CN103858272A - 用于电动马达驱动车辆的组件的热管理 - Google Patents

用于电动马达驱动车辆的组件的热管理 Download PDF

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CN103858272A
CN103858272A CN201280046910.2A CN201280046910A CN103858272A CN 103858272 A CN103858272 A CN 103858272A CN 201280046910 A CN201280046910 A CN 201280046910A CN 103858272 A CN103858272 A CN 103858272A
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electric power
motor
temperature
sensing
regulating equipment
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CN103858272B (zh
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学深·贺瑞斯·卢克
马修·怀廷·泰勒
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Gogoro Inc
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Gogoro Inc
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    • B60L58/26—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by cooling
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Abstract

电动车辆中的诸如电能存储设备(例如，电池、超级电容器或超电容器)、电力转换器及/或控制电路等的各种组件的热管理可使用有源温度调整设备(例如，帕耳帖设备)，这些有源温度调整设备(例如，帕耳帖设备)可有利地使用由牵引电动马达在再生制动操作期间产生的电能来供电。温度调整可包括使一个或更多个组件冷却或加热一个或更多个组件。该调整可基于各种各样的因素或状况，例如，所感测温度、所感测电流汲取、所感测电压及所感测旋转速度。

Description

用于电动马达驱动车辆的组件的热管理
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请案依据35U.S.C.119(e)主张以下专利申请案的申请日的权利：题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/511,900号(代理人案号170178.401P1)；题为“APPARATUS,METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/647,936号(代理人案号170178.401P2)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTINGPOWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES，BETWEENCOLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/534,753号(代理人案号170178.402P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLEFOR AUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWERSTORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/534,761号(代理人案号170178.403P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORAUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWERSTORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES，BASED ON USERPROFILES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/534,772号(代理人案号170178.404P1)；题为“THERMALMANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEVEHICLES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/511,887号(代理人案号170178.406P1)；题为“THERMALMANAGEMENT OF COMPONENT S IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEVEHICLES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/647,941号(代理人案号170178.406P2)；题为“DYNAMICALLYLIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BEST EFFORT ECONOMY”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/511,880号(代理人案号170178.407P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD，ANDARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGEDEVICES IN VEHICLES”且于2011年11月8日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/557,170号(代理人案号170178.408P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR A POWER STORAGEDEVICE COMPARTMENT”且于2011年12月29日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/581,566号(代理人案号170178.412P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDINGVEHICLE D1AGNOSTIC DATA”且于2012年2月21日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/601,404号(代理人案号170178.417P1)；题为“APFARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDINGLOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/601,949号(代理人案号170178.418P1)；及题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORPROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OFPOWER S TORAGE DEVICE S AT A POWER S TORAGE DEVICECOLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/601,953号(代理人案号170178.419P1)。
技术领域
本发明大体涉及使用电动马达作为原动机或牵引马达的车辆，且详言之，涉及可再充电电能存储设备(例如，二次电池(secondarybattery)、超级电容器或超电容器)及/或用于这种车辆中的其他组件(例如，电力转换器、控制电路)的热管理。
背景技术
混合及全电动车辆正变得日益普遍。这种车辆可实现相较于传统内燃机车辆的许多优势。举例而言，混合或电车辆可实现较高燃料经济，且可具有极少或甚至零尾气污染。详言之，全电动车辆不仅可具有零尾气污染，而且可与较低总污染相关联。举例而言，可从可再生源(例如，太阳、水电)产生电力。再者，举例而言，可在不产生空气污染的发电厂(例如，核电厂)产生电力。再者，举例而言，可在燃烧相对“清洁燃烧”燃料(例如，天然气)的发电厂产生电力，这些发电厂具有比内燃机高的效率及/或使用对于供个人车辆使用而言过大、成本高或昂贵的污染控制或移除系统(例如，工业空气洗涤器)。
个人运输车辆(诸如，燃机动力小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车)在许多地方普遍存在，例如，在亚洲的许多大城市。这些小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车往往相对较不贵，特别与汽车、小汽车或卡车相比而言。具有大量燃机小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车的城市亦往往有非常密集的人口，且受到高度空气污染。新近以来，许多燃机小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车提供相对较低的个人运输污染源。举例而言，这些小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车可具有比较大车辆高的里程额定值。一些小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车可甚至装备有基本污染控制设备(例如，催化转换器)。不幸地，若使用小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车且不加维护及/或若因(例如)催化转换器的故意或无意移除而修改小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车，则迅速超过了工厂指定排放等级。小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车的拥有者或操作者常缺少维护其车辆的财源或动机。
已知空气污染对人的健康具有负面影响，与造成或加重各种疾病相关联(例如，各种报告将空气污染与气肿、哮喘、肺炎及囊肿性纤维化以及各种心血管疾病相联系)。这些疾病夺走了大量生命，且严重降低了无数其他人的生命质量。
发明内容
对燃机的零尾气排放替代将大大地使空气质量及因此使大众健康受益。
虽然欣赏全电动车辆的零尾气排放，但大众对全电动车辆的采用尚慢。原因之一似乎与性能有关，特定言之，通常为二次(亦即，可再充电)化学电池单元阵列(通常被称为电池)的主电源的性能。另一原因似乎为耦接主电源与驱动牵引轮的牵引电动马达的电路的性能。此电路通常包括一个或更多个电力转换器，例如，DC/DC电力转换器(例如，升压、降压)、通常被称为反相器的DC/AC电力转换器，及/或通常被称为整流器的AC/DC电力转换器。这种组件的性能可能显著地受组件的温度及/或组件所曝露至的周围环境影响。举例而言，电池的放电及/或充电可能显著地受电池的温度或电池的周围环境影响。同样，电力转换器的许多组件(例如，晶体管、电容器等)的操作可能显著地受温度影响。另外，这种组件通常在操作期间耗散相对较大量的热。
本文中所描述的方法可解决具有零尾气排放技术的有限采用(特定言之，在人口密集的城市，及在具有有限财源的人群中)的问题中的一些问题。
举例而言，本文中所描述的方法中的一些方法使用处置电动车辆中的各种组件的热管理的高效系统及方法，这些组件是诸如电能存储设备(例如，电池、超级电容器或超电容器)、电力转换器及/或控制电路。这种情形可使用有源温度调整设备(例如，帕耳帖(Peltier)效应设备)，其可有利地使用由牵引电动马达在再生制动操作期间产生的电能来供电。温度调整可包括对来自一个或更多个组件或来自环绕组件的周围环境的热进行冷却或移除。温度调整可附加地或备选地包括加热或将热传递至一个或更多个组件或至环绕组件的周围环境。该调整可基于各种各样的因素或状况，仅举例而言，例如，所感测温度、所感测电流汲取、所感测电压及所感测旋转速度。
一种用于车辆的电力系统可概述为包括：牵引电动马达，其经耦接以驱动该车辆的至少一个牵引轮；主电能存储设备，其用以驱动该牵引电动马达；至少一个温度调整设备，其被放置且可操作以调整至少最接近(proximate)该主电能存储设备的温度；及控制电路，其使得在制动模式中再生地操作的该牵引电动马达产生的电力被供应给该温度调整设备，以调整该主电能存储设备的温度。
该控制电路可进一步使得在驱动模式中电力被从该主电能存储设备供应给该牵引电动马达。该主电能存储设备可包括至少一个二次化学电池单元。该至少一个温度调整设备可包括至少一个帕耳帖效应设备。该控制电路可使得由该牵引电动马达产生的电力经由该主电能存储设备被供应给该温度调整设备。
该电力系统可进一步包括辅助电能存储设备，其中该控制电路使得由该牵引电动马达产生的电力经由该辅助电能存储设备被供应给该温度调整设备。该控制电路可使得由该牵引电动马达产生的电力在无任何中间电能存储设备的情况下被直接供应给该温度调整设备。该控制电路可包括至少一个温度传感器，其被放置以感测至少最接近该主电能存储设备的温度，且该控制电路可至少部分基于该所感测温度而控制传递至该至少一个温度调整设备的该电力。该控制电路可包括电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个，该电压传感器或该电流传感器经耦接以感测该主电能存储设备的至少一个电特性，其中该控制电路可至少部分基于该主电能存储设备的该至少一个所感测电特性而控制传递至该至少一个温度调整设备的该电力。该控制电路可包括电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个，该电压传感器或该电流传感器经耦接以感测该牵引电动马达的至少一个电特性，其中该控制电路可至少部分基于该牵引电动马达的该至少一个所感测电特性而控制传递至该至少一个温度调整设备的该电力。该控制电路可包括旋转传感器，其经耦接以感测该牵引电动马达的驱动轴的旋转速率，其中该控制电路可至少部分基于该牵引电动马达的所感测旋转速率而控制传递至该至少一个温度调整设备的该电力。该控制电路可包括温度传感器，其被放置以感测至少最接近该牵引电动马达的温度，其中该控制电路可至少部分基于至少最接近该牵引电动马达的所感测温度而控制传递至该至少一个温度调整设备的该电力。该控制电路可包括整流器，其经耦接以将由该牵引电动马达在于该制动模式中操作时产生的交流(AC)整流成直流(DC)。该控制电路可包括至少一个DC/DC转换器，其电耦接至该至少一个温度调整设备且可操作以改变在该至少一个温度调整设备与该电力系统的至少一个其他组件之间转移的电力的电压水平。该控制电路可包括至少一个温度传感器，其被放置以感测至少最接近该整流器或该DC/DC转换器中的至少一个的温度，其中该控制电路可至少部分基于至少最接近该整流器或该DC/DC转换器中的至少一个的所感测温度而控制传递至该至少一个温度调整设备的该电力。该至少一个温度调整设备中的第一温度调整设备可被放置且可操作以调整至少最接近该整流器、该DC/DC转换器或该控制电路之一的温度。
该电力系统可进一步包括热耗散电阻器，其选择性地电耦接以响应于由该牵引电动马达产生的电能接近该至少一个温度调整设备的额定电力而作为热来耗散所产生的电能。
一种操作用于具有牵引电动马达的车辆的电力系统的方法可概述为包括：在驱动模式中将电力从主电能存储设备供应给该车辆的该牵引电动马达；由在制动模式中再生地操作的该牵引电动马达产生电力；将由该牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备；及响应于向该温度调整设备供应电力而由该温度调整设备调整至少该主电能存储设备的温度。将电力从主电能存储设备供应给该牵引电动马达可包括从至少一个二次化学电池单元供应电力。将由该牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备可包括将电力供应给至少一个帕耳帖效应设备。将由该牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备可包括经由该主电能存储设备供应该电力。将由该牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备可包括经由不同于将电力供应给该牵引电动马达的该主电能存储设备的辅助电能存储设备来供应电力。将由该牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备可包括在无任何中间电能存储设备的情况下将该电力直接供应给该温度调整设备。
该方法可进一步包括从至少一个温度传感器接收指示所感测温度的信号，该至少一个温度传感器被放置以感测至少最接近该主电能存储设备的温度，且其中该将电力供应给该至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于所感测温度。
该方法可进一步包括从电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个接收指示该主电能存储设备的至少一个所感测电特性的信号，该电压传感器或该电流传感器经耦接以感测该主电能存储设备的至少一个电特性，且其中将电力供应给该至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于该主电能存储设备的至少一个所感测电特性。
该方法可进一步包括从电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个接收指示该牵引电动马达的至少一个所感测电特性的信号，该电压传感器或该电流传感器经耦接以感测该牵引电动马达的至少一个电特性，且其中将电力供应给该至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于该牵引电动马达的该至少一个所感测电特性。
该方法可进一步包括从旋转传感器接收指示该牵引电动马达的所感测旋转速率的信号，该旋转传感器经耦接以感测该牵引电动马达的驱动轴的旋转速率，且其中将电力供应给该至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于该牵引电动马达的所感测旋转速率。
该方法可进一步包括从温度传感器接收指示至少最接近该牵引电动马达的所感测温度的信号，该温度传感器被放置以感测至少最接近该牵引电动马达的温度，且其中将电力供应给该至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于至少最接近该牵引电动马达的所感测温度。
该方法可进一步包括接收指示至少最接近电力转换器的所感测温度的信号，且其中将电力供应给该至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于至少最接近该电力转换器的该所感测温度以使该电力转换器冷却。
附图说明
在附图中，相同参考数字识别类似的组件或动作。在附图中的组件的大小及相对位置不一定按比例绘制。举例而言，各种组件的形状及角度未按比例绘制，且这些组件中的一些组件经任意放大及定位以改良附图辨视性。另外，所绘制的组件的特定形状并不意欲传送关于特定组件的实际形状的任何信息，且仅为了易于附图中的辨识而选择。
图1为根据一非限制性所示意实施例的电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车的等角部分分解图，该电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车可包括本文中所描述的各种组件或结构。
图2为根据一非限制性所示意实施例的图1的小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车的组件或结构中的一些组件或结构的方框图。
图3为根据另一非限制性所示意实施例的图1的小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车的组件或结构中的一些组件或结构的方框图。
图4为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的高阶方法的流程图。
图5为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法包括可用于执行图4的方法中的将电力从主电能存储设备供应给温度调整设备。
图6为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法包括可用于执行图4的方法中的将电力从辅助电能存储设备供应给温度调整设备。
图7为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法包括可用于执行图4的方法中的在不使用居间电能存储设备的情况下将电力从牵引电动马达直接供应给温度调整设备。
图8为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法包括可用于执行图4的方法中的接收指示主电能存储设备的操作特性的信号及至少部分基于所接收信号而控制温度调整设备。
图9为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法包括可用于执行图4的方法中的接收指示牵引电动马达的操作特性的信号及至少部分基于所接收信号而控制温度调整设备。
图10为展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法的流程图，该低阶方法包括可用于执行图4的方法中的接收指示电力及/或控制电路的操作特性的信号及至少部分基于所接收信号而控制温度调整设备。
具体实施方式
在以下描述中，阐明了某些特定细节以便提供对各种所揭示的实施例的透彻理解。然而，本领域技术人员应认识到，可在无这些特定细节中的一个或多个的情况下或通过其他方法、组件、材料等来实践实施例。在其他情况下，未详细展示或描述与售货装置、电池、超级电容器或超电容器、电力转换器(包括(但不限于)变压器、整流器、DC/DC电力转换器、开关模式电力转换器、控制器及通信系统及结构)及网络相关联的熟知结构，以避免不必要地使实施例的描述晦涩难懂。
除非上下文另有需要，否则贯穿本说明书及接下来的权利要求书，词“包括(comprise)”及其变化形式(诸如，“comprises”及“comprising”)应按开放的包括性意义来解释，亦即，解释为“包括但不限于”。
贯穿本说明书的对“一项实施例”或“一实施例”的提及意谓结合该实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性包括在至少一个实施例中。因此，词组“在一项实施例中”或“在一实施例中”在贯穿本说明书的各处中的出现不一定均指代相同实施例。
诸如第一、第二及第三的序数词的使用未必暗示次序的排名意义，而是可能仅区分动作或结构的多个例项。
对便携式电力存储设备或电能存储设备的提及意谓能够存储电力及释放所存储电力的任何设备，包括(但不限于)电池、超级电容器或超电容器。对电池的提及意谓一个或更多个化学存储电池，例如，可再充电或二次电池单元(secondary battery cell)，包括(但不限于)镍镉合金或锂离子电池单元。
本文中提供的本发明的标题及发明摘要仅为了便利起见，且并不解译实施例的范围或意义。
图1展示根据所示意实施例的呈电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的形式的电动个人运输车辆。
如先前所注释，燃机小轮机踏车及机动脚踏车在许多大城市(例如，在亚洲、欧洲及中东)普遍。解决与使用电能存储设备(例如，二次电池)作为车辆的主电源或一次电源有关的性能或效率问题的能力可促进使用全电动小轮机踏车及机动脚踏车100代替内燃机小轮机踏车及机动脚踏车，藉此减轻空气污染，以及减少噪音。
电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100包括框架102、车轮104a、104b(统称为104)，及具有用户控制(诸如，节流阀108、制动杆110、转向指示器开关112等)的把手106，所有这些具有公知设计。电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100亦可包括电力系统114，电力系统114包括：牵引电动马达116，其经耦接以驱动这些车轮104b中的至少一个；至少一个主电力存储设备118，其存储电力以至少对牵引电动马达116供电；及控制电路120，其控制在至少该主电力存储设备118与牵引电动马达116之间的电力分配。
牵引电动马达116可呈各种各样的形式中的任一种，但通常是能够产生足够电力(瓦特或马力)及扭矩从而以所需速度及加速度驱动期望的负载的永久磁体感应马达。牵引电动马达116可以是能够在驱动模式中操作以及在再生制动模式中操作的任何公知电动马达。在驱动模式中，牵引电动马达消耗电力以驱动车轮。在再生制动模式中，牵引电动马达作为产生器操作，其响应于车轮的旋转而产生电流且产生制动效应以使车辆减缓。
主电能存储设备118可呈各种各样的形式，例如，电池(例如，电池单元阵列)或超级电容器或超电容器(例如，超电容器电池阵列)。举例而言，电能存储设备118可呈可再充电电池(亦即，二次电池单元(secondary cell)或二次电池(secondary battery))的形式。电能存储设备118可(例如)经设定大小以物理地配合个人运输车辆(诸如，全电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100)且对个人运输车辆(诸如，全电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100)供电，且可为便携式以允许容易的替换或交换。假定运输应用强加的很可能的需求，则主电能存储设备118很可能呈一个或更多个化学电池单元的形式。
电能存储设备118可包括可从电能存储设备118外部接入的若干电气端子122a、122b(示出了两个，统称为122)。电气端子122允许从电能存储设备118传递电荷，以及允许将电荷传递至电能存储设备118以用于对电能存储设备118充电或再充电。虽然在图1中示意为端口，但电气端子122可呈可从电能存储设备118外部接入的任何其他形式，包括安置于电池外壳中的槽内的电气端子。
如下文较好地示意及描述，控制电路120包括各种组件，以用于变换、调节及控制电力的转移(特定言之，在电能存储设备118与牵引电动马达116之间)。
图2展示根据所示意实施例的电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的部分。详言之，图2展示一实施例，该实施例使用电能存储设备118供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力以用于经由若干温度调整设备(统称为200)调整或控制各种组件(例如，电能存储设备118及/或电路)的温度。
如所示意，牵引电动马达116包括轴杆202，其经直接地或间接地耦接以驱动电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的至少一个车轮104b。虽然未加以示意，但可使用传动装置(例如，链条、齿轮、万向接头)。
控制电路120可呈大量各种各样形式中的任一种，且通常包括控制器204、一个或更多个电力转换器206a至206e(示出了五个)、开关SW1至SW3(示出了三个)及/或传感器STB、SVB、STB、STC、SVC、SIC、STM、SVM、SIM、SRM。
如图2中所示意，控制电路120可包括第一DC/DC电力转换器206a，在驱动模式或配置中，第一DC/DC电力转换器206a耦接电能存储设备118以供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力。第一DC/DC电力转换器206a可使来自电能存储设备118的电力的电压升压至足够驱动牵引电动马达116的水平。第一DC/DC电力转换器206a可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，第一DC/DC电力转换器206a可呈经调节升压式开关模式电力转换器或降压-升压式开关模式电力转换器的形式。
控制电路120可包括DC/AC电力转换器206b(通常被称为反相器)，在驱动模式或配置中，DC/AC电力转换器206b耦接电能存储设备118以经由第一DC/DC转换器206a供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力。DC/AC电力转换器206b可使来自第一DC/DC转换器206a的电力反相成适合于驱动牵引电动马达116的AC波形。AC波形可为单相的或多相的，例如，两相或三相AC电力。DC/AC电力转换器206b可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，DC/AC电力转换器206b可呈经调节反相器的形式。
第一DC/DC电力转换器206a及DC/AC电力转换器206b分别是经由经控制器204供应的控制信号C1、C2来控制。举例而言，控制器204或某一中间栅极驱动电路可供应经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号以控制第一DC/DC及/或DC/AC电力转换器206a、206b的开关(例如，金属氧化物半导体场效晶体管或MOSFET、双极绝缘栅极晶体管或IGBT)的操作。
如图2中进一步示意，控制电路120可包括AC/DC电力转换器206c(通常被称为整流器)，在制动或再生制动模式或配置中，AC/DC电力转换器206c耦接牵引电动马达116以将由其所产生的电力供应给电能存储设备118。AC/DC电力转换器206c可将由牵引电动马达116产生的AC波形整流成适合于供应电能存储设备118且视情况供应诸如控制电路120的其他组件的DC形式。AC/DC电力转换器206c可呈各种各样的形式，例如，全桥无源二极管整流器或全桥有源晶体管整流器。
控制电路120亦可包括第二DC/DC电力转换器206d，其经由AC/DC电力转换器206c将牵引电动马达116电耦接至电能存储设备118。第二DC/DC电力转换器206d使电压降压或将由牵引电动马达116产生的经整流的AC电力的波形进一步滤波成适合于电能存储设备118的水平。第二DC/DC电力转换器206d可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，第二DC/DC电力转换器206d可呈经调节降压式开关模式电力转换器、同步降压式开关模式电力转换器或降压-升压式开关模式电力转换器的形式。
AC/DC电力转换器206c及第二DC/DC电力转换器206d分别是经由经控制器204供应的控制信号C3、C4来控制。举例而言，控制器204或某一中间栅极驱动控制器可供应经脉宽调制的栅极驱动信号以控制AC/DC及/或第二DC/DC电力转换器206c、206d的开关(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)的操作。
如图2中进一步示意，控制电路120可包括第三DC/DC电力转换器206e，其将电能存储设备118电耦接至各种其他组件(例如，控制器120)。第三DC/DC电力转换器206e可使由电能存储设备118供应的电力的电压降压至适合于一个或更多个其他组件的水平。第三DC/DC电力转换器206e可呈各种各样的形式，例如，未经调节或经调节开关模式电力转换器(其可能隔离或可能不隔离)。举例而言，第三DC/DC电力转换器206e可呈经调节降压式开关模式电力转换器、同步降压式开关模式电力转换器或降压一升压式开关模式电力转换器的形式。
DC/DC转换器206a、206d及206e中的一个或多个可包括一个或更多个降压式转换器、升压式转换器、降压-升压式转换器，或其任何组合。在一些情形下，DC转换器206a、206d及206e中的一个或多个可包括降压式转换器。降压式转换器可包括适合于将输入DC电压减小至较低输出DC电压的任何切换设备。典型降压式转换器包括切换设备(例如，经脉波调制的MOSFET或IGBT)，其控制传递至与负载串联耦接的电感器及与负载并联耦接的二极管及电容器的输入电压。在一些情况下，DC-DC降压式转换器可包括使用一个或更多个切换设备代替可见于公知降压式转换器中的二极管的同步降压式转换器。一个或更多个切换设备(诸如，同步降压式转换器中的第二MOSFET或IGBT晶体管或晶体管阵列)的使用可有利地减少可归因于发生在标准降压式转换器内的二极管正向电压降的电力损失。在一些情形下，该一个或更多个DC转换器206a、206d及206e的至少一部分可包括升压式转换器。升压式转换器可包括适合于将相对较低的输入DC电压增加至较高DC输出电压的任何设备或系统。这种转换器可(例如)用于减少对牵引马达供电所需的主牵引电池中的电池单元的数目。举例而言，DC升压式转换器可用以将48V DC电力供应至使用12V DC或24V DC电池作为电源的电动小轮机踏车中的牵引马达。典型升压式转换器包括切换设备(例如，经脉波调制的MOSFET或IGBT)，其备选地准许围绕与源串联的电感器建立电场，接着将电感器及源与负载串联放置以在大于源电压的电压下将电力传递至负载。
在一些情形下，该一个或更多个DC转换器206a、206d及206e的至少一部分可包括降压-升压式转换器。降压-升压式转换器可包括适合于增加或减少输入电压以将较高或较低输出电压供应至一个或更多个负载的任何数目个系统或设备。当提供至降压-升压式转换器的输入电压可随诸如制动力及速度的外部因素而变化时，降压-升压式转换器可用于(例如)调整在再生制动事件期间提供的至帕耳帖冷却器及/或超电容器的电压输出。降压-升压式转换器可包括切换设备(例如，经脉波调制的MOSFET或IGBT)，其备选地准许围绕与源串联的电感器及与负载串联的电容器建立电场，接着将电感器及电容器与负载串联放置，以取决于负载对转换器提出的需求而在可能大于或小于源电压的电压下传递电力。
AC/DC转换器206b、206c中的一个或多个可包括一个或更多个有源整流器、一个或更多个无源整流器，或其任何组合。在一些情形下，该一个或更多个AC/DC转换器206b、206c的至少一部分可包括无源整流器，例如，包括诸如二极管的多个无源设备的全波网桥或肖特基整流器。这种无源整流器可包括半波或全波整流器。无源整流器可用于转换由电能存储设备118提供给牵引马达116的直流的至少一部分(例如，DC/AC转换器206b)。无源整流器亦可用于将由牵引马达116在再生制动事件期间产生的交流的至少一部分转换成直流以用于提供给电能存储设备118、超电容器或帕耳帖冷却器200(例如，AC/DC转换器206c)。
在一些情形下，该一个或更多个AC/DC转换器206b、206c的至少一部分可包括有源或同步整流器，其包括代替可见于无源整流器中的二极管阵列使用的多个有源切换设备(诸如，MOSFET或其类似者)。这种有源整流器可包括半波或全波整流器，且有利地减少无源整流器中可归因于用于无源整流器中的二极管的电压而遇到的电力损失。有源整流器可用于转换由电能存储设备118供应至牵引马达116的直流的至少一部分(例如，DC/AC转换器206b)。有源整流器亦可用于将由牵引马达116在再生制动事件期间产生的交流的至少一部分转换成直流以用于提供给电能存储设备118、超电容器或帕耳帖冷却器200(例如，AC/DC转换器206c)。
亦如图2中所示意，温度调整设备200可被定位以控制或调整某些组件的温度或最接近某些组件的温度。
温度调整设备200可位于最接近一个或更多个其他组件处、邻近于一个或更多个其他组件处或与一个或更多个其他组件接触处，该一个或更多个其他组件将受益于具有主动温度管理或处置。举例而言，第一多个温度调整设备200a、200b(示出了两个)可位于最接近主电能存储设备118处、邻近于主电能存储设备118处或与主电能存储设备118接触处，主电能存储设备118将电力提供给牵引电动马达116。第二多个温度调整设备200c可位于最接近控制电路的一个或更多个组件或组件(例如，电力转换器206a至206e中的一个或多个)处、邻近于控制电路的一个或更多个组件或组件(例如，电力转换器206a至206e中的一个或多个)处，或与控制电路的一个或更多个组件或组件(例如，电力转换器206a至206e中的一个或多个)接触处。第三多个温度调整设备200d可位于最接近控制器204的一个或更多个组件处、邻近于控制器204的一个或更多个组件处，或与控制器204的一个或更多个组件接触处。虽然示意为最接近第一DC/DC电力转换器206a及DC/AC电力转换器206b，但温度调整设备200c附加地或备选地可位于最接近AC/DC电力转换器206c或第二DC/DC电力转换器206d处，邻近于AC/DC电力转换器206c或第二DC/DC电力转换器206d处，或与AC/DC电力转换器206c或第二DC/DC电力转换器206d接触处。附加地或备选地，一个或更多个温度调整设备200可位于最接近第三DC/DC电力转换器206e处。温度调整设备200可由牵引电动马达116产生的电力供电，该电力由其在再生制动操作期间产生。一个或更多个开关S1(仅示出了一个)可响应于来自控制器120的控制信号CS1而操作，以选择性地将电力从电能存储设备118耦合至温度调整设备。
温度调整设备200可呈各种各样的形式。举例而言，温度调整设备200中的一个或多个可呈帕耳帖设备(亦被称为帕耳帖效应设备)的形式。这种设备使用帕耳帖效应来建立两种不同类型的材料的接面之间的热流通量。帕耳帖设备是固态有源热泵，其响应于直流而转移热以防止从设备的一侧至另一侧的温度梯度。热转移的方向由所施加DC电压的极性来控制。因此，这种设备有时被称为帕耳帖冷却器、帕耳帖加热器或热电热泵。温度调整设备200中的一个或多个可(例如)呈电阻性加热器的形式。
温度调整设备200中的一个或多个可包括一个或更多个热交换设备208a至208d(统称为208)，或与一个或更多个热交换设备208a至208d(统称为208)热导耦接。热交换设备208可包括单独的或任何组合的散热片(sink)(亦即，将热从固体材料转移至诸如空气的流体的设备)、热散播器(亦即，具有相对较高的热导率的板)及/或热管(亦即，使用材料的相变的热转移设备)。与温度调整设备200相比，热交换设备208通常具有相对较大的热耗散表面积。举例而言，热交换设备208可包括多个鳍片(例如，销状鳍片)，以使用于给定容积的表面积最大化。热交换设备208的热耗散表面可安置于相对远离被冷却的特定组件处。
控制器204可呈各种各样的形式，这些形式可包括一个或更多个集成电路、集成电路组件、模拟电路或模拟电路组件。如所示意，控制器204包括微控制器220、非易失性计算机或处理器可读存储器(诸如，只读存储器(ROM)222及/或随机存取存储器(RAM)224)，且可视情况而包括一个或更多个栅极驱动电路226。
微控制器220执行逻辑以控制电力系统的操作，且可呈各种各样的形式。举例而言，微控制器220可呈以下各种形式：微处理器、编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、可编程栅极阵列(PGA)(诸如，现场可编程栅极阵列(FPGS))，及专用集成电路(ASIC)，或其他这种微控制器设备。ROM222可呈能够存储处理器可执行指令及/或数据以实施控制逻辑的任何各种各样的形式。RAM224可呈能够临时保留处理器可执行指令或数据的任何各种各样的形式。微控制器220、ROM222、RAM224及选用的栅极驱动电路226可通过一个或更多个总线(未图标)而耦接，这些总线包括电力总线、指令总线、数据总线、地址总线等。或者，控制逻辑可实施于模拟电路中。
栅极驱动电路226可呈适合于经由驱动信号(例如，PWM栅极驱动信号)驱动电力转换器206的开关(例如，MOSFET、IGBT)的各种各样的形式中的任一种。虽然示意为控制器204的一部分，但一个或更多个栅极驱动电路可介于控制器204与电力转换器206之间。
控制器204可从一个或更多个传感器STB、SVB、SIB、STC、SVC、SIC、STM、SVM、SIM、SRM接收信号。控制器可在控制温度调整设备200中使用所感测信息，例如，开始热转移、停止热转移、增加热转移速率，或甚至改变热转移的方向。此情形可通过施加控制信号CS1至CS3以选择开关SW1至SW3来实现。举例而言，至开关SW1至SW3的控制信号CS1至CS3可使得电力(例如，直流)被提供给温度调整设备200中的选定温度调整设备，且设定所施加电力的电压水平及甚至所施加电力的极性。
电池温度传感器STB可被放置以感测主电力存储设备118或最接近主电力存储设备118的周围环境的温度，且提供指示所感测温度的信号TB。
电池电压传感器SVB可被放置以感测主电力存储设备118上的电压且提供指示所感测电压的信号VB。
电池电荷传感器SIB可被放置以感测主电力存储设备118的电荷且提供指示所感测电荷的信号IB。
电力转换器温度传感器STC可被放置以感测电力转换器206中的一个或多个或最接近电力转换器206的周围环境的温度，且提供指示所感测温度的信号TC。
电力转换器电压传感器SVC可被放置以感测电力转换器206中的一个或多个上的电压，且提供指示所感测电压的信号VC。
电力转换器电荷传感器SIC可被放置以感测穿过电力转换器206中的一个或多个的电荷，且提供指示所感测电荷的信号IC。
牵引马达温度传感器STM可被放置以感测牵引电动马达116或最接近牵引电动马达116的周围环境的温度，且提供指示所感测温度的信号TM。
牵引马达电压传感器SVM可被放置以感测牵引电动马达116上的电压且提供指示所感测电压的信号VM。
牵引马达电流传感器SIM可被放置以感测流经牵引马达116的电流且提供指示所感测电流的信号IM。
牵引马达旋转传感器SRM可被放置以感测流经牵引马达116的电流且提供指示所感测旋转速度的信号RPM。
如本文中所论述，控制器可使用所感测状况中的一个或多个来控制温度调整设备200中的一个或多个的操作。
图3展示根据另一所示意实施例的电动小轮机踏车或机动脚踏车100的部分。详言之，图3展示一实施例，该实施例使用辅助电能存储设备300供应由牵引电动马达116产生的电力以用于经由若干温度调整设备200调整或控制各种组件(例如，电能存储设备118及/或电路)的温度。除了主电能存储设备118之外，辅助电能存储设备300也用以将电力提供给牵引电动马达116。这些结构及/或组件中的许多结构及/或组件类似于上文参看图2所示意及描述的那些结构及/或组件，或甚至相同。这种结构及组件将共享与图2中所用参考数字相同的参考数字，且将不进一步详细加以描述。紧接的下文仅描述显著差异中的一些差异。
如所注释，图3的实施例添加辅助电能存储设备300。举例而言，经由AC/DC转换器206c及/或DC/DC转换器206d将在再生制动模式中操作的牵引电动马达产生的电力提供给辅助电能存储设备300。将辅助电能存储设备300示意为一个或更多个超级电容器或超电容器，但此辅助电能存储设备可呈各种各样的形式，例如，化学电池。由于辅助电能存储设备300并不驱动牵引电动马达116，因此在选择形式上允许较大灵活性。因此，可基于所需特性而选择辅助电能存储设备300，所需特性诸如在期望的电压下的性能、充电容量，及/或辅助电能存储设备300操作所处于的温度。对超电容器的挑选可实现优于化学电池的效率，尤其是关于在相对较高的周围温度下的放电及/或充电操作而言。
开关SW1至SW3现在可操作以选择性地将辅助电能存储设备300耦接至温度调整设备200。开关SW1至SW3可包括(例如)一个或更多个电力切换晶体管或晶体管阵列，例如，一个或更多个MOSFET、IGBT或其类似者。在至少一些情况下，控制器204可(例如)经由使用PWM驱动信号来调制开关SW1至SW3的操作，以提供来自牵引马达116及辅助电能存储设备300的电力的分配。
图3的实施例亦可包括泄热槽或耗散电阻器R及开关SW4，开关SW4可(例如)包括一个或更多个电力切换晶体管或晶体管阵列(例如，一个或更多个MOSFET、IGBT或其类似者)，该一个或更多个电力切换晶体管或晶体管阵列可响应于来自控制器120的一个或更多个控制信号CR的接收而操作，以选择性地将电阻器R并联地耦接于牵引电动马达116与AC/DC电力转换器206c之间。在至少一些情况下，由控制器204提供至SW4的控制信号可为PWM或类似控制信号，PWM或类似控制信号可结合SW1至SW3进行调制以在辅助电能存储设备300与电阻器R之间交替或分摊电流。通过在操作各种温度调整设备200中的一些温度调整设备或所有温度调整设备时选择性地允许电流从牵引马达116流至辅助电能存储设备300，这种配置可有利地减少在操作各种温度调整设备200时辅助电能存储设备300的泄降(drawdown)。举例而言，在制动循环期间，当各种温度调整设备200在操作中时或当存储设备300未到100％充电时，控制器204可将低占空比控制信号提供给SW4，从而有效地将开关SW4保持为断开多于闭合。相反地，在制动循环期间，当少数温度调整设备200或无温度调整设备200在操作中时或当存储设备300处于完全充电或近完全充电时，控制器204可将较高占空比控制信号提供给SW4，从而有效地将开关SW4保持为闭合多于断开。此情形可允许：例如，在再生制动操作期间产生的能量对于辅助电能存储设备300而言太多的情况下，将过量电能耗散为热。
图3的实施例附加地或备选地可包括直接耦合开关SW5，其可响应于来自控制器120的控制信号CS5而操作，以提供由在再生制动模式中操作的牵引电动马达产生的电力与温度调整设备200之间的直接电耦合(无任何居间的电池或超电容器)。直接耦合开关SW5可包括(例如)一个或更多个电力切换晶体管或晶体管阵列，例如，一个或更多个MOSFET、IGBT或其类似者。在至少一些情况下，由控制器204提供给SW5的控制信号可为PWM或类似控制信号，PWM或类似控制信号准许调制SW1至SW4以在辅助电能存储设备300、电阻器R及各种温度调整设备200之间交替或分摊在制动循环期间提供的电流。
图4展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的高阶方法400。
在402处，电力系统将电力从主电能存储设备(例如，主化学二次电池)提供给在驱动模式中操作的牵引电动马达。此情形造成牵引电动马达驱动车辆的车轮。
在404处，在再生制动模式中操作的牵引电动马达产生电力。此情形使车辆减缓，而不一定需要动态制动。
在406处，电力系统将由牵引电动马达产生的电力提供给一个或更多个温度调整设备(例如，帕耳帖设备)。可将此电力以DC电压、影响热转移速率的量值及影响热转移的方向的极性的形式供应。如上文所描述，温度调整设备可被定位或放置以控制或调整例如主电能存储设备、电力转换器及/或控制器的一个或更多个组件的温度。
在408处，响应于电力的施加，该一个或更多个温度调整设备调整至少主电能存储设备的温度。举例而言，该一个或更多个温度调整设备可将热从主电能存储设备转移走，以使主电能存储设备冷却。
图5展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法500，该低阶方法包括可用于执行方法400(图4)中的将电力从主电能存储设备提供给温度调整设备。
在502处，电力系统经由主电能存储设备将由牵引电动马达产生的电力提供给温度调整设备。因此，由牵引电动马达产生的电力可通过主电能存储设备，或甚至临时由主电能存储设备存储。
图6展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法600，该低阶方法包括可用于执行方法400(图4)中的将电力从辅助电能存储设备提供给温度调整设备。
在602处，电力系统经由不同于主电能存储设备的辅助电能存储设备，将由牵引电动马达产生的电力提供给温度调整设备。因此，由牵引电动马达产生的电力可通过辅助电能存储设备，或甚至临时由辅助电能存储设备存储。此情形可增加在选择电力存储设备上的灵活性，从而得到意想不到的益处。
图7展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法700，该低阶方法包括可用于执行方法400(图4)中的在不使用居间电能存储设备的情况下将电力从牵引电动马达直接提供给温度调整设备。
在702处，电力系统在无任何中间电能存储设备(亦即，电池、超电容器)的情况下将由牵引电动马达产生的电力直接提供给温度调整设备。在这种使用中，术语“电能存储设备”明确地不包括可能以其他方式存储电力的电感器或标准电容器。
图8展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法800，该低阶方法包括可用于执行方法400(图4)中的接收指示主电能存储设备的操作特性的信号及至少部分基于所接收信号而控制温度调整设备。
在802处，控制器从被放置以感测至少最接近主电能存储设备的温度的一个或更多个温度传感器接收指示温度的信号。
附加地或备选地，在804处，控制器从经耦接以感测主电能存储设备的电特性的一个或更多个电压或电流传感器接收指示主电能存储设备的一个或更多个所感测电特性(例如，电压、电流)的信号。所感测电特性可指示温度。附加地或备选地，所感测电特性可指示所需温度，在该所需温度下可更有效率地执行放电或充电操作(与当前温度下的情形相比)。
在806处，控制器至少部分基于主电能存储设备的所感测温度及/或所感测电特性，确定传递至温度调整设备中的一个或多个的电力的水平。举例而言，微控制器可确定是接通还是断开一个或更多个温度调整设备。再者，举例而言，微控制器可确定该一个或更多个温度调整设备应操作以实现所需温度调整(例如，增加温度或加热、减小温度或冷却)的速率。再者，举例而言，微控制器可确定热转移的方向(例如，朝向用于加热的组件、远离用于冷却的组件)。控制器可接着将适当控制信号施加至一个或更多个开关，以控制或调节至温度调整设备的电力(亦即，电流、电压)的供应，以实现所需温度调整，以(例如)使主电能存储设备冷却或加热主电能存储设备。
图9展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法900，该低阶方法包括可用于执行方法400(图4)中的接收指示牵引电动马达的操作特性的信号及至少部分基于所接收信号而控制温度调整设备。
在902处，控制器从经耦接以感测牵引电动马达的电特性的一个或更多个电压或电流传感器接收指示牵引电动马达的一个或更多个所感测电特性(例如，电压、电流)的信号。所感测电特性可指示将电力提供给牵引电动马达的一个或更多个组件的温度。附加地或备选地，所感测电特性可指示所需温度，在该所需温度下可更有效率地执行放电或充电操作(与当前温度下的情形相比)。
附加地或备选地，在904处，控制器从经耦接以感测牵引电动马达的驱动轴的旋转速率的一个或更多个旋转传感器接收指示牵引电动马达的所感测旋转速率的信号。旋转速度可指示将电力提供给牵引电动马达的一个或更多个组件的温度。附加地或备选地，所感测电特性可指示所需温度，在该所需温度下可更有效率地执行放电或充电操作(与当前温度下的情形相比)。
附加地或备选地，在906处，控制器从被放置以感测至少最接近牵引电动马达的温度的一个或更多个温度传感器接收指示至少最接近牵引电动马达的一个或更多个所感测温度的信号。
在908处，控制器至少部分基于牵引电动马达的一个或更多个所感测电特性、所感测旋转速率及/或所感测温度，确定传递至一个或更多个温度调整设备的电力的水平。举例而言，微控制器可确定是接通一个或更多个温度调整设备还是断开温度调整设备中的一个或多个。再者，举例而言，微控制器可确定该一个或更多个温度调整设备应操作以实现所需温度调整(例如，增加温度或加热、减小温度或冷却)的速率。再者，举例而言，微控制器可确定热转移的方向(例如，朝向用于加热的组件、远离用于冷却的组件)。控制器可接着将适当控制信号施加至一个或更多个开关，以控制或调节至温度调整设备的电力(亦即，电压、电流)的供应以实现所需温度调整。
应注意，牵引电动马达的操作可以是用于主电能存储设备的操作的良好代理，这是由于此情形供应电力以驱动牵引电动马达或在由牵引电动马达产生电力时存储电力。因此，控制器可使用指示牵引电动马达的操作的信号，以确定如何调整主电能存储设备的温度。亦应注意，牵引电动马达的操作也可以是用于电力转换器的操作的良好代理，这也是由于提供给牵引电动马达的电力或从牵引电动马达供应的电力流经电力转换器。因此，控制器可使用指示牵引电动马达的操作的信号，以确定如何调整一个或更多个电力转换器的温度。
图10展示根据一非限制性所示意实施例的操作图2及图3的组件或结构以实施热管理的低阶方法1000，该低阶方法包括可用于执行方法400(图4)中的接收指示电力及/或控制电路的操作特性的信号及至少部分基于所接收信号而控制温度调整设备。
在1002处，控制器接收指示至少最接近一个或更多个电力转换器的所感测温度的信号。
附加地或备选地，在1004处，控制器从经耦接以感测电力转换器的电特性的一个或更多个电压或电流传感器接收指示一个或更多个电力转换器的一个或更多个所感测电特性的信号。所感测电特性可指示将电力提供给牵引电动马达的一个或更多个组件的温度。附加地或备选地，所感测电特性可指示所需温度，在该所需温度下可更有效率地执行放电或充电操作(与当前温度下的情形相比)。
在1006处，控制器至少部分基于最接近一个或更多个电力转换器的所感测温度及/或一个或更多个电力转换器的所感测电特性，确定传递至一个或更多个温度调整设备的电力的水平。
举例而言，微控制器可确定是接通还是断开一个或更多个温度调整设备。再者，举例而言，微控制器可确定该一个或更多个温度调整设备应操作以实现所需温度调整(例如，增加温度或加热、减小温度或冷却)的速率。再者，举例而言，微控制器可确定热转移的方向(例如，朝向用于加热的组件、远离用于冷却的组件)。控制器可接着将适当控制信号施加至开关，以控制或调节至温度调整设备的电力的供应以实现所需温度调整，以(例如)使电力转换器中的一个或多个冷却。
应注意，电力转换器的操作特性可以是用于主电能存储设备的操作的良好代理。因此，主电能存储设备的冷却及/或加热可基于电力转换器中的一个或多个的操作特性。
本文中描述的各种方法可包括额外动作，省略一些动作，及/或可按与在各种流程图中所阐述的次序不同的次序执行动作。
前述详细描述已经由方框图、示意图及实例的使用阐明了设备及/或处理程序的各种实施例。在这种方框图、示意图及实例含有一个或更多个功能及/或操作的范围内，本领域技术人员应理解，在这种方框图、流程图或实例内的每一功能及/或操作可由广泛范围的硬件、软件、固件或实际上其任何组合来个别及/或共同地实施。在一实施例中，可经由一个或更多个微控制器实施本主题。然而，本领域技术人员应认识到，本文中揭示的实施例整体地或部分地可等效地实施于标准集成电路(例如，专用集成电路或ASIC)中，实施为由一个或更多个计算机执行的一个或更多个计算机程序(例如，实施为在一个或更多个计算机系统上执行的一个或更多个程序)，实施为由一个或更多个控制器(例如，微控制器)执行的一个或更多个程序，实施为由一个或更多个处理器(例如，微处理器)执行的一个或更多个程序，实施为固件，或实施为实际上其任何组合，且设计电路及/或撰写用于软件及/或固件的程序代码将良好地处于依据本发明的教示的本领域技术人员的技术内。
当将逻辑实施为软件且存储于存储器中时，可将逻辑或信息存储于任何非易失性计算机可读媒体上以供任何与处理器有关的系统或方法使用或结合任何与处理器有关的系统或方法使用。在本发明的上下文中，存储器为非易失性计算机或处理器可读存储媒体，其为非易失性地含有或存储计算机及/或处理器程序的电子、磁性、光学或其他物理设备或构件。逻辑及/或信息可体现于任何计算机可读媒体中以供指令执行系统、装置或设备使用或结合指令执行系统、装置或设备使用，指令执行系统、装置或设备诸如基于计算机的系统、含有处理器的系统，或可从该指令执行系统、装置或设备提取指令且执行与逻辑及/或信息相关联的指令的其他系统。
在本说明书的上下文中，“计算机可读媒体”可为可存储供指令执行系统、装置及/或设备使用或结合指令执行系统、装置及/或设备而使用的与逻辑及/或信息相关联的程序的任何实体组件。举例而言，计算机可读媒体可为(但不限于)电子、磁性、光学、电磁、红外线或半导体系统、装置或设备。计算机可读媒体的更特定实体(非详尽列表)将包括以下各项：便携式计算机盘片(磁性、致密快闪卡、安全数字卡或其类似者)、随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、可抹除可编程只读存储器(EPROM、EEPROM或闪存)、便携式紧密光盘只读存储器(CDROM)及数字磁带。
可组合上文所描述的各种实施例以提供其他实施例。在并不与本文中的特定教示及定义不一致的范围内，包括(但不限于)以下各项的在本说明书中参考的及/或在申请数据单中列出的所有美国专利、美国专利申请公开案、美国专利申请案、外国专利、外国专利申请案及非专利公开案以全文引用的方式并入本文中：题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING ANDDISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH ASBATTERIES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/511,900号(代理人案号170178.401P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING ANDDISTRIBUTING POWER STORAGE DEVICES，SUCH ASBATTERIES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/647,936号(代理人案号170178.401P2)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR REDISTRIBUTING POWERSTORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES，BETWEENCOLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/534,753号(代理人案号170178.402P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLEFOR AUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWERSTORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/534,761号(代理人案号170178.403P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORAUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OF POWERSTORAGE DEVICES，SUCH AS BATTERIES，BASED ON USERPROFILES”且于2011年9月14日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/534,772号(代理人案号170178.404P1)；题为“THERMALMANAGEMENT OF COMPONENT S IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEVEHICLES”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/511,887号(代理人案号170178.406P1)；题为“THERMALMANAGEMENT OF COMPONENTS IN ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVEVEHICLES”且于2012年5月16日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/647,941号(代理人案号170178.406P2)；题为“DYNAMICALLYLIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BEST EFFORT ECONOMY”且于2011年7月26日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/511,880号(代理人案号170178.407P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD，ANDARTICLE FOR PHYSICAL SECURITY OF POWER STORAGEDEVICES IN VEHICLES”且于2011年11月8日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/557,170号(代理人案号170178.408P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR A POWER STORAGEDEVICE COMPARMENT”且于2011年12月29日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/581,566号(代理人案号170178.412P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDINGVEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC DATA”且于2012年2月21日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/601,404号(代理人案号170178.417P1)；题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDINGLOCATIONS OF POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/601,949号(代理人案号170178.418P1)；及题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FORPROVIDING INFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OFPOWER S TORAGE DEVICE S AT A POWER S TORAGE DEVICECOLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE”且于2012年2月22日申请的美国临时专利申请案第61/601,953号(代理人案号170178.419P1)；指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke、Matthew WhitingTaylor及Huang-Cheng Hung作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR COLLECTION，CHARGING ANDDI S TRIBUTING POWER S TORAGE DEVICE S，SUCH ASBATTERIES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.401)；指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke及MatthewWhiting Taylor作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD ANDARTICLE FOR AUTHENTICATION，SECURITY AND CONTROL OFPOWER STORAGE DEVICES SUCH AS BATTERIES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.403)；指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Matthew Whiting Taylor作为发明人且题为“DYNAMICALLY LIMITING VEHICLE OPERATION FOR BESTEFFORT ECONOMY”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第______号(代理人案号170178.407)；指名Matthew Whiting Taylor、Yi-Tsung Wu、Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Huang-Cheng Hung作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD，AND ARTICLE FOR PHYSICALSECURITY OF POWER STORAGE DEVICES IN VEHICLES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.408)；指名Ching Chen、Hok-Sum Horace Luke、MatthewWhiting Taylor、Yi-Tseng Wu作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDING VEHICLE DIAGNOSTICDATA”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.417)；指名Yi-Tsung Wu、Matthew Whiting Taylor、Hok-Sum Horace Luke及Jung-Hsiu Chen作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD AND ARTICLE FOR PROVIDINGINFORMATION REGARDING AVAILABILITY OF POWERSTORAGE DEVICES AT A POWER STORAGE DEVICECOLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINE”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第______号(代理人案号170178.419)；及指名Hok-Sum Horace Luke、Yi-Tsung Wu、Jung-HsiuChen、Yulin Wu、Chien Ming Huang、TsungTing Chan、Shen-Chi Chen及Feng Kai Yang作为发明人且题为“APPARATUS，METHOD ANDARTICLE FOR RESERVING POWER STORAGE DEVICES ATRESERVING POWER STORAGE DEVICE COLLECTION，CHARGING AND DISTRIBUTION MACHINES”的于2012年7月26日申请的美国申请案第____号(代理人案号170178.423)。必要时，可修改实施例的方面以使用各种专利、申请案及公开案的系统、电路及概念以提供其他的实施例。
虽然在用于供个人运输车辆(诸如，全电动小轮机踏车及/或机动脚踏车)使用的电力系统的环境及上下文下大体论述，但本文中的教示可应用于广泛的各种各样的其他环境，包括其他车辆环境以及非车辆环境。
所示意实施例的上述描述(包括在“说明书摘要”中描述的内容)并不意欲为详尽的或将这些实施例限于所揭示的精确形式。虽然在本文中为了说明性目的而描述特定实施例及实例，但如本领域技术人员应认识到，在不脱离本发明的精神及范围的情况下，可进行各种等效修改。
可依据上述详细描述对实施例进行这些及其他修改。一般而言，在以下申请专利范围中，所使用的术语不应被解释为将申请专利范围限于本说明书及申请专利范围中揭示的特定实施例，而应被解释为包括所有可能的实施例，以及这些申请专利范围所赋予权利的等效内容的全部范围。因此，申请专利范围不受揭示内容限制。

Claims (29)

1.一种用于车辆的电力系统，该装置包括：
牵引电动马达，经耦接以驱动所述车辆的至少一个牵引轮；
主电能存储设备，用以驱动所述牵引电动马达；
至少一个温度调整设备，被放置且可操作以调整至少最接近所述主电能存储设备的温度；及
控制电路，使得由在制动模式中再生地操作的所述牵引电动马达产生的电力被供应给所述温度调整设备，以调整所述主电能存储设备的温度。
2.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路进一步使得在驱动模式中电力被从所述主电能存储设备供应给所述牵引电动马达。
3.如权利要求2的电力系统，其中，所述主电能存储设备包括至少一个二次化学电池单元。
4.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述至少一个温度调整设备包括至少一个帕耳帖效应设备。
5.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路使得由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力经由所述主电能存储设备被供应给所述温度调整设备。
6.如权利要求1的电力系统，进一步包括：
辅助电能存储设备，其中所述控制电路使得由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力经由所述辅助电能存储设备被供应给所述温度调整设备。
7.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路使得在无任何中间电能存储设备的情况下由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力被直接供应给所述温度调整设备。
8.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括至少一个温度传感器，被放置以感测至少最接近所述主电能存储设备的温度，且其中所述控制电路至少部分基于所感测温度而控制传递至所述至少一个温度调整设备的所述电力。
9.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个，所述电压传感器或所述电流传感器经耦接以感测所述主电能存储设备的至少一个电特性，其中所述控制电路至少部分基于所述主电能存储设备的所述至少一个所感测电特性而控制传递至所述至少一个温度调整设备的所述电力。
10.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个，所述电压传感器或所述电流传感器经耦接以感测所述牵引电动马达的至少一个电特性，其中所述控制电路至少部分基于所述牵引电动马达的所述至少一个所感测电特性而控制传递至所述至少一个温度调整设备的所述电力。
11.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括旋转传感器，所述旋转传感器经耦接以感测所述牵引电动马达的驱动轴的旋转速率，其中所述控制电路至少部分基于所述牵引电动马达的所感测旋转速率而控制传递至所述至少一个温度调整设备的所述电力。
12.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括温度传感器，所述温度传感器被放置以感测至少最接近所述牵引电动马达的温度，其中所述控制电路至少部分基于至少最接近所述牵引电动马达的所感测温度而控制传递至所述至少一个温度调整设备的所述电力。
13.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括整流器，所述整流器经耦接以将由所述牵引电动马达在所述制动模式中操作时产生的交流(AC)整流成直流(DC)。
14.如权利要求13的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括至少一个DC/DC转换器，所述至少一个DC/DC转换器电耦接至所述至少一个温度调整设备且可操作以改变在所述至少一个温度调整设备与所述电力系统的至少一个其他组件之间转移的电力的电压水平。
15.如权利要求14的电力系统，其中，所述控制电路包括至少一个温度传感器，所述至少一个温度传感器被放置以感测至少最接近所述整流器或所述DC/DC转换器中的至少一个的温度，其中所述控制电路至少部分基于至少最接近所述整流器或所述DC/DC转换器中的至少一个的所感测温度而控制传递至所述至少一个温度调整设备的所述电力。
16.如权利要求1的电力系统，其中，所述至少一个温度调整设备中的第一温度调整设备被放置且可操作以调整至少最接近所述整流器、所述DC/DC转换器或所述控制电路中之一的温度。
17.如权利要求1的电力系统，进一步包括：
热耗散电阻器，选择性地电耦接以响应于由所述牵引电动马达产生的电能接近所述至少一个温度调整设备的额定电力而作为热来耗散所产生的电能。
18.一种操作用于具有牵引电动马达的车辆的电力系统的方法，所述方法包括：
在驱动模式中将电力从主电能存储设备供应给所述车辆的所述牵引电动马达；
由在制动模式中再生地操作的所述牵引电动马达产生电力；
将由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备；及
响应于向所述温度调整设备供应电力，由所述温度调整设备调整至少所述主电能存储设备的温度。
19.如权利要求18的方法，其中，将电力从主电能存储设备供应给所述牵引电动马达包括：从至少一个二次化学电池单元供应电力。
20.如权利要求18的方法，其中，将由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备包括：将电力供应给至少一个帕耳帖效应设备。
21.如权利要求18的方法，其中，将由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备包括：经由所述主电能存储设备供应所述电力。
22.如权利要求18的方法，其中，将由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备包括：经由不同于向所述牵引电动马达供应电力的所述主电能存储设备的辅助电能存储设备来供应所述电力。
23.如权利要求18的方法，其中，将由所述牵引电动马达产生的电力供应给温度调整设备包括：在无任何中间电能存储设备的情况下将所述电力直接供应给所述温度调整设备。
24.如权利要求18的方法，进一步包括：
从至少一个温度传感器接收指示所感测温度的信号，所述至少一个温度传感器被放置以感测至少最接近所述主电能存储设备的温度，且其中所述将电力供应给所述至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于所感测温度。
25.如权利要求18的方法，进一步包括：
从电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个接收指示所述主电能存储设备的至少一个所感测电特性的信号，所述电压传感器或所述电流传感器经耦接以感测所述主电能存储设备的至少一个电特性，且其中将电力供应给所述至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于所述主电能存储设备的所述至少一个所感测电特性。
26.如权利要求18的方法，进一步包括：
从电压传感器或电流传感器中的至少一个接收指示所述牵引电动马达的至少一个所感测电特性的信号，所述电压传感器或所述电流传感器经耦接以感测所述牵引电动马达的至少一个电特性，且其中将电力供应给所述至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于所述牵引电动马达的所述至少一个所感测电特性。
27.如权利要求18的方法，进一步包括：
从旋转传感器接收指示所述牵引电动马达的所感测旋转速率的信号，所述旋转传感器经耦接以感测所述牵引电动马达的驱动轴的旋转速率，且其中将电力供应给所述至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于所述牵引电动马达的所感测旋转速率。
28.如权利要求18的方法，进一步包括：
从温度传感器接收指示至少最接近所述牵引电动马达的所感测温度的信号，所述温度传感器被放置以感测至少最接近所述牵引电动马达的温度，且其中将电力供应给所述至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于至少最接近所述牵引电动马达的所感测温度。
29.如权利要求18的方法，进一步包括：
接收指示至少最接近电力转换器的所感测温度的信号，且其中将电力供应给所述至少一个温度调整设备是至少部分基于至少最接近所述电力转换器的所感测温度，以使该电力转换器冷却。
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