JP2011177535A - 試料の機械的歪み及び弾性的性質を測定するプロセス、システム及びソフトウェア - Google Patents
試料の機械的歪み及び弾性的性質を測定するプロセス、システム及びソフトウェア Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】第1の応力レベルでの組織に関する第1の情報を含む第1の光コヒーレンス断層撮影法(「OCT」)信号と、第2の応力レベルでの組織に関する第2の情報を含む第2のOCT信号とが受信される。第1の情報と第2の情報とが、比較情報を生成するために比較される。1つ以上の構造的変化に関連するデータが、比較情報と、(i)組織の少なくとも1つの既知の特性及び/又は(ii)OCTシステムの特性に関連する更に別の情報との関数として決定される。更に、組織に関する情報を含む1つ以上の光コヒーレンス断層撮影法(「OCT」)信号が受信され、組織の弾性率が、受信された1つ以上のOCT信号の関数として決定される。
【選択図】図1
Description
本発明は、2004年8月24日出願の米国特許出願番号第60/604,137号の利益を請求し、その全開示が参照によりここに援用される。
光コヒーレンス弾性率計測法は、好ましくは、超音波弾性率計測法の基礎をなす原理と同じ原理に基づく。例えば、組織が機械的負荷の下で画像化されると、その変位は、巨視的な構造(例えば組織界面)に対応する画像特徴に現れる。また、運動はコヒーレント画像のスペックルに現れるが、これは微視的な組織散乱体の空間分布が負荷の下で変化するためである。巨視的構造及び微視的スペックルからの運動推定では、連続した画像同士の間で画像特徴が良好に保たれると仮定している。このため、所望の速度推定は、異なる負荷条件下で取得した、参照画像内のブロックと、探索画像内のブロックとの間の類似性測度を最大化し得る。OCTで得られる干渉画像は、ビーム減衰をモデル化する指数関数的な減衰項と、空間的な畳み込みとの積によって近似することができる。
速度推定を改善するための方策には、ノイズ抑圧のための画像シーケンス(列)のブラーリング、広い相関ウィンドウの採用、及び相関最大化による推定後の速度場のスムージングがある。これらの方策は、ある観察に基づくと、速度及び歪みの推定をある程度改善するが、弾性率計測法に対するOCTの空間分解能の利点を損なうこともある。例えば、画像シーケンスのブラーリングは、ノイズだけでなく、運動追跡に有用とされる精緻な画像特徴をも除去する場合がある。広い相関ウィンドウは、速度場の微細な変化を追跡する能力を低下させる虞があり、また、式(7)及び(8)に仮定した並進スペックルモデルの破綻につながる可能性がある。メジアンフィルタ又は他のスムージングカーネルを用いた速度又は歪みのフィルタリングは、測定が行われた後の測定値に作用する。このため、このような方法は、速度及び歪みの推定を改善するために、基礎をなす相関関数内に存在する情報を使用できない可能性がある。より好ましい推定法は、相関を最大化する手順自体の間に、データ駆動型の速度フィルタリングを可能にすることである。そのような例示的な方法は、下記に記載する変分法である。
式(27)の解は、変分エネルギー関数の極小値へと収束することとなる。よって、良好な大域的収束性を保証するために、未知の速度場は大域的最小値の近くで初期化する必要がある。これを実現するために、図5のブロック図として示した、本発明による例示的な多重解像度技術が使用可能である。例えば、入力される最大解像度の参照画像及び探索画像は先ず、ステップ255において10分の1にダウンサンプリングされて、低解像度シーケンスが得られ、ステップ260では、それから、式(7)、(8)の相関最大化によって、速度場の低解像度初期推定が得られる。この推定は、ステップ265において、低解像度領域に適用される変分法の初期化に使用される。そして、ステップ270において、速度についてのロバストな低解像度推定が、高解像度領域にマップ化され、高解像度の探索領域を定義するために使用されるが、これは、ステップ270において、対象の各参照位置における最大解像度相関関数を計算するためである。また、変分法から得た低解像度推定は、最大解像度相関関数による速度場の反復的な推定にとって、良好な初期推測として役立つ。そして、ステップ275で得られた最大解像度の速度推定は、ステップ280での表示や後続の歪み計算に使用される。
OCTに基づく組織弾性画像化については、組織弾性率及び歪み分布を併せて推定するために、(図4に示すような)一元化された計算フレームワークを利用するが、これは、以下の基本手順から構成される。
a.OCT区分化及び組織分類。
b.弾性率の値及び境界条件の初期化。
c.測定の圧力負荷の適用。この負荷は、研究対象の系に固有(例えば、心臓周期中の血管内圧の正常な変動)であってもよく、また外部的に制御されてもよい。
d.血管変形の予測を得るための、例えば有限要素モデリング(FEM)などの数値シミュレーション。
2.参照OCT画像データと探索OCT画像データとの間での、モデルの剛体並進及び回転の推定(ステップ215)。
3.剛体変換と、参照OCTデータセットを歪ませるための数値予測された変形場との組み合わせ(ステップ225)。
4.OCT固有のデータ忠実度項の計算(ステップ230)。
5.弾性率の更新と、OCTデータ忠実度を最大にするための剛体変換、及び更新された数値モデルのシミュレーション(ステップ210)。
6.弾性率ベクトル推定値の収束後における、最終的な弾性率及び歪みの表示(ステップ235,240)。
は、単位法線ベクトルである。曲率項により、大きな画像勾配が存在する場合以外は、曲線が滑らかとなり、また、画像から導出される曲線伝播項は、物体境界において曲線を大きな勾配に向けて引きつける。uはCの間接的表現であるため、式(28)を解くことは以下の式を解き、曲線Cを抽出するためにゼロレベルセットを選択することと同じである。
2.歪められた参照画像と探索画像中の測定されたOCTデータの強度間での正規化された相互情報量。
3.歪められた参照画像と探索画像中の測定されたOCTデータの強度間での相関係数の要素に亘る総和。
4.加えられた圧力/変位負荷による、組織又は境界の造影剤の光学特性についてモデル予測の変化と測定された変化との間の二乗誤差のノードに亘る総和。
5.画像化ビーム方向における、光学的ドップラ速度測定値と、FEM予測の変位との間の内積のノードに亘る総和。
本発明はまた、自動レンジ調節技術を使用することができ、これには、2002年4月30日に出願された同時係属中の特許文献4に説明する処理法が含まれ、この出願の全ての開示が参照によりここに援用される。
以下の説明は、本発明による方法の例示的な実施形態について、実験的な検査に関する詳説である。具体的には、例示的な多重解像度変分法が、円形の内包物を含む組織ブロックの軸方向における圧縮中に、シミュレーションによるOCT画像化において実行された。図6は、組織ブロック及び円形の内包物のために使用した、有限要素モデルの形状300、及び、これに対応する有限要素メッシュ305を示す。連続する干渉画像は、式(1)〜(6)で説明したように、指数関数的な減衰項と、コヒーレントOCT点広がり関数と試料内を移動する点状散乱体から生じる後方散乱分布との間の畳み込みと、の積を計算することによって生成された。
σb(x,y,t+1)=σb(x−u(x,y),y−v(x,y),t) (28)
In(x,y,t)=I(x,y,t)+nI(x,y,t) (29)
500μmの内包物の検出能力が、スペックル非相関性の関数として検査され、ロバストな推定から得た値に対して、従来の運動推定から得た軸方向の速度及び歪みの推定におけるRMS(二乗平均平方根)誤差が比較された。vk,real及びk,realの値は、有限要素モデリングから直接得た。速度は、下方及び右方への変位にそれぞれ対応した、正の軸方向速度及び正の横方向速度についてピクセル単位で報告された。
中心波長1310nm及び帯域幅70nmの広帯域光源の光が、干渉計内で参照場とサンプル場に分かれる。サンプル場は、参照アームの光路長に対応する深さで組織を調べるために、走査光学装置によって合焦される。サンプルアームからの戻り後方散乱光が参照場と混合されて干渉信号が生成され、該信号は、25μm(横方向)×1μm(軸方向)のピクセルを生成するためにデジタル化される。干渉信号の振幅は、参照アームに規定される走査深さにおける組織構造及び光学特性に関する情報を含んでいる。XY断面における組織構造については、参照アームの光路長を変更することにより軸(Y)方向で探索され、検体を横切るサンプルビームを掃引することによって横(X)方向で探索される。この例示的な方法では、横方向500ピクセル×軸方向2500ピクセルからなる画像フレームが、250ミリ秒で取得される。
Claims (48)
- 組織の少なくとも1つの構造的変化に関連するデータを決定するためのシステムであって、
所定の技術を実行する際に、
a)第1の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第1の情報を含む第1の干渉計測信号と、第2の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第2の情報を含む第2の干渉計測信号とを受信し、
b)比較情報を生成するために、前記第1の情報と前記第2の情報とを比較し、
c)前記少なくとも1つの構造的変化に関連する前記データを、前記比較情報と、
(i)前記組織又は組織内の造影剤の少なくとも一方についての1つ以上の既知の特性又は(ii)干渉計システムの特性のうちの少なくとも1つに関連する詳細情報と、の関数として決定するように構成された処理装置を備えるシステム。 - 前記少なくとも1つの構造的変化が前記組織の歪みである請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 第2の応力が第1の応力とは異なる請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記詳細情報は、前記組織の速度分布、前記組織の機械的特性、組織型、又は前記組織の構造のうち、少なくとも1つを含む請求項3に記載のシステム。
- 前記機械的特性は、圧縮的特性又は弾性的特性のうちの少なくとも1つである請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、前記組織から得られるドップラ信号に基づいて前記組織の速度分布を決定するように更に構成される請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 組織の少なくとも1つの構造的変化に関連するデータを決定するための方法であって、
第1の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第1の情報を含む第1の干渉計測信号と、第2の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第2の情報を含む第2の干渉計測信号とを受信するステップと、
比較情報を生成するために、前記第1の情報と前記第2の情報とを比較するステップと、
前記少なくとも1つの構造的変化に関連する前記データを、前記比較情報と、
(i)前記組織又は組織内の造影剤の少なくとも一方についての1つ以上の既知の特性又は(ii)干渉計システムの特性のうちの少なくとも1つに関連する詳細情報と、の関数として決定するステップと、を有する方法。 - 前記少なくとも1つの構造的変化が前記組織の歪みである請求項7に記載の方法。
- 第2の応力が第1の応力とは異なる請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記詳細情報は、前記組織の速度分布、前記組織の圧縮的特性又は弾性的特性のうちの少なくとも1つ、組織型、又は前記組織の構造のうち、1つ以上を含む請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記組織から得られるドップラ信号に基づいて前記組織の速度分布を決定するステップを更に有する請求項8に記載の方法。
- 組織の少なくとも1つの構造的変化に関連するデータを決定するためのソフトウェアであって、
処理装置によって実行される際に、第1の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第1の情報を含む第1の干渉計測信号と、第2の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第2の情報を含む第2の干渉計測信号とを受信するように前記処理装置を設定する第1の命令群と、
前記処理装置によって実行される際に、比較情報を生成するために、前記第1の情報と前記第2の情報とを比較するように前記処理装置を設定する第2の命令群と、
前記処理装置によって実行される際に、前記少なくとも1つの構造的変化に関連する前記データを、前記比較情報と、
(i)前記組織又は組織内の造影剤の少なくとも一方についての1つ以上の既知の特性又は(ii)干渉計システムの特性のうちの少なくとも1つに関連する詳細情報と、の関数として決定するように、前記処理装置を設定する第3の命令群と、を有するソフトウェア。 - 前記少なくとも1つの構造的変化が前記組織の歪みである請求項12に記載のソフトウェア。
- 第2の応力が第1の応力とは異なる請求項13に記載のソフトウェア。
- 前記詳細情報は、前記組織の速度分布、前記組織の圧縮的特性、組織型、又は前記組織の構造のうち、少なくとも1つを含む請求項12に記載のソフトウェア。
- 前記処理装置によって実行される際に、前記組織から得られるドップラ信号に基づいて前記組織の速度分布を決定するように、前記処理装置を設定する第1の命令群を更に有する請求項15に記載のソフトウェア。
- 組織の少なくとも1つの弾性率に関連するデータを決定するためのシステムであって、
所定の技術を実行する際に、
a)前記組織に関する情報を含む少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号を受信し、
b)前記組織の前記弾性率を、前記受信した少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号の関数として決定するように構成された処理装置を備えるシステム。 - 前記情報は、前記組織の構造及び前記組織の組成のうち、少なくとも1つを含む請求項17に記載のシステム。
- 前記少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号は、第1の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第1の情報を含む第1の干渉計測信号と、第2の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第2の情報を含む第2の干渉計測信号とを含み、第2の応力が第1の応力とは異なる請求項17に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、比較情報を生成するために、前記第1の情報と前記第2の情報とを比較するように更に構成され、前記弾性率が比較情報の関数として決定される請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、前記第1の情報又は前記第2の情報の1つ以上の関数として、数値モデルを生成するように更に構成される請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記数値モデルが動的な数値モデルである請求項21に記載のシステム。
- 前記動的な数値モデルは、前記第1の情報又は前記第2の情報の1つ以上の関数として修正可能な、制限、モデルの複雑さ又はモデルの次数のうちの少なくとも1つを含む請求項22に記載のシステム。
- 前記モデルの複雑さ又はモデルの次数は、前記第1の情報又は前記第2の情報の少なくとも1つの関数として修正可能である請求項23に記載のシステム。
- 前記動的な数値モデルは、詳細情報を生成するために実行され、前記詳細情報は、前記制限、前記モデルの複雑さ又は前記のモデル次数のうちの1つ以上を修正するために、前記動的な数値モデルに対して提供される請求項23に記載のシステム。
- 前記モデルの複雑さは、複数のモデル要素を有し、該モデル要素のうちの少なくとも第1の要素は、前記モデル要素のうちの少なくとも第2の要素と関連し、該関連は前記モデル要素の前記第1の要素及び前記第2の要素の重みに基づいている請求項23に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、前記数値モデルを使用して前記組織に関する詳細情報を生成するように更に構成され、前記詳細情報は、前記組織に加える応力に対する前記組織の応答に関連している請求項21に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、比較情報と前記詳細情報の関数として、更に別のデータを生成するように更に構成される請求項27に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、前記更に別のデータの関数として、前記数値モデルを修正するように更に構成される請求項28に記載のシステム。
- 前記弾性率が前記数値モデルに基づいて決定される請求項29に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、前記数値モデルに基づいて前記組織の歪み情報を決定するように更に構成される請求項29に記載のシステム。
- 前記比較情報は更に、(i)前記組織又は組織内の造影剤の少なくとも一方についての1つ以上の既知の特性又は(ii)干渉計システムの特性のうち、1つ以上に関連する詳細情報に依存する請求項20に記載のシステム。
- 前記詳細情報は、前記組織の速度分布、前記組織の圧縮的特性又は前記組織の弾性的特性の少なくとも1つ、組織型、及び前記組織の構造のうち、1つ以上を含む請求項32に記載のシステム。
- 前記処理装置は、前記組織から得られるドップラ信号に基づいて前記組織の前記速度分布を決定するように更に構成される請求項33に記載のシステム。
- 組織の少なくとも1つの弾性率に関連するデータを決定するための方法であって、
a)前記組織に関する情報を含む少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号を受信するステップと、
b)前記組織の弾性率を、前記受信した少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号の関数として決定するステップと、を有する方法。 - 前記情報は、前記組織の構造及び前記組織の組成のうち、少なくとも1つを含む請求項35に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号は、第1の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第1の情報を含む第1の干渉計測信号と、第2の応力レベルにおける前記組織に関する第2の情報を含む第2の干渉計測信号と、を含み、第2の応力が第1の応力とは異なる請求項35に記載の方法。
- 比較情報を生成するために、前記第1の情報と前記第2の情報とを比較するステップを更に有し、前記弾性率が比較情報の関数として決定される請求項37に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の情報又は前記第2の情報の1つ以上の関数として、数値モデルを生成するステップを更に有する請求項37に記載の方法。
- 前記数値モデルを使用して前記組織に関する詳細情報を生成するステップを更に有し、前記詳細情報は、前記組織に加える応力に対する前記組織の応答に関連している請求項39に記載の方法。
- 比較情報と前記詳細情報の関数として、更に別のデータを生成するステップを更に有する請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記更に別のデータの関数として、前記数値モデルを修正するステップを更に有する請求項41に記載の方法。
- 前記弾性率が前記数値モデルに基づいて決定される請求項42に記載の方法。
- 前記数値モデルに基づいて前記組織の歪み情報を決定するステップを更に有する請求項42に記載の方法。
- 前記比較情報は更に、(i)前記組織又は前記組織内の造影剤の少なくとも一方についての1つ以上の既知の特性及び(ii)光コヒーレンス断層撮影システムの特性のうち、1つ以上の詳細情報に依存する請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記詳細情報は、前記組織の速度分布、前記組織の圧縮的特性又は前記組織の弾性的特性の少なくとも1つ、組織型、及び前記組織の構造のうち、1つ以上を含む請求項45に記載の方法。
- 前記組織から得られるドップラ信号に基づいて前記組織の速度分布を決定するステップを更に有する請求項46に記載の方法。
- 組織の少なくとも1つの弾性率に関連するデータを決定するためのソフトウェアであって、
処理装置によって実行される際に、前記組織に関する情報を含む少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号を受信するように前記処理装置を設定する第1の命令群と、
前記処理装置によって実行される際に、前記組織の弾性率を、前記受信した少なくとも1つの干渉計測信号の関数として決定するように前記処理装置を設定する第2の命令群と、を有するソフトウェア。
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JP5524904B2 (ja) | 2014-06-18 |
EP1989997A1 (en) | 2008-11-12 |
US20060058592A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
US8965487B2 (en) | 2015-02-24 |
ES2379468T3 (es) | 2012-04-26 |
ATE538714T1 (de) | 2012-01-15 |
WO2006024014A2 (en) | 2006-03-02 |
JP2008510585A (ja) | 2008-04-10 |
EP1793730B1 (en) | 2011-12-28 |
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WO2006024014A3 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
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