JP2004004124A - 分析対象物の脱着およびイオン化のための方法および装置 - Google Patents
分析対象物の脱着およびイオン化のための方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】 質量分光計中に取り外し可能に挿入され得るプローブであって、該プローブが、分析対象物検出について該プローブから該分析対象物を脱着可能なエネルギーを放射するエネルギー源に対して該分析対象物を提示するための表面を有し、ここで少なくとも該表面が非金属材料を含む、プローブ。
【選択図】 なし
Description
水溶性、中性化形態のエネルギー吸収分子基質支援レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で用いられる先行技術に基づく基質物質は強酸性である。本発見の1つは、完全に水性の溶剤に解かされた中性化エネルギー吸収分子と混合されると、分析対象物が脱着されるということである。pH6.0以上に適切に中性化することによって、この基質物質はプローブ端表面上に配置された分析対象物分子上で実行される後の化学的、あるいは酵素的反応を基本的には受けられるようにする。分析対象物分子の小部分だけが各脱着/質量分析計測定で用いられるので、プローブ端上のサンプルはその場所で後で行われる化学的または酵素的修飾のために用いることができる。修飾後、このサンプルは質量分析測定によって分析される。同じプローブ端上で分析を行うことによって、分子とその構造を含むその特性についてより正確に判定することができる。
1.シナピン酸(Aldrich Chemical Co.,Inc.,Milwaukee,WI)を20mg/ml(pH3.88)水に懸濁して、トリエチルアミン(Pierce,Rockford,IL)を用いてpH6.2〜6.5に中性化する。ヒトヒスチジンを多量に含む糖蛋白質金属結合領域(GHHPH)2G(1206Da),(GHHPH)5G(2904Da)およびヒトエストロゲン受容体2量体化領域(D473−L525)(6168.4Da)を、プローブ端上で2μlのシナピン酸(20mg/ml水,pH6.2)に混合して、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定によって分析した。5つのスペクトル(1スペクトルあたり平均100レーザーショット)を得た後、プローブを検索して,2μlの20mM Cu(SO)4を加え、質量分析測定でサンプルを再分析した。図1A(上側の図)は、中性化エネルギー吸収分子の存在下で脱着された3つのペプチド類の質量スペクトルを示している。図1B(下側の図)は、中性エネルギー吸収分子の存在下でのペプチド類の、その場所での金属結合を示している。(GHHPH)2Gペプチドは少なくとも4つのCu(II)を結合させることができ、(GHHPH)5Gペプチドは、少なくとも5つのCu(II)を結合させることができ、2量体化領域は本実験条件の下で少なくとも1つのCu(II)を結合させることができる。pH6.5に中性化されたα−シアノ−4−ヒドロキシ桂皮酸(20mg/ml水)によっても同様の結果が得られる。
本発明のプロセスで用いられているプローブ素子(プローブ端、あるいはサンプル提示表面)は、先行技術の手順に関連して述べたように必ずしも金属、あるいは金属被覆したものでなくてもよい。サンプル提示表面は、多孔性あるいは非多孔性物質を含む種々の物質で構成され、多孔性物質はスポンジ状、ポリマー性、高表面積を有しており、分析対象物の吸着および提示に最適である。
この実施例では、(1)1つ、あるいは複数の分析対象物の捕捉(吸着)、(2)これら捕捉された分析対象物の作成(例えば、塩などの汚染物質を除去するための、水や他の緩衝あるいは非緩衝溶液による洗浄、および極性有機溶媒、洗剤−溶剤、希釈酸、希釈塩基あるいは尿素などによる正常サイクルの反復)、そして(3)より重要なことであるが、これら捕捉され、調製された分析対象物を後で行う分析対象物脱着のためにプローブ表面に直接移行させるために設計された既存、および新しい固体相親和性剤の使用について述べる。親和性捕捉デバイスは電気絶縁性素材(多孔性および非多孔性)、柔軟なあるいは固くない素材、光学的に透明な物質(例えば、種々の密度、厚み、色およびいろいろな反射率を有するガラスなど)、および、より反応性の低い素材(例えば、アガロース、デキストラン、セルロース、スターチ、ペプチド、および蛋白質や核酸の断片など)の上で不動態化される。質量分析のためのサンプルの選択的脱着/提示のための好ましいプローブ端、あるいはサンプル面は(1)特定の生体高分子あるいは他の非生物学的親和剤の共有結合による付着に適した合成ポリマー(例えば、架橋デキストランあるいはアガロース、ナイロン、ポリエチレン、ポリスチレン)で被覆したステンレススチール、(2)ガラス、セラミックス、および/または(3)プラスチック(合成ポリマー)などである。これらプローブ表面への親和剤の選択的不動態化に関与する化学構造には、知られているような種類の、共有結合による、または共有結合によらない不動態化のための酸素依存、炭素依存、硫黄依存、および/または窒素依存手段を含んでいる。
1.多孔性アガロース・ビーズ(Chelating SepharoseFast Flow,Pharmacia Biotech Inc.,Piscataway,NJ、配位子密度22〜30μモル/mlゲル)あるいは固体シリカゲルビーズ(Chelating TSK−SW,Toyo Soda,日本、配位子密度15〜20μモル/mlゲル)のいずれかに対し共有結合で結合したイミノジアセテート(IDA)基によって、Cu(II)をキレート化する。ニューロテンシン(1655Da)、スペルム活性化ペプチド(933Da)、およびアンギオテンシンI(1296.5Da)を含んだ合成ペプチドの混合物を、pH7.0のTSK−SW IDA−Cu(II)(20mMリン酸ナトリウム、0.5M塩化ナトリウム)50μlを用いて、23℃の温度下で10分間、混合した。このゲルを遠心分離によって残っているペプチド溶液から分離し、次に、200μlリン酸ナトリウム、塩化ナトリウム緩衝液、pH7.0で3度洗浄して、非特異的に結合したペプチド類を取り除く。最後に、このゲルを50μlの水に懸濁させる。2μlのゲル懸濁液と非吸収ペプチド溶液のアリコットをステンレススチールプローブ端上で1μlのシナピン酸(メタノールに溶解したもの)と混合させて、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。プローブ端のいろいろの場所で5つのスペクトルを得た後(1スペクトルあたり平均100レーザーショット)、メタノールでシナピン酸を取り除く。2μlの20mM CuSO4のアリコットを付加し、その後、1μlのシナピン酸と混合して、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定によって再分析する。プローブ端のいろいろの場所で別の5つのスペクトルを得た後(1スペクトルあたり平均100レーザーショット)、メタノールで除去する。IDA−Cu(II)ゲルビーズに吸着された残りのペプチドを、pH8.0の0.1M重炭酸ナトリウム内で、トリプシン(シグマ)1μlで、モイスト・チェンバー内で23℃の温度下で10分間消化させる。このゲル・ビーズを水で洗浄して酵素と塩を除去した後、1μlのシナピン酸を加えて、そのサンプルをレーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で再分析する。図5Aは、IDA−Cu(II)によって吸収されなかった残りのペプチド溶液内のスペルム活性化因子(933Da)およびニューロテンシン(1655Da)の分子イオン(および多重Na−アダクト)を示している。アンギオテンシンI(1296.5Da)に対応する有意のピークは存在しない。図5Bの質量スペクトルはIDA−Cu(II)ゲルにかなり選択的に吸収されたアンギオテンシンI+Na−アダクトピークを示している。IDA−Cu(II)ゲルをさらに500μlの水で2度洗浄した場合に得られる質量スペクトルは、ペアレントアンギオテンシンだけを示し、他のアダクトピーク(図5および6図C)は示されなかった。図6Dは、アンギオテンシンペプチドによるその場所での銅結合を示している。図6Eは、その配列のシングルArg2位置でのアンギオテンシンのその場所でのトリプシン消化を示す。
1.ポリクローナルウサギ抗−ヒトラクトフェリン抗体はBethylLaboratories(Montgomery,TX)によって精製されたヒトラクトフェリンによってつくりだされるものである。この抗体は、チオフィリック吸着および不動態化ラクトフェリンカラムによって親和性純化さる。磁性ビーズに共有結合で付着されたヒツジ抗ウサギIgGを、Norway,Oslo,DynalASから入手した(均一2.8μm超磁性体ポリスチレンビーズ、1mgビーズあたり配位子密度10μgヒツジIgG)。ヒトラクトフェリン(1nモル、59Feでラベル、81,100Da)を20mMリン酸ナトリム、0.15M塩化ナトリウム、pH7.0で、37℃の温度下、30分間、ウサギ抗−ヒトラクトフェリンで培養する。その後、ダイナビーズ(6−7×108ビーズ/ml)に載せた40μlのヒツジ抗ウサギIgGを加えて、37℃の温度で30分間培養する。このビーズを500μlのリン酸ナトリウム緩衝液で3回洗浄し、さらに500μlの水で2回洗浄する。この複合体に結合したヒトラクトフェリンの最終的な量は4pモルと判定されるビーズのほぼ10分の1がテフロンTMで被覆した磁性プローブ端に転移され、2μlのシナピン酸(30%メタノール、0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶解したもの)と混合され、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析される。図11は抗原−1次抗体−2次抗体複合体(上側の図)内にラクトフェリン(81,143Da)が存在していることを示しており、一方、この1次抗体−2次抗体コントロール(下側の図)はウサギ抗体信号(単独荷電で149,000Da、2重荷電で74,500Da)のみを示している。この実施例はa)表面不動態化抗体上に親和性吸着された分折対象物でレーザー脱着が良好に脱着されること(1次抗体−分析対象物複合体の混合物内で分析対象物信号が不明瞭にしか確認されない場合は、本方法においては、分析対象物を確認するために、表面を不動態化した2次抗体、蛋白質A、蛋白質G、ストレプタビジンなどの、1次抗体のいずれかの捕捉デバイスが用いられる);b)分析対象物の1つがその捕捉の主要対象物との会合を通じて検出される特異性蛋白質識別現象を通じての蛋白質発見の原理;そしてc)効率的な捕捉デバイスとしての磁性表面の使用を示している。
5.ポリクローナルウサギ抗−仔ウシヒスチジン含有抗体を、Bethyl Laboratories(Montgomery,TX)による精製仔ウシヒスチジン含有糖蛋白質に対して作成する。この抗体をチオフェン吸着および不動態化された仔ウシヒスチジン含有糖蛋白質カラムで親和性純化する。この精製された抗体をメーカーの指示に従ってAffiGel10(BioRad Laboratories,Hercules,CA、配位子密度15μモル/mlゲル)上で不動態化する。仔ウシの初乳200μlのアリコットを20mMリン酸ナトリウム、pH7.0、200μlで希釈して、50μlの不動態化抗体に入れ、23℃の温度で30分間撹拌する。このゲルを500μlの20mMリン酸ナトリウム、0.5M塩化ナトリウム、3Mの尿素、pH7.0で3回洗浄し、次に500μlの水で二回洗浄する。洗浄されたゲル1μlのアリコットを2μlのシナピン酸(30%メタノール、0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶解したもの)とプローブ端上で混合して、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。図14は、精製された仔ウシのヒスチジンを多量に含む糖蛋白質の質量スペクトル(下側の図)と、仔ウシ初乳から得た蛋白質の親和性(下側の図)を示している。この結果は、完全な、ヒスチジンを多量に含む糖蛋白質と、仔ウシ初乳内の主要な原始的断片の存在を示している。この実施例は、少量の生物液内での新しい蛋白質の検出および特徴付けにおける手軽で単純な手法としてSEACを用いた場合の有効性を示している。この結果はポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動の非常に手間のかかる免疫ブロッティングで得られるた初期の知見を裏づけるものである。
6.SEAC手法を用いることによって、抗体の完全なマッピングを簡単に行うことができる。抗ヒト・卵胞刺激ホルモンの3つの供給源(Chemicon International,Temecula,CaからのべータFSHに対して特異性を発揮するポリクローナル、Serotec,Indianapolis,INからのべータ3エピトープに特異性を示すモノクローナル、Biodesign,Kennebunk,MEからのモノクローナル)をメーターの指示に従ってAffiGel 10上で不動態化した。これらの不動態化した抗体のすべてについて、卵巣刺激ホルモンの2つの異なった製剤(Chemicon社からの半精製製剤、およびAccurate Chemical and Scientific Corp.からの粗精製製剤)で培養することによって、卵巣刺激ホルモンと特異的に結合するかどうかをテストし、その後、シナピン酸の存在下で質量分析測定によって分析する。次に、ヒトFSH(Chemicon)の半精製製剤をトリプシンで消化して、個別のアリコット(7ul)をホスフェート緩衝食塩水中で、これらの不動態化された抗体(10ul 1:1ゲル懸濁液)と、4℃の温度下で、2時間反応させる。
1.4%アガロースビーズ上で不動態化された単一鎖DNAをGIBCCBRL(Gaithersburg,MD配位子密度0.5〜1.0mg DNA/mlゲル)から入手する。125I−ヒトラクトフェリン(49nモルに相当)のアリコットを100μlの不動態化単一鎖DNAと20mM HEPES,pH7.0内で、室温下、10分間混合する。このゲルを500μlのHEPES緩衝液で五回洗浄し、その後等量の水に懸濁させる。ビーズ1個あたりに結合するラクトフェリンの量は、放射活性の判定、および単位体積あたりのビーズの数を数えることによって62fモルと推定される。0.5mm直径のプローブ端上にいろいろの数のビーズ(1〜12)を置いて、0.2μlのシナピン酸(30%メタノール、0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶解したもの)と混合し、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。図16は、単一鎖DNAアガロースのひとつのビーズに親和性吸着されたラクトフェリンの質量スペクトルを示している。これは、そのひとつのビーズから得られた全部で5つのスペクトル(1スペクトルあたり平均100レーザーショット)の代表的なスペクトルである。
1.大豆トリプシン抑制因子(Sigma)をAffiGel 10(BioRad)上でメーカーの指示にしたがって不動態化させる。100μlのヒト十二指腸吸引物アリコットを50μlのpH7.0の表面不動態化大豆トリプシン抑制因子(20mMリン酸ナトリウム、0.5M塩化ナトリウム)50μlと23℃の温度下で15分間混合する。次にこのゲルを500μlのリン酸緩衝液で3回洗浄し、さらに500μlの水で2回洗浄する。ゲル懸濁液あるいは最初の十二指腸吸引物1μlのアリコットを2μlのシナピン酸(50%アセトニトリル、0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶解したもの)と混合し、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。図18Aは総十二指腸吸引物の複合質量スペクトル(下側の図)と表面不動態化大豆トリプシン抑制因子に吸着された蛋白質の質量スペクトル(下側)とを示している。親和性捕捉されたサンプルの主要なピークはトリプシンを示している。同様の結果はa)グルタルアルデヒドを介して大豆トリプシン抑制因子に結合されたナイロンプローブ素子の先端か、b)グルタルアルデヒドかジビニルスルフォンを介して大豆トリプシン抑制因子に結合したポリアクリルアミドによって被覆されたアクリルプローブの先端に置かれたわずか1μlの十二指腸液でも得ることができる(図18B)。
シバクロンブルー3GA−agarose(タイプ3000、4%ビーズ化アガロース、配位子密度2〜5μモル/mlゲル)をSigmaから入手する。ヒト血漿の200μlのアリコットを50μlの表面不動態化シバクロンブルー、pH7.0(20mMリン酸ナトリウム、0.5M塩化ナトリウム)と、23℃の温度下、l0分間混合した。このゲルを500μlの緩衝液で3回洗浄し、500μlの水で2回洗浄する。1μlのゲル懸濁液のアリコットを2μlのシナピン酸(50%アセトニトリル、0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶解したもの)と混合し、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。図20は表面不動態化シバクロンブルーによる血清サンプルからのヒト血漿アルブミン(2重電荷イオン[M+2H]2+,32,000m/z、単一電荷イオン[M+H]+,64,000m/z、2量体イオン、2[M+H]+,128,000m/z)の選択的脱着を示している。テストされた他の不動態化染料としては、リアクティブレッド120−アガロース、リアクティブブルーアガロース、リアクティブグリーンアガロース、リアクテイブイェロウ・アガロース(すべてSigma社製)などで、それぞれヒト血漿からの異なった血漿を選択する。
この実施例は分析対象物の脱着およびイオン化の方法を示し、この方法においては分析対象物は基質結晶構造中に分散しているのではなく、エネルギー吸収分子の付着表面内部、あるいはその上、あるいはその上方の、いろいろな化学的、物理的、および生物学的修飾や認識反応への反応を示す位置に存在する。表面は適切な密度の(共有結合により、あるいはそれによらないで)、エネルギー吸収の単層あるいは複数の層を用いていろいろな質量の分析対象物分子の脱着を速やかに行わせるように、いろいろな形状で結合しているエネルギー吸収分子により誘導される。
1.桂皮酸アミド(Aldrich)(先行技術ではレーザー波長355nmで基質としての役割は果たさない)をプロパノール:0.5M炭酸ナトリウム(3:1)に溶解して、ジビニルスルホン(Fluka,Ronkonkoma,NY)活性化セファローズ(Pharmacia)と23℃の温度下で2時間混合した。過剰のエネルギー吸収分子はイソプロパノールで洗浄除去する。この分子構造を図21に示す。結合、あるいは遊離分子2μlのアリコットをプローブ端上に置いて、0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶かしたヒトエストロゲン受容体2量体化領域1μlをその上に加え、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析した。これらの結果はペプチドイオン信号が結合エネルギー吸収分子表面(図20、上側)上でのみ検出されること、そして遊離分子は有効でないこと(図20、下側)を示している。
1.チオサリチル酸(Aldrich)を水、または50%メタノール水溶液あるいはメタノールに溶解する。これらの溶液はそのまま用いるか、あるいはそれら溶液のpHを炭酸水素ナトリウムあるいは水酸化アンモニウムまたはトリエチルアミンで6.5に調整してから用いる。Cu(II)イオンをイミノジアセテート(IDA)(Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow,Pharmacia)あるいはトリス(カルボキシメチル)エチレネイドアミン(TED)(YipおよびHutches,1991によって述べられているように合成)のいずれかでキレート化する。このエネルギー吸収分子の溶液をIDA−Cu(II)ゲルと4℃から23℃の温度下で5分間〜15時間の範囲で混合する。過剰のエネルギー吸収分子は水か、50%メタノール水溶液か、あるいはメタノールで洗浄除去する。この実験で推定される表面の分子構造を図32に示す。結合エネルギー吸収分子1μlのアリコットをプローブ端上に置いて、1μlのペプチド混合物、あるいはエストロゲン受容体2量体化領域、またミオグロビンを0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶かしたものを上に加え、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。図33はこの表面から脱着されるエストロゲン受容体2量体化領域の代表的な質量スペクトルを示す。
シナピン酸、またはα−シアノ−4−ヒドロキシシナピン酸を水に懸濁させ、pHを希釈した水酸化ナトリウムで6.6に調節する。テンタクルDEAD Fractogal(EM Separations,Gibbstown,NJ)を20mM HEPES,pH6.0で洗浄して、吸引乾燥させる。エネルギー吸収分子溶液をこのDEAEゲルと23℃の温度下で15時間混合させる。このゲルを、過剰なエネルギー吸収分子が取り除かれるまで水で洗浄する。この実験から推定される表面の分子構造を図34に示す。結合されたエネルギー吸収分子0.5μlのアリコットをプローブ端上に置いて、0.1%トリフルオロ酢酸に溶かした1μlのエストロゲン受容体2量体化領域あるいはミオグロビンを上に加えて、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。図35AおよびBはその質量スペクトルを示す。
1.α−シアノ−4−ヒドロキシ桂皮酸を50%メタノール水溶液およびジメチルスルホキシドに溶解する。これをアミノメチル化されたポリスチレンと23℃の温度で15時間混合する。過剰なエネルギー吸収分子を50%メタノール水溶液で洗浄除去する。この実験で推定される分子構造を図36に示す。結合したエネルギー吸収分子1μlのアリコットをプローブ端上に置いて、1μlのペプチドを上に加え、レーザー脱着飛行時間質量分析測定で分析する。
DNA,RNAおよび蛋白質などの生体高分子の構造と特性を決定する個別構成ブロック(モノマー)の線形的な集団が知られているが、これらは、レーザー脱着/イオン化、飛行時間(TOF)質量分析測定(MS)による部分的に消化された(例えば、化学的あるいは酵素による)生体高分子の個別的な質量判定を伴う方法で(全体にせよ、その1部にせよ)配列決定される。
3つの成分が関連している。1)アミンまたはカルボキシル基のいずれか、あるいはその両方に反応するように活性化された表面;2)光感作性化合物、一般的に一般式がR1−N=N−R2のアゾ化合物、例えば、5−(4−アミノフェニルアゾ)サリチル酸(Aldrich)、アゾジカルボンアミド(Aldrich)、あるいはその他の活性水素反応性化学物質などの光感作性などを作リ出すメカニズムの使用;3)蛋白質、核酸、炭水化物などの生体高分子。
260nm〜365nmのUVレーザーは光分解結合を切断することができる。脱共役生体高分子を、MALDI TOFによリ脱着/イオン化する(当業者には、SEND,SEACおよびSEPARも使用できることが周知である)。
このことは、酵素的あるいは化学的方法による、周知の連続的な分解のいずれかの方法によって行われ、例えば、タンパク質のN−末端はアミノペプチダーゼにより、タンパク質のC−末端はカルボキシペプチダーゼにより、タンパク質のN−末端はエドマン分解により、核酸はエキソヌクレアーゼにより、またはサンガー法によリ、炭水化物はノイラミニダーゼ、マンナーゼ、フカーゼ、ガラクトシダーゼ、グルコシダーゼ、O−グリカナーゼ、またはN−グリカナーゼにより配列決定される。過剰の試薬ならびに反応生成物を洗浄除去した後、複数の光分解結合によって表面上は繋ぎ止められている、失われた末端モノマーの数が異なる一団の、質量の定義された生体高分子から成る分析対象物を、MALDI TOF MSにより分析する(当業者には、SEND,SEACおよびSEPARも使用できることは周知である)。
この原理の実物による説明を、26残基のペプチドの配列決定により提供する。 GHHPHGHHPHGHHPHGHHPHGHHPHGHHPHGこのペプチド(CHHPH)5Gは、ヒスチジンに富む糖蛋白質(HRG)として知られている80kDaの蛋白質の、完全な配列の中の金属結合ドメインである。
〔発明の効果〕
Claims (1)
- 分析対象物サンプルの分析対象物分子の質量を質量分析計により測定するための装置であって、
分析計チューブ;
上記チューブの内部に真空を適用するための真空装置;
上記分析対象物からの脱着された分析対象物分子に加速性電位を適用するためのチューブ内の電位手段;
上記分析対象物の脱着とイオン化を促進させるための表面結合分子に結合して上記分析対象物サンプルを提示するための、上記分析計チューブ内に取り外し可能なように挿入可能なサンプル提示手段であって、但し、上記表面分子はエネルギー吸着分子、親和性捕捉装置、光感作性付着分子及びそれの組合せから選択され;
上記表面結合分子に結合して上記サンプル提示手段上に付着した分析対象物サンプルであって、それにより上記質量分析計分析において消費されなかった上記分析対象物分子の少なくとも一部は次に化学、生物または物理分析手法のために接近可能なまま残り;
上記分析対象物からの分析対象物分子の一部を脱着およびイオン化するのに十分なエネルギーを分与するための分析対象物サンプルに向けられたレーザービームを生じさせるレーザービーム手段;および
加速されたイオン化分析対象物分子の衝突をその上で検出するための上記分析計チューブに結合した検出器手段
を含む、装置。
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