JP4135550B2 - 半導体発光デバイス - Google Patents

半導体発光デバイス Download PDF

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JP4135550B2
JP4135550B2 JP2003114774A JP2003114774A JP4135550B2 JP 4135550 B2 JP4135550 B2 JP 4135550B2 JP 2003114774 A JP2003114774 A JP 2003114774A JP 2003114774 A JP2003114774 A JP 2003114774A JP 4135550 B2 JP4135550 B2 JP 4135550B2
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JP2004319912A (ja
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嘉克 森島
序章 藤倉
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Hitachi Cable Ltd
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Hitachi Cable Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、紫外、青色レーザダイオード、紫外、青色発光ダイオード等の窒化化合物半導体発光デバイスに関し、特に、発光効率を高めた窒化化合物半導体発光デバイスに関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
窒化アルミニウム、窒化ガリウム、窒化インジウム等の窒化化合物半導体は、紫外、青色レーザダイオードや発光ダイオード等の光素子用材料として脚光を浴びている。従来、窒化アルミニウム、窒化ガリウム、窒化インジウムおよびそれらの混晶である化合物半導体層をp型にする場合、ドーパントとして炭素、マグネシウムまたは亜鉛等を単独にドープすることによりp型化を行っている。GaN系材料のアクセプタ準位を形成するマグネシウム、亜鉛または炭素等のドーパントでは、アクセプタの活性化エネルギーが高いために5×1018cm-3以上の高キャリア濃度にすることは困難である。このため、p型GaN層と電極金属とのコンタクト抵抗は非常に高くなり、光デバイスなどの駆動電圧の上昇や抵抗熱による熱損傷などを引き起こしている。
【0003】
この高いコンタクト抵抗を低減させる技術として、p型コンタクト層の上に高キャリア濃度のn型GaN系コンタクト層を成長させ、p型コンタクト層とn型コンタクト層との間でトンネル接合をさせる技術が開発され、これにより電極からp型コンタクト層へ電流が流れるときの電圧降下は抑制され、また、電極とp型半導体間で生じる抵抗熱もかなり低いものとなってきている(例えば、非特許文献1)。
【0004】
【非特許文献1】
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS VOLUME 78, NUMBER 21 (21 MAY 2001),page 3265−3267
【0005】
図5は、従来提案されている発光ダイオードの構造を示すものであり、n型伝導を有するn型AlGaInNクラッド層51と、このn型クラッド層51の上に形成されたAlGaN活性層52と、この活性層52の上に形成されたp型伝導を有するp型AlGaInNクラッド層53と、このp型クラッド層53の上に形成されてオーム性接触を提供するのに用いられるp型伝導を有するp型AlGaInNコンタクト層54と、このp型コンタクト層54の上に形成され、n型伝導を有するn型AlGaInNコンタクト層55と、n型AlGaInNクラッド層51の上に形成された電極56と、n型AlGaInNコンタクト層55の上に形成された電極57とからなっている。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかし、ただ単純に高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層(n型AlGaInNコンタクト層55)をp型コンタクト層(p型AlGaInNコンタクト層54)の上に位置させた構造では、電流密度が電極57の真下に集中し、発光効率を高めることができず、発光強度も1mW程度止まりである。
【0007】
そこで、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層の電流を拡散しやすくさせるため電流ブロッキング層を電極の下に位置させる構造とするために、p型コンタクト層を電極の下に突出させた形状となるよう、p型コンタクト層を気相エッチングなどで形成し、その後に高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層を再成長させるような構造が提案された。図6は、この構造を示すものであり、61はn型AlGaInNクラッド層、62はAlGaN活性層、63はp型AlGaInNクラッド層、64はp型AlGaInNコンタクト層、65はn型AlGaInNコンタクト層、66、67は電極である。
【0008】
しかし、この構造では、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層(n型AlGaInNコンタクト層65)と接触するp型コンタクト層(p型AlGaInNコンタクト層64)の表面がエッチングダメージを受け、窒素抜けを誘発して低キャリア濃度化を招き、それらの間でトンネル接合をさせることができないという問題がある。
【0009】
本発明の目的は、上記した問題を解決し、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層とp型コンタクト層との間でのトンネル接合を可能とし、しかも高キャリアn型層内への電流拡散を促進させることにより、優れた発光効率を発揮する半導体発光デバイスを提供することにある。
【0010】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するため、本発明は、n型クラッド層の上に順次、活性層、p型クラッド層、p型Al Ga In コンタクト層およびn型Al Ga In コンタクト層が形成されてなり、エッチング加工により前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層から前記p型Al Ga In Nコンタクト層にかけて凹部が形成され、該凹部内に前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層と前記p型Al Ga In Nコンタクト層の双方に接触する電極が形成され、該電極の直下に前記p型Al Ga In Nコンタクト層の表面に生じた窒素空孔による高抵抗化部分の電流ブロック層が形成されている半導体発光デバイスを提供する。この場合、前記凹部は、前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層を貫通し、前記p型Al Ga In コンタクト層の表面を底部とするように形成されていても良く、また、前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層を貫通し、前記p型Al Ga In コンタクト層の表面よりも食い込んだ面を底部とするように形成されていても良い。
【0011】
本発明においては、凹部の形成に際して、電極直下の領域にあるn型Al Ga In コンタクト層を気相エッチングまたは液相エッチングで除去し、p型Al Ga In コンタクト層表面が露出するまでエッチングを行うので、p型Al Ga In コンタクト層がエッチングダメージを受けて窒素抜けを誘発し、窒素空孔はドナーとして寄与するのでキャリア濃度を低下させ、高抵抗化する。本発明では、この高抵抗化部分を電極直下に形成して電流ブロック層として利用することにより、高キャリアn型層(n型Al Ga In コンタクト層)内への電流拡散が促進され、発光効率を向上できる。
【0012】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は、本発明の発光デバイスの一実施の形態を示すもので、発光ダイオードへの適用例である。n型伝導を有するn型AlxGayInzN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)クラッド層1の上に、AlxGayN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、x+y=1)活性層2、p型伝導を有するp型AlxGayInzN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)クラッド層3、オーム性接触を提供するp型AlxGayInzN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)コンタクト層4およびn型伝導を有するn型AlxGayInzN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)コンタクト層5が形成されている。なお、活性層2としては、AlxGayInzN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)であっても良い。n型AlxGayInzNコンタクト層5からp型AlxGayInzNコンタクト層4の表面にかけて凹部8が形成され、この凹部8内に電極7が形成されている。凹部8は、n型AlxGayInzNコンタクト層5を気相エッチングまたは液相エッチングでp型AlxGayInzNコンタクト層4の表面が露出するまで除去することにより形成される。したがって、p型AlxGayInzNコンタクト層4の表面が凹部8の底面となる。なお、6は、n型AlxGayInzNクラッド層1に形成された電極である。
【0013】
図2は、本発明の発光デバイスの他の実施の形態を示すもので、発光ダイオードへの適用例である。図1に示した実施の形態と異なる点は、凹部28が、n型AlxGayInzNコンタクト層5を貫通し、かつp型AlxGayInzNコンタクト層4の表面よりも食い込んだ面を底部とするように形成され、この凹部28内に電極27が形成されている点である。
【0014】
図3は、本発明の発光デバイスの更に他の実施の形態を示すもので、発光ダイオードへの適用例である。この実施の形態は、SiC基板9の上にn型AlxGayInzNクラッド層1を形成したもので、SiC基板9の下に電極36が形成されている。
【0015】
(従来例1)
MOVPE装置にてサファイヤ基板上(C面)にエピタキシャル成長でLED構造を作製した。各原料は、Ga原料としてTMC(トリメチルガリウム)、N原料としてNH3(アンモニア)、In原料としてTMI(トリメチルインジウム)、p型ドーパント原料としてCp2Mg(ビシクロペンタジエニルマグネシウム)、n型ドーパントとしてSiH4(モノシラン)、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層用のn型ドーパントとしてTESi(テトラエチルシラン)を使用した。
【0016】
サファイヤ基板を有機洗浄したのち、成長圧力135Torrでバッファ層を成長させ、その上に1080℃でn型GaNクラッド層を成長させた。膜厚は、1μm、Si濃度は1×1018cm-3である。その後、成長温度を760℃まで落とし、InGaN/GaNの多重量子井戸活性層を形成した。このときの膜厚はInGaN/GaNで2.2nm/8nm、ペア数は4ペアである。その後、1120℃まで成長温度を上昇させp型クラッド層を成長させた。このときの膜厚は0.5μmでMg濃度は2×1019cm-3である。その上にp型コンタクト層を成長させた。膜厚は0.2μmでMg濃度は3.5×1019cm-3である。そして成長温度を1100℃に低下させ、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層を成長させた。膜厚は0.5μmでSi濃度は3×1019cm-3である。なお、各層におけるドーパント濃度は2次イオン質量分析法(SIMS)で測定した。
【0017】
このようにして作製したエピウェハの表面にフォトリソグラフィーでレジストをパターニングし、RIEでエッチング(BCl3ガス使用)することによりn型GaNクラッド層を露出させた。n型GaNクラッド層、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層にそれぞれ対応するように電極を蒸着により形成した。そのときの電極材料は、Ti/Alで膜厚は300Å/1500Åで電極の形状は100μm×100μmの正方形である。その後に、電極をN2雰囲気下で390℃で合金化させた。ダイサーでフルカットし、ダイボンディング、ワイヤーボンディングを施してLEDを作製した。この構造の発光ダイオードの光出力を積分球で測定したところ、20mA通電時で1mWという値であった。
【0018】
(実施例1)
従来例1と同様の構造をした発光ダイオードエピタキシャルウェハーを作製し、RIEでn型GaNクラッド層を露出させた後、再度フォトレジストを行い、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層上の電極直下の部分をエッチング除去した。エッチングした形状は、90μm×90μmの正方形状で、p型層も0.05μmだけエッチングした。その後、n型GaNクラッド層と、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層上のエッチングした部分に対応した電極を蒸着した。この大きさの電極を蒸着することにより、電極は、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層とp型コンタクト層の両方に接触できる。
【0019】
このようにして作製したLEDの光出力を積分球を用いて測定すると、20mA通電時で2mWと従来例の2倍の値であった。このときの発光特性を図4に示す。電流分散が良好に起きていて、電極の下には殆ど電流が流れていないことが分かる。このように光出力が2倍になる成因としては、次の2つが考えられる。一つは、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層をエッチングする際にp型コンタクト層の表面までエッチングしたことにより、p型層の表面はエッチングダメージを受け、窒素空孔が生じて正孔が補償され、その結果高抵抗化することが挙げられる。また、Ti/Alは、代表的なn型GaNへの電極であり、p型GaNへはショットキー性接合する。それらが相俟って良好な電流ブロック層となったものと推察される。
【0020】
(従来例2)
MOVPE装置にてSiC基板(0001面)にエピタキシャル成長でLED構造を作製した。各原料は、Ga原料としてTMC(トリメチルガリウム)、N原料としてNH3(アンモニア)、p型ドーパント原料としてCp2Mg(ビシクロペンタジエニルマグネシウム)、n型ドーパントとしてSiH4(モノシラン)、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層用のn型ドーパントとしてTESi(テトラエチルシラン)を使用した。
【0021】
まず、SiC基板をHClと過酸化水素でバブリングして、HF水溶液で処理した。その後、成長圧力135Torr、温度1140℃でn型Al0.1Ga0.9Nクラッド層を成長させた。膜厚は、0.4μm、Si濃度は5×1018cm-3である。その後、成長温度を1120℃にして、GaN/Al0.12Ga0.88Nの多重量子井戸活性層を形成した。このときの膜厚はGaN/Al0.12Ga0.88Nで2.3nm/8nm、ペア数は4ペアである。その後、1160℃まで成長温度を上昇させp型Al0.14Ga0.86Nクラッド層を成長させた。このときの膜厚は0.1μmでMg濃度は4×1019cm-3である。その上にp型Al0.14Ga0.86Nコンタクト層を成長させた。膜厚は0.1μmでMg濃度は8×1019cm-3である。そして成長温度を1140℃に低下させ、高キャリア濃度n型Al0.14Ga0.86Nコンタクト層を成長させた。膜厚は0.5μmでSi濃度は3×1019cm-3である。なお、各層におけるドーパント濃度は2次イオン質量分析法(SIMS)で測定した。
【0022】
このようにして作製したエピウェハを以下のようにしてデバイス化した。まず裏面のSiC基板にNi(20nm)/Au(300nm)電極を蒸着により形成した。次に表面にフォトリソグラフィーで電極パターンを作製し、Ni(30nm)/Au(150nm)電極を蒸着により形成した。そのときの電極の形状は、直径100μmの円形である。その後に、電極をN2雰囲気下で390℃で合金化させた。ダイサーでフルカットし、ダイボンディング、ワイヤーボンディングを施してLEDを作製した。この構造の発光ダイオードの光出力を積分球で測定したところ、20mA通電時で0.3mWという値であった。
【0023】
(実施例2)
従来例2と同様の構造をした発光ダイオードエピタキシャルウェハーを作製し、RIEで高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層上の電極直下の部分をエッチング除去した。エッチングした形状は、直径90μmの円形で、p型層も0.05μmだけエッチングした。その後、n型GaNクラッド層と、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層上のエッチングした部分に対応した電極を蒸着した。このときの材料は、Ti/Al(300Å/1500Å)であり、形状は直系120μmの円形である。この大きさの電極を蒸着することにより、電極は、高キャリア濃度n型コンタクト層とp型コンタクト層の両方に接触できる。このようにして作製したLEDの光出力を積分球を用いて測定すると、20mA通電時で0.6mWと従来例の2倍の値であった。
【0024】
【発明の効果】
以上説明してきたとおり、本発明の半導体発光デバイスによれば、電流分散が促進され、発光効率が向上して輝度を上昇させることができる。また、接触抵抗による発熱も少なくなるので、デバイスの劣化を防ぐことができ、発光ダイオードよりも大電流を必要とする高輝度LEDなどの寿命を飛躍的に伸ばすことが可能になる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の発光デバイスの一実施の形態を示すもので、発光ダイオードへの適用例の説明図。
【図2】本発明の発光デバイスの他の実施の形態を示すもので、発光ダイオードへの適用例の説明図。
【図3】本発明の発光デバイスの他の実施の形態を示すもので、発光ダイオードへの適用例の説明図。
【図4】発光特性の説明図。
【図5】従来例の説明図。
【図6】従来例の説明図。
【符号の説明】
1:n型クラッド層
2:活性層
3:p型クラッド層
4:p型コンタクト層
5:n型コンタクト層
6、7:電極
8:凹部

Claims (9)

  1. n型クラッド層の上に順次、活性層、p型クラッド層、p型Al Ga In コンタクト層およびn型Al Ga In コンタクト層が形成されてなり、エッチング加工により前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層から前記p型Al Ga In Nコンタクト層にかけて凹部が形成され、該凹部内に前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層と前記p型Al Ga In Nコンタクト層の双方に接触する電極が形成され、該電極の直下に前記p型Al Ga In Nコンタクト層の表面に生じた窒素空孔による高抵抗化部分の電流ブロック層が形成されていることを特徴とする半導体発光デバイス。
  2. 前記凹部は、前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層を貫通し、前記p型Al Ga In コンタクト層の表面を底部とするように形成されている請求項1記載の半導体発光デバイス。
  3. 前記凹部は、前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層を貫通し、前記p型Al Ga In コンタクト層の表面よりも食い込んだ面を底部とするように形成されている請求項1記載の半導体発光デバイス。
  4. 前記n型Al Ga In コンタクト層と前記電極とはオーム性接触が形成され、前記p型Al Ga In コンタクト層と前記電極とはショットキー性接触が形成されている請求項1記載の半導体発光デバイス。
  5. n型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)クラッド層の上に順次、AlGaN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、x+y=1)活性層、p型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)クラッド層、p型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)コンタクト層およびn型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)コンタクト層が形成されている請求項1記載の半導体発光デバイス。
  6. n型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)クラッド層の上に順次、AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)活性層、p型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)クラッド層、p型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)コンタクト層およびn型AlGaInN(0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)コンタクト層が形成されている請求項1記載の半導体発光デバイス。
  7. 前記凹部はエッチング加工により形成されたものである請求項1記載の半導体発光デバイス。
  8. 前記エッチング加工は、気相エッチング加工である請求項7記載の半導体発光デバイス。
  9. 前記エッチング加工は、液相エッチング加工である請求項7記載の半導体発光デバイス。
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