JP6685898B2 - 高温反応性材料デバイスのためのシール - Google Patents
高温反応性材料デバイスのためのシール Download PDFInfo
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- JP6685898B2 JP6685898B2 JP2016523224A JP2016523224A JP6685898B2 JP 6685898 B2 JP6685898 B2 JP 6685898B2 JP 2016523224 A JP2016523224 A JP 2016523224A JP 2016523224 A JP2016523224 A JP 2016523224A JP 6685898 B2 JP6685898 B2 JP 6685898B2
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Images
Classifications
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- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
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Description
本願は、米国特許仮出願第61/891,784号(2013年10月16日出願)、米国特許仮出願第61/891,789号(2013年10月16日出願)、および米国特許仮出願第61/930,298号(2014年1月22日出願)の優先権を主張し、これらの文献のそれぞれは全体が本明細書に参照して援用される。
この明細書において記述されたすべての刊行物、特許および特許出願は、それぞれ個々の刊行物、特許または特許出願が、具体的におよび個々に参照により援用されたように示された場合と同じ程度まで参照により本明細書に援用される。
本開示の態様は、高温デバイスのためのシールを提供する。デバイスは、1つ以上の反応性材料を含有する/含む高温反応性材料デバイスであることができる。例えば、高温デバイスは、反応性材料を含有できる。一部の場合において、デバイスは、高温反応性金属デバイスであることができる。デバイスは、制限されないが、製造用および/または反応性材料、例えば反応性金属(例えばリチウムまたはナトリウム)および/または強力な化学的還元能を有する化学物質(例えば反応性化学物質)の取り扱い用、半導体製造用、原子炉(例えば核融合炉、溶融塩または金属、例えば溶融ナトリウムまたはリチウムまたは溶融ナトリウム含有合金またはリチウム含有合金、例えば冷却剤を使用する原子炉)用、非均質炉用、化学加工処理デバイス用、化学輸送デバイス用、化学貯蔵デバイス用またはバッテリ用(例えば液体金属バッテリ)用であることができる。例えば、一部のバッテリは、高温(例えば少なくとも約100℃または300℃)にて操作され、バッテリ内に十分含有される必要があり得る反応性金属蒸気(例えばリチウム、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウムまたはカルシウム)を有する。一部の例において、こうした高温デバイスは、少なくとも約100℃、150℃、200℃、250℃、300℃、350℃、400℃、450℃、500℃、550℃、600℃、650℃、700℃、750℃、800℃、850℃、900℃またはそれ以上の温度にて加熱および/または維持される。こうした温度にて、デバイスの1つ以上の構成要素は、液体(または溶融)または気化状態であることができる。
本開示は、電気化学エネルギー貯蔵デバイス(例えばバッテリ)およびシステムを提供する。電気化学エネルギー貯蔵デバイスは、一般に、ハウジング内にシールされる(例えば密封シールされる)、少なくとも1つの電気化学セル(本明細書では「セル」および「バッテリセル」も同様)を含む。セルは、負荷、例えば電子デバイス、別のエネルギー貯蔵デバイスまたは送電網に電気エネルギー(例えば電位下の電子)を送達するように構成できる。
開示の電気化学セルは、種々の使用および操作に適してもよいハウジングを含むことができる。ハウジングは、1つのセルまたは複数のセルを含むことができる。ハウジングは、電極をスイッチに電気連結させるように構成でき、これは外部電源および電気的負荷に接続できる。セルハウジングは、例えば、スイッチおよび/または別のセルハウジングの第1のポールに電気連結される電気伝導性容器、およびスイッチおよび/または別のセルハウジングの第2のポールに電気連結される電気伝導性の容器の蓋を含んでいてもよい。セルは、容器のキャビティ内に配列できる。セルの電極の第1のもの(例えば正極)は、容器の末端壁と接触でき、電気連結できる。セルの電極の第2のもの(例えば負極)は、容器の蓋(本明細書では集合的に、「セル蓋アセンブリ」、「蓋アセンブリ」、または「キャップアセンブリ」と称される)において伝導性フィードスルーまたは伝導体(例えば負極電流リード)と接触でき、電気連結できる。電気絶縁シール(例えば結合セラミックリング)は、セルの負電位部分を容器の正の部分から電気的に隔離してもよい(例えば正極電流リードから負極電流リードを電気絶縁してもよい)。例において、負極電流リードおよび容器蓋(例えばセルキャップ)は、互いに電気的に隔離でき、ここで誘電体シーラント材料は、負極電流リードとセルキャップとの間に配置できる。代替として、ハウジングは、電気絶縁シース(例えばアルミナシース)または腐食耐性および電気伝導性シースまたはるつぼ(例えばグラファイトシースまたはるつぼ)を含む。一部の場合において、ハウジングおよび/または容器は、バッテリハウジングおよび/または容器であってもよい。
セル蓋アセンブリは、接着剤シールを使用して、ガス気密および電気絶縁シールを得ることができる。図5からわかるように、伝導性フィードスルー501は、ハウジングから電気的に隔離でき、このハウジングは、フィードスルーとハウジングとの間に配設された接着剤シーリング材料502によってシールできる。接着剤シーリング材料は、シールされるべきであるセル蓋アセンブリの構成要素に接着できるいずれかのシーラント材料を含むことができる。
シールは、反応性金属(例えば液体金属バッテリ)を含有する高温システムの重要な部分であることができる。本明細書において、シールを設計するのに好適な材料を選択するための方法、および反応性液体金属または液体金属蒸気および/または反応性溶融塩(1または複数)または反応性溶融塩蒸気を含有するシステム、例えば液体金属バッテリのために好適なシールを設計する方法が提供される(例えばこれらの材料の選択、熱特性、機械特性および電気特性の考慮に基づく)。シールはまた、エネルギー貯蔵以外の用途、例えば溶融または高圧Li蒸気を含む溶融反応器または液体ナトリウム、カリウムおよび/またはリチウムを含む他の用途に関して、反応性液体金属または反応性金属蒸気を含む容器に接続された電気的に隔離されたフィードスルーの一部として使用できる。安定なセラミックおよび電子伝導性材料の使用はまた、半導体材料の加工処理またはデバイス製作に使用されるような反応性ガスを用いる用途のために適切であることができる。
シールは、いずれかの好適な材料で製造できる(例えばシールが密封シールおよび電気的隔離を形成するように)。一部の場合において、シールは、セラミック材料およびブレイズ材料から製造される。セラミック材料およびブレイズ材料は、互いにおよび/またはハウジング材料に一致する熱膨張係数(CTE)を有することができ、こうして電気化学セルが、バッテリの操作および/またはスタートアップ中に好適なシールを維持するようになる。セラミック材料は、ブレイズ材料およびセル頂部(例えばセル蓋アセンブリの蓋またはキャップまたはいずれかの構成要素)もしくは本体またはこれらの組み合わせの熱膨張係数と一致する熱膨張係数を有することができる。
熱膨張係数(CTE)は、シールを設計する場合に考慮されてもよい。種々の材料間における熱膨張係数不一致(CTE不一致)は、初期製作加熱および高温シールのブレイズプロセス中において主要な懸案事項ではない場合がある(例えば構成要素は結合されない場合があり、これにより界面のスライドが可能であるため)。一部の例において、冷却中(例えばブレイズが溶融し、結合し、固化した後)、材料は、異なる割合で収縮できる(例えば絶縁体および金属スリーブは大きな応力に曝され得る)。故に、1つ以上の転移ピースが添加されてもよい。転移ピースは、絶縁体およびセル頂部の中間のCTE値を有していてもよく、および/またはバネ様設計特徴要素を有することができる(例えばニッケル−コバルト鉄合金または430SSまたはジルコニウムスリーブ)。一部の場合において、転移ピースは絶縁体に比べて薄い(例えば転移ピースは、絶縁体の厚さの約50%未満、または約10%未満の厚さを有することができる)。一部の場合において、ブレイズ材料は、意図された溶接ジョイントから分離される(例えば遠ざけられる)。一部の場合において、シールは、化学的に安定な材料セット(例えば窒化アルミニウムセラミック、チタン−合金ブレイズ、およびニッケル−コバルト鉄合金または430ステンレススチールスリーブ)を含み、CTE一致でき、またはCTEの差に適応できる設計を有することができる。
一部の場合において、シールの1つ以上の電気伝導性構成要素は、電気絶縁セラミックと一致するまたは約1%、2%、5%、10%または20%以内であるCTEを有する電気伝導性セラミック(例えば炭化タングステン)を含む。電気伝導性(CTE一致した)セラミックは、絶縁セラミック構成要素および金属カラーの両方に接合できる。接合プロセスは、ブレイジング、拡散結合および/または溶接を含んでいてもよい。伝導性セラミックは、例えば炭化タングステン(WC)、炭化チタン(TiC)、および/または他の炭化物を含んでいてもよい。伝導性セラミックは、伝導性セラミックに対するブレイズの直接湿潤が可能である金属(例えばCoまたはNi)の一部(例えば重量、原子、モルまたは体積組成の観点で約2%〜10%、少なくとも約2%、少なくとも約3%、少なくとも約4%、少なくとも約5%、少なくとも約6%、少なくとも約7%、少なくとも約8%、少なくとも約9%または少なくとも約10%)と焼結されてもよい。
ブレイズされたセラミックシールは、反応性材料(例えば液体金属を有する電気化学セル)を含むシステムまたは容器を密封シールおよび/または電気的にシールするために使用されてもよい。図11は、ブレイズされたセラミックシールを有する電気化学セルを示す。セルハウジング1105は、空のヘッドスペース1110、溶融負極(例えば放電中のアノード)1115、溶融正極(例えば放電中のカソード)1120およびその間に配設される溶融電解質1125を有することができる。液体金属アノードは、ハウジングを通過し、負極端子として作用する伝導性フィードスルー1130と接触できる。伝導性フィードスルーは、シール1135によってハウジングから電気的に隔離できる。液体金属カソードは、正極端子として作用できるハウジングと接触できる。
ワイヤまたはワイヤレス(例えば直接金属間)相互接続は、個々の電気化学セル間および/または電気化学セル群間(例えばモジュール、パック、コア、CE、システム、または1つ以上の電気化学セルを含むいずれかの他の群)で形成されてもよい。一部の場合において、セルの群は、1つ以上のセル相互接続を介して接合されてもよい。一部の場合において、セルの群は、群レベルの相互接続を介して接合されてもよい。群レベルの相互接続はさらに、群の1つ以上の個々のセルとの1つ以上の相互接続を含んでいてもよい。相互接続は、構造上および/または電気的であってもよい。セルおよび/またはセルの群は、水平にまたは垂直にアセンブリ(またはスタック)されてもよい。こうしたアセンブリセルおよび/またはセルの群は、直列または並列構造において配列されてもよい。さらに、セルの群は、種々のフレームによって支持されてもよい。フレームは、構造上の支持体を提供してもよく、および/または相互接続の形成に関与または役立ってもよい(例えばセルの群におけるフレームは対になってもよく、または接続されてもよい)。
[実施例1]構成材料
タングステン(W)およびモリブデン(Mo)の合金、例えば表3に列挙されるものは、開示のシールに使用できる。合金は、電気絶縁セラミック(例えば窒化アルミニウム)にブレイズされる構成要素(例えばWまたはMo)として使用できる。一部の場合において、タングステンおよび/またはモリブデン合金は、セラミックと一致された熱膨張係数(CTE)を有し(例えばセラミックのCTEの約1%内、約5%内、または約10%内)、酸化に対して抵抗性であり、および/または攻撃、合金化および/または負極の金属蒸気(例えばリチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウムまたはカルシウム蒸気)または溶融塩からの腐食に対して抵抗性である。
Claims (25)
- 高温電気化学エネルギー貯蔵デバイスであって:
a.反応性金属および溶融塩を含む容器(ここで、前記溶融塩が少なくとも100℃の動作温度において蒸気または液体である);および
b.前記容器の外部環境から前記容器をシールするシール
を含むデバイスであって、
前記シールは:
i.前記反応性金属および溶融塩に曝されるセラミック材料であって、少なくとも100℃の前記動作温度で前記反応性金属および溶融塩に対して化学的に耐性があるセラミック材料(ここで、前記セラミック材料が電気的に隔離しており、前記セラミック材料が前記反応性金属と第1の化合物を形成することが可能な共通元素を含み、前記セラミック材料が前記反応性金属の第1の化合物のΔG r,n よりも負である規格化生成ギブス自由エネルギー(ΔG r,n )を有する);
ii.前記セラミック材料に隣接した金属カラー;および
iii.前記セラミック材料と前記金属カラーおよび前記容器の少なくとも1つとの間に配設された金属ブレイズであって、前記セラミック材料を化学的に還元する少なくとも1つの金属を含む金属ブレイズ
を含み、
前記反応性金属がカルシウムを含むか、又は、前記金属ブレイズが銀、アルミニウム又は銀とアルミニウムの混合物を含む、デバイス。 - 前記セラミック材料が窒化アルミニウム(AlN)を含む、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記金属カラーがステンレススチールまたはジルコニウムから形成される、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記金属ブレイズが合金であり、前記セラミック材料を化学的に還元する金属がチタン(Ti)またはジルコニウム(Zr)である、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記デバイスが液体金属バッテリである、請求項1に記載のデバイス(ここで、液体金属とは、少なくとも100℃の動作温度において液体である金属を意味する)。
- 前記反応性金属がアルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属である、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記反応性金属が、マグネシウム(Mg)、カルシウム(Ca)、ナトリウム(Na)、バリウム(Ba)、カリウム(K)、リチウム(Li)、またはこれらのいずれかの組み合わせを更に含む、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記反応性金属が少なくとも100℃の動作温度において金属蒸気または液体金属である、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、少なくとも350℃の温度にてリチウム蒸気に対して化学的に耐性がある、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、少なくとも350℃の温度にてカルシウム蒸気に対して化学的に耐性がある、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、電気伝導性フィードスルー、熱電対、または前記容器に連結された電圧センサを取り囲む、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、前記容器および/または前記電気伝導性フィードスルーに接合される、請求項11に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、前記容器から前記電気伝導性フィードスルーを電気的に隔離する、請求項11に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールの熱膨張係数(CTE)が、前記容器および/または前記電気伝導性フィードスルーのCTEとは10%未満で異なる、請求項11に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールにわたるインピーダンスが、前記動作温度において少なくとも1キロOhmである、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記金属ブレイズが前記共通元素を含む第2の化合物を含み、前記金属ブレイズの第2の化合物のΔGr,nは前記セラミック材料のΔGr,nよりも負である、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記共通元素が、窒素、酸素または硫黄である、請求項16に記載のデバイス。
- 前記セラミック材料が窒化アルミニウム(AlN)を含み、前記金属ブレイズがチタン(Ti)を含む、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、前記デバイスを密封シールする、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記反応性金属および溶融塩が前記動作温度である場合、前記シールが、前記デバイスと接触する雰囲気に対して不活性である、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、第1の金属カラーおよび第2の金属カラーを含む、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記第1の金属カラーが、前記セラミック材料に接合される、請求項21に記載のデバイス。
- 前記第1の金属カラーが、ブレイズまたは溶接によって、前記第2の金属カラーに接合され、および/または前記第2の金属カラーが、ブレイズまたは溶接によって、前記容器に接合される、請求項21に記載のデバイス。
- 前記シールが、前記セラミック材料に接合された第3の金属カラーを含む、請求項23に記載のデバイス。
- 前記第3の金属カラーが、ブレイズまたは溶接によって、電気伝導性フィードスルーに接合される、請求項24に記載のデバイス。
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EP4029074A4 (en) | 2019-09-12 | 2024-03-20 | Ambri Inc | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ENERGY STORAGE AT THE GRID LEVEL |
CN112952244B (zh) | 2019-11-22 | 2022-10-18 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 一种电池、电池模组、电池包和电动车 |
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EP3058605A4 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
CN109935747B (zh) | 2022-06-07 |
US20170018811A1 (en) | 2017-01-19 |
CN105830247A (zh) | 2016-08-03 |
JP2017501531A (ja) | 2017-01-12 |
CN105830247B (zh) | 2019-04-26 |
EP3058605A1 (en) | 2016-08-24 |
US20230282891A1 (en) | 2023-09-07 |
EP3058605B1 (en) | 2023-12-06 |
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