CN103889773B - 用于最佳努力经济的动态限制车辆操作 - Google Patents

用于最佳努力经济的动态限制车辆操作 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103889773B
CN103889773B CN201280047017.1A CN201280047017A CN103889773B CN 103889773 B CN103889773 B CN 103889773B CN 201280047017 A CN201280047017 A CN 201280047017A CN 103889773 B CN103889773 B CN 103889773B
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vehicle
end system
determined
described vehicle
estimation range
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CN103889773A (zh
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学深·贺瑞斯·卢克
马修·怀廷·泰勒
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Gogoro Inc Hong Kong
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Gogoro Inc Hong Kong
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

可基于诸如以下各项的各种状况而限制车辆操作(例如，速度、加速度)：电能存储设备(例如，电池、超级电容器或超电容器)的当前充电状况、该电能存储设备的历史、与该车辆有关的状况(例如，里程、重量、大小、阻力系数)、该车辆的驾驶员或操作者(例如，关于速度、加速度、里程的历史)及／或环境状况(例如，周围温度、地形)。一种控制器可控制一个或更多个电力转换器的操作以相应地限制提供给牵引电动马达的电流及／或电压。

Description

用于最佳努力经济的动态限制车辆操作
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请案依据35U.S.C.119(e)主张以下专利申请案的申请日的权利：题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWERSTORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／511，900号(代理人案号170178.401P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORCOLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／647,936号(代理人案号170178.401P2)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTING POWERSTORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES，BETWEEN COLLECTION，CHARGING ANDDISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／534,753号(代理人案号170178.402P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORAUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH ASBATTERIES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／534,761号(代理人案号170178.403P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION，SECURITYAND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES，BASED ON USERPROFILES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／534,772号(代理人案号170178.404P1)；题为“THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENT S IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEVEHICLES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／511,887号(代理人案号170178.406P1)；题为“THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENT S IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEVEHICLES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／647,941号(代理人案号170178.406P2)；题为“DYNAMICALLY LIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BEST EFFORTECONOMY”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／511,880号(代理人案号170178.407P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD，AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OFPOWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES”且于2011年11月8日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／557,170号(代理人案号170178.408P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR APOWER STORAGE DEVICE COMPARTMENT”且于2011年12月29日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／581,566号(代理人案号170178.412P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORPROVIDING VEHICLE D1AGNOSTIC DATA”且于2012年2月21日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／601,404号(代理人案号170178.417P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORPROVIDING LOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING ANDDISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／601,949号(代理人案号170178.418P1)；及题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDINGINFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER S TORAGE DEVICE S AT A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／601,953号(代理人案号170178.419P1)。
技术领域
本发明大体涉及使用电动马达作为原动机或牵引马达的车辆，且详言之，涉及可再充电电能存储设备(例如，二次电池(secondary battery)、超级电容器或超电容器)及／或用于这种车辆中的其他组件(例如，电力转换器、控制电路)的热管理。
背景技术
混合及全电动车辆正变得日益普遍。这种车辆可实现相较于传统内燃机车辆的许多优势。举例而言，混合或电车辆可实现较高燃料经济，且可具有极少或甚至零尾气污染。详言之，全电动车辆不仅可具有零尾气污染，而且可与较低总污染相关联。举例而言，可从可再生源(例如，太阳、水电)产生电力。再者，举例而言，可在不产生空气污染的发电厂(例如，核电厂)产生电力。再者，举例而言，可在燃烧相对“清洁燃烧”燃料(例如，天然气)的发电厂产生电力，这些发电厂具有比内燃机高的效率及／或使用对于供个人车辆使用而言过大、成本高或昂贵的污染控制或移除系统(例如，工业空气洗涤器)。
个人运输车辆(诸如，燃机动力小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车)在许多地方普遍存在，例如，在亚洲的许多大城市。这些小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车往往相对较不贵，特别与汽车、小汽车或卡车相比而言。具有大量燃机小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车的城市亦往往有非常密集的人口，且受到高度空气污染。新近以来，许多燃机小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车提供相对较低的个人运输污染源。举例而言，这些小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车可具有比较大车辆高的里程额定值。一些小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车可甚至装备有基本污染控制设备(例如，催化转换器)。不幸地，若使用小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车且不加维护及／或若因(例如)催化转换器的故意或无意移除而修改小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车，则迅速超过了工厂指定排放等级。小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车的拥有者或操作者常缺少维护其车辆的财源或动机。
已知空气污染对人的健康具有负面影响，与造成或加重各种疾病相关联(例如，各种报告将空气污染与气肿、哮喘、肺炎及囊肿性纤维化以及各种心血管疾病相联系)。这些疾病夺走了大量生命，且严重降低了无数其他人的生命质量。
发明内容
对燃机的零尾气排放替代将大大地使空气质量及因此使大众健康受益。
虽然欣赏全电动车辆的零尾气排放，但大众对全电动车辆的采用尚慢。原因之一似乎与主电力或电能存储设备的稍微有限范围有关，主电力或电能存储设备通常为二次(亦即，可再充电)化学电池单元阵列(通常被称为电池)。主电力存储设备的性能可受各种各样的状况不利地影响，诸如当前充电水平、温度及使用历史，包括主电力存储设备已经受的再充电循环的年限及数目。范围亦可基于各种各样的其他因素或状况而变化。举例而言，与车辆有关的状况可影响范围，例如，大小、重量、扭矩、最高速度、阻力系数。又举例而言，驾驶员或操作者状况可影响范围，例如，驾驶员或操作者是否以高速驾驶或迅速地加速(亦即，猛然一动)及高速驾驶或迅速地加速(亦即，猛然一动)的频率。作为另一实例，环境状况可影响范围，例如，周围温度及地形(例如，平地、丘陵)。
确保充分及可预测范围对于实现对电动车辆的广泛接受而言是重要的。在替换或补给主电力或电能存储设备是可能的(假定车辆可到达可得到此替换或补给的位置)的情况下，此情形可能特别成立。
本文中所描述的方法可解决具有零尾气排放技术的有限采用(特定言之，在人口密集的城市，及在具有有限财源的人群中)的问题中的一些问题。
举例而言，本文中所描述的方法中的一些方法可基于诸如以下各项的各种状况而限制车辆操作(例如，速度、加速度)及／或电动车辆附件(例如，电动附件，诸如空气调节系统、加热系统、除霜系统、照明系统、声频系统、电动窗、电动锁、座椅加热器、全球定位系统、无线通信系统，及其类似者)的操作：电力或电能存储设备(例如，电池、超级电容器或超电容器)的当前充电状况或状态、电力或电能存储设备的历史、与车辆有关的状况(例如，里程、重量、大小、阻力系数)、与车辆的驾驶员或操作者有关的状况(例如，关于速度、加速度、里程的历史)及／或环境状况(例如，周围温度、地形)。举例而言，控制器可控制一个或更多个电力转换器的操作以在需要时限制提供给车辆的牵引电动马达或车辆附件的电流及／或电压，以确保到达替换或补给站点的充分范围。
一种操作具有由主电力存储设备供电的原动机的车辆的方法可概述为包括：至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围；确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计；比较所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围；及至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的比较的结果，确定是否限制该车辆的该原动机的操作特性。
该方法可进一步包括响应于该确定而限制该车辆的该原动机的至少一个操作特性。响应于该确定而限制该车辆的该原动机的至少一个操作特性可包括：限制该车辆的速度。响应于该确定而限制该车辆的该原动机的至少一个操作特性可包括：限制该车辆的加速度。
在该原动机为电动马达的情况下，该方法可进一步包括：响应于确定所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围，限制提供给该车辆的该电动马达的电压。
在该原动机为电动马达的情况下，该方法可进一步包括：响应于确定所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围，限制提供给该车辆的该电动马达的电流。
该方法可进一步包括：响应于确定所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围，调整该主电力存储设备的温度。该方法可进一步包括：响应于确定所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围，中止向该车辆的至少一个非必需组件供电。
一种操作具有由主电力存储设备供电的原动机的车辆的方法可概述为包括：至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围；确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计；比较所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围；及至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的该比较的结果，确定是否限制电动车辆附件的操作特性。
至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围可包括：至少部分基于在该目前时间该主电力存储设备的充电水平而确定该车辆的估计范围。至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围可包括：至少部分基于该主电力存储设备的历史简档而确定该车辆的估计范围。至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围可包括：至少部分基于该车辆的至少一个特性(大小、重量、阻力(drag))而确定该车辆的估计范围。至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围可包括：至少部分基于该车辆的历史驾驶型态而确定该车辆的估计范围。至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围可包括：至少部分基于在该目前时间该车辆的驾驶员的历史驾驶型态(速度、加速度)而确定该车辆的估计范围。至少部分基于在目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围可包括：至少部分基于在该目前时间该车辆操作所在的环境的至少一个环境参数(周围温度、地形)而确定该车辆的估计范围。确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计可包括：确定该目前位置与具有用于该主电力存储设备的替换品的至少一个位置之间的行进距离。确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计可包括：确定在该车辆可沿着行进的道路上的该目前位置与该至少一个目的地之间的最短距离。比较所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围可包括：确定估计范围是否在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内。至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的该比较的结果而确定是否限制该车辆的该原动机的操作特性可包括：响应于估计范围在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内，限制该车辆的速度或加速度中的至少一个。确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计可包括：考虑该目前位置与该至少一个目的地之间的至少一个海拔改变。
一种车辆可概述为包括：原动机，其经耦接以驱动该车辆的至少一个车轮；主电力存储设备，其存储电力；电源，其经耦接且可操作以选择性地在该主电力存储设备与该原动机之间转移电力；及控制器，其经通信地耦接以控制该电源，其中该控制器响应于在目前时间该车辆的所确定估计范围与在该车辆的目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的所确定行进距离的比较的结果，限制该车辆的该原动机的至少一个操作特性。
该控制器可进一步：至少部分基于在该目前时间该主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定该车辆的估计范围；确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的行进距离；比较所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围；及至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的比较的结果，确定是否限制该车辆的该原动机的该操作特性。该原动机可为电动马达且该控制器可响应于该确定而将控制信号施加至该电源，以限制提供给该车辆的该电动马达的电压。该原动机可为电动马达且该控制器可响应于该确定而将控制信号施加至该电源，以限制提供给该车辆的该电动马达的电流。该控制器可响应于该确定而中止向该车辆的至少一个非必需组件供电。
该控制器可至少部分基于在该目前时间该主电力存储设备的充电水平而确定该车辆的估计范围。该控制器可至少部分基于该主电力存储设备的历史简档而确定该车辆的估计范围。该控制器可至少部分基于该车辆的至少一个特性而确定该车辆的估计范围。该控制器可至少部分基于该车辆的历史驾驶型态而确定该车辆的估计范围。该控制器可至少部分基于在该目前时间该车辆的驾驶员的历史驾驶型态而确定该车辆的估计范围。该控制器可至少部分基于在该目前时间该车辆操作所在的环境的至少一个环境参数而确定该车辆的估计范围。该控制器可至少部分基于该目前位置与该至少一个目的地之间的至少一个海拔改变而确定该车辆的估计范围。该控制器可确定该目前位置与具有用于该主电力存储设备的替换品的至少一个位置之间的行进距离。该控制器可确定沿着该车辆可沿着行进的道路的该目前位置与该至少一个目的地之间的最短距离。该控制器可确定估计范围是否在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内。该控制器可响应于估计范围在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内而限制该车辆的速度或加速度中的至少一个。
附图说明
在附图中，相同参考数字识别类似的组件或动作。在附图中的组件的大小及相对位置不一定按比例绘制。举例而言，各种组件的形状及角度未按比例绘制，且这些组件中的一些组件经任意放大及定位以改良附图辨视性。另外，所绘制的组件的特定形状并不意欲传送关于特定组件的实际形状的任何信息，且仅为了易于附图中的辨识而选择。
图1为根据一非限制性所示意实施例的电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车的等角部分分解图，该电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车可包括本文中所描述的各种组件或结构。
图2为根据一非限制性所示意实施例的图1的小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车的组件或结构中的一些组件或结构的方框图。
图3为根据另一非限制性所示意实施例的图1的小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车的组件或结构中的一些组件或结构的方框图。
图4为根据一非限制性所示意实施例的环境的示意图，该环境包括一个或更多个小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车、用于替换或补给能量或电力存储设备的位置及通过通信基础设施而通信地耦接的后端系统。
图5为展示根据一所示意实施例的操作图2至图4的组件或结构以控制具有主电能存储设备的车辆的操作的高阶方法的流程图。
图6为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以通过限制电压及／或电流及／或调整主电力或电能存储设备的温度来实施对于车辆的控制的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法可用于执行图5的方法中。
图7为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2至图4的组件或结构以确定估计范围的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法可用于执行图5的方法中。
图8为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2至图4的组件或结构以实施对于车辆的控制的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法可用于执行图5的方法中。
具体实施方式
在以下描述中，阐明了某些特定细节以便提供对各种所揭示的实施例的透彻理解。然而，本领域技术人员应认识到，可在无这些特定细节中的一个或多个的情况下或通过其他方法、组件、材料等来实践实施例。在其他情况下，未详细展示或描述与售货装置、电池、锁定机构、无线技术、超级电容器或超电容器、电力转换器(包括(但不限于)变压器、整流器、DC／DC电力转换器、开关模式电力转换器、控制器及通信系统及结构)及网络相关联的熟知结构，以避免不必要地使实施例的描述晦涩难懂。
除非上下文另有需要，否则贯穿本说明书及接下来的权利要求书，词“包括(comprise)”及其变化形式(诸如，“comprises”及“comprising”)应按开放的包括性意义来解释，亦即，解释为“包括但不限于”。
贯穿本说明书的对“一项实施例”或“一实施例”的提及意谓结合该实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性包括在至少一个实施例中。因此，词组“在一项实施例中”或“在一实施例中”在贯穿本说明书的各处中的出现不一定均指代相同实施例。
诸如第一、第二及第三的序数词的使用不一定暗示次序的排名意义，而是可能仅区分动作或结构的多个例项。
对便携式电力存储设备或电能存储设备的提及意谓能够存储电力及释放所存储电力的任何设备，包括(但不限于)电池、超级电容器或超电容器。对电池的提及意谓一个或更多个化学存储电池单元，例如，可再充电或二次电池单元(secondary battery cell)，包括(但不限于)镍镉合金或锂离子电池单元。
本文中提供的本发明的标题及发明摘要仅为了便利起见，且并不解译实施例的范围或意义。
图1展示根据一所示意实施例的呈电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的形式的电动个人运输车辆。
如先前所注释，燃机小轮机踏车及机动脚踏车在许多大城市(例如，在亚洲、欧洲及中东)普遍。解决与使用电能存储设备(例如，二次电池)作为车辆的主电源或一次电源有关的性能或效率问题的能力可促进使用全电动小轮机踏车及机动脚踏车100代替内燃机小轮机踏车及机动脚踏车，藉此减轻空气污染，以及减少噪音。
电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100包括框架102、车轮104a、104b(统称为104)，及具有用户控制(诸如，节流阀108、制动杆110、转向指示器开关112等)的把手106，所有这些具有公知设计。电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100亦可包括电力系统114，电力系统114包括：牵引电动马达116，其经耦接以驱动车轮104b中的至少一个；至少一个主电力存储设备118，其存储电力以至少对牵引电动马达116供电；及控制电路120，其控制在至少该主电力存储设备118与牵引电动马达116之间的电力分配。
牵引电动马达116可呈各种各样的形式中的任一种，但通常是能够产生足够电力(瓦特或马力)及扭矩从而以所需速度及加速度驱动期望的负载的永久磁体感应马达。牵引电动马达116可以是能够在驱动模式中操作以及在再生制动模式中操作的任何公知电动马达。在驱动模式中，牵引电动马达消耗电力以驱动车轮。在再生制动模式中，牵引电动马达作为产生器操作，其响应于车轮的旋转而产生电流且产生制动效应以使车辆减缓。
主电能存储设备118可呈各种各样的形式，例如，电池(例如，电池单元阵列)或超级电容器或超电容器(例如，超电容器电池阵列)。举例而言，电能存储设备118可呈可再充电电池(亦即，二次电池单元(secondary cell)或二次电池(secondary battery))的形式。电能存储设备118可(例如)经设定大小以物理地配合个人运输车辆(诸如，全电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100)且对个人运输车辆(诸如，全电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100)供电，且可为便携式以允许容易的替换或交换。假定运输应用强加的很可能的需求，则主电能存储设备118很可能呈一个或更多个化学电池单元的形式。
电能存储设备118可包括可从电能存储设备118外部接入的若干电气端子122a、122b(示出了两个，统称为122)。电气端子122允许从电能存储设备118传递电荷，以及允许将电荷传递至电能存储设备118以用于对电能存储设备118充电或再充电。虽然在图1中示意为端口，但电气端子122可呈可从电能存储设备118外部接入的任何其他形式，包括安置于电池外壳中的槽内的电气端子。
如下文较好地示意及描述，控制电路120包括各种组件，以用于转换、调节及控制电力的转移(特定言之，在电能存储设备118与牵引电动马达116之间)。
图2展示根据一所示意实施例的电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的一部分。详言之，图2展示一实施例，该实施例使用电能存储设备118供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力，以用于经由若干温度调整设备(统称为200)调整或控制各种组件(例如，电能存储设备118及／或电路)的温度。
如所示意，牵引电动马达116包括轴杆202，其经直接地或间接地耦接以驱动电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的至少一个车轮104b。虽然未加以示意，但可使用传动装置(例如，链条、齿轮、万向接头)。
控制电路120可呈大量各种各样形式中的任一种，且通常包括控制器204、一个或更多个电力转换器206a至206e(示出了五个)、开关SW1至SW3(示出了三个)及／或传感器STB、SVB、Sm、STC、SVC、SIC、STM、SVM、SIM、SRM。
如图2中所示意，控制电路120可包括第一DC／DC电力转换器206a，在驱动模式或配置中，第一DC／DC电力转换器206a耦接电能存储设备118以供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力。第一DC／DC电力转换器206a可使来自电能存储设备118的电力的电压升压至足够驱动牵引电动马达116的水平。第一DC／DC电力转换器206a可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，第一DC／DC电力转换器206a可呈经调节升压式开关模式电力转换器或降压-升压式开关模式电力转换器的形式。
控制电路120可包括DC／AC电力转换器206b(通常被称为反相器)，在驱动模式或配置中，DC／AC电力转换器206b耦接电能存储设备118以经由第一DC／DC转换器206a供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力。DC／AC电力转换器206b可使来自第一DC／DC转换器206a的电力反相成适合于驱动牵引电动马达116的AC波形。AC波形可为单相的或多相的，例如，两相或三相AC电力。DC／AC电力转换器206b可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，DC／AC电力转换器206b可呈经调节反相器的形式。
第一DC／DC电力转换器206a及DC／AC电力转换器206b分别经由经控制器204供应的控制信号C1、C2来控制。举例而言，控制器204或某一中间栅极驱动电路可供应经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号以控制第一DC／DC及／或DC／AC电力转换器206a、206b的开关(例如，金属氧化物半导体场效晶体管或MOSFET、双极绝缘栅极晶体管或IGBT)的操作。
如图2中进一步示意，控制电路120可包括AC／DC电力转换器206c(通常被称为整流器)，在制动或再生制动模式或配置中，AC／DC电力转换器206c耦接牵引电动马达116以将由其所产生的电力提供给电能存储设备118。AC／DC电力转换器206c可将由牵引电动马达116产生的AC波形整流成适合于供应电能存储设备118且视情况供应诸如控制电路120的其他组件的DC形式。AC／DC电力转换器206c可呈各种各样的形式，例如，全桥无源二极管整流器或全桥有源晶体管整流器。
控制电路120亦可包括第二DC／DC电力转换器206d，其经由AC／DC电力转换器206c将牵引电动马达116电耦接至电能存储设备118。第二DC／DC电力转换器206d将由牵引电动马达116产生的电力的电压降压至适合于电能存储设备118的水平。第二DC／DC电力转换器206d可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，第二DC／DC电力转换器206d可呈经调节降压式开关模式电力转换器、同步降压式开关模式电力转换器或降压-升压式开关模式电力转换器的形式。
AC／DC电力转换器206c及第二DC／DC电力转换器206d分别经由经控制器204供应的控制信号C3、C4来控制。举例而言，控制器204或某一中间栅极驱动控制器可供应经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号以控制AC／DC及／或第二DC／DC电力转换器206c、206d的开关(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)的操作。
如图2中进一步示意，控制电路120可包括第三DC／DC电力转换器206e，其将电能存储设备118电耦接至各种其他组件(例如，控制器120)。第三DC／DC电力转换器206e可使由电能存储设备118供应的电力的电压降压至适合于一个或更多个其他组件的水平。第三DC／DC电力转换器206e可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，第三DC／DC电力转换器206e可呈经调节降压式开关模式电力转换器、同步降压式开关模式电力转换器或降压-升压式开关模式电力转换器的形式。
亦如图2中所示意，温度调整设备200可经定位以控制或调整某些组件的温度或最接近某些组件的温度。
温度调整设备200可位于最接近一个或更多个其他组件处、邻近于一个或更多个其他组件处或与一个或更多个其他组件接触处，该一个或更多个其他组件将受益于具有主动温度管理或处置。举例而言，第一多个温度调整设备200a、200b(示出了两个)可位于最接近主电能存储设备118处、邻近于主电能存储设备118处或与主电能存储设备118接触处，主电能存储设备118将电力提供给牵引电动马达116。第二多个温度调整设备200c可位于最接近控制电路的组件或组件中的一个或多个(例如，电力转换器206a至206e中的一个或多个)处、邻近于控制电路的组件或组件中的一个或多个(例如，电力转换器206a至206e中的一个或多个)处，或与控制电路的组件或组件中的一个或多个(例如，电力转换器206a至206e中的一个或多个)接触处。第三多个温度调整设备200d可位于最接近控制器204的一个或更多个组件处、邻近于控制器204的一个或更多个组件处，或与控制器204的一个或更多个组件接触处。虽然示意为最接近第一DC／DC电力转换器206a及DC／AC电力转换器206b，但温度调整设备200c附加地或备选地可位于最接近AC／DC电力转换器206c或第二DC／DC电力转换器206d处，邻近于AC／DC电力转换器206c或第二DC／DC电力转换器206d处，或与AC／DC电力转换器206c或第二DC／DC电力转换器206d接触处。附加地或备选地，一个或更多个温度调整设备200可位于最接近第三DC／DC电力转换器206e处。温度调整设备200可由牵引电动马达116产生的电力供电，该电力由其在再生制动操作期间产生。一个或更多个开关S1(仅示出了一个)可响应于来自控制器120的控制信号CS1而操作，以选择性地将电力从电能存储设备118耦合至温度调整设备。
温度调整设备200可呈各种各样的形式。举例而言，温度调整设备200中的一个或多个可呈帕耳帖(Peltier)设备(亦被称为帕耳帖效应设备)的形式。这种设备使用帕耳帖效应来建立两种不同类型的材料的接面之间的热流通量。帕耳帖设备是固态有源热泵，其响应于直流而转移热以防止从设备的一侧至另一侧的温度梯度。热转移的方向由所施加DC电压的极性来控制。因此，这种设备有时被称为帕耳帖冷却器、帕耳帖加热器或热电热泵。温度调整设备200中的一个或多个可(例如)呈电阻性加热器的形式。
温度调整设备200中的一个或多个可包括一个或更多个热交换设备208a至208d(统称为208)，或与一个或更多个热交换设备208a至208d(统称为208)热导耦接。热交换设备208可包括单独的或任何组合的散热片(sink)(亦即，将热从固体材料转移至诸如空气的流体的设备)、热散播器(亦即，具有相对较高的热导率的板)及／或热管(亦即，使用材料的相变的热转移设备)。与温度调整设备200相比，热交换设备208通常具有相对较大的热耗散表面积。举例而言，热交换设备208可包括多个鳍片(例如，销状鳍片)，以使用于给定容积的表面积最大化。热交换设备208的热耗散表面可安置于相对远离被冷却的特定组件处。
控制器204可呈各种各样的形式，这些形式可包括一个或更多个集成电路、集成电路组件、模拟电路或模拟电路组件。如所示意，控制器204包括微控制器220、非易失性计算机或处理器可读存储器(诸如，只读存储器(ROM)222及／或随机存取存储器(RAM)224)，且可视情况而包括一个或更多个栅极驱动电路226。
微控制器220执行逻辑以控制电力系统的操作，且可呈各种各样的形式。举例而言，微控制器220可呈以下各项的形式：微处理器、编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、可编程栅极阵列(PGA)(诸如，现场可编程栅极阵列(FPGS))，及专用集成电路(ASIC)，或其他这种微控制器设备。ROM222可呈能够存储处理器可执行指令及／或数据以实施控制逻辑的各种各样的形式中的任一种。RAM224可呈能够临时保留处理器可执行指令或数据的各种各样的形式中的任一种。微控制器220、ROM222、RAM224及视情况的栅极驱动电路226可通过一个或更多个总线(未图标)而耦接，这些总线包括电力总线、指令总线、数据总线、地址总线等。或者，控制逻辑可实施于模拟电路中。
栅极驱动电路226可呈适合于经由驱动信号(例如，PWM栅极驱动信号)驱动电力转换器206的开关(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)的各种各样的形式中的任一种。虽然示意为控制器204的一部分，但一个或更多个栅极驱动电路可介于控制器204与电力转换器206之间。
控制器204可从一个或更多个传感器STB、SVB、SI趴STC、SVC、SIC、STM、SVM、SIM、SRM接收信号。控制器可在控制温度调整设备200中使用所感测信息，例如，开始热转移、停止热转移、增加热转移速率，或甚至改变热转移的方向。此情形可通过施加控制信号Cs1至Cs3以选择开关SW1至SW3来实现。举例而言，控制信号Cs1至Cs3选择开关SW1至SW3以使得电力(例如，直流)被提供给温度调整设备200中的选定温度调整设备，且设定所施加电力的电压水平及甚至所施加电力的极性。
电池温度传感器STB可经安置以感测主电力存储设备118或最接近主电力存储设备118的周围环境的温度，且提供指示所感测温度的信号TB。
电池电压传感器SVB可经安置以感测主电力存储设备118上的电压且提供指示所感测电压的信号VB。
电池电荷传感器Sm可经安置以感测主电力存储设备118的电荷且提供指示所感测电荷的信号IB。
电力转换器温度传感器STC可经安置以感测电力转换器206中的一个或多个或最接近电力转换器206的周围环境的温度，且提供指示所感测温度的信号TC。
电力转换器电压传感器SVC可经安置以感测电力转换器206中的一个或多个上的电压，且提供指示所感测电压的信号VC。
电力转换器电荷传感器SIC可经安置以感测穿过电力转换器206中的一个或多个的电荷，且提供指示所感测电荷的信号IC。
牵引马达温度传感器STM可经安置以感测牵引电动马达116或最接近牵引电动马达116的周围环境的温度，且提供指示所感测温度的信号TM。
牵引马达电压传感器SVM可经安置以感测牵引电动马达116上的电压且提供指示所感测电压的信号VM。
牵引马达电流传感器SIM可经安置以感测流经牵引马达116的电流且提供指示所感测电流的信号IM。
牵引马达旋转传感器SRM可经安置以感测流经牵引马达116的电流且提供指示所感测旋转速度的信号RPM。
如本文中所论述，控制器可使用所感测状况中的一个或多个来控制温度调整设备200中的一个或多个的操作。
控制器204包括可形成为或命名为收发器228的发送器及接收器，收发器228提供与远离电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的组件或系统的无线通信。收发器228可呈适合于提供无线通信的大量各种各样的形式。举例而言，收发器可呈经由蜂窝服务提供商网络进行与远程系统的通信的蜂窝电话芯片组(亦被称为无线电装置)及天线的形式。收发器228可实施不同于基于蜂窝的通信的无线通信方法。通信可包括从远程系统或服务接收信息及／或指令，以及将信息及／或指令或查询发送至远程系统或设备。
控制器204可包括全球定位系统(GPS)接收器230，全球定位系统(GPS)接收器230从GPS卫星接收信号，这些信号允许控制器204确定小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的当前位置。可使用大量各种各样的市售GPS接收器中的任一者。目前位置(location或position)可以坐标(例如，经度及纬度)来指定，通常具有低于3米的准确度。或者，可使用其他技术来确定小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的目前位置，例如，基于三个或三个以上蜂窝塔台或基站的三角量测。
目前位置的海拔可基于GPS坐标来辨别或确定。同样地，当前位置与一个或更多个其他位置或目的地之间的海拔改变可使用使GPS坐标与海拔相关的地形映射或其他结构化格式来确定。此情形可有利地用于较好地估计电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的范围。附加地或备选地，电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100可包括检测海拔的高度计或其他传感器(例如，检测海拔改变的加速度计)。此情形可允许在确定估计范围时考虑与电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100相对于丘陵的相对位置(例如，丘陵的顶部、丘陵的底部)相关联的势能。此情形可有利地产生更准确或估计的范围，从而防止对操作性能的不必要的限制。举例而言，对于电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100处于或最接近较大丘陵的顶部的了解可导致所确定估计范围的增加，从而使得替换或补给位置在范围内，且防止对于限制操作性能的需要。或者，对于电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100处于或最接近较大丘陵的底部的了解可导致所确定估计范围的减小，从而指示最近的替换或补给位置在估计范围之外，且使得较早发生对于操作性能的限制，从而确保电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100将到达替换或补给位置。
图3展示根据另一所示意实施例的电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的一部分。详言之，图3展示一实施例，该实施例使用辅助电能存储设备300供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力以用于经由若干温度调整设备200调整或控制各种组件(例如，电能存储设备118及／或电路)的温度。除了主电能存储设备118之外，辅助电能存储设备300也用以向牵引电动马达116供电。这些结构及／或组件中的许多结构及／或组件类似于上文参看图2所示意及描述的那些结构及／或组件，或甚至相同。这种结构及组件将共享与图2中所用参考数字相同的参考数字，且将不进一步详细加以描述。紧接的下文仅描述显著差异中的一些差异。
如所注释，图3的实施例添加辅助电能存储设备300。举例而言，经由AC／DC转换器206c及／或DC／DC转换器206d将由在再生制动模式中操作的牵引电马达产生的电力提供给辅助电能存储设备300。将辅助电能存储设备300示意为一个或更多个超级电容器或超电容器，但此辅助电能存储设备可呈各种各样的形式，例如，化学电池。由于辅助电能存储设备300并不驱动牵引电动马达116，因此在选择形式上允许较大灵活性。因此，可基于所需特性而选择辅助电能存储设备300，所需特性诸如在期望的电压下的性能、充电容量，及／或辅助电能存储设备300操作所处于的温度。对超电容器的挑选可实现优于化学电池的效率，尤其是关于在相对较高的周围温度下的放电及／或充电操作而言。
开关SW1至SW3现在可操作以选择性地将辅助电能存储设备300耦接至温度调整设备200。
图3的实施例亦可包括泄热槽或耗散电阻器R及开关SW4，开关SW4可响应于来自控制器120的控制信号CR而操作，以选择性地将电阻器R并联地耦接于牵引电动马达116与AC／DC电力转换器206c之间。此情形可允许：例如，在再生制动操作期间产生的能量对于辅助电能存储设备300而言太多的情况下，将过量电能耗散为热。
图3的实施例附加地或备选地可包括直接耦合开关SW5，其可响应于来自控制器120的控制信号CS5而操作，以提供由在再生制动模式中操作的牵引电动马达产生的电力与温度调整设备200之间的直接电耦合(无任何居间的电池或超电容器)。
图4展示根据一所示意实施例的环境400，图1及图2的电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100(仅示出了一个)可在环境400中操作。
环境400包括多个位置402a、402b(统称为402，仅示出了两个)，可在该多个位置402a、402b处对主能量存储设备进行替换或补给。这种位置402可(例如)包括分送或自动售货机或公共信息查询站404a、404b(统称为404)，以用于收集、充电及分配能量或电力存储设备406a、406b至406n(仅示出了三个，统称为406)。或者，这种位置402可使用个人来手动地收集、充电及分配能量或电力存储设备406。此替换或补给位置402可关于例如城市或城镇或县或其他地区的地理区域分布。通常，每一替换或补给位置402将维护能量或电力存储设备库存406，这些能量或电力存储设备可处于各种充电状态及／或状况。可在替换或补给位置402处用经更完全充电的能量或电力存储设备406来更换电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100上的能量或电力存储设备118。
环境400包括一个或更多个后端系统408，其包括一个或更多个后端服务器408a(仅示出了一个)，该一个或更多个后端服务器408a被配置为追踪可替换或补给主能量存储设备118的位置402。后端系统包括非易失性媒体410(例如，硬盘)，其维护各种替换或补给位置402的数据库或其他信息结构412。此信息可包括(例如)以经度及纬度指定及／或通过街道地址指定的位置402的坐标412a。此信息亦可包括在给定位置402处的能量或电力存储设备的当前库存412b。库存412b可(例如)指定给定位置402处可用的能量或电力存储设备的数目412c、能量或电力存储设备中的一个或多个的充电状况412d，及／或反映能量或电力存储设备406中的一个或多个的使用的历史信息412e，例如，能量或电力存储设备406的年限及／或给定能量或电力存储设备406已经受的再充电循环的数目。
环境400可包括通信基础设施414，其允许或促进各种组件之间的通信，例如，后端系统408或服务器408a、可对主能量存储设备118进行替换或补给的该多个位置402及／或一个或更多个电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100之间的通信。通信基础设施414可呈大量各种各样的形式，且可包括不同的分立组件及系统，例如，有线或光学电缆组件或系统及／或无线组件或系统。举例而言，通信基础设施414可包括由蜂窝通信服务提供商提供的蜂窝通信网路，包括基站416a、416b、416c(统称为416)。此情形可允许经无线基础设施(展示为具有双箭头的呈Z字形线)的数据通信，例如，与电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的通信。这些组件中的一些组件可经有线网络(通过具有双箭头的实线展示)而通信地耦接，例如，简易老式电话服务(POTS)网络418。举例而言，诸如后端系统408或服务器408a及可对主能量存储设备118进行替换或补给的该多个位置402的固定组件可经由公知电话线而耦接。或者，后端系统408或服务器408a及该多个位置402可经由因特网419或某一其他网络(例如，企业间网络、因特网)而通信地耦接，该某一其他网络可使用有线通信路径或信道、无线通信路径或信道及／或有线及无线通信路径或信道的组合。
在一些设施中，后端系统408或服务器408a简单地将关于位置402及／或库存406的所请求信息提供至电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的控制器204(图2及图3)。控制器204处理所接收信息，以及关于电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的操作的信息，以控制电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的操作，如下文更详细论述。在其他设施中，控制器204(图2及图3)可将关于电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的操作状况及目前位置的信息提供至后端系统408或服务器408a。在此设施中，后端系统408或服务器408a确定是否限制电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的操作，且将适当指令传送至电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的控制器204以相应地限制操作。
控制器204或后端系统408或服务器408a确定车辆100的目前位置420与可获得主能量或电力存储设备118的替换或补给的一个或更多个目的地422a、422b之间的行进距离。行进距离表示对于在法律上允许车辆100行进的道路上必须经过的距离的至少一个估计。举例而言，法律上可能不准许在高速公路上操作一些电动小轮机踏车，而一些电动小轮机踏车可能不适合于边远地区或越野操作。行进距离由至位置422a中的第一位置的第一路径424a及至位置422b中的第二位置的第二路径424b来表示。虽然一些实施例可能使用“笔直线”或直线距离，但实际上考虑阻碍物的距离为较佳的。
控制器304或后端系统408或服务器408a可考虑实际的、最终的或主目的地426，其并非可得到或可获得对主能量或电力存储设备118的替换或补给的位置422a、422b。此情形可考虑以下事实：骑乘者或车辆操作者在搜寻对主能量或电力存储设备118的替换或补给中不愿意走得太远。将位置422a、422b与实际的、最终的或主目的地426之间的行进距离分别表示为路径428a、428b。位置422a、422b及／或实际的、最终的或主目的地426可至少部分通过例如经度及纬度的坐标来定义。车辆118的目前位置420同样可(例如)经由GPS接收器以坐标来指定。可使用各种软件方法，这些软件方法使用地图信息来计算行进距离，再次考虑障碍物及对实际行进路径的其他限制。如上文所注释，此情形亦可考虑目前位置与一个或更多个目的地之间的海拔改变。同样，可使用各种软件方法，这些软件方法使用地图信息来计算或确定沿着路径424a、424b、428a、428b中的一个或多个的方向，以提供给驾驶员或操作者。
图5展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2至图4的组件或结构以实施对于具有主电能或电力存储设备的车辆的控制的高阶方法500。
在502处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于在目前时间车辆的主电力存储设备(例如，主化学二次电池)的至少一个电特性而确定车辆的估计范围。举例而言，估计范围可基于主电力存储设备的充电水平，且可考虑与以下各项有关的各种其他因素：主电力存储设备(例如，年限、充电循环)、车辆(例如，里程、重量、阻力)、车辆的驾驶员(例如，平均速度、加速度历史)，及／或操作环境(例如，周围温度、地形)。
在504处，车辆的控制器或后端系统确定车辆的目前位置与可对主电力存储设备进行替换或补给的至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计。举例而言，车辆的控制器或后端系统确定车辆的目前位置与库存或分配有替换能量或电力存储设备的最近位置中的两个或两个以上最近位置之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计。如先前所注释，存在可查明车辆的目前位置的各种各样的方式，例如，经由GPS接收器或经由控制器处、后端系统处的三角量测，或由诸如第三方蜂窝服务提供商的通信服务提供商提供。可提供或补给电力存储设备的位置通常为固定位置，但新位置可能不时地呈现，而一些位置可能关闭或移动。可将用于这种位置的坐标维护于数据库或其他信息存储结构(例如，查找表)中。
在506处，车辆的控制器或后端系统比较该至少一个所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围。该比较可以是简单比较，或可包括某一阈值或缓冲器，例如，诸如10％的安全裕度。因此，车辆的控制器或后端系统可执行比较以确定行进距离是否大于估计范围的90％。当然可使用其他阈值或安全裕度值及百分比。可(例如)基于当前主电力存储设备状况、车辆操作或状况、驾驶员操作或状况及／或操作环境状况的一个或更多个特性，“在运作中(onthe fly)”或实时地确定特定安全裕度或百分比。
在508处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的比较的结果，确定是否限制原动机及／或车辆附件的操作特性。因此，例如，若所确定行进距离大于所估计可用范围的90％，则控制器或后端系统可确定应限制车辆操作以便延长估计范围。
在510处，车辆的控制器或后端系统响应于确定而限制车辆的原动机(例如，牵引电动马达)的至少一个操作特性(例如，速度、加速度)及／或电动车辆附件的操作。如下文更详细论述，可通过经由诸如一个或更多个电力转换器的电源控制提供给原动机及／或附件的电力(例如，电流及／或电压)的量来限制操作特性。此情形可经由施加至该一个或更多个电力转换器的一个或更多个有源开关的一个或更多个经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号的占空比的调整来实施。此情形附加地或备选地可如果调整主电力存储设备的温度来实现。
视情况，在512处，车辆的控制器确定骑乘者或操作者是否已选择对限制功能越权(override)。举例而言，车辆可包括一个或更多个骑乘者或操作者可操作的开关或其他控制，这些开关或其他控制允许骑乘者或操作者对限制功能越权，例如，在维持速度及／或加速度或某一其他操作参数可能被视为安全操作所必需的情况下。举例而言，当在高速公路上操作时，骑乘者或操作者可选择对限制越权，这是由于实现及维持高速公路速度的能力对于安全操作而言可能是重要的。对限制越权的其他原因可包括对于在某一其他位置(例如，中间位置)处存在替换或补给电力存储设备的了解。在514处，若骑乘者或操作者已选择对限制越权，则控制器停止限制操作。
方法500可连续地、周期性地或甚至非周期性地重复：更新各种状况或参数及基于这种状况或参数而确定是否限制车辆操作。
图6展示操作图2及图3的组件或结构以通过限制电压及／或电流及／或调整主电力或电能存储设备的温度实施对于车辆的控制的低阶方法600。方法600可用在执行方法500(图5)中。所示意实施例提及电动马达，然而，该描述同等可适用于电动车辆附件。另外，对于电动车辆附件，不是限制提供给附件的电压，而是可经由切换电路断开至附件的电力，以减少附件的电能消耗。
在602处，控制器响应于所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围的确定而限制提供给车辆的电动马达的电压。此情形可经由施加至该一个或更多个电力转换器的一个或更多个有源开关的一个或更多个经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号的占空比的调整来实施。此情形附加地或备选地可通过调整主电力存储设备的温度来实现。
在604处，控制器响应于所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围的确定而限制提供给电动马达的电流。此情形可经由施加至该一个或更多个电力转换器的一个或更多个有源开关的一个或更多个经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号的占空比的调整来实现。此情形附加地或备选地可通过调整主电力存储设备的温度来实现。
在606处，控制器使得响应于所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围的确定而调整(例如，增加、减小)主电力存储设备的温度。此情形可(例如)经由启动温度调整设备(例如，帕耳帖设备)以将热输送远离或者输送朝向主电力存储设备来达成。此情形亦可能通过控制主电力存储设备的电流汲取而不太直接地实现。值得注意地，电池的放电及／或充电可显著地影响电池的温度。
控制器可(例如)通过减少对节流阀输入的响应度来限制操作。举例而言，可使节流阀输入衰减，使得给定节流阀输入在“最佳努力”(best effort)或有限操作模式中操作时产生比正常操作模式期间的情形小的速度及／或加速度的改变。又举例而言，与正常操作模式期间的情形相比，在“最佳努力”或有限操作模式中操作时，可将对节流阀改变的响应度延迟某一时间(例如，四分之一秒)。控制器实施调速器，以限制操作性能以便实现所需范围，此情形可允许小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车到达所需目的地，诸如可替换或补给电力存储设备的位置。可(例如)经由绿色及红色LED向驾驶员或操作者指示操作模式。可使用琥珀色的LED来指示尚未触发限制的状况，但状况指示限制可能变得有必要。
操作性能减小可被称作“紧急操作”(1imp home)模式，这是由于此情形提供足够电力及资源以到达所需目的地而不需要供应全电动力及资源。作为限制操作的一部分，除限制速度及／或加速度之外，控制器亦可切断或减少其他“非必要”或“非必需”组件(诸如，对于操作及／或安全而言不必要的组件)的电力消耗。举例而言，可减少至娱乐系统的电力，而维持至转向指示器、头灯及制动灯的电力。
图7展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2至图4的组件或结构以确定估计范围的低阶方法700。方法700可用在执行方法500(图5)中。
在702处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于在目前时间主电力存储设备的充电水平而确定车辆的估计范围。
在704处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于主电力存储设备的历史简档而确定车辆的估计范围。此情形可考虑主电力存储设备的年限、主电力存储设备已经受的再充电循环的数目，及／或其他方面，诸如驱动主电力存储设备的困难程度，包括主电力存储设备完全耗尽或几乎完全耗尽的频率。
在706处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于车辆的一个或更多个特性而确定车辆的估计范围。车辆特性可呈各种各样的形式，例如，平均里程、大小、车辆重量、马达大小(例如，HP)、阻力系数等。
在708处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于车辆的历史驾驶型态而确定车辆的估计范围。此情形可包括在某一时间段内的在车辆操作期间的平均速度及／或平均加速度。可对操作特性加权，例如，更近的操作特性具有的影响可比不太近操作特性具有的影响大。
在710处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于在目前时间车辆的当前驾驶员的历史驾驶型态而确定车辆的估计范围。历史驾驶型态可包括指示以下各项的信息：速度或平均速度、加速度或朝向“猛然一动”的趋势、延长的空转周期，或甚至作出错误转向的趋势。此信息可包括可能与预测范围相关的其他信息。可以大量各种各样的方式中的任一种来识别驾驶员。举例而言，车辆的每一驾驶员可具有钥匙圈，该钥匙圈具有存储唯一识别符的无线询答器。无论何时钥匙圈在极接近车辆的范围内，这都可通过车辆的读取器(例如，RFID询问器)来读取。
在712处，车辆的控制器或后端系统至少部分基于在目前时间车辆操作所在的环境的一个或更多个环境参数而确定估计范围。环境参数可呈各种各样的形式。举例而言，可通过诸如热电偶的温度传感器来感测周围温度。可使用一个或更多个加速度计、陀螺仪或地图的信息(诸如，存储于数据库或其他信息结构中的地形信息)感测环境的地形。附加地或备选地，可基于地图数据(例如，地形映射数据)而确定地形。此情形可允许在确定估计范围时考虑目前位置与一个或更多个目的地之间的海拔改变。举例而言，对于电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100处于或最接近较大丘陵的顶部的了解可导致所确定估计范围的增加，从而使得替换或补给位置在范围内，且防止对于限制操作性能的需要。或者，对于电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100处于或最接近较大丘陵的底部的了解可导致所确定估计范围的减小，从而指示最近的替换或补给位置在估计范围之外，且使得较早发生对于操作性能的限制，从而确保电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100将到达替换或补给位置。
方法700可执行动作702至712中的一个或多个。可顺序地或同时地执行动作702至712。可(例如)通过求解具有作为参数的各种状况的一个或更多个等式来执行动作702至712。或者，可使用一个或更多个查找表。
图8展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2至图4的组件或结构以实施对于车辆的控制的低阶方法800。方法800可用于执行方法500(图5)中。
在802处，车辆的控制器或后端系统确定车辆的目前位置与具有用于主电力存储设备的替换或补给的至少一个位置之间的行进距离(例如，最短道路距离)。可(例如)使用由GPS接收器提供的GPS坐标确定车辆的目前位置。附加地或备选地，可(例如)经由控制器、后端系统执行的三角量测或经由第三方通信服务提供商的系统确定车辆的目前位置。
在804处，车辆的控制器响应于估计范围在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内而限制车辆的速度或加速度中的至少一个。此情形可(例如)经由施加至该一个或更多个电力转换器的一个或更多个有源开关的一个或更多个经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号的占空比的调整来实现。此情形附加地或备选地可通过调整主电力存储设备的温度来实现。可作出此调整以(例如)将车辆的速度限制至所定义最大速度及／或将车辆的加速度限制至所定义最大加速度，由此在给定电能或电力存储设备的当前状况及各种其他状况下确保最大范围。
方法800可连续地、周期性地或甚至非周期性地重复：更新各种状况或参数，基于这种状况或参数而确定是否限制车辆操作，及实施如通过确定规定的限制。
本文中描述的各种方法可包括额外动作，省略一些动作，及／或可按与在各种流程图中所阐述的次序不同的次序执行动作。
前述详细描述已经由方框图、示意图及实例的使用阐明了设备及／或处理程序的各种实施例。在这种方框图、示意图及实例含有一个或更多个功能及／或操作的范围内，本领域技术人员应理解，在这种方框图、流程图或实例内的每一功能及／或操作可由广泛范围的硬件、软件、固件或实际上其任何组合来个别及／或共同地实施。在一实施例中，可经由一个或更多个微控制器实施本主题。然而，本领域技术人员应认识到，本文中揭示的实施例整体地或部分地可等效地实施于标准集成电路(例如，专用集成电路或ASIC)中，实施为由一个或更多个计算机执行的一个或更多个计算机程序(例如，实施为在一个或更多个计算机系统上执行的一个或更多个程序)，实施为由一个或更多个控制器(例如，微控制器)执行的一个或更多个程序，实施为由一个或更多个处理器(例如，微处理器)执行的一个或更多个程序，实施为固件，或实施为实际上其任何组合，且设计电路及／或撰写用于软件及／或固件的程序代码将良好地处于依据本发明的教示的本领域技术人员的技术内。
当将逻辑实施为软件且存储于存储器中时，可将逻辑或信息存储于任何非易失性计算机可读媒体上以供任何与处理器有关的系统或方法使用或结合任何与处理器有关的系统或方法使用。在本发明的上下文中，存储器为非易失性计算机或处理器可读存储媒体，其为非易失性地含有或存储计算机及／或处理器程序的电子、磁性、光学或其他物理设备或构件。逻辑及／或信息可体现于任何计算机可读媒体中以供指令执行系统、装置或设备使用或结合指令执行系统、装置或设备使用，指令执行系统、装置或设备诸如基于计算机的系统、含有处理器的系统，或可自该指令执行系统、装置或设备提取指令且执行与逻辑及／或信息相关联的指令的其他系统。
在本说明书的上下文中，“计算机可读媒体”可为可存储供指令执行系统、装置及／或设备使用或结合指令执行系统、装置及／或设备而使用的与逻辑及／或信息相关联的程序的任何物理组件。举例而言，计算机可读媒体可为(但不限于)电子、磁性、光学、电磁、红外线或半导体系统、装置或设备。计算机可读媒体的更特定实体(非详尽列表)将包括以下各项：便携式计算机盘片(磁性、致密快闪卡、安全数字卡或其类似者)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、可抹除可编程只读存储器(EPROM、EEPROM或闪存)、便携式紧密光盘只读存储器(CDROM)及数字磁带。
可组合上文所描述的各种实施例以提供其他实施例。在并不与本文中的特定教示及定义不一致的范围内，包括(但不限于)以下各项的在本说明书中参考的及／或在申请数据单中列出的所有美国专利、美国专利申请公开案、美国专利申请案、外国专利、外国专利申请案及非专利公开案以全文引用的方式并入本文中：题为“APPARATUS，METHOD ANDARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCHAS BATTERIES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／511,900号(代理人案号170178.401P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING ANDDISTRIBUTING POWER S TORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／647,936号(代理人案号170178.401P2)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH ASBATTERIES，BETWEEN COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／534,753号(代理人案号170178.402P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OFPOWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／534，761号(代理人案号170178.403P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLEFOR AUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH ASBATTERIES，BASED ON USER PROFILES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／534,772号(代理人案号170178.404P1)；题为“THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS INELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／511,887号(代理人案号170178.406P1)；题为“THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF COMPONENT S INELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE VEHICLES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／647,941号(代理人案号170178.406P2)；题为“DYNAMICALLY LIMITING VEHICLE OPERATIONFOR BEST EFFORT ECONOMY”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／511,880号(代理人案号170178.407P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD，AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICALSECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES”且于2011年11月8日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／557,170号(代理人案号170178.408P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD ANDARTICLE FOR A POWER STORAGE DEVICE COMPARMENT”且于2011年12月29日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／581,566号(代理人案号170178.412P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD ANDARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA”且于2012年2月21日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／601,404号(代理人案号170178.417P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD ANDARTICLE FOR PROVIDING LOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGINGAND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／601,949号(代理人案号170178.418P1)；及题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORPROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER S TORAGE DEVICE S AT APOWER S TORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61／601,953号(代理人案号170178.419P1)；指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke、Matthew Whiting Taylor及Huang-Cheng Hung作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWERSTORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.401)；指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Matthew Whiting Taylor作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION，SECURITY ANDCONTROL OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.403)；指名Matthew Whiting Taylor、Yi-TsungWu、Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Huang-Cheng Hung作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD，ANDARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.408)；指名Ching Chen、Hok-SumHorace Luke、Matthew Whiting Taylor、Yi-Tseng Wu作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.417)；指名Yi-Tsung Wu、Matthew WhitingTaylor、Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Jung-Hsiu Chen作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHODAND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE S AT A POWER S TORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING ANDDISTRIBUTION MACHINE”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.419)；及指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke、Yi-Tsung Wu、Jung-Hsiu Chen、Yulin Wu、Chien Ming Huang、TsungTing Chan、Shen-Chi Chen 及Feng Kai Yang作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR RESERVING POWER STORAGE DEVICES ATRESERVING POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.423)。必要时，可修改实施例的方面以使用各种专利、申请案及公开案的系统、电路及概念以提供其他的实施例。
虽然在用于供个人运输车辆(诸如，全电动小轮机踏车及／或机动脚踏车)使用的电力系统的环境及上下文下大体论述，但本文中的教示可应用于广泛的各种各样的其他环境，包括其他车辆以及非车辆环境。
所示意实施例的上述描述(包括在“说明书摘要”中描述的内容)并不意欲为详尽的或将这些实施例限于所揭示的精确形式。虽然在本文中为了说明性目的而描述特定实施例及实例，但如本领域技术人员应认识到，在不脱离本发明的精神及范围的情况下，可进行各种等效修改。
可依据上述详细描述对实施例进行这些及其他修改。一般而言，在以下申请专利范围中，所使用的术语不应被解释为将申请专利范围限于本说明书及申请专利范围中揭示的特定实施例，而应被解释为包括所有可能的实施例，以及这种申请专利范围所赋予权利的等效内容的全部范围。因此，申请专利范围不受揭示内容限制。

Claims (28)

1.一种操作具有由主电力存储设备供电的原动机的车辆的方法，所述方法包括：
至少部分基于在目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性，确定所述车辆的估计范围；
确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计；
比较所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围；
其中，比较所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围包括：确定估计范围是否在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内，所定义阈值是基于目前时间的车辆的操作和条件以及目前时间的车辆的驾驶员的操作或条件中的一项或更多项而确定的；
接收与远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的比较的结果做出的、关于是否限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性的确定有关的信息，其中，至少部分基于在目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性确定所述车辆的估计范围包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于所述主电力存储设备的历史简档而确定所述车辆的估计范围；
接收远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的比较的结果而做出的不限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性的确定；
确定所述车辆的新的估计范围；
确定新的目前位置与至少一个新的目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的新的估计；
接收远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定的新的估计范围的比较做出的限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性的确定；以及
响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统做出的限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性的确定，限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性。
2.如权利要求1的方法，进一步包括：
由车辆中的控制电路中的控制器响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统做出的所述确定而限制所述车辆的所述原动机的至少一个操作特性。
3.如权利要求2的方法，其中，响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统做出的所述确定而限制所述车辆的所述原动机的至少一个操作特性包括：限制所述车辆的速度。
4.如权利要求2的方法，其中，响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统做出的所述确定而限制所述车辆的所述原动机的至少一个操作特性包括：限制所述车辆的加速度。
5.如权利要求1的方法，其中，所述原动机是电动马达，且所述方法进一步包括：
由车辆中的控制电路中的控制器响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统确定所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围，限制提供给所述车辆的所述电动马达的电压。
6.如权利要求1的方法，其中，所述原动机为电动马达，且所述方法进一步包括：
由车辆中的控制电路中的控制器响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统确定所述所确定行进距离大于所述所确定估计范围，限制提供给所述车辆的所述电动马达的电流。
7.如权利要求1的方法，进一步包括：
由车辆中的控制电路中的控制器响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统确定所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围，调整所述主电力存储设备的温度。
8.如权利要求1的方法，进一步包括：
响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统确定所确定行进距离大于所确定估计范围，由车辆中的控制电路中的控制器中止向所述车辆的至少一个非必需组件供电。
9.如权利要求1的方法，其中，至少部分基于在目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于在所述目前时间所述主电力存储设备的充电水平而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
10.如权利要求1的方法，其中，至少部分基于在目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于所述车辆的至少一个特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
11.如权利要求1的方法，其中，至少部分基于在目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于所述车辆的历史驾驶型态而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
12.如权利要求1的方法，其中，至少部分基于在目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于在所述目前时间所述车辆的驾驶员的历史驾驶型态而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
13.如权利要求1的方法，其中，至少部分基于在目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于在所述目前时间所述车辆操作所在的环境的至少一个环境参数而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
14.如权利要求1的方法，其中，确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统确定所述目前位置与具有用于所述主电力存储设备的替换品的至少一个位置之间的行进距离。
15.如权利要求1的方法，其中，确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统确定在所述车辆可沿着行进的道路上的所述目前位置与所述至少一个目的地之间的最短距离。
16.如权利要求1的方法，其中，确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的至少一个行进距离的至少一个估计包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统考虑所述目前位置与所述至少一个目的地之间的至少一个海拔改变。
17.如权利要求1的方法，其中，比较所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统确定估计范围是否在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内。
18.如权利要求17的方法，其中，远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的所述比较的结果而做出的是否限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性的确定包括：远离所述车辆的后端系统响应于估计范围在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内而做出的是否限制所述车辆的速度或加速度中的至少一个的确定。
19.一种车辆，包括：
原动机，经耦接以驱动所述车辆的至少一个车轮；
主电力存储设备，存储电力；
电源，经耦接且可操作以选择性地在所述主电力存储设备与所述原动机之间转移电力；及
控制器，通信地耦接以控制所述电源，其中所述控制器接收远离所述车辆的后端系统至少部分基于远离所述车辆的后端系统做出的所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的比较的结果而做出的不限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性的确定，其中，所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的比较包括确定估计范围是否在所确定行进距离的所定义阈值内，所定义阈值是基于目前时间的车辆的操作和条件以及目前时间的车辆的驾驶员的操作或条件中的一项或更多项而确定的，
其中，所述控制器响应于远离所述车辆的后端系统做出的限制所述车辆的所述原动机的操作特性的确定的结果，限制所述车辆的所述原动机的至少一个操作特性，所述确定基于至少部分基于所述主电力存储设备的历史简档而确定的所述车辆的新的估计范围以及远离所述车辆的后端系统对在目前时间所述车辆的所确定的新的估计范围与所述车辆的目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的新确定的行进距离的比较。
20.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述控制器进一步：
向远离所述车辆的后端系统发送信息，以至少部分基于在所述目前时间所述主电力存储设备的至少一个电特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围；
向远离所述车辆的后端系统发送信息，以确定目前位置与至少一个目的地之间的行进距离；以及
从远离所述车辆的后端系统接收作为所述后端系统至少部分基于远离所述车辆的后端系统对所确定行进距离与所确定估计范围的所述比较的结果而做出的是否限制所述车辆的所述原动机的所述操作特性的确定的结果的信息。
21.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述原动机是电动马达，且所述控制器响应于所述后端系统做出的是否限制操作特性的确定而将控制信号施加至所述电源，以限制提供给所述车辆的所述电动马达的电压。
22.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述原动机是电动马达，且所述控制器响应于所述后端系统做出的是否限制操作特性的确定而将控制信号施加至所述电源，以限制提供给所述车辆的所述电动马达的电流。
23.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述控制器响应于所述后端系统做出的是否限制操作特性的的确定而中止向所述车辆的至少一个非必需组件供电。
24.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述后端系统至少部分基于在所述目前时间所述主电力存储设备的充电水平而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
25.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述后端系统至少部分基于所述车辆的至少一个特性而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
26.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述后端系统至少部分基于所述车辆的历史驾驶型态而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
27.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述后端系统至少部分基于在所述目前时间所述车辆的驾驶员的历史驾驶型态而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
28.如权利要求19的车辆，其中，所述后端系统至少部分基于在所述目前时间所述车辆操作所在的环境的至少一个环境参数而确定所述车辆的估计范围。
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