JP5249040B2 - 電極およびその形成方法 - Google Patents
電極およびその形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5249040B2 JP5249040B2 JP2008541120A JP2008541120A JP5249040B2 JP 5249040 B2 JP5249040 B2 JP 5249040B2 JP 2008541120 A JP2008541120 A JP 2008541120A JP 2008541120 A JP2008541120 A JP 2008541120A JP 5249040 B2 JP5249040 B2 JP 5249040B2
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/12—Semiconductors
- C25D7/123—Semiconductors first coated with a seed layer or a conductive layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- B81C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- B81C99/0075—Manufacture of substrate-free structures
- B81C99/0085—Manufacture of substrate-free structures using moulds and master templates, e.g. for hot-embossing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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Description
も良い。電極電源コンタクトは複数の個別コンタクトからなっていても良い。個別コンタ
クトは、層の中心からの半径に、少なくとも1つのリングコンタクトまたはリング
断片コンタクトを有していても良い。各個別コンタクトは、めっき処理またはエッチング
の間、特定の電位を供給されても良い。
ィスク部材の厚さは、層中心からの距離によって変化しても良い。
a)複数の電気化学セルを形成するために、主電極を基板、例えばシード層に接触させて配置する工程と、
b)エッチングによりシード層に構造を形成する、またはめっきによりシード層上に構造を形成する工程と、
c)前記基板から主電極を分離する工程と、を有する。
1.絶縁または導電性/半導体キャリアを形成する工程
2.前記キャリアの少なくとも一部に導電電極層を形成する工程
3.前記導電電極層の少なくとも一部に絶縁パターン層を形成する工程
または
1.絶縁または導電性/半導体キャリアを形成する工程
2.前記キャリアの少なくとも一部に絶縁パターン層を形成する工程
3.前記キャリアの、前記絶縁パターン層に被覆されていない選択された領域に、導電電極層を形成する工程
または
1.導電性/半導体キャリアを用意し、パターニングする工程
2.前記パターニングされたキャリアの少なくとも一部に絶縁パターン層を形成する工程
3.前記パターニングされたキャリアの、前記絶縁パターン層に被覆されていない選択された領域に、導電電極層を形成する工程
および/またはそれらの組み合わせからなっていても良い。電気的接続は、ECPRエッチングおよび/またはECPRめっき処理中および/またはそれらの処理に用いられるステンレス鋼、Au、Ag、Cu、Pd、Pt、白金めっきチタン、および/またはそれらの組み合わせ等の電解質中で腐食または酸化しない材料からなる層を少なくとも1層含んでいても良い。
−σ・(δ2V/δx2+δ2V/δy2+δ2V/δz2)=0
1.前記接触領域において:所定の電位Vまたは所定の電流密度
J=−σ・(δJ/δx+δJ/δy+δJ/δz)
2.前記電気化学セルに接触する表面において:電流密度
J=−σ・(δJ/δx+δJ/δy+δJ/δz)
上記において、i0を交換電流密度、Cを前記電気化学セルの電気化学特性に依存する定数、ηを陽極表面または陰極表面上のある位置における過電位とした時、前記電気化学セルのいかなる位置のJもButler-Volmer式:J=i0*exp(C*(η))によって記述できる。
3.電気的に絶縁性の表面において:電流密度
J=−σ・(δJ/δx+δJ/δy+δJ/δz)=0
1.キャリア1の導電性/半導体部分
2.導電電極層4
3.ECPRエッチングおよび/またはECPRめっき処理により形成された電気化学セル23
4.基板上のシード層18
1. if R=1/(1/R1’+1/R4’)+R18’ is equal to R”=1/(1/R1”+1/R4”)+R18”, then j’=j”; or
2. if R’=1/(1/R1’+1/R4’)+R18’ is greater than R”=1/(1/R1”+1/R4”)+R18”+, then j’<j”; or
3. if R’=1/(1/R1’+1/R4’)+R18’ is less than R”=1/(1/R1”+1/R4”)+R18”, then j’>j”’
Claims (56)
- 基板上に配置された主電極を有するシステムであって、
前記主電極は、少なくとも部分的に絶縁材料からなり、導電性材料が配置された複数の空洞を備える第1の面を有するパターン層を備え、
前記電極導電性材料は少なくとも1つの電極電源コンタクトに電気的に接続し、
前記基板は前記第1の面に接触または隣接する上面を有し、めっき処理またはエッチング処理のためのシード層を含む導電性材料および/または導電性材料からなる構造を上面上に備え、
前記基板導電性材料は少なくとも1つの電源コンタクトに電気的に接続し、
複数の電解質を含む電気化学セルが前記空洞、前記基板導電性材料および前記電極導電性材料によって区切られて形成され、
前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性が平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の0.1〜100倍となるようにしつつ、前記電極導電性材料と前記電極電源コンタクトが互いに接触する部位と前記電極導電性材料の前記第1の面上の点との間の電極抵抗および前記基板導電性材料と前記基板電源コンタクトが互いに接触する部位と前記基板導電性材料の前記上面上の点との間の基板抵抗は、各電気化学セルにおいて所定の電流密度が得られるように適合化されていることを特徴とするシステム。 - 前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性は平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の0.5〜20倍であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性は平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の1〜10倍であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性は平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の1〜7倍であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記特定導電性は主電極の表面にわたって変化するように設定されることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のシステム。
- 前記特定導電性は材料の厚さを変更することにより異なるように設定されることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のシステム。
- 前記特定導電性は材料の抵抗率を変更することにより異なるように設定されることを特徴とする請求項5または6に記載のシステム。
- 前記材料は、前記抵抗率を得るために可変ドーピングを有するドープ半導体材料であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極導電性材料は、前記第1の面とほぼ同等の面積を持つ層を備えていることを特徴とする請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記層は導電性材料および/または半導体材料からなることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極導電性材料は、各空洞の底部に、空洞導電性材料を含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記空洞導電性材料は、前記空洞の底部に堆積され、不活性物質であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載のシステム。
- 前記空洞導電性材料は、前記空洞内に事前に堆積され、めっき処理中に少なくとも部分的に消費される材料であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のシステム。
- 前記空洞導電性材料は前記層に電気的に接続していることを特徴とする請求項11、12または13に記載のシステム。
- 前記層は略一定の厚さを有していることを特徴とする請求項11〜14のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記層は、異なる特定導電性を有する複数の層部材を備え、
前記層部材は相互に重なりあっていることを特徴とする請求項15に記載のシステム。 - 少なくとも1つの前記層部材の厚さは、層中心からの距離によって変化することを特徴とする請求項11〜14のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極電源コンタクトは前記層の中央に配置されていることを特徴とする請求項9〜17のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極電源コンタクトは複数の個別コンタクトからなることを特徴とする請求項9〜18のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記個別コンタクトは、層の中心から所定の半径の所に、少なくとも1つのリングコンタクトまたはリング断片コンタクトを備えていることを特徴とする請求項17または18に記載のシステム。
- 各個別コンタクトは、めっき処理またはエッチングの間、特定の電位を供給されることを特徴とする請求項19または20に記載のシステム。
- 前記層は略円形であることを特徴とする請求項9〜21のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記基板の最上面の少なくとも一部に形成されたシード層によって、少なくとも部分的に前記基板抵抗を得ることを特徴とする請求項1〜22のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記基板電源コンタクトは、前記基板上のシード層の周辺部の少なくとも一部に設けられることを特徴とする請求項23に記載のシステム。
- 前記基板電源コンタクトは、前記基板上のシード層の周辺部に沿って設けられることを特徴とする請求項23に記載のシステム。
- 前記基板電源コンタクトは複数の個別コンタクトからなることを特徴とする請求項23、24または25に記載のシステム。
- 各個別コンタクトは、めっき処理またはエッチングの間、特定の電位を供給されることを特徴とする請求項26に記載のシステム。
- 前記主電極は、前記シード層に電流を供給するための、前記シード層に接触する少なくとも1つの接触領域を備えていることを特徴とする請求項23〜27のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記パターン層は、少なくとも1つの領域の導電性材料であって、めっき処理またはエッチングの間基板導電性材料に接触させて、前記領域にわたる前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性を高めるための導電性材料を前記第1の面の前記空洞間に備えることを特徴とする請求項23〜28のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極導電性材料の表面にわたる電位差および/または前記基板導電性材料の表面にわたる電位差が大きく、当該表面間の電流密度の、前記電気化学セル間での電流密度差が1%を超過する場合に、適合化を実施することを特徴とする請求項1〜29のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 前記電極導電性材料は、空洞毎に特有の厚みを有することを特徴とする請求項1〜30のいずれか1項に記載のシステム。
- 基板上に配置される主電極であって、
前記主電極は、少なくとも部分的に絶縁材料からなり、導電性材料が配置された複数の空洞を備える第1の面を有するパターン層を備え、
前記電極導電性材料は少なくとも1つの電極電源コンタクトに電気的に接続し、
複数の電気化学セルが前記空洞、前記電極導電性材料および基板によって区切られて形成され、
前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性は平均して、めっき処理またはエッチング処理のためのシード層を含む、対象となる基板導電性材料の特定導電性の0.1〜100倍となるようにしつつ、前記電極導電性材料と前記電極電源コンタクトが互いに接触する部位と前記電極導電性材料の前記第1の面上の点との間の電極抵抗は、各電気化学セルにおいて所定の電流密度を得るために適合化されていることを特徴とする主電極。 - 前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性は平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の0.5〜20倍であることを特徴とする請求項32に記載の主電極。
- 前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性は平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の1〜10倍であることを特徴とする請求項32に記載の主電極。
- 前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性は平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の1〜7倍であることを特徴とする請求項32に記載の主電極。
- 前記特定導電性は主電極の表面にわたって変化するように設定されることを特徴とする請求項32または33に記載の主電極。
- 前記特定導電性は材料の厚さを変更することにより異なるように設定されることを特徴とする請求項32に記載の主電極。
- 前記特定導電性は材料の抵抗率を変更することにより異なるように設定されることを特徴とする請求項32または33に記載の主電極。
- 前記材料は、前記可変抵抗率を得るために可変ドーピングを有するドープ半導体材料であることを特徴とする請求項38に記載の主電極。
- 前記電極導電性材料は、前記第1の面とほぼ同等の面積を持つ層を備えていることを特徴とする請求項32〜39のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 前記層は導電性材料および/または半導体材料からなることを特徴とする請求項40に記載の主電極。
- 前記電極導電性材料は、各空洞の底部に、空洞導電性材料を含むことを特徴とする請求項32〜41のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 前記空洞導電性材料は、前記空洞の底部に堆積され、不活性物質であることを特徴とする請求項42に記載の主電極。
- 前記空洞導電性材料は、前記空洞内に事前に堆積され、めっき処理中に少なくとも部分的に消費される材料であることを特徴とする請求項43に記載の主電極。
- 前記空洞導電性材料は前記層に電気的に接続していることを特徴とする請求項42、43または44に記載の主電極。
- 前記層は略一定の厚さを有していることを特徴とする請求項42〜45のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 前記層は、異なる特定導電性を有する複数の層部材を備え、
前記層部材は相互に重なりあっていることを特徴とする請求項46に記載の主電極。 - 少なくとも1つの前記層部材の厚さは、層中心からの距離によって変化することを特徴とする請求項42〜45のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 前記電極電源コンタクトは前記層の中央に配置されていることを特徴とする請求項40〜48のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 前記電極電源コンタクトは複数の個別コンタクトからなることを特徴とする請求項40〜49のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 前記個別コンタクトは、層の中心から所定の半径の所に、少なくとも1つのリングコンタクトまたはリング断片コンタクトを備えていることを特徴とする請求項49または50に記載の主電極。
- 各個別コンタクトは、めっき処理またはエッチングの間、特定の電位を供給されることを特徴とする請求項50または51に記載の主電極。
- 前記層は略円形であることを特徴とする請求項40〜52のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 前記電極導電性材料は、空洞毎に特有の厚みを有することを特徴とする請求項32〜53のいずれか1項に記載の主電極。
- 絶縁材料からなるパターン層を有する主電極の空洞に材料を堆積する方法であって、
電源への外部接続のための接触部を有する導電電極層からなる底部を持つ前記空洞を形成する工程と、
接触部材を支持部上に配置する工程と、
接触部材と前記導電電極層の間に少なくとも2つの接触部で電気的接続を確立するために前記主電極を接触部材上に配置する工程と、
堆積される材料からなる電気めっき陽極を前記主電極上の前記空洞に配置することにより、前記空洞、前記導電電極層および前記電気めっき陽極によって区切られた電解質を含む電気化学セルを形成する工程と、
前記電気化学セルに電流を流して材料を前記陽極から陰極である前記導電電極層に運び前記材料を空洞内の前記導電電極層上に堆積するために、電源を前記接触部材および前記電気めっき陽極に接続する工程と、
を含み、
前記導電電極層の特定導電性が平均して前記電気めっき陽極の特定導電性の0.1〜100倍となるようにしつつ、前記導電電極層と前記電源が互いに接触する部位と前記導電性層上の点との間の電極抵抗および前記電気めっき陽極と前記電源が互いに接触する部位と前記電気めっき陽極上の点との間の基板抵抗を、前記各電気化学セルにおいて所定の電流密度が得られるように適合化させていることを特徴とする方法。 - 少なくとも部分的に絶縁材料からなり、導電性材料が配置された複数の空洞を備える第1の面を有するパターン層を備え、前記電極導電性材料は少なくとも1つの電極電源コンタクトに電気的に接続する主電極を用いて基板をエッチングまたはめっきする方法であって、
前記主電極を支持部上に配置する工程と、
電解質を空洞に供給する工程と、
基板を前記主電極上に配置する工程と、を含み、
前記基板は導電性材料および/または導電性材料からなる構造を備えた上面を有し、
前記基板導電性材料は少なくとも1つの電源コンタクトに電気的に接続し、
電解質を含む電気化学セルが前記空洞、前記基板導電性材料および前記電極導電性材料によって区切られて形成され、
前記電気化学セルに電流を流して材料を前記主電極と前記基板の間に運ぶために、電源を前記電極電源コンタクトおよび前記基板電源コンタクトに接続し、
前記電極導電性材料の特定導電性が平均して前記基板導電性材料の特定導電性の0.1〜100倍となるようにしつつ、前記電極導電性材料と前記電極電源コンタクトの間の電極抵抗および前記基板導電性材料と前記基板電源コンタクトの間の基板抵抗を、前記各電気化学セルにおいて所定の電流密度が得られるように適合化させていることを特徴とする方法。
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