JP2022119879A - 組成物 - Google Patents
組成物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2022119879A JP2022119879A JP2022084669A JP2022084669A JP2022119879A JP 2022119879 A JP2022119879 A JP 2022119879A JP 2022084669 A JP2022084669 A JP 2022084669A JP 2022084669 A JP2022084669 A JP 2022084669A JP 2022119879 A JP2022119879 A JP 2022119879A
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- calcium phosphate
- particles
- agents
- active agent
- phosphate particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 128
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 282
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 180
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 180
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 160
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims abstract description 160
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 155
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Abstract
Description
関連出願の相互参照
米国特許法(35 U.S.C.)第119条(e)に基づき、本出願は、2009年5月6日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/176、057号の出願日に対する優先権を主張するものであり、この出願の開示は、参照することにより本明細書に組み込まれる。
疾患および非疾患状態の双方を含む種々の異なる状態の治療に使用するために、これまで種々の異なる活性物質が開発され、引き続き開発されている。そのような用途について、活性物質の有効量を、それを必要とする対象に送達しなければならない。種々の異なる送達製剤および経路が開発されてきたが、そのような経路は、活性物質の性質に応じて異なる場合がある。一般的に、侵襲性の少ない送達経路がより受け入れられ易く、したがって、より望ましい。
上記に要約したように、活性物質送達組成物を提供する。本発明の活性物質送達組成物は、送達ビヒクルの中に存在する活性物質-リン酸カルシウム粒子複合体を含む。送達組成物の活性物質-リン酸カルシウム粒子複合体の送達ビヒクル成分は、以下、別途より詳細に概説する。
本発明の送達組成物の中に存在する活性物質-リン酸カルシウム粒子複合体は、1つまたは複数の活性物質と会合している均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子を含む。粒子が1つまたは複数の活性物質と会合すると、1つまたは複数の活性物質は、何らかの様式で粒子に結合される。活性物質は、イオン結合、共有結合、ヴァンデルヴァールス相互作用、水素結合相互作用、順相分配、および逆相分配相互作用等が挙げられるが、これに限定されない、多数の異なる会合形式を介して、粒子に結合されてもよい。このように、粒子は、ある量の1つまたは複数の活性物質が充填されているものとして説明され得る。「積み込む」とは、粒子が、粒子に結合されたある量の1つまたは複数の活性物質(換言すれば、ある量の単一の活性物質または2つ以上の異なる活性物質)を含むことを意味する。活性物質が粒子に結合すると、粒子が送達組成物の中に存在する時に、相当量の活性物質は、粒子から解離しない。実質的にどの活性物質も粒子から解離しないので、解離する量は、活性物質の当初結合した量の20重量%以下等、例えば10重量%以下、5重量%以下を含む、30重量%以下である。粒子に結合した活性物質成分の量(1つまたは複数の異なる活性物質で構成される)は、活性物質結合粒子を構成する特定の活性物
質に応じて変動し得、特定の実施形態では、粒子1グラムあたりの活性物質の量で、0.1~750mg/g以下等、および1~300mg/gを含む、0.01~1000mg/gの範囲である。
活性物質-リン酸カルシウム粒子複合体のリン酸カルシウム粒子は、均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子である。「均一で」とは、粒子の形状が、実質的に変動せず、よって、粒子が、実質的に同じ球状を有することを意味する。「硬い」とは、粒子が硬く、よって、粒子が柔軟ではないことを意味する。「球状の」という用語は、その表面が全ての地点において中心から実質的に等距離である球状体を意味するように、その従来の感覚で用いられている。対象となるリン酸カルシウム粒子は、平均直径が、10μm以下等、および5μm以下を含む、20μm以下であり、いくつかの事例において、平均直径は、3μm以下等、および2μm以下を含む、4μm以下である。所与のリン酸カルシウム粒子組成物では、直径の分布が存在し得、いくつかの事例では、粒子の大部分(60%以上、75%以上、90%以上、95%以上等)は、0.1~10μm等、および0.1~2μmを含む、0.01~20μmの範囲の直径を有する。いくつかの事例では、平均粒径が2μm以下である粒子の割合は、70数量%以上等、および90数量%以上を含む、50数量%以上である。
シメータによる多孔度測定プロトコルを使用して測定した時に、40%~70%等、および45%~55%を含む、30%~85%の範囲であり得る。
多孔度はまた、「細孔容積(ml/g)」によっても表され、そのような場合、0.1ml/g~2.0ml/gといった多数の範囲にある。いくつかの場合において、粒子は、それらの内部表面積が、ASTM D3663-03「Standard Test Method for Surface Area of Catalysts and
Catalyst Carriers」に記載されているように、BET気体吸着法による表面積測定プロトコルを使用して測定した時に、20m2/g~100m2/g等、および30m2/g~80m2/gを含む、10m2/g~150m2/gの範囲であるような多孔度を有する。細孔直径は、場合によって、5~80nm等、および10~60nmを含む、2~100nmの範囲で変動する。加えて、粒子は、0.25g/cm3~0.4
5g/cm3等、および0.3g/cm3~0.4g/cm3を含む、0.2g/cm3~0.5g/cm3の範囲のタップ密度を有し得る。タップ密度は、ASTM規格WK130
23-New Determination of Tap Density of Metallic Powders by a Constant Volume Measuring Methodを使用することによって測定することができる。
により本明細書に組み込まれる。対象となる1つのプロトコルにおいて、粒子は、スラリーをスプレー乾燥することによって製造されるが、該スラリーは、均一で球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子を生成するように、ナノリン酸カルシウム(例えば、ヒドロキシアパタイト)結晶(2nm~100nmサイズ範囲であり得る)を含む。結果として生じた粒子は、次いで、機械的および化学的に安定した硬い球形を提供するのに十分な時間にわたって焼結される。このステップにおいて、焼結温度は、300℃~900℃等、および300℃~800℃を含む、200℃~1000℃の範囲であり得、焼結時間は、2時間~8時間等、および3時間~6時間を含む、1時間~10時間の範囲であり得る。この均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子を製造する方法に関するさらなる詳細は、米国暫定出願第61/108,805号に提供されており、その開示は、参照することにより本明細書に組み込まれる。
上記に要約したように、本発明の複合体は、均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子に結合する、活性物質成分(単一種類の活性物質または2つ以上の異なる種類の活性物質で構成される)を含む。「活性物質」という用語は、生きた組織(例えば、ヒト等の哺乳類)との接触時に、生物学的結果(例えば、有益または有用な結果)をもたらす、あらゆる化合物または化合物の混合物を指す。活性物質は、担体、希釈剤、潤滑剤、バインダー、着色剤等の、送達組成物の他の成分と区別することができる。活性物質は、生きた対象における生物学的プロセスを調整することが可能である、あらゆる分子、ならびにその結合部分または断片であってもよい。特定の実施形態において、活性物質は、診断、治療、もしくは疾患の予防に、または薬物、化粧品、もしくは薬用化粧品の成分として使用される物質であってもよい。
アミノグリコシド(例えば、アミカシン、アプラマイシン、アルベカシン、バンベルマイシン、ブチロシン、ジベカシン、ジヒドロストレプトマイシン、ホルチミシン、ゲンタミシン、イセパミシン、カナマイシン、ミクロノムシン、ネオマイシン、ネチルミシン、パロマイシン、リボスタマイシン、シソミシン、スペクチノマイシン、ストレプトマイシン、トブラマイシン、トロスペクトマイシン);アムフェニコール、(例えば、アジダムフェニコール、クロラムフェニコール、フロルフェニコール、およびテイマフェニコール);アンサマイシン(例えば、リファミド、リファンピン、リファマイシン、リファペンチン、リファキシミン);ベータラクタム(例えば、カルバセフェム、カルバペネム、セファロスポリン、セファマイシン、モノバクタム、オキサフェム、ペニシリン);リンコサミド(例えば、クリナマイシン、リンコマイシン);マクロライド(例えばクラリスロマイシン、ジルスロマイシン、エリスロマイシン等);ポリペプチド(例えば、アンホマイシン、バシトラシン、カプレオマイシン等);テトラサイクリン(例えば、アピサイクリン、クロルテトラサイクリン、クロモサイクリン、ミノサイクリン等);合成抗菌
剤(例えば、2,4-ジアミノピリミジン、ニトロフラン、キノロン、およびその類似体、スルホンアミド、スルホン);等の抗生物質、
ポリエン(例えば、アンホテリシンB、カンジシジン、デルモスタチン、フィリピン、フンギクロミン、ハチマイシン、ハマイシン、ルセンソマイシン、メパルトリシン、ナタマイシン、ナイスタチン、ペチロシン、ペリマイシン)等の抗真菌剤;アリルアミン(例えば、ブテナフィン、ナフチフィン、テルビナフィン);イミダゾール(例えば、ビフォナゾール、ブトコナゾール、クロルダントイン、クロルミダゾール等)、チオカルバメート(例えば、トルシクラート)、トリアゾール(例えば、フルコナゾール、イトラコナゾール、テルコナゾール)、等の合成抗真菌剤;
アレコリン、アスピジン、アスピジノール、ジクロロフェン、エンベリン、コシン、ナプタレン、ニクロサミド、ペレチエリン、キナクリン、アラントラクトン、アモカルザイン、アモスカナート、アスカリドール、ベフェニウム、ビトスカナート、四塩化炭素、カルバクロール、シクロベンダゾール、ジエチルカルバマジン等の駆虫剤;
アセダプソン、アモジアキン、アルテエテル、アルテムエーテル、アルテミシニン、アルテスナート、アトバクオン、ベベリン、ベルベリン、キラタ、クロログアニド、クロロキン、クロルプロガウニル、キナ皮、シンコニジン、シンコニン、シクログアニル、ゲンチオピクリン、ハロファントリン、ヒドロキシクロロキン、メフロキン塩酸塩、3-メチルアルサセチン、パマキン、プラスモシド、プリマキン、ピリメタミン、キナクリン、キニジン、キニーネ、キノシド、キノリン、砒酸水素二ナトリウム等の、抗マラリア剤;
アクラニル、チニダゾール、イプロニダゾール、エチルスチバミン、ペンタミジン、アセタアルゾン、アミニトロゾール、アニソマイシン、ニフラテル、チニダゾール、ベンジダゾール、スラミン等の抗原虫剤;
心保護剤(例えば、ザインカード(デクスラゾキサン));抗凝固剤(例えば、クマジン(ワルファリンナトリウム)、フラグミン(ダルテパリンナトリウム)、ヘパリン、Innohep(チンザパリンナトリウム)、ロベノックス(エノキサパリンナトリウム)、オルガラン(ダナパロイドナトリウム))、抗血小板剤(例えば、Aggrasta(塩酸チロフィバン)、アグレノックス(アスピリン/持続放出ジピリダモール)、アグリリン(塩酸アナグレリド)、エコトリン(アセチルサルチル酸)、フローラン(エポプロステロールナトリウム)、Halfprin(腸溶性アスピリン)、インテグリリン(エプチフィバチド)、ペルサンチン(ジピリダモールUSP)、プラビックス(重硫酸クロピドグレル)、プレタール(シロスタゾール)、レオプロ(アブシキシマブ)、チクリッド(塩酸チクロピジン))、血栓溶解剤(アクティベース(アルテプラーゼ)、Retavase(レテプラーゼ)、ストレプターゼ(ストレプトキナーゼ))を含む、血液修飾剤;Cardura(メシル酸ドキサゾシン)、ジベンジリン(塩酸フェノキシベンザミン)、ハイトリン(塩酸テラゾシン)、ミニプレス(塩酸プラゾシン)、Minizide(プラゾシン塩酸塩/ポリチアジド)等のアドレナリン作用遮断剤;Aldoclor(メチルドパ-クロロチアジド)、アルドメット(メチルドパ、メチルドペートHCI)、Aldoril(メチルドパ-ヒドロクロロチアジド)、カタプレス(塩酸クロニジンUSP、クロニジン)、Clorpres(塩酸クロニジンおよびクロロサリドン)、Combipres(塩酸クロニジン/クロロサリドン)、Tenex(塩酸グァンファシン)等のアドレナリン作用刺激剤;コレッグ(カルベジロール)、Normodyne(塩酸ラベタロール)等のα/βアドレナリン作用遮断剤;アキュプリル(塩酸キナプリル)、アセオン(ペリンドプリルエルブミン)、アルテース(ラミプリル)、カプトプリル、ロテンシン(塩酸ベナゼプリル)、Mavik(トランドラプリル)、モノプリル(フォシノプリルナトリウム錠)、プリニビル(リシノプリル)、ユニバスク(塩酸モエキシプリル)、バソテック(エナラプリラート、マレイン酸エナラプリル)、ゼストリル(リシノプリル)等のアンジオテンシン変換酵素(ACE)阻害剤;Lexxel(マレイン酸エナラプリル-フェロジピンER)、ロトレル(アムロジピンおよび塩酸ベナゼプリル)、タルカ(トランドラプリル/塩酸ベラパミルER)等のカルシウムチャネル遮断
剤を伴うアンジオテンシン変換酵素(ACE)阻害剤;アキュレティック(キナプリルHCl/ヒドロクロロチアジド)、ロテンシン(塩酸ベナゼプリルおよびヒドロクロロチアジドUSP)、プリンザイド(リシノプリル-ヒドロクロロチアジド)、ユニレチック(塩酸モエキシプリル/ヒドロクロロチアジド)、バセレティック(マレイン酸エナラプリル-ヒドロクロロチアジド)、ゼストレチック(リシノプリルおよびヒドロクロロチアジド)等の利尿剤を伴うアンジオテンシン変換酵素(ACE)阻害剤;アタカンド(カンデサルタンシレキセチル)、アバプロ(イルベサルタン)、コザール(ロサルタンカリウム)、ディオバン(バルサルタン)、ミカルディス(テルミサルタン)、テベテン(メシル酸エプロサルタン)等のアンギオテンシンII受容体拮抗剤;アバライド(イルベサルタン-ヒドロクロロチアジド)、ディオバン(バルサルタンおよびヒドロクロロチアジド)、ハイザール(ロサルタンカリウム-ヒドロクロロチアジド)等の利尿剤を伴うアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗剤;第I群(例えば、メキシチル(塩酸メキシレチン、USP)、ノルペース(リン酸ジソピラミド)、Procanbid(塩酸プロカインアミド)、Quinaglute(グルコン酸キニジン)、Quinidex(硫酸キニジン)、キニジン(グルコン酸キニジン注射、USP)、Rythmol(塩酸プロパフェノン)、タンボコール(酢酸フレカイニド)、Tonocard(トカイニドHCl))、第II群(例えば、Betapace(ソタロールHCl)、ブレビブロック(塩酸エスモロール)、インデラル(塩酸プロプラノロール)、セクトラール(塩酸アセブトロール))、第III群(例えば、Betapace(ソタロールHCl)、コルダロン(塩酸アミオダロン)、Corvert(フマル酸イブチライド注射)、Pacerone(アミオダロンHCl)、タイコシン(ドフェチリド))、第IV群(例えば、カラン(塩酸ベラパミル)、カルジゼム(ジルチアゼムHCl)、ならびにアデノカード(アデノシン)、Lanoxicaps(ジゴキシン)、ラノキシン(ジゴキシン))等の抗不整脈剤;胆汁酸金属イオン封鎖剤(例えば、コレスチド(微粉化塩酸コレスチポール)、ウェルコール(塩酸コレセベラム))、フィブリン酸誘導体(例えば、Atromid(クロフィブラート)、ロピッド(ゲムフィブロジル錠、USP)、トライコア(フェノフィブラートカプセル))、HMG‐CoA還元酵素阻害剤(例えば、バイコール(セリバスタチンナトリウム錠)、レスコール(フルバスタチンナトリウム)、リピトール(アトルバスタチンカルシウム)、メバコール(ロバスタチン)、プラバコール(プラバスタチンナトリウム)、ゾコール(シンバスタチン))、ニコチン酸(例えば、ナイアスパン(ナイアシン持続放出錠))を含む、抗脂血酸;βアドレナリン遮断剤(例えば、Betapace(ソタロールHCl)、ブロカドレン(マレイン酸チモロール)、ブレビブロック(塩酸エスモロール)、Cartrol(塩酸カルテオロール)、インデラル(塩酸プロプラノロール)、ケルロン(塩酸ベタキソロール)、ナドロール、セクトラール(塩酸アセブトロール)、テノーミン(アテノロール)、トプロール(コハク酸メトプロロール)、ゼベタ(フマル酸ビソプロロール));利尿薬を伴うβアドレナリン遮断剤(例えば、コルザイド(ナドロールおよびベンドロフルメチアジド錠)、Inderide(塩酸プロプラノロールおよびヒドロクロロチアジド)、Tenoretic(アテノロールおよびクロルタリドン)、Timolide(マレイン酸チモロール-ヒドロクロロチアジド)、Ziac(フマル酸ビソプロロールおよびヒドロクロロチアジド));カルシウムチャネル遮断剤(例えば、アダラート(ニフェジピン)、カラン(塩酸ベラパミル)、Cardene(塩酸ニカルジピン)、カルジゼム(ジルチアゼムHCl)、Covera(塩酸ベラパミル)、イソプチン(塩酸ベラパミル)、ニモトップ(ニモジピン)、ノルバスク(ベジル酸アムロジピン)、プレンジル(フェロジピン)、プロカジア(ニフェジピン)、スラール(ニソルジピン)、タイアザック(塩酸ジルチアゼム)、Vascor(塩酸ベプリジル)、Verelan(塩酸ベラパミル));炭酸脱水酵素阻害薬(例えば、ダラナイド(ジクロルフェナミド))、組み合わせ利尿剤(例えば、アルダクタジド(ヒドロクロロチアジドを伴うスピロノラクトン)、ダイアザイド(トリアムテレンおよびヒドロクロロチアジド)、マックスザイド(トリアムテレンおよびヒドロクロロチアジド)、モデュレティック(アミロリドHCl-ヒドロクロロチアジド))、ループ利尿剤(デマデック
ス(トルセミド)、エデクリン(エタクリン酸、エタクリン酸ナトリウム)、フロセミド)、カリウム保持性利尿剤(アルダクトン(スピロノラクトン)、Dyrenium(トリアムテレン)、ミダモール(アミロリドHCl))、チアジンおよび関連利尿剤(例えば、Diucardin(ヒドロフルメチアジド)、ディウリル(クロロチアジド、クロロサイアザイドナトリウム)、エンデュロン(メチクロチアジド)、ヒドロディウリル(ヒドロクロロチアジド)、インダパミド、ミクロザイド(ヒドロクロロチアジド)、ミクロクス(メトラゾン錠)、Renese(ポリチアジド)、タリトン(クロルタリドン、USP)、ザロキソリン(メトラゾン))を含む利尿剤;強心剤(例えば、Digitek(ジゴキシン)、ドブトレックス(ドブタミン)、Lanoxicaps(ジゴキシン)、ラノキシン(ジゴキシン)、プリマコア(乳酸ミルリノン));アクティベース(アルテプラーゼ、組み換え);Demser(メチロシン)、インベルシン(メカミラミンHCl)、レオプロ(アブシキシマブ)、Retavase(レテプラーゼ)、ストレプターゼ(ストレプトキナーゼ)、TNKase(テネクテプラーゼ);冠拡張薬(例えば、イムデュール(一硝酸イソソルビド)、ISMO(一硝酸イソソルビド)、イソルディル(硝酸イソソルビド)、ニトロドゥール(ニトログリセリン)、ニトロリンガル(ニトログリセリン舌下スプレー)、ニトロスタット(ニトログリセリン錠、USP)、ソルビトレート(硝酸イソソルビド))、末梢血管拡張剤および組み合わせ(例えば、Corlopam(メシル酸フェノルドパム)、フローラン(エポプロステノールナトリウム)、プリマコア(乳酸ミルリノン))、昇圧剤(例えば、Aramine(酒石酸水素メタラミノール)、エピペン(エピネフリン自己注射器の商標EpiPen0.3mg、エピネフリン自己注射器の商標EpiPenJr.0.15mg)、ProAmatine(塩酸ミドドリン)等を含む、血管拡張剤;
(1)中枢神経抑制剤(例えば、全身麻酔薬(バルビツレート、ベンゾジアゼピン、ステロイド、シクロヘキサノン誘導体、および各種薬剤)、催眠鎮静剤(ベンゾジアゼピン、バルビツレート、ピペリジンジオンおよびトリオン、キナゾリン誘導体、カルバメート、アルデヒドおよび誘導体、アミド、非環式ウレイド、ベンズアゼピンおよび関連薬物、フェノチアジン等)、中央随意筋緊張修飾薬物(ヒダントイン、バルビツレート、オキサゾリジンジオン、スクシンイミド、アシルウレイド、グルタルイミド、ベンゾジアゼピン、第2級および第3級アルコール、ジベンザゼピン誘導体、バルプロ酸および誘導体、GABAアナログ等の抗痙攣剤))、鎮痛剤(モルヒネおよび誘導体、オリパビン誘導体、モルフィナン誘導体、フェニルピペリジン、2,6-メタン-3-ベンザゾカイン誘導体、ジフェニルプロピルアミンおよび等量式、サリチル酸塩、p-アミノフェノール誘導体、5-ピラゾロン誘導体、アリール酢酸誘導体、フェナメートおよび等量式等)、および制吐剤(抗コリン作動薬、抗ヒスタミン剤、抗ドーパミン剤等)、(2)中枢神経系刺激剤、(例えば、蘇生剤(呼吸刺激剤、痙攣刺激剤、精神運動刺激剤)、麻薬拮抗剤(モルヒネ誘導体、オリパビン誘導体、2,6-メタン-3-ベンゾキサシン誘導体、モルフィナン誘導体)、向知性剤)、(3)精神薬理剤、(例えば、抗不安鎮静剤(ベンゾジアゼピン、カルバミン酸プロパンジオール)、抗精神病剤(フェノチアジン誘導体、チオキサンチン誘導体、その他の三環式化合物、ブチロフェノン誘導体および同配体、ジフェニルブチルアミン誘導体、置換ベンズアミド、アリールピペラジン誘導体、インドール誘導体等)、抗うつ薬(三環式化合物、MAO阻害剤等))、(4)呼吸器薬、(例えば、中枢性鎮咳薬(アヘンアルカロイドおよびその誘導体))、等の精神薬理剤;
(1)末梢神経系薬物、(例えば、局所麻酔薬(エステル誘導体、アミド誘導体))、(2)シナプスまたは神経効果器接合部位で作用する薬物、(例えば、コリン作動薬、抗コリン剤、神経筋遮断剤、アドレナリン作動薬、抗アドレナリン作動薬)、(3)平滑筋作動薬、(例えば、鎮痙剤(抗コリン作用薬、筋肉屈性鎮痙剤)、血管拡張剤、平滑筋刺激剤)、(4)ヒスタミンおよび抗ヒスタミン剤、(例えば、ヒスタミンおよびその誘導体(ベタゾール)、抗ヒスタミン剤(H1拮抗剤、H2拮抗剤)、ヒスタミン代謝薬)、(5)心血管薬、(例えば、強心剤(植物抽出物、ブテノライド、ペンタジエノライド、エリスロフレウム種由来のアルカロイド、イオノフォア、アドレナリン受容体刺激剤
等)、抗不整脈薬、血圧降下剤、抗高脂血剤(クロフィブリン酸誘導体、ニコチン酸誘導体、ホルモンおよび類似体、抗生物質、サリチル酸および誘導体)、抗静脈瘤薬、止血剤)、(6)血液および造血系薬、(例えば、抗貧血薬、血液凝固薬(収斂剤、抗凝血剤、抗血栓剤、血栓溶解剤、血中タンパクおよびその画分))、(7)胃腸管薬、(例えば、消化剤(健胃剤、胆汁分泌促進剤)、抗潰瘍薬、止痢剤)、(8)局所作用薬、等の薬理剤;
(1)抗感染症剤、(例えば、外部寄生虫撲滅剤(塩素化炭化水素、ピレチン、硫黄化合物)、駆虫剤、抗原虫剤、抗マラリア剤、抗アメーバ剤、抗リーシュマニア薬、抗トリコモナス剤、抗トリパノソーマ剤、スルホンアミド、抗抗酸菌薬、抗ウイルス化学療法剤等)、および(2)細胞増殖抑止剤、すなわち抗腫瘍剤または細胞毒性薬:アルキル化剤、(例えば、塩酸メクロレタミン(窒素マスタード、マスタージェン、HN2)、シクロホスファミド(Cytovan、Endoxana)、イホスファミド(IFEX)、クロラムブシル(リューケラン)、メルファラン(フェニルアラニンマスタード、L-サルコリシン、アルケラン、L-PAM)、ブスルファン(ミレラン)、チオテパ(トリエチレンチオホスホラミド)、カルムスチン(BiCNU、BCNU)、ロムスチン(CeeNU、CCNU)、ストレプトゾシン(ザノサール)等)、等の化学療法剤;植物性アルカロイド、(例えば、ビンクリスチン(オンコビン)、ビンブラスチン(Velban、Velbe)、パクリタキセル(タキソール)等);代謝拮抗物質、(例えば、メトトレキサート(MTX)、メルカプトプリン(プリネトール、6-MP)、チオグアニン(6-TG)、フルオロウラシル(5-FU)、シタラビン(サイトサール-U、Ara‐C)、アザシチジン(Mylosar、5-AZA)等);抗生物質、(例えば、ダクチノマイシン(アクチノマイシンD、コスメゲン)、ドキソルビシン(アドリアマイシン)、ダウノルビシン(ダウノマイシン、Cerubidine)、イダルビシン(イダマイシン)、ブレオマイシン(Blenoxane)、プリカマイシン(ミトラマイシン、ミトラシン)、マイトマイシン(ムタマイシン)等)、およびその他の抗細胞増殖剤、(例えば、ヒドロキシウレア(ハイドレア)、プロカルバジン(Mutalane)、ダカルバジン(DTIC-Dome)、シスプラチン(プラチノール)、カルボプラチン(パラプラチン)、アスパラギナーゼ(Elspar)、エトポシド(ベプシド、VP-16-213)、アムサクリン(AMSA、m-AMSA)、ミトタン(Lysodren)、ミトキサントロン(ノバントロン)等)、等の化学療法剤。
Physician’s Desk Referenceにも列記されている。
(表2)
ヒドロコドン/アセトアミノフェン リピトール
アジスロマイシン ネキシウム
シンバスタチン アドベアーディスカス
オキシコドンER プレバシド
セルトラリン プラビックス
経皮フェンタニル シングレア
ベシル酸アムロジピン セロクエル
フェキソフェナジン エフェクサーXR
アモキシシリン/Pot Clav レクサプロ
オメプラゾール アクトス
ガバペンチン プロトニクス
フルチカゾン点鼻液 バイトリン
リシノプリル トパマックス
アセトアミノフェンを伴うオキシコドン リスパダール
コハク酸メトプロロール エビリファイ
メトホルミン シンバルタ
ノボログ ラミクタール
ベシル酸アムロジピン ジプレキサ
レボチロキシン レバクイン
酒石酸ゾルピデム セレブレックス
アモキシシリン ゼチア
オンダンセトロン バルトレックス
パロキセチン クレストール
アルプラゾラム フォサマックス
ロバスタチン ジルテック
アルブテロールエアロゾル ランタス
フルオキセチン アデラルXR
ロラゼパム ディオバン
ワルファリン アバンディア
プラバスタチン トライコア
セフジニル アシフェックス
アテノロール ディオバンHCT
ヒドロクロロチアジド オキシコンチン
トラマドール コンサータ
クロナゼパム コレグ
セファレキシン フロマックス
ブプロピオンSR リリカ
オキシコドン ウェルブトリンXL
プロポキシフェン-N/アセトアミノフェン アリセプト
リシノプリル/ヒドロクロロチアジド イミグラン経口薬
フィナステリド アンビエン
シタロプラムHBr ロトレル
ニフェジピンER ナソネックス
シクロベンザプリン トプロルXL
フロセミド経口薬 アンビエンCR
カリソプロドール エンブレル
硫酸モルヒネER スピリーバ
シプロフロキサシンHCl バイアグラ
酒石酸メトプロロール ライドダーム
プレドニゾン経口薬 アクトネル
カルチアXT チャンティックス
アンフェタミン塩Cmb ノルバスク
クリンダマイシン全身用 ラブノックス
ナブメトン プロビジル
塩化カリウム ルネスタ
オンダンセトロンODT アルテイス
ジルチアゼムCD ケプラ
ベラパミルSR ジオドン経口薬
アルブテロール吸入液 コザール
フェロジピンER デトロールLA
キナプリル アトリプラ
クロピドグレル ツルバダ
イブプロフェン セルセプト
ラニチジンHCl パルミコート吸入液
グリブリド/メトホルミンHCl ヒューマログ
ミノサイクリン デパコートER
ヒドロクロロチアジドを伴うトリアムテレン デパコート
エナラプリル プレマリン錠
オキシブチニンChl ER シンスロイド
トラマドールHCl/アセトアミノフェン ナイアスパン
メロキシカム バイエッタ
コデインを伴うアセトアミノフェン Budeprion XL
スピロノラクトン ストラテラ
ヒドロキシジン コムビベント
ナプロキセン トリレプタル
グリピジドER ヤスミン28
トラゾドンHCl フロベントHFA
フルコナゾール スケラキシン
ミルタザピン プログラフ
プロメタジン錠 アリミデックス
フェンテルミン エビスタ
グリブリド ハイザール
チザニジンHCl ナメンダ
ジアゼパム ジャヌビア
ベンラファキシン ヒュミラ
メトホルミンHCl ER シアリス
ブスピロンHCl レイアタッツ
ジクロフェナクナトリウム キサラタン
ドキシサイクリン オムニセフ
ゲムフィブロジル アベロックス
セフプロジル プロエアーHFA
プロプラノロールHCl アサコール
フェニトインナトリウム抽出物 ベニカー
一硝酸イソソルビド フェンタニル経口クエン酸塩
クラリスロマイシン レキップ
クロザピン ボニバ
バンコシンHCl カデュエット
グリメピリド アバプロ
クロトリマゾール/ベタメタゾン グリーベック
カルビドパ/レボドパ カレトラ
ムピロシン オーソトリサイクレンLo
酢酸デスモプレシン ベニカー
ニトロフラントイン一水和物 アンドロジェル
クロニジン ゾペネックス
クラリスロマイシンER プロクリット
硫酸トリメトプリム ラミシール経口薬
ニフェディカルXL アバライド
カルベジロール ナサコートAQ
メトトレキサート コンビビルヒドロコドン/イブ
プロフェン アレグラD 12時間用
メチルプレドニゾロン錠 ドラゲシック
エトドラク コパキソン
ニフェジピン レナジェル
ブプロピオンER フェマーラ
ナイスタチン全身用 エンブレル シュアクリック
ベナゼプリル ノボログ混合70/30
ゼゲリド クラリネックス
セフロキシムアキセチル アルダラ
アミトリプチリン フォルテオ
ブプロピオンXL サボキソン
クロベタゾール アボダート
アシクロビル パキシルCR
ベンゾナテート ノービア
アロプリノール アバンダメット
ペニシリンVK レスタシス
テマゼパム アボネックス
バクロフェン センシパル
トレチノイン タルセバ
スルファメトキサゾール/Tri パタノール
テルビナフィンHCL ヤズ
メタドンHCl非注射薬 ロバザ
アミオダロン ミラペックス
ケトコナゾール局所薬 フォカリンXR
ヒドロキシクロロキン コソプト
巨大結晶ニトロフラントイン ザイボックス
トリアムシノロンアセトニドTop エプジコム
炭酸リチウム ヌバリング
テラゾシン アクティック
イトラコナゾール フォサマックプラスD
ヒドララジン アクトプラスメット
ブタルビタール/アセトアミノフェン/カフェイン ルミガン
ラベタロール リノコートアクア
フォシノプリルナトリウム ソロディン
シロスタゾール サロミド
モメタゾン局所薬 フューゼオン
ドキサゾシン アステリン
クリンダマイシン局所薬 ベンザクライン
メトクロプラミド レルパックス
メドロキシプロゲステロン注射薬 ビリアード
メゲストロール経口懸濁液 カソデックス
葉酸 ベガモックス
ゾスタバックス ベシケア
ニトログリセリン ヒューマログ混合75/25Pn
ビソプロロール/ヒドロクロロチアジド トリジビル
ポリエチレングリコール ブプロピオンSR
リン酸プレドニゾロンSd経口薬 ゼローダ
アザチオプリン サスティバ
カルシトリオール レビトラ
トラセミド エンドセット
グリピジド リスパダールコンスタ
ソタロール アグレノックス
ゾニサミド フミラ ペン型
ヒドロモルフォンHCl カディアン
塩化カリウム ディフリン
オキスカルバゼピン カタプレス-TTS
ジルチアゼムSR アルファガンP
硫酸アルブテロール/イプラトロピウム タシオネックス
メトロニダゾールタブ ジルテック シロップ
カベルゴリン マクサルト
シクロスポリン ゾロフト
エストラジオール経口薬 プリロセック
メトカルバモール シプロデックス耳用薬
タモキシフェン テモダール
プロメタジン/コデイン トブラデックス
ウルソジオール ジルテックD
メルカプトプリン ウェルコール
リバビリン マクサルトMLT
ファモチジン アズマネックス
フォスロ アタカンド
インドメタシンSR クマジン錠
ラモトリジン ドボネックス
セファドロキシル クロルコン
イプラトロピウムBr吸入液 ペガシス
フルボキサミン ウルトラムER
メチルフェニデート ベタセロン
メトラゾン ゾビラックス局所薬
マイクロジェスティンFe 1/20 トリネッサ
硫酸デキストロアンフェタミン パルモザイム
ジルチアゼムER ニューポジェン
Clindesse フムリンN
酢酸フレカイニド ミカルディスHCT
メトロニダゾールTop オルソエブラ
マイクロジェスティンFe 1/20 アレグラD 12時間用
エボクリン フェントラ
プリミドン エナブレックス
フルオシノニド ファムビル
テルコナゾール アビンザ
カルビドパ/レボドパER プレンプロ
レフルノミド コレグCR
ミドドリンHCl マリノール
米国特許第5880161号、第5877206号、第5786344号、第5760041号、第5753668号、第5698529号、第5684004号、第5665715号、第5654484号、第5624924号、第5618813号、第5610292号、第5597831号、第5530026号、第5525633号、第5525606号、第5512678号、第5508277号、第5463181号、第5409893号、第5358952号、第5318965号、第5223503号、第5214068号、第5196424号、第5109024号、第5106996号、第51
01072号、第5077404号、第5071848号、第5066493号、第5019390号、第4996229号、第4996206号、第4970318号、第4968800号、第4962114号、第4927828号、第4892887号、第4889859号、第4886790号、第4882334号、第4882333号、第4871746号、第4863955号、第4849563号、第4845216号、第4833145号、第4824955号、第4785085号、第476925号、第4684747号、第4618685号、第4611066号、第4550187号、第4550186号、第4544501号、第4541956号、第4532327号、第4490540号、第4399283号、第4391982号、第4383994号、第4294763号、第4283394号、第4246411号、第4214089号、第4150231号、第4147798号、第4056673号、第4029661号、第4012448号、に開示されているような抗悪性腫瘍剤;
米国特許第5192799号、第5036070号、第4778800号、第4753951号、第4590180号、第4690930号、第4645773号、第4427694号、第4424202号、第4440781号、第5686482号、第5478828号、第5461062号、第5387593号、第5387586号、第5256664号、第5192799号、第5120733号、第5036070号、第4977167号、第4904663号、第4788188号、第4778800号、第4753951号、第4690930号、第4645773号、第4631285号、第4617314号、第4613600号、第4590180号、第4560684号、第4548938号、第4529727号、第4459306号、第4443451号、第4440781号、第4427694号、第4424202号、第4397853号、第4358451号、第4324787号、第4314081号、第4313896号、第4294828号、第4277476号、第4267328号、第4264499号、第4231930号、第4194009号、第4188388号、第4148796号、第4128717号、第4062858号、第4031226号、第4020072号、第4018895号、第4018779号、第4013672号、第3994898号、第3968125号、第3939152号、第3928356号、第3880834号、第3668210号、に開示されているような精神薬理/向精神剤;
米国特許第4966967号、第5661129号、第5552411号、第5332737号、第5389675号、第5198449号、第5079247号、第4966967号、第4874760号、第4954526号、第5051423号、第4888335号、第4853391号、第4906634号、第4775757号、第4727072号、第4542160号、第4522949号、第4524151号、第4525479号、第4474804号、第4520026号、第4520026号、第5869478号、第5859239号、第5837702号、第5807889号、第5731322号、第5726171号、第5723457号、第5705523号、第5696111号、第5691332号、第5679672号、第5661129号、第5654294号、第5646276号、第5637586号、第5631251号、第5612370号、第5612323号、第5574037号、第5563170号、第5552411号、第5552397号、第5547966号、第5482925号、第5457118号、第5414017号、第5414013号、第5401758号、第5393771号、第5362902号、第5332737号、第5310731号、第5260444号、第5223516号、第5217958号、第5208245号、第5202330号、第5198449号、第5189036号、第5185362号、第5140031号、第5128349号、第5116861号、第5079247号、第5070099号、第5061813号、第5055466号、第5051423号、第5036065号、第5026712号、第5011931号、第5006542号、第4981843号、第4977144号、第4971984号、第4966967号、第4959383号、第4954526号、第4952692号、第4939137号、第49
06634号、第4889866号、第4888335号、第4883872号、第4883811号、第4847379号、第4835157号、第4824831号、第4780538号、第4775757号、第4774239号、第4771047号、第4769371号、第4767756号、第4762837号、第4753946号、第4752616号、第4749715号、第4738978号、第4735962号、第4734426号、第4734425号、第4734424号、第4730052号、第4727072号、第4721796号、第4707550号、第4704382号、第4703120号、第4681970号、第4681882号、第4670560号、第4670453号、第4668787号、第4663337号、第4663336号、第4661506号、第4656267号、第4656185号、第4654357号、第4654356号、第4654355号、第4654335号、第4652578号、第4652576号、第4650874号、第4650797号、第4649139号、第4647585号、第4647573号、第4647565号、第4647561号、第4645836号、第4639461号、第4638012号、第4638011号、第4632931号、第4631283号、第4628095号、第4626548号、第4614825号、第4611007号、第4611006号、第4611005号、第4609671号、第4608386号、第4607049号、第4607048号、第4595692号、第4593042号、第4593029号、第4591603号、第4588743号、第4588742号、第4588741号、第4582854号、第4575512号、第4568762号、第4560698号、第4556739号、第4556675号、第4555571号、第4555570号、第4555523号、第4550120号、第4542160号、第4542157号、第4542156号、第4542155号、第4542151号、第4537981号、第4537904号、第4536514号、第4536513号、第4533673号、第4526901号、第4526900号、第4525479号、第4524151号、第4522949号、第4521539号、第4520026号、第4517188号、第4482562号、第4474804号、第4474803号、第4472411号、第4466979号、第4463015号、第4456617号、第4456616号、第4456615号、第4418076号、第4416896号、第4252815号、第4220594号、第4190587号、第4177280号、第4164586号、第4151297号、第4145443号、第4143054号、第4123550号、第4083968号、第4076834号、第4064259号、第4064258号、第4064257号、第4058620号、第4001421号、第3993639号、第3991057号、第3982010号、第3980652号、第3968117号、第3959296号、第3951950号、第3933834号、第3925369号、第3923818号、第3898210号、第3897442号、第3897441号、第3886157号、第3883540号、第3873715号、第3867383号、第3873715号、第3867383号、第3691216号、第3624126号、に開示されているような心血管剤;
米国特許第5902594号、第5874476号、第5874436号、第5859027号、第5856320号、第5854242号、第5811091号、第5786350号、第5783177号、第5773469号、第5762919号、第5753715号、第5741526号、第5709870号、第5707990号、第5696117号、第5684042号、第5683709号、第5656591号、第5643971号、第5643950号、第5610196号、第5608056号、第5604262号、第5595742号、第5576341号、第5554373号、第5541233号、第5534546号、第5534508号、第5514715号、第5508417号、第5464832号、第5428073号、第5428016号、第5424396号、第5399553号、第5391544号、第5385902号、第5359066号、第5356803号、第5354862号、第5346913号、第53
02592号、第5288693号、第5266567号、第5254685号、第5252745号、第5209930号、第5196441号、第5190961号、第5175160号、第5157051号、第5096700号、第5093342号、第5089251号、第5073570号、第5061702号、第5037809号、第5036077号、第5010109号、第4970226号、第4916156号、第4888434号、第4870093号、第4855318号、第4784991号、第4746504号、第4686221号、第4599228号、第4552882号、第4492700号、第4489098号、第4489085号、第4487776号、第4479953号、第4477448号、第4474807号、第4470994号、第4370484号、第4337199号、第4311709号、第4308283号、第4304910号、第4260634号、第4233311号、第4215131号、第4166122号、第4141981号、第4130664号、第4089977号、第4089900号、第4069341号、第4055655号、第4049665号、第4044139号、第4002775号、第3991201号、第3966968号、第3954868号、第3936393号、第3917476号、第3915889号、第3867548号、第3865748号、第3867548号、第3865748号、第3783160号、第3764676号、第3764677号、に開示されているような抗菌薬;
米国特許第5872109号、第5837735号、第5827837号、第5821250号、第5814648号、第5780026号、第5776946号、第5760002号、第5750543号、第5741798号、第5739279号、第5733939号、第5723481号、第5716967号、第5688949号、第5686488号、第5686471号、第5686434号、第5684204号、第5684041号、第5684031号、第5684002号、第5677318号、第5674891号、第5672620号、第5665752号、第5656661号、第5635516号、第5631283号、第5622948号、第5618835号、第5607959号、第5593980号、第5593960号、第5580888号、第5552424号、第5552422号、第5516764号、第5510361号、第5508026号、第5500417号、第5498405号、第5494927号、第5476876号、第5472973号、第5470885号、第5470842号、第5464856号、第5464849号、第5462952号、第5459151号、第5451686号、第5444043号、第5436265号、第5432181号、第RE034918号、第5393756号、第5380738号、第5376670号、第5360811号、第5354768号、第5348957号、第5347029号、第5340815号、第5338753号、第5324648号、第5319099号、第5318971号、第5312821号、第5302597号、第5298633号、第5298522号、第5298498号、第5290800号、第5290788号、第5284949号、第5280045号、第5270319号、第5266562号、第5256680号、第5250700号、第5250552号、第5248682号、第5244917号、第5240929号、第5234939号、第5234937号、第5232939号、第5225571号、第5225418号、第5220025号、第5212189号、第5212172号、第5208250号、第5204365号、第5202350号、第5196431号、第5191084号、第5187175号、第5185326号、第5183906号、第5177079号、第5171864号、第5169963号、第5155122号、第5143929号、第5143928号、第5143927号、第5124455号、第5124347号、第5114958号、第5112846号、第5104656号、第5098613号、第5095037号、第5095019号、第5086064号、第5081261号、第5081147号、第5081126号、第5075330号、第5066668号、第5059602号、第5043457号、第5037835号、第5037811号、第5036088号、第5
013850号、第5013751号、第5013736号、第500654号、第4992448号、第4992447号、第4988733号、第4988728号、第4981865号、第4962119号、第4959378号、第4954519号、第4945099号、第4942236号、第4931457号、第4927835号、第4912248号、第4910192号、第4904786号、第4904685号、第4904674号、第4904671号、第4897397号、第4895953号、第4891370号、第4870210号、第4859686号、第4857644号、第4853392号、第4851412号、第4847303号、第4847290号、第4845242号、第4835166号、第4826990号、第4803216号、第4801598号、第4791129号、第4788205号、第4778818号、第4775679号、第4772703号、第4767776号、第4764525号、第4760051号、第4748153号、第4725616号、第4721712号、第4713393号、第4708966号、第4695571号、第4686235号、第4686224号、第4680298号、第4678802号、第4652564号、第4644005号、第4632923号、第4629793号、第4614741号、第4599360号、第4596828号、第4595694号、第4595686号、第4594357号、第4585755号、第4579866号、第4578390号、第4569942号、第4567201号、第4563476号、第4559348号、第4558067号、第4556672号、第4556669号、第4539326号、第4537903号、第4536503号、第4518608号、第4514415号、第4512990号、第4501755号、第4495197号、第4493839号、第4465687号、第4440779号、第4440763号、第4435420号、第4412995号、第4400534号、第4355034号、第4335141号、第4322420号、第4275064号、第4244963号、第4235908号、第4234593号、第4226887号、第4201778号、第4181720号、第4173650号、第4173634号、第4145444号、第4128664号、第4125612号、第4124726号、第4124707号、第4117135号、第4027031号、第4024284号、第4021553号、第4021550号、第4018923号、第4012527号、第4011326号、第3998970号、第3998954号、第3993763号、第3991212号、第3984405号、第3978227号、第3978219号、第3978202号、第3975543号、第3968224号、第3959368号、第3949082号、第3949081号、第3947475号、第3936450号、第3934018号、第3930005号、第3857955号、第3856962号、第3821377号、第3821401号、第3789121号、第3789123号、第3726978号、第3694471号、第3691214号、第3678169号、第3624216号、に開示されているような抗炎症剤;
米国特許第4450159号、第4450159号、第5905085号、第5883119号、第5880280号、第5877184号、第5874594号、第5843452号、第5817672号、第5817661号、第5817660号、第5801193号、第5776974号、第5763478号、第5739169号、第5723466号、第5719176号、第5696156号、第5695753号、第5693648号、第5693645号、第5691346号、第5686469号、第5686424号、第5679705号、第5679640号、第5670504号、第5665774号、第5665772号、第5648376号、第5639455号、第5633277号、第5624930号、第5622970号、第5605903号、第5604229号、第5574041号、第5565560号、第5550233号、第5545734号、第5540931号、第5532248号、第5527820号、第5516797号、第5514688号、第5512687号、第5506233号、第5506228号、第5494895号、第5484788号、第5470857号、第54
64615号、第5432183号、第5431896号、第5385918号、第5349061号、第5344925号、第5330993号、第5308837号、第5290783号、第5290772号、第5284877号、第5284840号、第5273979号、第5262533号、第5260300号、第5252732号、第5250678号、第5247076号、第5244896号、第5238689号、第5219884号、第5208241号、第5208228号、第5202332号、第5192773号、第5189042号、第5169851号、第5162334号、第5151413号、第5149701号、第5147877号、第5143918号、第5138051号、第5093338号、第5091389号、第5068323号、第5068247号、第5064835号、第5061728号、第5055290号、第4981792号、第4810692号、第4410696号、第4346096号、第4342769号、第4317825号、第4256766号、第4180588号、第4000275号、第3759921号、に開示されているような免疫抑制剤;
米国特許第5292736号、第5688825号、第5554789号、第5455230号、第5292736号、第5298522号、第5216165号、第5438064号、第5204365号、第5017578号、第4906655号、第4906655号、第4994450号、第4749792号、第4980365号、第4794110号、第4670541号、第4737493号、第4622326号、第4536512号、第4719231号、第4533671号、第4552866号、第4539312号、第4569942号、第4681879号、第4511724号、第4556672号、第4721712号、第4474806号、第4595686号、第4440779号、第4434175号、第4608374号、第4395402号、第4400534号、第4374139号、第4361583号、第4252816号、第4251530号、第5874459号、第5688825号、第5554789号、第5455230号、第5438064号、第5298522号、第5216165号、第5204365号、第5030639号、第5017578号、第5008264号、第4994450号、第4980365号、第4906655号、第4847290号、第4844907号、第4794110号、第4791129号、第4774256号、第4749792号、第4737493号、第4721712号、第4719231号、第4681879号、第4670541号、第4667039号、第4658037号、第4634708号、第4623648号、第4622326号、第4608374号、第4595686号、第4594188号、第4569942号、第4556672号、第4552866号、第4539312号、第4536512号、第4533671号、第4511724号、第4440779号、第4434175号、第4400534号、第4395402号、第4391827号、第4374139号、第4361583号、第4322420号、第4306097号、第4252816号、第4251530号、第4244955号、第4232018号、第4209520号、第4164514号、第4147872号、第4133819号、第4124713号、第4117012号、第4064272号、第4022836号、第3966944号、に開示されているような鎮痛剤;
米国特許第5219872号、第5219873号、第5073560号、第5073560号、第5346911号、第5424301号、第5073560号、第5219872号、第4900748号、第4786648号、第4798841号、第4782071号、第4710508号、第5482938号、第5464842号、第5378723号、第5346911号、第5318978号、第5219873号、第5219872号、第5084281号、第5073560号、第5002955号、第4988710号、第4900748号、第4798841号、第4786648号、第4782071号、第4745123号、第4710508号、に開示されているような、コリン作動薬;
米国特許第5091528号、第5091528号、第4835157号、第57
08015号、第5594027号、第5580892号、第5576332号、第5510376号、第5482961号、第5334601号、第5202347号、第5135926号、第5116867号、第5091528号、第5017618号、第4835157号、第4829086号、第4579867号、第4568679号、第4469690号、第4395559号、第4381309号、第4363808号、第4343800号、第4329289号、第4314943号、第4311708号、第4304721号、第4296117号、第4285873号、第4281189号、第4278608号、第4247710号、第4145550号、第4145425号、第4139535号、第4082843号、第4011321号、第4001421号、第3982010号、第3940407号、第3852468号、第3832470号、に開示されているような、アドレナリン作動薬;
米国特許第5874479号、第5863938号、第5856364号、第5770612号、第5702688号、第5674912号、第5663208号、第5658957号、第5652274号、第5648380号、第5646190号、第5641814号、第5633285号、第5614561号、第5602183号、第4923892号、第4782058号、第4393210号、第4180583号、第3965257号、第3946022号、第3931197号、に開示されているような抗ヒスタミン剤;
米国特許第5863538号、第5855907号、第5855866号、第5780592号、第5776427号、第5651987号、第5346887号、第5256408号、第5252319号、第5209926号、第4996335号、第4927807号、第4910192号、第4710495号、第4049805号、第4004005号、第3670079号、第3608076号、第5892028号、第5888995号、第5883087号、第5880115号、第5869475号、第5866558号、第5861390号、第5861388号、第5854235号、第5837698号、第5834452号、第5830886号、第5792758号、第5792757号、第5763361号、第5744462号、第5741787号、第5741786号、第5733899号、第5731345号、第5723638号、第5721226号、第5712264号、第5712263号、第5710144号、第5707984号、第5705494号、第5700793号、第5698720号、第5698545号、第5696106号、第5677293号、第5674861号、第5661141号、第5656621号、第5646136号、第5637691号、第5616574号、第5614514号、第5604215号、第5604213号、第5599807号、第5585482号、第5565588号、第5563259号、第5563131号、第5561124号、第5556845号、第5547949号、第5536714号、第5527806号、第5506354号、第5506221号、第5494907号、第5491136号、第5478956号、第5426179号、第5422262号、第5391776号、第5382661号、第5380841号、第5380840号、第5380839号、第5373095号、第5371078号、第5352809号、第5344827号、第5344826号、第5338837号、第5336686号、第5292906号、第5292878号、第5281587号、第5272140号、第5244886号、第5236912号、第5232915号、第5219879号、第5218109号、第5215972号、第5212166号、第5206415号、第5194602号、第5166201号、第5166055号、第5126488号、第5116829号、第5108996号、第5099037号、第5096892号、第5093502号、第5086047号、第5084450号、第5082835号、第5081114号、第5053404号、第5041433号、第5041432号、第5034548号、第5032586号、第5026882号、第4996335号、第4975537号、第4970205号、第4954446号、第4950428号、第4946834号、第4937237号、第4921846号、第49
20099号、第4910226号、第4900725号、第4892867号、第4888336号、第4885280号、第4882322号、第4882319号、第4882315号、第4874855号、第4868167号、第4865767号、第4861875号、第4861765号、第4861763号、第4847014号、第4774236号、第4753932号、第4711856号、第4710495号、第4701450号、第4701449号、第4689410号、第4680290号、第4670551号、第4664850号、第4659516号、第4647410号、第4634695号、第4634693号、第4588530号、第4567000号、第4560557号、第4558041号、第4552871号、第4552868号、第4541956号、第4519946号、第4515787号、第4512986号、第4502989号、第4495102号、に開示されているようなステロイド剤も挙げられるが、これに限定されず、これらの開示は、参照することにより本明細書に組み込まれる。
本発明の送達組成物は、ヒト対象等の哺乳類対象の角質化した皮膚表面または粘膜表面等の局所位置に活性物質を送達するために調合された、組成物である。角質化した皮膚表面とは、対象の皮膚位置、すなわち、哺乳類本体の外側被覆または外皮を意味する。粘膜表面とは、口腔内、鼻腔内等の粘膜表面を含む、対象の位置を意味する。
ローション剤は、液体組成物であり、その粘度は、回転粘度計を使用して測定した時に、10,000cP以下等の、50,000cP以下であり、該回転粘度計は、25℃の温度での粘度測定プロトコルにおいて、試料の中に浸漬した円筒ロータの回転トルクを測定することによって粘度を測定し、これは、JIS K 7117:Testing Methods For Viscosity With A Rotational Viscometer Of Resins In The Liquid、またはAST
M D 2196-86:Test Methods for Rheological
Properties on Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational(Brookfield) Viscometerに記載されている。
アルコール、マレイン酸ジエチルヘキシル、PPG-14ブチルエーテル、プロピオン酸PPG-2ミリスチル、リシノレイン酸セチル、ステアリン酸コレステロール、イソステアリン酸コレステロール、酢酸コレステロール、ホホバ油、カカオバター、シアバター、ラノリン、およびラノリンエステルが挙げられるが、これに限定されない。
、ラノリン油、C10-18トリグリセリド、カプリル酸/カプリン酸トリグリセリド、スイ
ートアーモンド油、アプリコット実油、胡麻油、アマナズナ油、タマヌ種油、ヤシ油、コーン油、綿実油、アマニ油、インク油、オリーブ油、パーム油、イリッペ脂、ナタネ油、大豆油、ブドウ種油、ヒマワリ種油、クルミ油等が挙げられるが、これに限定されない。また、例えばグリセリン等のポリオールのモノ、ジ、またはトリエステルといった、修飾された天然脂肪または油である脂肪酸モノ、ジ、およびトリグリセリド等の、合成または半合成グリセリルエステルも適切である。一例において、脂肪(C12-22)カルボン酸は
、1つまたは複数の繰り返しグリセリル基、ステアリン酸グリセリル、ジイソステアリン酸ジグリセリル、イソステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-3、イソステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-4、リシノール酸ポリグリセリル-6、ジオレイン酸グリセリル、ジイソステアリン酸グリセリル、テトライソステアリン酸グリセリル、トリオクタン酸グリセリル、ジステアリン酸ジグリセリル、リノール酸グリセリル、ミリスチン酸グリセリル、イソステアリン酸グリセリル、PEGヒマシ油、PEGオレイン酸グリセリル、PEGステアリン酸グリセリル、PEG牛脂脂肪酸グリセリルと反応する。
酸エステル;脂肪酸モノグリセリド;ソルビタン、モノおよびジC8-C20脂肪酸;およびポリオキシエチレンソルビタン、ならびにそれらの組み合わせを伴うものが挙げられる。アルキルポリヒドロキシ脂肪酸アミド、および糖類脂肪アミド(例えば、メチルグルコンアミド)は、同じく関心がある非イオン乳化剤である。対象となる陰イオン性乳化剤には、石鹸、硫酸およびスルホン酸アルキルエーテル、硫酸およびスルホン酸アルキル、スルホン酸アルキルベンゼン、スルホコハク酸アルキルおよびジアルキル、C8-C20イセ
チオン酸アシル、C8-C20リン酸アルキルエーテル、カルボン酸アルキルエーテル、お
よびそれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。
物の中に含むことができる。対象となる防腐剤には、p-ヒドロキシ安息香酸、ヒダントイン誘導体、プロピオン酸塩、および種々の第4級アンモニウム化合物のアルキルエステルが挙げられる。特定の対象となる防腐剤には、ブチルカルバミン酸ヨウ化プロピニル、フェノキシエタノール、メチルパラベン、プロピルパラベン、イミダゾリジニル尿素、デヒドロ酢酸ナトリウム、ベンジルアルコール、ベンジルヘミホルマール、ベンジルパラベン、5-ブロモ-5-ニトロ-1,3-ジオキサン、2-ブロモ-2-ニトロプロパン-1,3-ジオール、カプリリルグリコール、エチルヘキシルグリセリン、フェノキシエタノールソルビン酸、メチルパラベン、プロピルパラベン、エチルパラベン、ブチルパラベン、安息香酸ナトリウム、ソルビン酸カリウム、エチレンジアミン4酢酸のジナトリウム塩、クロロキシレノール、DMDMヒダントイン、カルバミン酸3-ヨード-2-プロピルブチル、グルコン酸クロルヘキシジンジ、フェノキシエタノール、ジアゾリジニル尿素、ビグアナイド系誘導体、安息香酸カルシウム、プロピオン酸カルシウム、カプリリルグリコール、ビグアナイド系誘導体、キャプタン、2酢酸クロルヘキシジン、グルコン酸クロルヘキシジン、2塩酸クロルヘキシジン、クロロアセトアミド、クロロブタノール、p-クロロ-m-クレゾール、クロロフェン、クロロチモール、クロロキシレノール、m-クレゾール、o-クレゾール、DEDMヒダントイン、ラウリン酸DEDMヒダントインジ、デヒドロ酢酸、ジアゾリジニル尿素、ジイセチオン酸ジブロモプロパミジン、DMDMヒダントイン等が挙げられるが、これに限定されない。存在する時には、防腐剤は、組成物の約0.01~約10重量%の範囲の量で送達組成物の中に存在し得る。
ルバター、カカオバター、ココナッツバター、コーヒーバター、綿ソフトバター、クランベリーバター、クプアスバター、ブドウ種バター、へーゼルナッツバター、麻の実バター、トクサバター、イリッペ脂、Irvingia Gabonensis殻バター、ホホババター、カリテバター、コクムバター、ククイバター、ラベンダーバター、レモンバター、ライムバター、マカダミアバター、マンゴーバター、Marulaバター、Monoiバター、モーラーバター、Mucajaバター、ムルムルバター、Oleaバター、オリーブバター、オレンジバター、パーム油、パッションバター、Phulwaraバター、ピスタチオバター、ザクロバター、カボチャバター、キイチゴバター、米バター、サルバター、Sapucainhaバター、Seasameバター、シアバター、大豆バター、Tamanuバター、ヒマワリ種バター、スイートアーモンドバター、タンジェリンバター、ツクマ種バター、Ucuubaバター、および麦芽バターである。
アビエスアルバ葉油、アセトアルデヒド、アセトアニリド、酢酸、アキルレアミルレフォリウム油、アクティニディアキネンシス(キウイ)果実水、アジピン酸、エイガー、変性アルコール、アルギン、アロエバルバデンシス葉、酢酸アミル、安息香酸アミル、アミルシンナマール、アネトール、アニスアルコール、アンテミスノビリス花水、ベンズアルデヒド、ベンジルアルコール、ベトゥラアルバ油、ボスウェリアセラータ油、酢酸ブチル、乳酸ブチル、カレンデュラオフィキナリス花油、カメリアシネンシス葉水、樟脳、カプサイシン、セドロール、シンナマル、シトラール、シトロネロール、シトラスアウランチフォリア(ライム)油、シトラスアウランチウムドゥルシス(オレンジ)油、シトラスグランディス(グレープフルーツ)油、シトラスタンジェリナ(タンジェリン)果皮油、クマリン、ジアセトンアルコール、ケイ皮酸エチル、エチルエーテル、ユーカリプタスカリョフィルス(クローブ)花油、ファルネソール、ガーデニアフロリダ油、ゼラニウムマクラツム油、ヘキシルシンナマル、水素化ロージン、イルリキウムウェルム(アニス)油、酢酸イソアミル、シダーウッドテキサス油、ゲッケイジュ油、ラワンデュラアングスティフォリア(ラベンダー)油、メラレウカアルテルニフォリア(チャノキ)葉油、メリッサオフィキナリス葉油、メンタピペリタ(ペパーミント)油、メントール、2-ナフトール、オリガヌムマヨラナ葉油、パナックスジンセング根抽出物、ペラルゴン酸、ペラルゴニウムグラウェオレンス花油、ピヌスシルウェストリスコーン油、プルナスアルメニアカ(アプリコット)殻油、ローザカニーナ花油、ロスマリヌスオフィキナリス(ローズマリー)葉油、サンタラムアルバム(ビャクダン)油、タイムブルガリス(タイム)油、バニリン、ヴィティスヴィニフェラ(ブドウ)葉油、ズィンギベルオフィキナレ(ショウガ)根油
が挙げられる。
同じく関心があるのは、ゲル、クリーム、および軟膏等の半固体送達組成物である。そのような組成物は、(活性物質-リン酸カルシウム粒子複合体に加えて)水、水溶性ポリマー、防腐剤、アルコール、多価アルコール乳化剤、湿潤剤、蝋、溶媒、増粘剤、可塑剤、pH調節剤、水分保持剤等の混合物であってもよい。さらに、そのような組成物は、芳香剤、色素、乳化剤、緩衝剤、抗生剤、安定剤等の、他の生理学的に許容される賦形剤または他の少量の添加剤を含有してもよい。これらの種類の化合物の例は、上記に提供されている。
同じく関心があるのは、局所パッチ製剤等の固体製剤である。局所パッチ製剤は、大きく異なり得る。局所パッチ製剤は、活性物質層、支持体、および剥離ライナーを含んでもよい。活性物質層は、ある量の活性物質-粒子複合体を基材の中に含んでもよく、該基材は、感圧性ゴムおよびアクリル酸等の接着剤、ヒドロゲル、生理学的に許容される賦形剤、または芳香剤、色素、乳化剤、緩衝剤、抗生剤、安定剤等の他の少量の添加剤のうちの1つまたは複数を含んでもよい。支持体は、人体の動きに合わせることが可能である可撓性材料でできていてもよく、例えば、プラスチックフィルム、種々の不織布、織布、スパンデックス等が挙げられる。種々の不活性被覆剤が用いられてもよく、以下に説明する絆創膏に使用してもよい種々の材料を含む。代替として、不織布または織布被覆剤が用いられてもよく、特に、熱および蒸気の輸送を可能にするエラストマー被覆剤であってもよい。これらの被覆剤は、疼痛部位を冷却することを可能にし、これは、より良好な快適性を提供する一方で、ゲルの機械的な除去から保護する。剥離ライナーは、あらゆる好都合な材料でできていてもよく、代表的な剥離フィルムには、ポリエステル、PET、またはPP等が挙げられる。
同じく関心があるのは、吸入を介して投与されるエアロゾル組成物製剤である。これらのエアロゾル製剤は、ジクロロジフルオロメタン、プロパン、窒素等の圧縮可能な噴射剤内に入れることができる。該エアロゾル製剤はまた、吸入器または噴霧器等で使用する非加圧調製品のために調合されてもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、製剤は、噴射剤中に懸濁または分散させた活性物質結合粒子、または噴射剤と溶媒とを含む、粉末エアロゾル製剤である。噴射剤は、製剤の所望の蒸気圧および安定性を提供するように選択される、液化クロロフルオロカーボン(CFC)の混合物であってもよい。噴射剤11、12、および114は、吸入投与のためのエアロゾル製剤で最も広く使用されている噴射剤である。他の一般に使用される噴射剤には、噴射剤113、142b、152a、124、およびジメチルエーテルが挙げられる。化合物1,1,1,2-テトラフルオロエタンもまた、薬物エアロゾル製剤に一般に使用される噴射剤である。噴射剤は、全吸入剤組成物のうちの40~90重量%であってもよい。
本発明の態様は、送達組成物を作製する方法をさらに含む。あらゆる好都合な製造プロトコルが用いられてもよいが、いくつかの事例において、製造プロトコルは、最初に、活性物質-粒子複合体を調製することを含む。活性物質-粒子複合体の生成に続いて、結果として生じた複合体は、次いで、任意の好都合なプロトコルを使用して、送達組成物成分内に組み合わせられる。
物を生成することと、次いで、所望の活性物質-粒子複合体を生成するのに十分な条件の下で(所望に応じて、振動を伴って)、液体組成物をある量の均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子と組み合わせることとを含む。このように、特定の実施形態では、例えば適切な溶媒系(水性または非水溶媒系)中の非結合粒子のスラリーといった、非結合粒子の流体組成物を、適切な量の活性物質と組み合わせる。
所望に応じて、非結合粒子は、活性物質と組み合わせる前に、いくつかの様式で前処理されてもよい。このように、活性物質結合粒子の調製は、初期pH調整ステップ等の前処理ステップを含んでもよい。このステップでは、粒子に結合する所望の活性物質を提供するために、非結合粒子は、それらをpH調整剤等の1つまたは複数の剤と接触させることによって修飾される。pH調整の特定の性質は、用いられた場合、粒子に結合される活性物質の種類に応じて変化する。対象となる活性物質の1つの分類は、酸性および/または塩基性の帯電部分を含み、例えば3,000ダルトン以上の分子量、5,000のダルトン以上等、例えば10,000ダルトン以上、25,000ダルトン以上、50,000ダルトン以上、75,000ダルトン以上、100,000ダルトン以上、250,000ダルトン以上、500,000ダルトン以上、750,000ダルトン以上、1,000,000ダルトン以上といった、数千ダルトンを超える分子量を有するものである。そのような活性物質の例には、タンパク質、核酸、および多糖類が挙げられるが、これに限定されない。そのような活性物質は、広範囲のpH条件の下で、粒子のカルシウムおよび/またはリン酸部位に強く結合し得る。故に、この種類の活性物質の場合、pH修飾は、所望に応じて、実施しても、しなくてもよい。pH修飾が要求される場合、pH修飾は、例えば酸性または塩基性剤といった、あらゆる好都合なpH調整剤を使用して実施されてもよい。対象となるpH調整剤には、乳酸、グリコール酸、トリエタノールアミン、および水酸化ナトリウムが挙げられるが、これに限定されない。いくつかの事例では、粒子のカルシウムおよび/またはリン酸結合部位を遮断しない、pH調整剤が選択される。
充填溶媒として、エタノールおよびジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)等の有機溶媒の使用が用いられてもよい。
げられるが、これに限定されない。
前述したような(必要に応じた)任意の前処理および/または洗浄に続いて、活性物質結合粒子を生成するために、非結合粒子を活性物質と組み合わせる。活性物質は、所望に応じて、粉末または溶液形態のいずれかであることができる。容器の中での単純な静的混合等の、活性物質を組み合わせるためのあらゆる適切なプロトコルおよび粒子が用いられてもよい。結合中の組成物のpHは、例えば、前述したようなpH調整剤を用いることによって、最大限の結合を提供するように選択されてもよい。例えば、いくつかの事例において、塩基性の活性物質は、塩基性状態の下で粒子と組み合わせられ、酸性の活性物質は、酸性状態の下で粒子と組み合わせられる。したがって、複合体形成反応のpHは、いくつかの事例において、5~14の範囲であり得る。特定の事例では、pHは、10以下であるが、複合体形成に使用される時間の長さに応じて、実質的な粒子の分解を回避するようにpHが選択されてもよく、例えば、5.2以上となるように選択されてもよい。
前述のように、活性物質を粒子に結合させて活性物質-粒子複合体を生成する際に用いられる溶媒系は、様々であり得る。活性物質-粒子複合体を調製する際に使用する溶媒系は、単一の溶媒または複数の2つ以上の異なる溶媒で構成されてもよい。対象となる溶媒系中に存在する溶媒は、極性(すなわち、15以上の誘電率を有する)または無極性(すなわち、15未満の誘電率を有する)であってもよく、また、プロトン性(水素結合を介して、陰イオン(負に帯電する溶質)を強く溶媒和する)または非プロトン性(それらの双極子を介して、正に帯電する種を溶媒和するのに十分大きい双極子モーメントを有する)であってもよい。
サン、グリム、ダイグライム、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、PEGエステル、PEGソルビタン、PEGエーテル、PEGエステル、ポリプロピレングリコール(PPG)、PPGエステル、アルコキシル化直鎖アルキルジオール、アルコキシル化アルキルグルコースエーテル、PPGアルキルエーテル等のエーテル;酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル、酢酸アミル、安息香酸エチル、安息香酸ベンジル、フタル酸ジメチル、フタル酸ジブチル、ジメチルアセトアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)等のエステル/アミド;アセトニトリル等のニトリル;炭酸ジメチル、炭酸ジエチル、炭酸プロピレン、炭酸エチレン等の炭酸塩;四塩化炭素、クロロホルム、ジクロロメタン、ジクロロエタン、トリクロロエタン、フレオン-11、BMIM-PF6イオン液体等のハロゲン化化合物;ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、二硫化炭素、スルホラン、ヘキサメチルリン酸トリアミド等の硫黄/リン含有化合物;およびピリジン、トリエチルアミン、N-メチルピロリジノン(NMP)等のアミンが挙げられるが、これに限定されない。
セチルステアリル、オクタン酸セチルステアリル、クロロブタノール、C8-12酸トリグリセリド、C12-18酸トリグリセリド、C9-12アルカン、C10-13アルカン、C13-14アルカ
ン、C13-15アルカン、C14-17アルカン、C14-19アルカン、C15-19アルカン、C15-23
アルカン、C18-21アルカン、C8-9アルカン/シクロアルカン、C9-10アルカン/シクロアルカン、C9-11アルカン/シクロアルカン、C9-16アルカン/シクロアルカン、C10-12アルカン/シクロアルカン、C11-14アルカン/シクロアルカン、C11-15アルカン/シ
クロアルカン、C12-13アルカン/シクロアルカン、C8-10アルカン/シクロアルカン/
芳香族炭化水素、C12-15アルカン/シクロアルカン/芳香族炭化水素、C9-10芳香族炭
化水素、C10-11芳香族炭化水素、CDアルコール19、塩素化パラフィン、C7-8イソパラフィン、C8-9イソパラフィン、C9-11イソパラフィン、C9-13イソパラフィン、C9-14イソパラフィン、C9-16イソパラフィン、C10-11イソパラフィン、C10-12イソパラフ
ィン、C10-13イソパラフィン、C22-12イソパラフィン、C11-13イソパラフィン、C11-14イソパラフィン、C12-14イソパラフィン、C12-20イソパラフィン、C13-14イソパラ
フィン、C13-16イソパラフィン、C20-40イソパラフィン、コイックスラクリマーヨビ(数珠玉)種水、C6-12パーフルオロアルキルエタノール、C10-18トリグリセリド、シク
ロエトキシメチコン、シクロヘプタシロキサン、シクロヘキサンジメタノール、シクロヘキサシロキサン、シクロメチコン、シクロペンタシロキサン、シクロテトラシロキサン、シクロトリシロキサン、デカン、1,10-デカンジオール、デセン、デシルアルコール、脱臭灯油、グリセリンジアセタート、ジアセトンアルコール、アジピン酸ジブチル、マレイン酸ジブチルオクチル、セバシン酸ジブチルオクチル、シュウ酸ジブチル、フタル酸ジブチル、セバシン酸ジブチル、マレイン酸ジ-C12-15アルキル、ジエトキシジグリコール、コハク酸ジエトキシエチル、ジ安息香酸ジエチレングリコール、アジピン酸ジエチルヘキシル、マレイン酸ジエチルヘキシル、ジエチルヘキシル2,6-ナフタレート、フタル酸ジエチルヘキシル、ジエチルヘキシルセバシン酸、コハク酸ジオクチル、シュウ酸ジエチル、フタル酸ジエチル、ジエチルセバシン酸、コハク酸ジエチル、アジピン酸ジヘプチルウンデシル、アジピン酸ジヘキシル、セバシン酸ジヘキシルデシル、リンゴ酸ジイソアミル、アジピン酸ジイソブチル、シュウ酸ジイソブチル、アジピン酸ジイソセチル、アジピン酸ジイソデシル、アジピン酸ジイソノニル、アジピン酸ジイソセチル、アジピン酸ジイソプロピル、シュウ酸ジイソプロピル、セバシン酸ジイソプロピル、ジメトキ
シジグリコール、アジピン酸ジメチル、ジメチルカプラミド、グルタル酸ジメチル、ジメチルイソソルビド、マレイン酸ジメチル、シュウ酸ジメチル、フタル酸ジメチル、コハク酸ジメチル、ジメチルスルホン、アジピン酸ジオクチル、コハク酸ジオクチル、セバシン酸ジオクチルドデシル、ジオキソラン、ジフェニルメタン、アジピン酸ジ-PPG-3ミリスチルエーテル、アジピン酸ジプロピル、ジプロピレングリコール、ジ安息香酸ジプロピレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコールジメチルエーテル、シュウ酸ジプロピル、アジピン酸ジトリデシル、ドデセン、エキウムプランタギネウムの種油、エイコサン、エトキシジグリコール、酢酸エトキシジグリコール、エトキシエタノール、酢酸エトキシエタノール、炭酸エチレン、エチルエーテル、エチルヘキサンジオール、安息香酸エチルヘキシル、エチル乳酸塩、マカダミア酸エチル、ミリスチン酸エチル、オレイン酸エチル、エチルパーフルオロブチルエーテル、フルフラール、安息香酸グリセレス-7、安息香酸グリセレス-18、安息香酸グリセレス-20、ジイソノナン酸グリセレス-7、乳酸グリセレス-4,5、乳酸グリセレス-5、乳酸グリセレス-7、3酢酸グリセレス-7、グリシンソヤ(大豆)油、グリコフロール、グリコール、ヘキサデセン、ヘキサンジオール、1,2-ヘキサンジオール、1,2,6-ヘキサントリオール、ヘキセン、ヘキシルアルコール、安息香酸ヘキシルデシル、サリチル酸ヘキシルドデシル、ヘキシレングリコール、水素化ポリデセン、水素化ポリドデセン、ヒドロキシメチルジオキソラノン、酢酸イソアミル、イソブトキシプロパノール、酢酸イソブチル、安息香酸イソブチル、ステアリン酸イソブチル、サリチル酸イソセチル、安息香酸イソデシル、イソノナン酸イソデシル、オクタン酸イソデシル、オレイン酸イソデシル、イソドデカン、イソエイコサン、イソヘキサデカン、イソノナン酸イソノニル、イソオクタン、イソペンタン、イソペンチルジオール、酢酸イソプロピル、クエン酸イソプロピル、ラウリン酸イソプロピル、ミリスチン酸イソプロピル、パルミチン酸イソプロピル、イソプロピルフタルイミド、グリコール酸イソステアリル、ステアリン酸イソステアリルステアロイル、ラネス-5、ラノリン油、酢酸ラウレス-2、リモネン、3-メトキシブタノール、メトキシジグリコール、メトキシエタノール、酢酸メトキシエタノール、メトキシイソプロパノール、酢酸メトキシイソプロピル、メトキシメチルブタノール、メトキシPEG-7、メトキシPEG-10、メトキシPEG-16、メトキシPEG-25、メトキシPEG-40、メトキシPEG-100、酢酸メチル、メチラール、安息香酸メチル、メチルブテン、安息香酸メチルグルセス-20、メチルヘキシルエーテル、乳酸メチル、メチルパーフルオロブチルエーテル、メチルプロパンジオール、メチルピロリドン、メチルソイエート、メチルサンフラワーシーデート、メチルフェニルトリメチコン、MIBK、鉱物油、鉱物スピリット、混合テルペン、モモディカグロスベノリィ果物ジュース、モルホリン、ムステリン酸/パルミチン酸トリグリセリド、ネオペンチルグリコール、ジオクタン酸ネオペンチルグリコール、ノノキシノール-9、オクタデカン、オクタデセン、オクタン、オクテン、安息香酸オクチル、乳酸オクチルドデシル、オクチルドデカン酸オクチルドデシル、オクチルイソノナン酸、イソステアリン酸オクチル、ラウリン酸オクチル、パルミチン酸オクチル、ステアリン酸オクチル、オレイルアルコール、オリーブ油PEG-6エステル、落花生油PEG-6エステル、PBG-33ヒマシ油、PEG-4、PEG-6、PEG-7、PEG-8、PEG-9、PEG-10、PEG-12、PEG-14、PEG-16、PEG-18、PEG-20、PEG-32、PEG-33、PEG-40、PEG-45、PEG-55、PEG-60、PEG-75、PEG-80、PEG-90、PEG-100、PEG-135、PEG-150、PEG-180、PEG-200、PEG-220、PEG-240、PEG-350、PEG-400、PEG-450、PEG-500、PEG-2ベンジルエーテル、PEG-15ブタンジオール、PEG-3メチルエーテル、PEG-4メチルエーテル、PEG-6メチルエーテル、PEG-7メチルエーテル、ヤシ脂肪酸PEG-50グリセリル、PEG-20水素化ヒマシ油、PEG/PPG-1/2コポリマー、PEG/PPG-4/2コポリマー、PEG/PPG-5/30コポリマー、PEG/PPG-6/2コポリマー、PEG/PPG-7/50コポリマー、PEG/PPG-8/17コポリマー、PEG/PPG-10/70コポリマー、PEG
/PPG-17/6コポリマー、PEG/PPG-18/4コポリマー、PEG/PPG-19/21コポリマー、PEG/PPG-23/17コポリマー、PEG/PPG-23/50コポリマー、PEG/PPG-25/30コポリマー、PEG/PPG-26/31コポリマー、PEG/PPG-30/33コポリマー、PEG/PPG-35/9コポリマー、PEG/PPG-38/8コポリマー、PEG/PPG-116/66コポリマー、PEG/PPG-125/30コポリマー、PEG/PPG-160/31コポリマー、PEG/PPG-200/70コポリマー、PEG/PPG-240/60コポリマー、PEG-10プロピレングリコール、1,5-ペンタンジオール、ペンタエリトリチルテトラカプリレート/テトラカプレート、ペンチレングリコール、臭化パーフルオロカプリリル、ペルフルオロデカリン、パーフルオロジメチルシクロヘキサン、パーフルオロヘキサン、パーフルオロメチルシクロペンタン、パーフルオロパーハイドロベンジルテトラリン、パーフルオロパーヒドロフェナントレン、パーフルオロテトラリン、石油蒸留液、フェノキシイソプロパノール、フェニルプロパノール、ジイソステアリン酸ポリグリセリル-3、ジオレイン酸ポリグリセリル-2、ジ安息香酸ポリオキシエチレングリコール、ポリパーフルオロエトキシメトキシジフルオロメチルエーテル、PPG-3、PPG-7、PPG-10ブタンジオール、PPG-2-buteth-3、PPG-3-buteth-5、PPG-5-buteth-7、PPG-7-buteth-4、PPG-7-buteth-10、PPG-12-buteth-16、PPG-15-buteth-20、PPG-20-buteth-30、PPG-20ラノリンアルコールエーテル、プロピオン酸PPG-2ミリスチル、PPG-2ブチルエーテル、PPG-3ブチルエーテル、PPG-24-グリセレス-24、PPG-25-グリセレス-22、PPG-10グリセリルエーテル、PPG-55グリセリルエーテル、PPG-67グリセリルエーテル、PPG-70グリセリルエーテル、PPG-2メチルエーテル、PPG-3メチルエーテル、酢酸PPG-2メチルエーテル、PPG-2プロピルエーテル、プロパンジオール、酢酸プロピル、プロピレンカーボネート、プロピレングリコール、プロピレングリコールブチルエーテル、カプリル酸プロピレングリコール、ジ安息香酸プロピレングリコール、プロピレングリコールメチルエーテル、ミリスチン酸プロピレングリコール、プロピレングリコールプロピルエーテル、リシナスコムニス(キャスター)種油、SDアルコール1、SDアルコール3-A、SDアルコール3-B、SDアルコール3-C、SDアルコール23-A、SDアルコール23-F、SDアルコール23-H、SDアルコール27-B、SDアルコール30、SDアルコール31-A、SDアルコール36、SDアルコール37、SDアルコール38-B、SDアルコール38-C、SDアルコール38-D、SDアルコール38-F、SDアルコール39、SDアルコール39-A、SDアルコール39-B、SDアルコール39-C、SDアルコール39-D、SDアルコール40、SDアルコール40-A、SDアルコール40-B、SDアルコール40-C、SDアルコール46、海水、セサマムインディカム(ゴマ)油、サメ肝油、ソルベス-6、ソルベス-20、ソルベス-30、ソルベス-40、ソルビタントリオレアート、安息香酸ステアリル、ヘプタン酸ステアリル、テトラデセン、プロピオン酸テトラデシル、酢酸テトラヒドロフルフリル、テトラヒドロフルフリルアルコール、チオーランジオール、トリアセチン、クエン酸トリブチル、トリブチルクレシルブタン、トリクロロエタン、トリエチルリン酸、トリメチルヘキサノール、2,2,4-トリメチルペンタン、トリメチルペンタノールヒドロキシエチルエーテルが挙げられるが、これに限定されない。
分子、または疎水基および親水基の両方を有する分子(例えば、界面活性物質)等の、1つまたは複数の修飾剤で修飾することができる。対象となる緩衝剤には、HCl/クエン酸ナトリウム、クエン酸/クエン酸ナトリウム、酢酸/酢酸ナトリウム、K2HPO4/KH2PO4、Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4、ホウ砂/水酸化ナトリウム、ならびに、例えばTAPS((3{[トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチル]アミノ}プロパンスルホン酸)、ビシン(N,N-ビス(2-ヒドロキシエチル)グリシン)、トリス(トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチルアミン)、トリシン(N-トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチルグリシン)、HEPES(4-2-ヒドロキシエチル-1-ピペラジンエタンスルホン酸)、TES(2-{[トリス(ヒドロキシメチル)メチル]アミノ}エタンスルホン酸)、MOPS(3-(N-モルホリノ)プロパンスルホン酸)、PIPES(ピペラジン-N,N-ビス(2-エタンスルホン酸)、カコジル酸塩(ジメチルアルシン酸)、SSC(クエン酸ナトリウム生理食塩水)、およびMES(2-(N-モルホリノ)エタンスルホン酸)といった生物学的緩衝剤、等が挙げられるが、これに限定されない。
本発明の送達組成物は、活性物質を対象の局所位置に送達する方法に使用され、該局所位置は、皮膚表面位置または粘膜位置であってもよい。活性物質を対象の局所位置に送達する際に、本発明の送達組成物は、活性物質-粒子複合体を対象の皮膚表面の下にある少なくとも表皮位置内に送達し得る。このように、本発明の実施形態は、活性物質充填粒子を対象の角質層内に送達する方法を含む。「角質層内に」とは、複合体が、少なくとも1細胞層皮膚表面の下側にある領域に送達されることを意味する。「角質層の深部」とは、5細胞層以上皮膚表面の下側等、10細胞層以上皮膚表面の下側を含む、2細胞層以上皮膚表面の下側にある領域を意味する。いくつかの事例において、複合体は、5μm以上等、および15μm以上を含む、2μm以上皮膚表面の下側にある角質層の領域に送達される。
て、均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔粒子は、角質層の生理学的酸性状態等の、例えば、pH4.5以下等、pH4.3以下を含む、pH5以下の条件といった、酸性状態の下で溶解する。角質層の中の粒子の溶解に必要とされる時間は様々であり得、特定の実施形態では、10分~24時間等、および30分~12時間を含む、1~72時間の範囲であり、この期間にわたって、活性物質が、活性物質結合粒子から放出される。本発明の態様は、全ての活性物質の放出を含む。
。さらに他の実施形態において、複合体は、角質層からの活性物質の放出制御貯蔵物としての役割を果たし、それによって、活性物質の所望の持続放出および送達プロファイルを提供する。
実験
A. 生成
リン酸カルシウムナノ結晶スラリーは、温度、pH、圧力、気体、撹拌速度、試薬濃度、添加速度、およびエージング時間を制御した状態の下で、水性リン酸複合体溶液を、水性カルシウム複合体溶液または懸濁液中に滴下することによって調製した。スラリーは、多孔質粉末を形成するように、空気-液体流体ノズルを伴う圧力ノズル型スプレー乾燥機を使用することによってスプレー乾燥した。乾燥させた粉末は、気体とともに、電気炉または焼成窯で、1~24時間の期間にわたって300~900℃の範囲の温度で焼結した。
図1Aおよび1Bは、(前述のように生成した)結果として生じた2ミクロンの均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子の多孔質構造を、SEMを使用して(A)10,000倍、(B)50,000倍で示す。図2Aおよび2Bは、(前述のように生成した)2ミクロンの均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子の外部および内部構造を、(A)はSEM、(B)はTEMの両方(15,000倍)を使用して使用して示す。大きい(25~50m2/g)内表面積および外表面積が実質的であり、活性物質との
高結合能を可能にする。図3は、Coulter社のMulti-sizer3粒子カウンタによって測定し、走査電子顕微鏡検査によって確認した、粒子の粒子サイズ分布を示す。平均粒径は、2μmであった。
A. 特定の活性物質の前処理を含む一般的な結合のガイドライン
リン酸カルシウム粒子は、広範囲の生体分子を結合し、いくつかの事例では、それらを安定させる。リン酸カルシウム粒子との結合は、イオン相互作用に基づいている。リン酸カルシウム粒子の官能基は、正に帯電するカルシウムイオン(Ca++)および負に帯電するリン酸イオン(PO4 -3)から成る。これは、酸性状態の下で、生体材料の陰イオン化
カルボキシル基の量が減少することを意味する。したがって、生体分子の陰イオン化カルボキシル基と、リン酸カルシウム粒子のカルシウムイオンとの間の結合が弱められる。塩基性条件における生体分子の陽イオン化アミノ基とリン酸カルシウム粒子のリン酸官能基との間の相互作用の場合、状態は逆になる。
1. pHの結合への影響
a. サリチル酸
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
サリチル酸、Fisher Scientific、品番A277-500
ii.4gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を39.8mlの水中に懸濁し、HClを用いてpH
を標的pH近くに調整した。
iii.0.2mlのサリチル酸溶液(23.2mg/ml)をリン酸カルシウム粒子の
懸濁液中に混合した。
iv.HClを用いて、pHを標的pH値のそれぞれ(11.36、8.34、7.47
、7.07、5.99)に調整した。
v.各pHにおいて、懸濁液から4.8mlの試料を採取した。全ての試料を、2,00
0gで10分間別々に遠心分離した。
vi.上澄み液の吸収度は、UV分光光度計によって297nm(サリチル酸の検出波長
)で測定した。
vii.対照を、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わずに同じ手順で行った。
結果を下表に示すが、サリチル酸のpKaによって駆動されるpH依存様式で、サリチル酸がリン酸カルシウム粒子に結合することを実証している。
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
ポリフェノール複合体(PPC)
i.33.98mgのPPCを6.8mlの水中に溶解した。
ii.2gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を19.9mlの水中に懸濁し、HClを用いてpH
をpH9.62に調整した。
iii.0.1mlのPPC溶液(5mg/ml)をリン酸カルシウム粒子の懸濁液中に
混合し、2mlの試料を採取した。
iv.HClを用いて、pHを標的pH値(8.58、8.07、7.49、7.21、
6.75、6.08)のそれぞれに調整した。
v.各pHにおいて、懸濁液から2mlの試料を採取した。全ての試料を、2,000g
で10分間別々に遠心分離した。
vi.各上澄み液の吸収度は、UV分光光度計によって280nm(PPCの検出波長)
で測定した。
vii.対照を、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わずに同じ手順で行った。
リン酸カルシウム粒子の結合能を下表に要約する。結果は、PPCの結合があらゆるpHで起こり得、したがって、pH非依存性であることを実証している。
例
a. ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)(MW:66KD、pI:4.7)
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
BSA、凍結乾燥粉末、Fisher Scientific、カタログ番号BP-671-10
i.0.5gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を1mlの水中に懸濁し、HClを用いてpHを約7に調整した。懸濁液は、10分間混合した。
ii.20mg/mlの溶液を調製するように、BSAを水中に溶解し、穏やかに混合した。4mlのBSA溶液をリン酸カルシウム粒子の各懸濁液に添加して、30分間混合した。懸濁液の最終pHを測定した。
iii.懸濁液を、2,000gで5分間遠心分離した。上澄み液を新しい試験管に移し、再度2,000gで5分間遠心分離した。
iv.結合懸濁液の上澄み液中のBSAを定量化するように、サイズ排除HPLC法を開発した。分離は、Shimadzu 10ASシステムでPhenomenex BioSep-SEC-S3000カラム(7.8×300mm、5μm)を使用して行った。移動相は、100%の50mMのリン酸緩衝剤(Na+、pH6.8)であり、1.4ml/分の速度で溶出させた。溶出液は、280nmで監視した。BSAは、約6.8分の保持時間で主ピークとして観察した。BSAの定量化は、外部標準較正によって達成した。
v.対照を、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わずに同じ手順で行った。
BSAは、95.1mg/gでリン酸カルシウム粒子に結合した。
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子ヒトの母乳由来のラクトフェリン、Sigma Aldrich、
カタログ番号0520-100MG
i.4.98mg/mlでラクトフェリン溶液を水中で調製した。
ii.0.3gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を1.2mlの水中に懸濁し、5分間混合した。iii.3.0mg/mlの最終濃度を達成するように、4.98mg/mlで1.8mlのラクトフェリン溶液を添加し、最終容積は3mlであった。
iv.懸濁液を、30分間混合し、卓上遠心分離機で、5,000gで10分間遠心分離した。
v.上澄み液の吸収度は、UV分光光度計によって280nm(ラクトフェリンの検出波長)で測定した。
vi.対照を、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わずに同じ手順で行った。
vii.上澄み液中の結合懸濁液の初期総量から検出したラクトフェリンの量を減算することによって、結合したラクトフェリンを計算した。
2.99mg/mlの結合濃度で、29.63mg/gのラクトフェリンがリン酸カルシウム粒子に結合したことが測定された。
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
リゾチーム、MP biomedicals LLC、製品番号ICN10083405リン酸、Fisher Scientific、製品番号A260500
i.364.7mgのリゾチームを18.01mlの水中に溶解した(20.25mg/ml)。
ii.0.8gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を4mlの水と混合し、希釈リン酸を用いて懸濁液のpHを中性に調整した。
iii.10.124mg/mlの最終濃度および8mlの最終容積を達成するように、4mlのリゾチーム溶液(20.25mg/ml)をリン酸カルシウム粒子の懸濁液中に添加した。最終pHを測定した。
iv.懸濁液を、30分間混合し、卓上遠心分離機で、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。
v.上澄み液の吸収度は、UV分光光度計によって280nm(リゾチームの検出波長)で測定した。
vi.対照を、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わずに同じ手順で行った。
pH6.83で、6.8mg/gのリゾチームがリン酸カルシウム粒子に結合したことが測定された。
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
アダパレン、Chemicals Limited、インド
DMSO、Fisher Scientific、製品番号D159-4
エタノール、Fisher Scientific、製品番号AC61511-0010
i.アダパレンを、エタノールおよびDMSO(エタノール中0.087mg/ml、DMSO中20.65mg/ml)中の飽和溶液として調製した。
ii.0.5gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を5mlのエタノールまたはDMSO中のアダパレン飽和溶液と混合した。
iii.懸濁液を、30分間混合し、卓上遠心分離機で、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。
iv.上澄み液の吸収度は、UV分光光度計によって319nm(アダパレンの検出波長)で測定した。
v.対照を、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わずに同じ手順で行った。
エタノール中のリン酸カルシウム粒子に対するアダパレンの結合能は、0.78mg/gである。DMSO中のリン酸カルシウム粒子に対するアダパレンの結合能は、12.55mg/gである。
リン酸カルシウム粒子に対するアルジレリンを、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムで前処理した。
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
アルジレリン(アセチルヘキサペプチド-8)LipotecS.A.
ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム(SLS)、Colonial Chemical,Inc.
i.アルジレリンを、10mg/mlの溶液として、水中に溶解した。
ii.リン酸カルシウム粒子を、10mlの0.1%のSLSと5分間混合した。懸濁液を、卓上遠心分離機で、2,000gで10分間遠心分離し、上澄み液を除去した。ペレットを、20mlの水中に再懸濁し、2,000gで10分間遠心分離し、洗浄上澄み液を廃棄した。洗浄ステップは、2回繰り返した。ペレット中に含有される水を測定した。結合研究には、最終ペレットを使用した。
iii.リン酸カルシウム粒子(SLS処理ありまたはSLS処理なし)を水と混合した。リン酸カルシウム粒子懸濁液のpHを中性およびpH10以下を含む標的pHに調整するように、HCl(またはNaOH)を添加した。
iv.10mg/mlのアルジレリンストックを、最終濃度が0.5mg/mlとなるように各結合懸濁液に添加した。懸濁液を30分間混合した後に、最終pHを測定した。
v.結合懸濁液を、卓上遠心分離機で、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。溶液中の遊離アルジレリンを定量化するように、上澄み液を、Shimadzu HPLC 20Aシステムに接続した屈折率検出器で分析した。結合混合物の上澄み液中のアルジレリンを定量化するように、サイズ排除HPLC法を開発した。分離は、Shimadzu 20AシステムでPhenomenex BioSep-SEC-S3000カラム(7.8×300mm、5μm)を使用して達成した。移動相は、100%の水であり、1ml/分の速度で溶出させた。溶出液は、205nmで、または屈折率検出器(Shimadzu、モデル番号RID-10A)で監視した。アルジレリンは、約14分の保持時間でクロマトグラムの主ピークとして観察された。アルジレリンの定量化は、外部標準較正によって達成した。
vi.次いで、上澄み液中の結合懸濁液の初期総量から検出したアルジレリンの量を減算することによって、結合したアルジレリンを計算した。
0.1gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を水中の1mlの0.9%のローダミンBに添加し、結果として生じた懸濁液を脱水し、そして上澄み液を除去した。結果として生じたローダミンB-リン酸カルシウム粒子を、58℃で24時間乾燥した。結果として生じた粉末を、カプリル酸/カプリン酸トリグリセリド中に再懸濁し、顕微鏡を介して撮像した。結果の画像を図4Aに示す。図4Bは、いかなるローダミンBも伴わないリン酸カルシウム粒子を示す。
前述のプロトコルを使用して、以下の表に要約されるような活性物質-リン酸カルシウム複合体を生成した。以下の表において、特定の溶媒系は、使用されてもよい溶媒系の例である。
A. pH依存性放出
1. リゾチーム
角質層において、pHは、約4.3~5.0の範囲であり、角質層の深さとともに減少する。皮膚に類似した条件でのリン酸カルシウム粒子放出活性物質を研究するために、2つのリゾチームリン酸カルシウム複合体を、8時間にわたってpH4.8(0.5Mのナトリウム酢酸塩)および7.0(10mMのビストリス)の緩衝剤に曝露した。緩衝剤は、1mL/時の速度で試料の中を流し、1時間ごとに採集して、UV分光計によって280nmでのピークを監視することによってリゾチームの放出を分析した。試料の中の利用可能な総リゾチームを評価するために、リゾチームリン酸カルシウム粒子複合体の等価質量を、pH4.8緩衝剤の中で渦運動させた。pH4.8において、リゾチームが、リン酸カルシウム粒子から迅速に放出し、最初の1時間以内に大部分のリゾチームを放出したことが観察された。対照的に、pH7において、リゾチームは、8時間にわたってリン酸カルシウム粒子からの放出が観察されなかった。
1. pH4.8でのリン酸カルシウム粒子の分解
50mgのリン酸カルシウム粒子を、2つのpH、すなわち、pH4.8(0.5mMのナトリウム酢酸塩)および7.1(0.1mMのビストリス)で、2mLで保温し、溶液を、室温で96時間、回転装置上に置いた。試料を遠心分離し、ペレットを乾燥して計量した。pH4.8および7.1でのリン酸カルシウム粒子の重量減少割合は、それぞれ、12%および3%であった。この閉システムの緩衝能は、リン酸カルシウム粒子の完全な溶解を制限した。次いで、同じ緩衝剤を伴うフロースルーシステムによって、溶液を試料(50mg)の中をゆっくり(5mL/時)流し、続いてリン酸カルシウム粒子ペレットの採集および乾燥を行って、溶解の研究を行った。72時間後のpH4.8および7.1でのリン酸カルシウム粒子ペレットの重量減少割合は、それぞれ、31%および3%であった。これらの結果は、リン酸カルシウム粒子が低いpHで溶解し、この溶解が、溶液のpHおよび緩衝能の関数であることを実証している。
1. BSAリン酸カルシウム複合体
BSA-リン酸カルシウム複合体を前述のように調製した。結果として生じた複合体を、水で洗浄し、次いで、あらゆる結合BSAを放出するように0.2Mのリン酸ナトリウムで処理した。
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
BSA、凍結乾燥粉末、Fisher Scientific、カタログ番号BP-671-10
i.0.1170gのBSAを、10mg/mlの溶液として、11.7mlの水中に溶解した。
ii.0.5gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を、10mg/mlで5mlのBSA溶液と混合した。懸濁液を30分間混合し、最終pHが中性であると判定された。
iii.懸濁液を、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。上澄み液を新しい試験管に移し、再度2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。
iv.BSAを定量化して、結合を計算するように、最終的な上澄み液を、Shimadzu 10A HPLCシステムで分析した。
v.5mlの結合懸濁液由来のペレットを、0.8mlの水と混合し、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。すすいだペレットを、再度0.8mlの水と混合して、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。
vi.200mMのリン酸ナトリウムを伴う懸濁液中でBSAを放出するように、最終的なすすいだペレットを、2mlの500mMのリン酸ナトリウム緩衝剤(pH6.8)および2.235mlの水と混合した。放出懸濁液を、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。BSAを定量化するように、上澄み液を、Shimadzu 10A HPLCシステムで分析した。
v.BSAの定量化は、Shimadzu 10ASシステムでPhenomenex BioSep-SEC-S3000カラム(7.8×300mm、5μm)を使用して達成した。移動相は、100%の50mMのリン酸緩衝剤(Na+、pH6.8)であり、1.4ml/分の速度で溶出させた。溶出液は、280nmで監視した。BSAは、約6.8分の保持時間で主ピークとして観察した。BSAの定量化は、外部標準較正によって達成した。
vi.対照を、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わずに同じ手順で行った。
放出されたBSAは、HPLCで分析したが、非結合の対照(6.85分の保持時間)と同じであると判定され、リン酸カルシウム粒子に対する結合および放出が、BSAの完全性に影響を与えなかったことを実証している。
材料:
リン酸カルシウム粒子
ナトリウムトコフェリルリン酸(TPNa)、Showa Denko KK
エタノール、Fisher Scientific、製品番号AC615090020
i.20mgのTPNaを、緩やかに混合しながら、40mlの水中に溶解した(0.5mg/ml)。
ii.3gのリン酸カルシウム粒子を、0.5mg/mlで30mlのTPNa溶液と混合し、30分間混合した。
iii.結合懸濁液を、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。上澄み液を新しい試験管に移し、再度2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。遊離TPNaを定量化して、結合を計算するように、最終的な上澄み液を、286nmにおいてUV分光光度計で分析した。結合懸濁液中のTPNaのほぼ100%がリン酸カルシウム粒子に付着した。
iv.結合TPNaを放出するように、TPNaリン酸カルシウム複合体のペレットを60%のエタノール中に再懸濁した。
v.60%のエタノール中の放出懸濁液を、2,000gで10分間遠心分離した。遊離TPNaを定量化するように、上澄み液を、286nmにおいてUV分光光度計で分析した。
放出されたTPNaは、UV分光によって分析し、非結合の対照と同じであると判定され、リン酸カルシウム粒子に対する結合および放出が、TPNaの完全性に影響を与えなかったことを実証している。
1. リン酸カルシウム粒子-リボフラビンモノリン酸軟膏製剤
(表9)
商品名 INCI名 w/w %
1 蜜蝋 蜜蝋 5.00
2 SonneNatural(商標) グリセリド油 74.66
3 Protachem IPP パルミチン酸イソプロピル 15.00
4 Capmul MCM カプリル酸/カプリン酸グリ 3.33
セリル
5 精製水 水 1.00
6 リン酸カルシウム粒 ヒドロキシアパタイト 1.00
子
7 リボフラビンモノリ リボフラビンモノリン酸 0.0077
ン酸
手順:
ステップ1.ビーカーにおいて、蜜蝋およびプロタケムIPPを添加する。均一になる
まで70℃~75℃に加熱し始める。50℃に冷却する。SonneNatural(
商標)およびCapmulMCMを添加する。均一になるまで混合する。
ステップ2.別々のビーカーにおいて、1%の水およびモノリン酸リボフラビンを添加
する。溶解するまでR.Tで混合する。リン酸カルシウム粒子を添加する(乳酸を用い
てpHをpH7に調整する)。500RPMで10分間回転させる。
ステップ3.室温の下でステップ1をステップ2に移す。均一になるまで混合する。
1. ビタミンC
a. 方法:
11.9mgのアスコルビン酸を30mlの水中に溶解した。2gの2μmリン酸カルシウム粒子を19.5mlの水中に懸濁し、HClを用いてpHをpH7.14に調整した。0.5mlのアスコルビン酸溶液(0.40mg/ml)をリン酸カルシウム粒子の懸濁液中に混合し、pHを7.05まで低減した。10μg/mlのアスコルビン酸を含むリン酸カルシウム粒子の懸濁液(pH7.05)を、0.5~5時間50℃に保温した。15分間アイスバスで懸濁液を冷却することによって、アスコルビン酸の熱変性を終了させた。リン酸カルシウム粒子から結合アスコルビン酸を放出させて安定化効果を測定するために、各懸濁液のpHを、HClを用いてpH5に調整し、3,000rpmで10分間遠心分離した。得られた上澄み液を265nmで測定した。また、対照として、リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わない同じ手順によっても、10μg/mlのアスコルビン酸溶液を保温して測定した。アスコルビン酸の活性は、以下の構造式によって計算した:
アスコルビン酸の活性(%)=(保温後の上澄み液のA265nm/保温前のア
スコルビン酸のA265nm)×100
10μmリン酸カルシウム粒子で、同じ手順繰り返した。
結果を下表に要約する。アスコルビン酸の活性は、50℃で0.5時間の保温によって36%まで減少した。同じ期間中にアスコルビン酸を2μmリン酸カルシウム粒子に付着させた時に、この活性は、85%まで増加した。リン酸カルシウム粒子を伴わないアスコルビン酸は、50℃で3時間の保温後、いかなる活性も伴わずに完全に変性した。しかしながら、2μmリン酸カルシウム粒子に結合したアスコルビン酸は、50℃で同じ3時間の期間後、48%の活性を有した。
1. ヒトの皮膚における角質層内への送達
ある濃度のリン酸カルシウム粒子の水中懸濁液を、10秒間のラビングによって生きたヒトの前腕に塗布した(図5)。次いで、角質層の第1層、第2層、および第3層のテープストリッピングを行った。リン酸カルシウム粒子は、角質層の第3層まで浸透した。
リン酸カルシウム粒子は、角質層に浸透し、粒子がより小さい置換基部分に分解するにつれて、さらに下位の層に浸透する。リン酸カルシウム粒子は、7時間後にはもはやそのままの状態ではなく、もはや球状でもなく、粒子の健全性の低下を示した。
2μmリン酸カルシウム粒子を使用した。
10%の懸濁液を作製するように、リン酸カルシウム粒子を70%のエチレングリコールおよび30%のエタノール中に懸濁した。結果として生じた懸濁液を、無毛のマウスの皮膚表面(1×1cmの面積)に局所塗布した。塗布中、マウスには、麻酔剤を与えた。第1の塗布(0.2ml)は、投与してそのままにし、第2の塗布は、4時間後に同じ場所に同じ量で投与した。第1の塗布から7時間で、皮膚を除去し、Ca++によって処理した。局所化法、その後にEM技術を活用した。
リン酸カルシウム粒子による処理の前に、表皮の検査は、顆粒層の領域の中だけを明らかにするが、角質層内にはいかなる検出可能なCa++も伴っていない(図6)。前述のようにリン酸カルシウム粒子を局所塗布した後、角質層の中にリン酸カルシウム粒子を見出すことができ(図7A)、最も小さい粒子がより深い層内へと移動している(図7B)。
a. 研究の目的 この研究の目的は、前述の実施例Iに記載されているように、2μmの均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子に付着した活性物質(CT
C)の局所塗布後の、角質層の中の活性物質(クロルテトラサイクリン(CTC))を検出することであった。クロルテトラサイクリン(Sigma製CTC、品番C-4881)を選択したが、その理由は、それが蛍光によってCTCの可視化を可能にし、したがって、共焦点顕微鏡によって角質層内で検出可能であることにある。
CTC溶液を、80mgのCTCを10mlの水中に溶解することによって作製した。未溶解CTCを、3,000rpmで10分間の遠心分離によって除去した。200mgの粒子を、2mlのCTC溶液と混合して、1分間渦運動させた。遊離CTCを、3サイクルの洗浄、その後の3,000rpmで10分間の遠心分離によって除去した。結果として生じたCTC結合粒子を、1:10の希釈率で水中に懸濁した。
前述の3.のbで生成した懸濁液(約0.2ml)を、無毛のマウスの皮膚(1×1cmの面積)上に局所塗布した。塗布中、マウスには、麻酔剤を与えた。7時間後に、それらの皮膚を、共焦点顕微鏡(380nm波長で励起される510nmの波長発光)を使用して検査した。
結果として生じた共焦点顕微鏡画像を図8に示す(図8の拡大率は300倍である)。図8に示される代表的な画像は、CTC蛍光(紫色)が皮膚を透過し、主に角質層の中に局所化することを示す。
この研究の目的は、活性リン酸カルシウム粒子の局所塗布後に、角質層の中の活性物質の分布を検出することであった。
目的:この研究の目的は、リン酸カルシウム粒子に付着したリボフラビンからのリボフラビンを検出することであった。
全層ブタ皮膚の円形の6cm2の円板を、より大きい腹部標本から切り取った。脂肪を、
はさみによって真皮側から除去し、皮膚は、使用まで-20℃で保存した。皮膚を、ガラス拡散セル(Laboratory Glass Apparatus、モデル番号LG-1084-LPCT)の2つの区画の間に固定した。これは、4.5mlのレセプター区画容積上で5cm2の皮膚面積を曝露することを可能にした。
拡散セルを37℃に保った。
局所塗布間隔は、8および16時間とした。細胞は、パラフィルムで覆い、アルミ
ニウムラップによって光から遮蔽した。リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)のレセプ
ター液は、60rpmで回転させた。
0.35~1.15mgのリボフラビン(20~38%の懸濁液)を送達するよう
に、リボフラビンモノリン酸-リン酸カルシウム粒子を調製した。
ノリン酸を1.5mg/mlで調製した。
ルシウム複合体を塗布したものを空気乾燥させ、次いで、等容積の0.5Mの酢酸
ナトリウム緩衝剤を塗布部位上にピペットで移した。対照は、リン酸カルシウム粒
子を伴わないリボフラビンの等価な塗布で構成した。
皮膚表面を、まだ拡散セルの中に保持されている間に、毎回1mLのPBSで2回
洗浄した。皮膚を、拡散セルから取り外し、乾燥し、そして分析した。
洗浄液およびレセプター液:流体の近似容積を測定した。試料を、10,000r
pmで30秒間回転させて、リン酸カルシウム粒子を分離し、乾燥し、そして計量
した。次いで、上澄み液を除去し、UV分光計によって分析した。UV吸収度が飽
和した(2.0以上)場合は、試料を水で希釈した。370nmでのUV吸収度値
を記録した。
。試料を、50℃で1時間、超音波装置で超音波振動処理した。試料を10,00
0rpmで10分間遠心分離し、上澄み液を除去し、そしてUV分光計によって分
析した。UV吸収度が飽和した(2.0以上)場合は、試料を水で希釈した。37
0nmでの最大UV吸収度値を記録した。
8および16時間後にレセプター液中にリボフラビン代謝物質が出現することで検出された時、リボフラビンは、水性溶液およびリン酸カルシウム粒子複合体の両方から皮膚を貫通した。リン酸カルシウム粒子複合体は、より遅い活性物質の放出を引き起こした。結果をグラフ様式で図11に示す。
Claims (7)
- 対象の少なくとも角質層内へ活性物質を送達するための組成物であって、
均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子を含んでおり、
前記粒子は前記活性物質と複合体形成され、
前記組成物は、前記対象の局所領域に塗布されて対象の少なくとも角質層内へ前記活性物質を送達するように構成された局所製剤である、組成物。 - 前記粒子は、30~85%の細孔容積を有する、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記粒子は、2nm~100nmの範囲の細孔寸法を有する、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記粒子と複合体形成される前記活性物質の量は、粒子1グラムあたり0.01~300mgの活性物質の範囲である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子を含む組成物であって、
前記粒子は、レチノイドと複合体形成される、組成物。 - 均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子を含む組成物であって、
前記粒子は、レスベラトロールと複合体形成される、組成物。 - 均一で硬い球状のナノ細孔リン酸カルシウム粒子を含む組成物であって、
前記粒子は、アデノシンと複合体形成される、組成物。
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