為仍用以將電力供應至牽引電動馬達116之主電能儲存器件118。該等結構及/或組件中之許多 結構及/或組件類似於上文參看圖2所說明及描述之彼等結構及/或組件，或甚至相同。此等結構及組件將共用與圖2中所用參考數字相同之參考數字，且將不進一步詳細加以描述。緊接的下文僅描述顯著差異中之一些差異。
如所註釋，圖3之實施例添加輔助電能儲存器件300。舉例而言，經由AC/DC轉換器206c及/或DC/DC轉換器206d將由在再生制動模式中操作之牽引電馬達產生的電力供應至輔助電能儲存器件300。將輔助電能儲存器件300說明為一或多個超級電容器或超電容器，但此輔助電能儲存器件可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，化學電池組。由於輔助電能儲存器件300並不驅動牽引電動馬達116，因此在選擇形式上允許較大靈活性。因此，可基於所要特性而選擇輔助電能儲存器件300，所要特性諸如在期望之電壓下的效能、充電容量，及/或輔助電能儲存器件300操作將處於之溫度。對超電容器之挑選可實現優於化學電池組之效率，特定言之，關於在相對較高之周圍溫度下的放電及/或充電操作而言。
開關SW1至SW3現在可操作以選擇性地將輔助電能儲存器件300耦接至溫度調整器件200。
圖3之實施例亦可包括泄熱槽或耗散電阻器R及開關SW4，開關SW4可回應於來自控制器120之控制信號CR而操作，以選擇性地將電阻器R並聯地耦接於牽引電動馬達116與AC/DC電力轉換器206c之間。此情形可允許：例如，在於再生制動操作期間產生之能量對於輔助電能儲存器件 300而言太多之情況下，將過量電能耗散為熱。
圖3之實施例或者或另外可包括直接耦合開關SW5，其可回應於來自控制器120之控制信號CS5而操作，以提供由在再生制動模式中操作之牽引電動馬達產生之電力與溫度調整器件200之間的直接電耦合(無任何介入之電池組或超電容器)。
圖4展示根據一所說明實施例之環境400，圖1及圖2之電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100(僅展示一者)可在環境400中操作。
環境400包括複數個位置402a、402b(統稱為402，僅展示兩者)，可在該複數個位置402a、402b處對主能量儲存器件進行替換或補給。此等位置402可(例如)包括分送或自動售貨機或公共資訊查詢站404a、404b(統稱為404)，以用於收集、充電及分配能量或電力儲存器件406a、406b至406n(僅引出三者，統稱為406)。或者，此等位置402可使用個體來手動地收集、充電及分配能量或電力儲存器件406。此替換或補給位置402可圍繞例如城市或城鎮或縣或其他地區之地理區域分配。通常，每一替換或補給位置402將維護能量或電力儲存器件庫存406，該等能量或電力儲存器件可處於各種充電狀態及/或狀況。可在替換或補給位置402處用經更完全充電之能量或電力儲存器件406交換電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100上之能量或電力儲存器件118。
環境400包括一或多個後端系統408，其包括一或多個後 端伺服器408a(僅展示一者)，該一或多個後端伺服器408a經組態以追蹤可替換或補給主能量儲存器件118之位置402。後端系統包括非暫時性媒體410(例如，硬碟機)，其維護各種替換或補給位置402之資料庫或其他資訊結構412。此資訊可包括(例如)以經度及緯度指定及/或藉由街道地址指定的位置402之座標412a。此資訊亦可包括在給定位置402處的能量或電力儲存器件之當前庫存412b。庫存412b可(例如)指定給定位置402處可用的能量或電力儲存器件之數目412c、能量或電力儲存器件中之一或多者之充電狀況412d，及/或反映能量或電力儲存器件406中之一或多者之使用的歷史資訊412e，例如，能量或電力儲存器件406之年限及/或給定能量或電力儲存器件406已經受之再充電循環的數目。
環境400可包括通信基礎設施414，其允許或促進各種組件之間的通信，例如，後端系統408或伺服器408a、可對主能量儲存器件118進行替換或補給之該複數個位置402及/或一或多個電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之間的通信。通信基礎設施414可呈大量各種各樣之形式，且可包括不同的相異組件及系統，例如，有線或光學電纜組件或系統及/或無線組件或系統。舉例而言，通信基礎設施414可包括由蜂巢式通信服務提供者提供之蜂巢式通信網路，包括基地台416a、416b、416c(統稱為416)。此情形可允許經無線基礎設施(展示為具有雙箭頭之呈Z字形線)之資料通信，例如，與電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之通 信。該等組件中之一些組件可經有線網路(藉由具有雙箭頭之實線展示)而通信地耦接，例如，簡易老式電話服務(POTS)網路418。舉例而言，諸如後端系統408或伺服器408a及可對主能量儲存器件118進行替換或補給之該複數個位置402的固定組件可經由習知電話線而耦接。或者，後端系統408或伺服器408a及該複數個位置402可經由網際網路419或某一其他網路(例如，企業間網路、網際網路)而通信地耦接，該某一其他網路可使用有線通信路徑或頻道、無線通信路徑或頻道及/或有線及無線通信路徑或頻道之組合。
在一些設施中，後端系統408或伺服器408a僅將關於位置402及/或庫存406之所請求資訊提供至電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之控制器204(圖2及圖3)。控制器204處理所接收資訊，以及關於電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之操作之資訊，以控制電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之操作，如下文更詳細論述。在其他設施中，控制器204(圖2及圖3)可將關於電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之操作狀況及目前位置之資訊提供至後端系統408或伺服器408a。在此設施中，後端系統408或伺服器408a判定是否限制電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之操作，且將適當指令傳達至電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100之控制器204以相應地限制操作。
控制器204或後端系統408或伺服器408a判定車輛100之目前位置420與可獲得主能量或電力儲存器件118之替換或 補給的一或多個目的地422a、422b之間的行進距離。行進距離表示對於將必須在法律上允許車輛100行進之道路上經過的距離之至少一估計。舉例而言，法律上可能不准許在高速公路上操作一些電動小輪機踏車，而一些電動小輪機踏車可能不適合於邊遠地區或越野操作。行進距離藉由至位置422a中之第一位置的第一路徑424a及至位置422b中之第二位置的第二路徑424b來表示。雖然一些實施例可能使用「筆直線」或直線距離，但實際上考慮阻礙物之距離為較佳的。
控制器304或後端系統408或伺服器408a可考慮實際的、最終的或主目的地426，其並非可得到或可獲得對主能量或電力儲存器件118之替換或補給之位置422a、422b。此情形可考慮以下事實：騎乘者或車輛操作者在搜尋對主能量或電力儲存器件118之替換或補給中不願意走得太遠。將位置422a、422b與實際的、最終的或主目的地426之間的行進距離分別表示為路徑428a、428b。位置422a、422b及/或實際的、最終的或主目的地426可至少部分藉由例如經度及緯度之座標來定義。車輛118之目前位置420同樣可(例如)經由GPS接收器以座標來指定。可使用各種軟體方法，該等軟體方法使用地圖資訊來計算行進距離，再次考慮障礙物及對實際行進路徑之其他限制。如上文所註釋，此情形亦可考慮目前位置與一或多個目的地之間的海拔改變。同樣，可使用各種軟體方法，該等軟體方法使用地圖資訊來計算或判定沿著路徑424a、424b、428a、428b中之 一或多者之方向以提供給駕駛員或操作者。
圖5展示根據一非限制性所說明實施例的操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以實施對於具有主電能或電力儲存器件之車輛之控制的高階方法500。
在502處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於在一目前時間車輛之主電力儲存器件(例如，主化學二次電池組)之至少一電特性而判定車輛之一所估計範圍。舉例而言，所估計範圍可基於主電力儲存器件之充電位準，且可考慮與以下各者有關之各種其他因素：主電力儲存器件(例如，年限、充電循環)、車輛(例如，哩程、重量、拖曳)、車輛之駕駛員(例如，平均速度、加速度歷史)，及/或操作環境(例如，周圍溫度、地形)。
在504處，車輛之控制器或後端系統判定車輛之目前位置與可對主電力儲存器件進行替換或補給之至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離的至少一估計。舉例而言，車輛之控制器或後端系統判定車輛之目前位置與庫存或分配有替換能量或電力儲存器件之最近位置中的兩者或兩者以上之間的至少一行進距離的至少一估計。如先前所註釋，存在可查明車輛之目前位置的各種各樣之方式，例如，經由GPS接收器或經由控制器處、後端系統處之三角量測，或由諸如第三方蜂巢式服務提供者之通信服務提供者提供。可提供或補給電力儲存器件之位置通常為固定位置，但新位置可能不時地呈現，而一些位置可能關閉或移動。可將用於此等位置之座標維護於資料庫或其他資訊儲存結構 (例如，查找表)中。
在506處，車輛之控制器或後端系統比較該至少一所判定行進距離與所判定所估計範圍。此比較可為簡單比較或可包括某一臨限值或緩衝器，例如，諸如10%之安全裕度。因此，車輛之控制器或後端系統可執行比較以判定行進距離是否大於所估計範圍之90%。當然可使用其他臨限值或安全裕度值及百分比。可(例如)基於當前主電力儲存器件狀況、車輛操作或狀況、駕駛員操作或狀況及/或操作環境狀況之一或多個特性，「在運作中」或實時地判定特定安全裕度或百分比。
在508處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於所判定行進距離與所判定所估計範圍的比較之結果，判定是否限制原動機及/或車輛附件之操作特性。因此，例如，若所判定行進距離大於所估計可用範圍之90%，則控制器或後端系統可判定應限制車輛操作以便延長估計範圍。
在510處，車輛之控制器或後端系統回應於判定而限制車輛之原動機(例如，牽引電動馬達)之至少一操作特性(例如，速度、加速度)及/或電動車輛附件之操作。如下文更詳細論述，可藉由經由諸如一或多個電力轉換器之電源供應器控制供應至原動機及/或附件之電力(例如，電流及/或電壓)之量來限制操作特性。此情形可經由施加至該一或多個電力轉換器之一或多個主動式開關的一或多個經脈寬調變之閘極驅動信號的作用時間循環的調整來實施。此情形或者或另外可藉由調整主電力儲存器件之溫度來達成。
視情況，在512處，車輛之控制器判定騎乘者或操作者是否已選擇更動限制功能。舉例而言，車輛可包括一或多個騎乘者或操作者可操作之開關或其他控制，該等開關或其他控制允許騎乘者或操作者更動限制功能，例如，在維持速度及/或加速度或某一其他操作參數可被視為安全操作所必需品之情況下。舉例而言，當在高速公路上操作時，騎乘者或操作者可選擇更動限制，此係由於達成及維持高速公路速度之能力對於安全操作而言可能為重要的。更動限制之其他原因可包括對於在某一其他位置(例如，中間位置)處存在替換或補給電力儲存器件之瞭解。在514處，若騎乘者或操作者已選擇更動限制，則控制器停止限制操作。
方法500可連續地、週期性地或甚至非週期性地重複：更新各種狀況或參數及基於此等狀況或參數而判定是否限制車輛操作。
圖6展示操作圖2及圖3之組件或結構以藉由限制電壓及/或電流及/或調整主電力或電能儲存器件之溫度實施對於車輛之控制的低階方法600。方法600可用於執行方法500(圖5)中。所說明實施例提及電動馬達，然而，該描述同等可適用於電動車輛附件。另外，對於電動車輛附件，不是限制供應至附件之電壓，而是可經由切換電路斷開至附件之電力，以減少附件之電能消耗。
在602處，控制器回應於所判定行進距離大於所判定所估計範圍之判定而限制供應至車輛之電動馬達之電壓。此 情形可經由施加至該一或多個電力轉換器之一或多個主動式開關的一或多個經脈寬調變之閘極驅動信號的作用時間循環的調整來實施。此情形或者或另外可藉由調整主電力儲存器件之溫度來達成。
在604處，控制器回應於所判定行進距離大於所判定所估計範圍之判定而限制供應至電動馬達之電流。此情形可經由施加至該一或多個電力轉換器之一或多個主動式開關的一或多個經脈寬調變之閘極驅動信號的作用時間循環的調整來實施。此情形或者或另外可藉由調整主電力儲存器件之溫度來達成。
在606處，控制器造成回應於所判定行進距離大於所判定所估計範圍之判定而調整(例如，增加、減小)主電力儲存器件之溫度。此情形可(例如)經由啟動溫度調整器件(例如，帕耳帖器件)以將熱輸送遠離或者輸送朝向主電力儲存器件來達成。此情形亦可能較少藉由控制主電力儲存器件之電流汲取直接達成。值得注意地，電池組之放電及/或充電可顯著地影響電池組之溫度。
控制器可(例如)藉由減少對節流閥輸入之回應度來限制操作。舉例而言，可使節流閥輸入衰減，使得給定節流閥輸入在於「最佳努力」或有限操作模式中操作時產生比正常操作模式期間之情形小的速度及/或加速度改變。又舉例而言，與正常操作模式期間之情形相比，在於「最佳努力」或有限操作模式中操作時，可將對節流閥改變之回應度延遲某一時間(例如，四分之一秒)。控制器實施調速 器，以限制操作效能以便達成所要範圍，此情形可允許小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車到達所要目的地，諸如可替換或補給電力儲存器件之位置。可(例如)經由綠色及紅色LED向駕駛員或操作者指示操作模式。可使用琥珀LED來指示尚未觸發限制之狀況，但狀況指示限制可能變得有必要。
操作效能減小可被稱作「緊急操作」(limp home)模式，此係由於此情形提供足夠電力及資源以到達所要目的地而不需要供應全電力及資源。作為限制操作之部分，除限制速度及/或加速度之外，控制器亦可切斷或減少其他「非必要」或「非必需品」組件(諸如，對於操作及/或安全而言不必要之組件)之電力消耗。舉例而言，可減少至娛樂系統之電力，而維持至轉向指示器、頭燈及制動燈之電力。
圖7展示根據一非限制性所說明實施例的操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以判定所估計範圍之低階方法700。方法700可用於執行方法500(圖5)中。
在702處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於在一目前時間主電力儲存器件之充電位準而判定車輛之一所估計範圍。
在704處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於主電力儲存器件之歷史設定檔而判定車輛之所估計範圍。此情形可考慮主電力儲存器件之年限、主電力儲存器件已經受之再充電循環之數目，及/或其他態樣，諸如驅動主電力儲存器件之困難程度，包括主電力儲存器件完全耗盡或幾 乎完全耗盡之頻率。
在706處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於車輛之一或多個特性而判定車輛之所估計範圍。車輛特性可呈各種各樣之形式，例如，平均哩程、大小、車輛重量、馬達大小(例如，HP)、拖曳係數等。
在708處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於車輛之歷史駕駛型樣而判定車輛之所估計範圍。此情形可包括在某一時間週期內的在車輛操作期間之平均速度及/或平均加速度。可對操作特性加權，例如，更近之操作特性具有之影響可比較不近操作特性具有之影響大。
在710處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於在目前時間車輛之當前駕駛員之歷史駕駛型樣而判定車輛之所估計範圍。歷史駕駛型樣可包括指示以下各者之資訊：速度或平均速度、加速度或朝向「猛然一動」之趨勢、延長的空轉週期，或甚至作出錯誤轉向之趨勢。此資訊可包括可能與預測範圍相關之其他資訊。可以大量各種各樣之方式中之任一者來識別駕駛員。舉例而言，車輛之每一駕駛員可具有具儲存唯一識別符之無線詢答器之鑰匙圈。無論何時鑰匙圈在極接近車輛之範圍內，此情形均可藉由車輛之讀取器(例如，RFID詢問器)來讀取。
在712處，車輛之控制器或後端系統至少部分基於在目前時間車輛操作所在之一環境之一或多個環境參數而判定所估計範圍。環境參數可呈各種各樣之形式。舉例而言，可藉由諸如熱電偶之溫度感測器來感測周圍溫度。可使用 一或多個加速度計、迴轉儀或自映射之資訊(諸如，儲存於資料庫或其他資訊結構中之地形資訊)感測環境之地形。或者或另外，可基於映射資料(例如，地形映射資料)而判定地形。此情形可允許在判定所估計範圍時考慮目前位置與一或多個目的地之間的海拔改變。舉例而言，對於電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100處於或最接近較大丘陵之頂部的瞭解可導致所判定所估計範圍的增加，從而使得替換或補給位置在範圍內，且防止對於限制操作效能之需要。或者，對於電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100處於或最接近較大丘陵之底部的瞭解可導致所判定所估計範圍的減小，從而指示最近的替換或補給位置在所估計範圍之外，且造成較早發生對於操作效能之限制，從而確保電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車100將到達替換或補給位置。
方法700可執行動作702至712中之一或多者。可順序地或同時地執行動作702至712。可(例如)藉由求解具有作為參數之各種狀況之一或多個等式來執行動作702至712。或者，可使用一或多個查找表。
圖8展示根據一非限制性所說明實施例的操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以實施對於車輛之控制的低階方法800。方法800可用於執行方法500(圖5)中。
在802處，車輛之控制器或後端系統判定車輛之目前位置與具有用於主電力儲存器件之替換或補給之至少一位置之間的行進距離(例如，最短道路距離)。可(例如)使用由GPS接收器提供之GPS座標判定車輛之目前位置。或者或 另外，可(例如)經由由控制器、後端系統執行之三角量測或經由第三方通信服務提供者之系統判定車輛之目前位置。
在804處，車輛之控制器回應於所估計範圍在所判定行進距離之所定義臨限值內而限制車輛之速度或加速度中之至少一者。此情形可(例如)經由施加至該一或多個電力轉換器之一或多個主動式開關的一或多個經脈寬調變之閘極驅動信號的作用時間循環的調整來實施。此情形或者或另外可藉由調整主電力儲存器件之溫度來達成。可作出此調整以(例如)將車輛之速度限制至所定義最大速度及/或將車輛之加速度限制至所定義最大加速度，藉此確保最大範圍給出電能或電力儲存器件之當前狀況及各種其他狀況。
方法800可連續地、週期性地或甚至非週期性地重複：更新各種狀況或參數，基於此等狀況或參數而判定是否限制車輛操作，及實施如藉由判定規定之限制。
本文中描述之各種方法可包括額外動作，省略一些動作，及/或可按與在各種流程圖中所闡述之次序不同之次序執行動作。
前述詳細描述已經由方塊圖、示意圖及實例之使用闡明了器件及/或處理程序之各種實施例。在此等方塊圖、示意圖及實例含有一或多個功能及/或操作之範圍內，熟習此項技術者應理解，在此等方塊圖、流程圖或實例內之每一功能及/或操作可由廣泛範圍的硬體、軟體、韌體或實際上其任何組合來個別及/或共同地實施。在一實施例 中，可經由一或多個微控制器實施本標的物。然而，熟習此項技術者應認識到，本文中揭示之實施例整體地或部分地可等效地實施於標準積體電路(例如，特殊應用積體電路或ASIC)中，實施為由一或多個電腦執行之一或多個電腦程式(例如，實施為在一或多個電腦系統上執行之一或多個程式)，實施為由一或多個控制器(例如，微控制器)執行之一或多個程式，實施為由一或多個處理器(例如，微處理器)執行之一或多個程式，實施為韌體，或實施為實際上其任何組合，且設計電路及/或撰寫用於軟體及/或韌體之程式碼將良好地處於依據本發明之教示的一般熟習此項技術者之技術內。
當將邏輯實施為軟體且儲存於記憶體中時，可將邏輯或資訊儲存於任何非暫時性電腦可讀媒體上以供任何與處理器有關之系統或方法使用或結合任何與處理器有關之系統或方法使用。在本發明之上下文中，記憶體為非暫時性電腦或處理器可讀儲存媒體，其為非暫時性地含有或儲存電腦及/或處理器程式之電子、磁性、光學或其他實體器件或構件。邏輯及/或資訊可體現於任何電腦可讀媒體中以供指令執行系統、裝置或器件使用或結合指令執行系統、裝置或器件使用，指令執行系統、裝置或器件諸如基於電腦之系統、含有處理器之系統，或可自該指令執行系統、裝置或器件提取指令且執行與邏輯及/或資訊相關聯之指令之其他系統。
在本說明書之上下文中，「電腦可讀媒體」可為可儲存 供指令執行系統、裝置及/或器件使用或結合指令執行系統、裝置及/或器件而使用的與邏輯及/或資訊相關聯之程式的任何實體元件。舉例而言，電腦可讀媒體可為(但不限於)電子、磁性、光學、電磁、紅外線或半導體系統、裝置或器件。電腦可讀媒體之更特定實體(非詳盡清單)將包括以下各者：攜帶型電腦碟片(磁性、緊密快閃卡、安全數位卡或其類似者)、隨機存取記憶體(RAM)、唯讀記憶體(ROM)、可抹除可程式化唯讀記憶體(EPROM、EEPROM或快閃記憶體)、攜帶型緊密光碟唯讀記憶體(CDROM)及數位磁帶。
可組合上文所描述之各種實施例以提供其他實施例。在並不與本文中之特定教示及定義不一致之範圍內，包括(但不限於)以下各者的在本說明書中參考的及/或在申請資料單中列出之所有美國專利、美國專利申請公開案、美國專利申請案、外國專利、外國專利申請案及非專利公開案以全文引用的方式併入本文中：題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」且於2011年7月26日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/511,900號(代理人案號170178.401P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」且於2012年5月16日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/647,936號(代理人案號 170178.401P2)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BETWEEN COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且於2011年9月14日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/534,753號(代理人案號170178.402P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES」且於2011年9月14日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/534,761號(代理人案號170178.403P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES,BASED ON USER PROFILES」且於2011年9月14日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/534,772號(代理人案號170178.404P1)；題為「THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES」且於2011年7月26日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/511,887號(代理人案號170178.406P1)；題為「THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES」且於2012年5月16日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/647,941號(代理人案號170178.406P2)；題為「DYNAMICALLY LIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BEST EFFORT ECONOMY」且於2011年7月26日申請之美 國臨時專利申請案第61/511,880號(代理人案號170178.407P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD,AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES」且於2011年11月8日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/557,170號(代理人案號170178.408P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COMPARMENT」且於2011年12月29日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/581,566號(代理人案號170178.412P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA」且於2012年2月21日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/601,404號(代理人案號170178.417P1)；題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING LOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」且於2012年2月22日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/601,949號(代理人案號170178.418P1)；及題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES AT A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE」且於2012年2月22日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第61/601,953號(代理人案號170178.419P1)；指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke、Matthew Whiting Taylor及Huang-Cheng Hung作為發明者且題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES,SUCH AS BATTERIES」的於2012年7月26日申請之美國申請案第＿＿＿＿號(代理人案號170178.401)；指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Matthew Whiting Taylor作為發明者且題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION,SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES」的於2012年7月26日申請之美國申請案第＿＿＿＿號(代理人案號170178.403)；指名Matthew Whiting Taylor、Yi-Tsung Wu、Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Huang-Cheng Hung作為發明者且題為「APPARATUS,METHOD,AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES」的於2012年7月26日申請之美國申請案第＿＿＿＿號(代理人案號170178.408)；指名Ching Chen、Hok-Sum Horace Luke、Matthew Whiting Taylor、Yi-Tseng Wu作為發明者且題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA」的於2012年7月26日申請之美國申請案第＿＿＿＿號(代理人案號170178.417)；指名Yi-Tsung Wu、Matthew Whiting Taylor、Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Jung-Hsiu Chen作為發明者且題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES AT A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE」的於2012年7月26日申請之美國申請案第＿＿＿＿號(代理人案號170178.419)；及指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke、Yi-Tsung Wu、Jung-Hsiu Chen、Yulin Wu、Chien MingHuang、TsungTing Chan、Shen-Chi Chen及Feng Kai Yang作為發明者且題為「APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR RESERVING POWER STORAGE DEVICES AT RESE RVING POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION,CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES」的於2012年7月26日申請之美國申請案第＿＿＿＿號(代理人案號170178.423)。必要時，可修改實施例之態樣以使用各種專利、申請案及公開案之系統、電路及概念以提供又其他的實施例。
雖然在用於供個人運輸車輛(諸如，全電動小輪機踏車及/或機動腳踏車)使用之電力系統的環境及上下文下大體論述，但本文中之教示可應用於廣泛的各種各樣之其他環境，包括其他車輛以及非車輛環境。
所說明實施例之上述描述(包括在「發明摘要」中描述之內容)並不意欲為詳盡的或將該等實施例限於所揭示之精確形式。雖然在本文中為了說明性目的而描述特定實施例及實例，但如熟習相關技術者應認識到，在不脫離本發明之精神及範疇之情況下，可進行各種等效修改。
可依據上述詳細描述對實施例進行此等及其他修改。一般而言，在以下申請專利範圍中，所使用之術語不應被解釋為將申請專利範圍限於本說明書及申請專利範圍中揭示之特定實施例，而應被解釋為包括所有可能的實施例，以及此等申請專利範圍所賦予權利的等效內容之全部範疇。因此，申請專利範圍不受揭示內容限制。
100‧‧‧電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車
102‧‧‧框架
104‧‧‧車輪
104a‧‧‧車輪
104b‧‧‧車輪
106‧‧‧把手
108‧‧‧節流閥
110‧‧‧制動桿
112‧‧‧轉向指示器開關
114‧‧‧電力系統
116‧‧‧牽引電動馬達
118‧‧‧主電力儲存器件
120‧‧‧控制電路
122‧‧‧電端子
122a‧‧‧電端子
122b‧‧‧電端子
200‧‧‧溫度調整器件/帕耳帖冷卻器
200a‧‧‧溫度調整器件
200b‧‧‧溫度調整器件
200c‧‧‧溫度調整器件
200d‧‧‧溫度調整器件
202‧‧‧軸桿
204‧‧‧控制器
206‧‧‧電力轉換器
206a‧‧‧第一直流(DC)/直流(DC)轉換器
206b‧‧‧直流(DC)/交流(AC)電力轉換器
206c‧‧‧交流(AC)/直流(DC)電力轉換器
206d‧‧‧第二直流(DC)/直流(DC)電力轉換器
206e‧‧‧第三直流(DC)/直流(DC)電力轉換器
208‧‧‧熱交換器件
208a‧‧‧熱交換器件
208b‧‧‧熱交換器件
208c‧‧‧熱交換器件
208d‧‧‧熱交換器件
220‧‧‧微控制器
222‧‧‧唯讀記憶體(ROM)
224‧‧‧隨機存取記憶體(RAM)
226‧‧‧閘極驅動電路
228‧‧‧收發器
230‧‧‧全球定位系統(GPS)接收器
300‧‧‧輔助電能儲存器件
400‧‧‧環境
402‧‧‧位置
402a‧‧‧位置
402b‧‧‧位置
404‧‧‧分送或自動售貨機或公共資訊查詢站
404a‧‧‧分送或自動售貨機或公共資訊查詢站
404b‧‧‧分送或自動售貨機或公共資訊查詢站
406‧‧‧能量或電力儲存器件/能量或電力儲存器件庫存
406a‧‧‧能量或電力儲存器件
406b‧‧‧能量或電力儲存器件
406n‧‧‧能量或電力儲存器件
408‧‧‧後端系統
408a‧‧‧後端伺服器
410‧‧‧非暫時性媒體
412‧‧‧資料庫或其他資訊結構
412a‧‧‧座標
412b‧‧‧能量或電力儲存器件之當前庫存
412c‧‧‧給定位置處可用的能量或電力儲存器件之數目
412d‧‧‧能量或電力儲存器件中之一或多者之充電狀況
412e‧‧‧反映能量或電力儲存器件中之一或多者之使用的歷史資訊
414‧‧‧通信基礎設施
416‧‧‧基地台
416a‧‧‧基地台
416b‧‧‧基地台
416c‧‧‧基地台
418‧‧‧簡易老式電話服務(POTS)網路
419‧‧‧網際網路
420‧‧‧目前位置
422a‧‧‧目的地
422b‧‧‧目的地
424a‧‧‧第一路徑
424b‧‧‧第二路徑
426‧‧‧實際的、最終的或主目的地
428a‧‧‧路徑
428b‧‧‧路徑
500‧‧‧操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以實施對於具有主電能或電力儲存器件之車輛之控制的高階方法
600‧‧‧操作圖2及圖3之組件或結構以藉由限制電壓及/或電流及/或調整主電力或電能儲存器件之溫度實施對車輛之控制的低階方法
700‧‧‧操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以判定所估計範圍之低階方法
800‧‧‧操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以實施對於車輛 之控制的低階方法
R‧‧‧電阻器
SIB‧‧‧電池組電荷感測器
SIC‧‧‧電力轉換器電荷感測器
SIM‧‧‧牽引馬達電流感測器
SRM‧‧‧牽引馬達旋轉感測器
STB‧‧‧電池組溫度感測器
STC‧‧‧電力轉換器溫度感測器
STM‧‧‧牽引馬達溫度感測器
SVB‧‧‧電池組電壓感測器
SVC‧‧‧電力轉換器電壓感測器
SVM‧‧‧牽引馬達電壓感測器
SW1‧‧‧開關
SW2‧‧‧開關
SW3‧‧‧開關
SW4‧‧‧開關
SW5‧‧‧直接耦合開關
圖1為根據一非限制性所說明實施例之電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車之等角部分分解圖，該電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車可包括本文中所描述之各種組件或結構。
圖2為根據一非限制性所說明實施例的圖1之小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車之組件或結構中的一些組件或結構的方塊圖。
圖3為根據另一非限制性所說明實施例的圖1之小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車之組件或結構中的一些組件或結構的方塊圖。
圖4為根據一非限制性所說明實施例之環境之示意圖，該環境包括一或多個小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車、用於替換或補給能量或電力儲存器件之位置及藉由通信基礎設施而通信地耦接之後端系統。
圖5為展示根據一所說明實施例的操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以控制具有主電能儲存器件之車輛之操作的高階方法的流程圖。
圖6為展示根據一非限制性所說明實施例的操作圖2及圖 3之組件或結構以藉由限制電壓及/或電流及/或調整主電力或電能儲存器件之溫度來實施對於車輛之控制的低階方法的流程圖，該低階方法可用於執行圖5之方法中。
圖7為展示根據一非限制性所說明實施例的操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以判定所估計範圍的低階方法的流程圖，該低階方法可用於執行圖5之方法中。
圖8為展示根據一非限制性所說明實施例的操作圖2至圖4之組件或結構以實施對於車輛之控制的低階方法的流程圖，該低階方法可用於執行圖5之方法中。
100‧‧‧電動小輪機踏車或機動腳踏車
102‧‧‧框架
104a‧‧‧車輪
104b‧‧‧車輪
106‧‧‧把手
108‧‧‧節流閥
110‧‧‧制動桿
112‧‧‧轉向指示器開關
116‧‧‧牽引電動馬達
118‧‧‧主電力儲存器件
120‧‧‧控制電路
122a‧‧‧電端子
122b‧‧‧電端子

Claims (41)

  1. 一種操作具有藉由一主電力儲存器件供電之一原動機之一車輛的方法，該方法包含：至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而利用該車輛之一控制電路之一控制器判定該車輛之一所估計範圍；利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計；利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器比較該至少一行進距離與該所估計範圍；及至少部分基於該至少一行進距離與該所估計範圍的該比較之一結果，利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器判定是否限制該車輛之該原動機之一操作特性。
  2. 如請求項1之方法，其進一步包含：利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器回應於該判定而限制該車輛之該原動機之至少一操作特性。
  3. 如請求項2之方法，其中回應於該判定而限制該車輛之該原動機之至少一操作特性包括：限制該車輛之一速度。
  4. 如請求項2之方法，其中回應於該判定而限制該車輛之該原動機之至少一操作特性包括：限制該車輛之一加速度。
  5. 如請求項1之方法，其中該原動機為一電動馬達，且該方法進一步包含： 回應於判定該至少一行進距離大於該所估計範圍，利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電壓。
  6. 如請求項1之方法，其中該原動機為一電動馬達，且該方法進一步包含：回應於判定該至少一行進距離大於該所估計範圍，利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電流。
  7. 如請求項1之方法，其進一步包含：回應於判定該至少一行進距離大於該所估計範圍，利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器調整該主電力儲存器件之一溫度。
  8. 如請求項1之方法，其進一步包含：回應於判定該至少一行進距離大於該所估計範圍，利用該車輛之該控制電路之該控制器中止至該車輛之至少一非必需品之組件的電力之一供應。
  9. 如請求項1之方法，其中至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍包括：至少部分基於在該目前時間該主電力儲存器件之一充電位準而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。
  10. 如請求項1之方法，其中至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍包括：至少部分基於該主電力儲存器件之一歷史設定檔而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。
  11. 如請求項1之方法，其中至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍包括：至少部分基於該車輛之至少一特性而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。
  12. 如請求項1之方法，其中至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍包括：至少部分基於該車輛之一歷史駕駛型樣而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。
  13. 如請求項1之方法，其中至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍包括：至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛之一駕駛員之一歷史駕駛型樣而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。
  14. 如請求項1之方法，其中至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍包括：至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛操作所在之一環境之至少一環境參數而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍。
  15. 如請求項1之方法，其中判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計包括：判定該目前位置與具有用於該主電力儲存器件之一替換品的至少一位置之間的一行進距離。
  16. 如請求項1之方法，其中判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計包括：判定在該車輛可沿著行進之道路上的該目前位置與該至少一目的 地之間的一最短距離。
  17. 如請求項1之方法，其中判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計包括：考慮該目前位置與該至少一目的地之間的至少一海拔改變。
  18. 如請求項1之方法，其中比較該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍包括：判定該所估計範圍是否在該所判定行進距離之一所定義臨限值內。
  19. 如請求項18之方法，其中至少部分基於該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍的該比較之一結果而判定是否限制該車輛之該原動機之一操作特性包括：回應於該所估計範圍在該所判定行進距離之該所定義臨限值內，限制該車輛之一速度或一加速度中之至少一者。
  20. 一種車輛，其包含：一原動機，其經耦接以驅動該車輛之至少一車輪；一主電力儲存器件，其儲存電力；一電源供應器，其經耦接且可操作以選擇性地在該主電力儲存器件與該原動機之間轉移電力；及一控制器，其經通信地耦接以控制該電源供應器，其中該控制器回應於在一目前時間該車輛之一所判定所估計範圍和在該車輛之一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的一所判定行進距離之一比較的一結果，限制該車輛之該原動機之至少一操作特性。
  21. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器進一步：至少部分基於在該目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少 一電特性而判定該車輛之該所估計範圍；判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的該所判定行進距離；比較該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍；及至少部分基於該所判定行進距離與該所判定所估計範圍之該比較的該結果，判定是否限制該車輛之該原動機之該操作特性。
  22. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該原動機為一電動馬達且該控制器回應於該判定而將控制信號施加至該電源供應器，該等控制信號限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電壓。
  23. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該原動機為一電動馬達且該控制器回應於該判定而將控制信號施加至該電源供應器，該等控制信號限制供應至該車輛之該電動馬達之一電流。
  24. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器回應於該判定而中止至該車輛之至少一非必需品之組件的電力之一供應。
  25. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分基於在該目前時間該主電力儲存器件之一充電位準而判定該車輛之該所判定所估計範圍。
  26. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分基於該主電力儲存器件之一歷史設定檔而判定該車輛之該所判定所估計範圍。
  27. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分基於該車輛 之至少一特性而判定該車輛之該所判定所估計範圍。
  28. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分基於該車輛之一歷史駕駛型樣而判定該車輛之該所判定所估計範圍。
  29. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛之一駕駛員之一歷史駕駛型樣而判定該車輛之該所判定所估計範圍。
  30. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分基於在該目前時間該車輛操作所在之一環境之至少一環境參數而判定該車輛之該所判定所估計範圍。
  31. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器至少部分基於該目前位置與該至少一目的地之間的至少一海拔改變而判定該車輛之該所判定所估計範圍。
  32. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器判定該目前位置與具有用於該主電力儲存器件之一替換品的至少一位置之間的該所判定行進距離。
  33. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器判定沿著該車輛可沿著行進之道路的該目前位置與該至少一目的地之間的一最短距離。
  34. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器判定該所判定所估計範圍是否在該所判定行進距離之一所定義臨限值內。
  35. 如請求項20之車輛，其中該控制器回應於該所判定所估計範圍在該所判定行進距離之一所定義臨限值內而限制該車輛之一速度或一加速度中之至少一者。
  36. 一種操作具有藉由一主電力儲存器件供電之一原動機之一車輛的方法，該方法包含：至少部分基於在一目前時間該主電力儲存器件之至少一電特性而判定該車輛之一所估計範圍；判定一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的至少一行進距離之至少一估計；比較該至少一行進距離與該所估計範圍；及接收由遠離該車輛之一後端系統所發出的資訊而判定是否限制該車輛之該原動機之一操作特性。
  37. 一種藉由位於遠端之一後端系統限制一車輛的方法，該方法包含：利用該後端系統之一控制器比較該車輛之一估計範圍和一目前位置與至少一目的地之間的一行進距離；及至少部分基於該行進距離與該估計範圍的比較之一結果，利用該後端系統之該控制器判定是否限制該車輛之一原動機之一操作特性。
  38. 如請求項37之方法，其進一步包含：利用該後端系統之該控制器回應於該判定而限制該車輛之該原動機之該操作特性。
  39. 如請求項37之方法，其進一步包含：由該後端系統傳送資訊至該車輛以致使該車輛回應於該判定而限制該操作特性。
  40. 如請求項37之方法，其進一步包含：至少部分基於在一目前時間一主電力儲存器件之至少 一電特性而利用該後端系統之該控制器判定該車輛之該估計範圍。
  41. 如請求項37之方法，其進一步包含：利用該後端系統之該控制器判定該目前位置與該至少一目的地之間的該行進距離之至少一估計。
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