CN1318512C - 聚合物,聚合物微米纤维,聚合物纳米纤维和包括过滤器结构的用途 - Google Patents
聚合物,聚合物微米纤维,聚合物纳米纤维和包括过滤器结构的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1318512C CN1318512C CNB018151655A CN01815165A CN1318512C CN 1318512 C CN1318512 C CN 1318512C CN B018151655 A CNB018151655 A CN B018151655A CN 01815165 A CN01815165 A CN 01815165A CN 1318512 C CN1318512 C CN 1318512C
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Abstract
揭示了一种改进的聚合物材料。还揭示了由改进的聚合物材料制得的微米纤维和纳米纤维结构的微米纤维材料。微米纤维和纳米纤维结构可用于包括成形过滤材料的各种有用的用途。
Description
本申请是于2001年8月9日以Donaldson股份有限公司的名义(该公司是美国公司及居民)提交的PCT国际专利申请,指定除美国以外的所有国家,并要求2000年9月5日提交的美国Serial No.60/230,138和2001年5月31日提交的美国SerialNo.09/871,590的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及制造具有提高了对热量、湿度、反应性物质和机械应力的环境稳定性的聚合物材料。这些材料可用来形成具有改善的稳定性和强度的细纤维,如微米纤维和纳米纤维。随着纤维尺寸的减小,材料的耐久性日益成为一个问题。这些细纤维可用于各种用途。在一个应用中,过滤器结构可使用该细纤维技术来制备。本发明涉及聚合物、聚合物组合物、纤维、过滤器、过滤器结构和过滤方法。本发明的应用特别涉及从流体流,例如空气流和液(例如非水和水)流中过滤颗粒。描述的技术涉及在过滤介质中具有一层或多层细纤维的结构。组合物及纤维的尺寸要结合其性能和耐久性来进行选择。
背景技术
本发明涉及具有改善的性能的聚合物组合物,它可用于各种用途,包括形成纤维、微米纤维、纳米纤维、纤维织物、纤维垫、可渗透的结构如薄膜、覆层或膜。本发明的聚合物材料是具有一定物理性质的组合物,它让呈各种物理形状及形式的聚合物材料,具有能耐受湿气、热量、气流、化学试剂和机械应力或冲击的变质作用。本发明还涉及用于过滤流体包括气态和液态物质的的过滤介质领域。过滤介质包括至少与机械稳定的过滤器结构中的基材结合的微米纤维或纳米纤维织物层。当流体如气体或液体通过过滤介质时,这些层一起提供了优良的过滤、高的颗粒捕集能力以及最小流量限制时的效率。基材可位于流体前面、后面或在内部层中。近年,使用过滤介质用于过滤,即从流体如气体或液体除去不需要的颗粒已引起各工业的注意。常规过滤方法是从流体包括空气流或其它气流或从液体流如水力流体、润滑油、燃料油、水流及其它流体中除去颗粒。这样的过滤方法对微米纤维和基材要求机械强度、化学和物理稳定性。过滤介质可处于宽范围的温度条件、湿度、机械振动和冲击,以及夹带在流体中的反应性或非反应性,磨损或非摩损性颗粒中。而且,过滤介质常要求过滤介质能处于逆压脉冲(流体的短暂逆流用以除去颗粒构成的表面覆层)中进行自净化的能力,或者其它能从过滤介质表面除去夹带颗粒的机理。这样的逆向净化可导致显著降低脉冲净化后的压力差。脉冲净化后颗粒捕集效率一般不会提高,然而,脉冲净化会降低压力差,节省过滤操作的能耗。这样的过滤器可从使用操作中除下,在水性或非水性净化组合物中进行净化。这样的介质一般通过抽出细纤维然后在多孔基材上形成微米纤维的交叉织物来制造。这样的材料然后制成需要的过滤器形式如筒式、平盘式、箱式、平板式、包式和袋式。这些结构中,介质可打褶,卷成卷,或置于支撑结构。
在制造非织造细纤维过滤介质中,已经使用了各种包括玻璃纤维、金属、陶瓷和许多种聚合物组合物的材料。为制造直径小的微米和纳米纤维,已经使用了各种技术。一种方法包括使呈熔融态或者处于随后进行蒸发的溶液中的材料经过细小的毛细管或者开孔。也可以通过使用常用于制造如尼龙的合成纤维的“喷丝嘴”来形成纤维。已知也可以使用静电抽丝技术。这种技术涉及使用皮下注射针、喷嘴、毛细管或者可移动发射器。这些结构可以提供聚合物液体溶液,然后可在高压静电场中将其吸引到一收集区域。由于这些材料从发射器中射出并在静电场中加速,通过蒸发溶剂可以形成纤维结构,并且纤维很细。
由于可以预想更多用于过滤介质的苛刻的应用,要求性能显著改进的材料能经受100~250,最高至300的高温、10~90%最高至100%RH的高湿度、气体和液体的高流速以及能经受过滤微米和亚微米颗粒(约0.01~10微米以上)、从流体中除去研磨和非研磨性以及活性和非活性颗粒的严格考验。
因此,确实需要高性能的聚合物材料、微米和纳米纤维材料和过滤结构,用来过滤高温、高湿度、高流速并具有所述微米和亚微米颗粒物质的流体。
发明概述
本发明提供一种改进的聚合物材料。这种聚合物具有提高了的物理和化学稳定性。该聚合物细纤维(微米纤维和纳米纤维)可制成有用的产品形式。纳米纤维是直径小于200纳米即0.2微米的纤维。微米纤维是直径大于0.2微米,但不大于10微米的纤维。这些细纤维可制成改进的多层微过滤介质结构的形式。本发明的细纤维层包括结合形成交叉织物的细纤维的无规分布。主要是由于细纤维阻挡了颗粒的路径而可获得过滤性能。有细纤纸结合在其上的基材提供了刚度、强度和可打褶性。细纤维交叉网络具有一重要特性,即微米纤维或纳米纤维形式的细纤维之间有相对小的空隙。这样的纤维空隙通常在约0.01-25微米之间,或约0.1-10微米。包含细纤维层和纤维素层与适当选择的基材的过滤器产品很薄。细纤维使细纤维加基材的过滤介质总厚度增加了不到1微米。使用中,过滤器能阻止所含的颗粒通过细纤维层,并能达到显著的捕集颗粒的表面负载量。粉尘或其它所含颗粒在过滤器表面迅速形成粉尘滤饼,并保持高的最初和总体的颗粒除去效率。
在此揭示的聚合物材料显著提高了对热量、湿度、高流速、逆向脉冲净化、操作磨损、亚微米颗粒、使用中过滤器的净化和其它苛刻条件不利作用的耐受力。改进了微米纤维和纳米纤维性能是改进了形成微米纤维或纳米纤维的聚合物材料的特性的结果。而且,使用本发明的改进的聚合物材料的本发明过滤介质提供了许多优点,包括高效、低流量限制、在磨损性颗粒存在条件下的高耐久性(与应力或环境相关)以及没有疏松纤维的光滑外表面。过滤材料的总体结构提供了总体薄的介质,得以提高单位体积的介质面积,降低通过介质的速度,提高介质效率并且降低流量限制。
本发明的一个较好方式是聚合物混合物,包括第一聚合物和第二聚合物,所述两种聚合物是在高温下经调整或者处理的不同聚合物(在聚合物类型、分子量或者物理性能上不同)。所述聚合物混和物可以反应形成单一的化学物质或者通过退火过程物理混和成混和的组合物。退火意味着物理变化,如结晶度、应力松弛或取向上的变化。较好的材料能化学反应成为单一物质,使得经差式扫描量热计分析揭示是单一的聚合物物质。当与优选的添加剂材料混合时,这种材料可形成在微米纤维上的添加剂表面覆层,当处于高温、高湿度和艰难操作条件时能提供疏油性、疏水性或其它有关的提高的稳定性。这类细纤维的直径为2微米至小于0.01微米。这种细纤维可以具有包含添加剂材料相异的层或者添加剂材料外覆层的光滑表面,所述添加剂材料部分溶解在聚合物表面上或者在聚合物表面中形成合金或者两种均有。用于混和聚合物体系的优选材料包括尼龙6、尼龙66、尼龙610、尼龙(6-66-610)共聚物和其它线型脂肪族尼龙组合物。用端基滴定法分析了一种优选尼龙共聚物树脂(SVP-651)的分子量。(J.E.Walz和Taylor,determination ofthe molecular weight of nylon,Anal.Chem.Vol.19,Number7,pp448-450(1947))。其数均分子量(Mn)为21,500~24,800。用约45%的尼龙6、约20%的尼龙66和约25%的尼龙610d这三种组分尼龙的熔点温度相图来估计所述组成。(第286页,Nylon Plastic Handbook,Melvin Kohan ed.Hanser Publisher,NewYork(1995))。
SVP-651的物理性能为:
性能 | ASTM方法 | 单位 | 代表值 |
比重吸水性(浸水24小时)硬度熔点拉伸强度@屈服断裂处延伸弯曲模量体积电阻系数 | D-792D-570D-240DSCD-638D-638D-790D-257 | -%Shore D℃()兆帕(每平方英尺千磅)%兆帕(每平方英尺千磅)欧姆-厘米 | 1.082.565154(309)50(7.3)350180(26)1012 |
水解程度为87.0~99.9+%的聚乙烯醇可以用于这种聚合物体系。这些系统宜交联并和显著量的疏油性和疏水性添加剂材料混合。
本发明另一优选的方式涉及混和有添加剂组合物的单一聚合物材料,该添加剂是用来提高纤维的使用寿命或者操作性能。本发明这一方面所用的优选聚合物包括尼龙聚合物、聚偏二氯乙烯聚合物、聚偏二氟乙烯聚合物、聚乙烯醇聚合物,尤其是所列的当它们和强疏油性和疏水性添加剂混和时能使微米纤维或者纳米纤维具有形成在其表面上的覆层的那些材料。而且,这些聚合物的混和物如这些尼龙、这些聚氯乙烯、这些聚偏二氟乙烯的混和物在本发明中很有用。而且,本发明也可设想使用不同聚合物的混和物或者合金。在这方面,聚合物的相容混合物在形成本发明微米纤维材料中很有用。可以使用如含氟表面活化剂、非离子表面活化剂、低分子量树脂(例如分子量小于3000的叔丁基苯酚树脂)的添加剂组合物。所述树脂以在没有亚甲基桥键基团的存在条件下苯酚核心之间的低聚键合为特征。羟基和叔丁基可以在环的周围的随机位置。苯酚核心之间的键合通常挨着羟基发生,而不是随机的。类似地,所述聚合物材料可以和可溶于醇的由双酚A形成的非线型聚合树脂混和。这种材料类似于上述叔丁基苯酚,它是在不存在任何桥键基团如亚烯烃或亚甲基条件下利用低聚键直接将芳香环连接到芳香环上形成的。
本发明尤其优选的材料是直径约为0.01~2微米的微米纤维材料。优选的纤维直径为0.05~0.5微米。具有优选尺寸的这种纤维能提供优良的过滤性能,易于逆向脉冲净化以及其它方面。本发明优选的聚合物体系具有附着特性,当和纤维质基材接触时,能以足够的强度附着在基材上,并可以抵抗逆向脉冲净化技术和其它机械应力的脱层作用。在这种方式中,所述聚合物原料必须一直附着在基材上,同时能经受相当于除逆向外经过过滤结构的常规过滤条件的脉冲净化作用力。当纤维和基材接触或者用热或压力后处理基材上的纤维时,这种附着力来自纤维形成的溶解效应。但是,聚合物的特性,例如类似于氢键的特定化学相互作用、Tg以上或者以下出现的聚合物和基材之间的接触以及包含添加剂的聚合物配方,在决定附着力时发挥着重要的作用。在粘合时用溶剂或水蒸汽增塑的聚合物可以提高其粘合力。
本发明一个重要的方面是利用这种微米纤维或者纳米纤维形成过滤结构。在这种结构中,本发明的细纤维材料形成在过滤基材上并附着在过滤基材上。可以使用天然纤维和合成纤维基材如纺粘织物、合成纤维的非织造织物以及由纤维素、合成纤维和玻璃纤维的混合物制造的非织造织物、非织造和机织的玻璃纤维的织物,塑性织物材料如挤出和冲孔的材料以及有机聚合物的UF和MF膜。然后将片状基材或者纤维素非织造织物制成过滤结构,将其置于包括空气流或者液流的流体中用来除去流体中悬浮或者夹带的颗粒。所述过滤材料的形状和结构要合乎设计工程师的要求。过滤部件形成之后的一个重要参数是它对热量、湿度或者两者的耐受性。本发明过滤介质的一个方面是对过滤材料耐受长时间浸没在热水中的能力的测试。浸没测试可以提供有价值的关于细纤维耐受湿热条件以及耐受过滤材料在主要含有强净化表面活性剂和强碱性材料的水溶液中经受净化的能力的信息。较好的,本发明细纤维材料可以浸没在热水中,而仍保留至少50%的形成于基材表面的细纤维。细纤维至少50%的保留值可以保持足够的纤维效率,同时不损失过滤容量或者增加背压。最好的是至少保留75%。
细纤维过滤结构包括两层或多层结构,而过滤器包含一层或多层细纤维层,细纤维层与一层或多层合成纤维、纤维素纤维或混合织物结合或者被其隔开。
我们认为过滤结构中纤维和微米纤维的重要特性与温度耐受性、湿度或水分耐受性以及溶剂耐受性有关,尤其当微米纤维在升高温度下与潮湿环境或溶剂接触时。而且,本发明材料的第二重要特性涉及材料与基材结构的附着性。微米纤维层的附着性是过滤材料的一个重要特性,可以使制造的材料不会与基材分层,微米纤维层加上基材可加工成包括褶皱、成卷材料和其它结构,而没有显著分层。已发现,制造过程的加热步骤中温度升至一种聚合物材料的熔点温度或接近或恰低于该温度,通常低于最低的熔点温度,能明显提高纤维彼此之间以及纤维与基材之间的附着力。细纤维在熔点或高于熔点温度会丧失其纤维结构。控制加热速度也很重要。如果纤维长时期处于其结晶温度,也会丧失其纤维结构。仔细的热处理也能改善聚合物性质,这是由于当添加剂物质迁移到表面并在纤维表面显示疏水性或疏油性基团时形成外添加剂层的缘故。
性能的标准是材料能在各种操作温度下保持有效,即根据最终目的,在140、160、270和300保持1小时或3小时有效,同时保持30%、50%、80%或90%的过滤效率。对性能的另一个标准是材料能在各种操作温度下保持有效,即根据最终目的,在140、160、270和300保持1小时或3小时有效,同时在过滤层中保持30%、50%、80%或90%的有效细纤维。在这些温度下能保持有效对在低湿度、高湿度和饱和空气的水中很重要。本发明的微米纤维和过滤材料被认为具有耐水分性,材料能够浸没在高于160的水后仍保持有效,同时能保持效率长至大约5分钟以上。同样,能与70溶剂如乙醇、烃、水力流体或芳香溶剂接触长于约5分钟仍保持有效,同时保持50%效率的材料,可以达到本发明微米纤维材料和过滤材料的溶剂耐受性。
本发明的细纤维材料可用于各种过滤用途,包括脉冲净化和非脉冲净化过的过滤器用于粉尘的收集,燃气轮机和发动机空气进口或感应系统,重型发动机空气进口或感应系统,轻型机动车发动机进口或感应系统;Zee过滤器,车厢空气,越野车车厢空气、磁盘驱动器中空气,照相复印-调色剂除去;在商业过滤应用或居民过滤应用中的HAVA过滤器。
附图简要说明
图1显示了典型的生产本发明细纤维用的静电发射器驱动装置。
图2显示了图1中所示细纤维形成技术中用于将细纤维引到过滤基材上的装置。
图3相比微小的即2和5微米的颗粒物质,显示了支撑材料典型的内部结构并另行示出了本发明的细纤维材料。
图4~11是和实施例13有关的ESCA分析光谱。
图12显示了本发明实施例5中0.23微米和0.45微米的微米纤维材料的稳定性。
图13~16显示了相比未改性的尼龙共聚物溶剂可溶性聚酰胺,实施例5和6材料的高温和高湿度的稳定性。
图17~20证明了两种共聚物、一种尼龙均聚物和一种尼龙共聚物的混合物热处理并和添加剂混和后,就形成单一组分材料,这种材料不呈现两种聚合物材料的可识别特征、但显示是交联的或者其他方式化学结合的单相。
发明详细描述
本发明微米或纳米纤维层中的细纤维可以是直径约为0.001~2微米、宜为0.05~0.5微米的纤维。典型细纤维过滤层的厚度约为纤维直径的约1~100倍,基重范围约为0.01~240微克/厘米2。
流体如空气和气流中通常携带有颗粒物质。需要除去流体中的一些或者所有的颗粒物质。例如,进入机动车车厢的空气流,电脑磁盘驱动器中的空气,HVAC空气,净化室中的流通空气使用过滤袋、阻挡织物、机织材料的用途,进入车用或发电设备用发动机的空气;进入燃气轮机的气流和进入各种燃烧炉中的空气流,这些气流往往包含颗粒物质。当为车厢空气过滤器时,为了使乘客舒适和/或美观,应除去颗粒物质。至于进入发动机、燃气轮机和燃烧炉中的空气流和气流,要求除去颗粒物质,是因为颗粒会因各种相关的机理对内部工件产生实质性的损害。在其它情况下,来自工业过程或者发动机的产出气或者排出气中含有颗粒物质。在可以或者应该通过下游设备将这种气体排放到大气之前,要求充分除去这些流体中的颗粒物质。
通过考虑以下的过滤介质:表面负荷介质和深度介质,可以获得空气过滤器设计中的一些基本原理和问题的一般认识。这些介质类型已经作了深入的研究并已经被广泛地使用。例如,在U.S.专利Nos.5,082,476、5,238,474和5,364,456中说明了和它们有关的一些原理。所述三个专利的揭示的内容全文参考结合于此。
过滤器的“使用寿命”通常根据选定的过滤器限制压力进行定义。过滤器的压力增加将使用寿命限定在应用或设计所限定的水平上。由于这种压力增加是负荷的结果,对相同效率的系统来说,较长的使用寿命通常和较高的容量有直接关系。效率表征着介质捕获颗粒而不是让颗粒通过的倾向。通常,过滤介质除去气流中的颗粒的效率越高,所述过滤介质一般来说就越快接近“使用寿命”的压降(假定其它变量保持恒定)。在本申请中,术语“过滤效果不变”是指保持足够的对于选定的用途来说必要的去除流体中颗粒的效率。
纸类过滤部件是广泛应用的表面负荷介质形式。一般,纸类部件包括纤维素、合成纤维或其它纤维的密集垫,这些纤维与颗粒物质的气流取向相同。纸一般制成可使气流透过,并且具有充分细小的孔隙尺寸和合适的孔隙率,以阻挡大于选定尺寸的颗粒通过。当气体(流体)通过滤纸时,滤纸迎着气流面通过扩散和拦截进行操作,来捕集和保留气流(流体)中选定尺寸的颗粒。颗粒在滤纸表面上收集呈滤饼。一定时间后,滤饼也开始作为过滤器进行操作,提高了效率。这有时称作“时效(seasoning)”,即效率发展到大于最初效率。
简单的过滤器设计如上面所述存在至少两类问题。第一,纸相对简单的缺陷,即纸的破裂会导致系统失效。第二,在过滤器迎着气流的面上颗粒物质迅速堆积为薄的滤饼或层,增加了压降。已采用各种方法来增加表面负荷过滤系统如滤纸的“寿命”。一种方法是提供褶皱结构的介质,使与气流相遇的介质相对于平的无褶皱结构其表面积较大。这种方法虽能增加寿命,但仍受到限制。由于这一原因,表面负荷介质主要用于通过过滤介质的速度相对较慢的应用,一般不大于约20-30英尺/分钟,通常在约10英尺/分钟或更小的数量级。本文中,术语“速度”是通过介质的平均速度(即体积流量/介质面积)。
一般,当通过褶皱的纸介质的空气流速提高时,过滤器寿命以和流速的平方成比例地下降。因此,使用褶皱的纸的表面负荷过滤系统作为颗粒过滤器用于要求空气流量大的系统时,需要较大的过滤介质表面积。例如,行驶在公路上的柴油机卡车的常规圆筒褶皱纸过滤器部件的直径约为9-15英寸,长12-24英寸,褶皱约为1-2英寸深。因此,介质的过滤表面积(一面)通常为30-300英尺2。
许多应用尤其是涉及相当高的流量的那些应用,使用另一种类型的过滤介质,有时称作“深度”介质。典型的深度介质包括较厚的缠结纤维材料。深度介质一般以其孔隙率、密度或固体百分数来表征。例如,2-3%固含量的介质是纤维材料(固体)占总体积的约2-3%,其余是空气或气体空间的纤维的深度介质垫。
表征深度介质的另一个有用的参数是纤维直径。如果固含量保持不变,而纤维直径(尺寸)减小,孔径或纤维之间的空隙减小,即过滤器变得更有效,能更有效地捕集更小的颗粒。
典型常用的深度介质过滤器是深的,相对恒定(或一致的)密度的介质,即深度介质的固体含量在其厚度上保持基本不变。本文中的“基本不变”指在介质的整个深度上密度如果有变化也仅是相当小的波动。这样的变化例如是由放置过滤介质的容器的外表面产生轻微挤压的缘故。
已经研究了梯度密度的深度介质的装置,例如美国专利4,082,476、5,238,474和5,363,456中描述了一些这样的装置。一般,深度介质的装置可设计为能提供基本在其整个体积或深度的颗粒材料的“负荷”。因此,这样的装置设计成当达到过滤器的总寿命时,相对于表面负荷系统能负荷更大量的颗粒材料。梯度密度系统如上述专利中的那些,已设计为能提供显著的效率和更长的寿命。有些情况下,使用表面负荷介质作为这样装置中的“修饰(polish)”过滤器。
聚合物材料已经制成非织造和机织织物、纤维和微米纤维。所述聚合物材料提供产品稳定性所要求的物理性能。这些材料不应在尺寸上明显改变,不应降低其分子量,不应在阳光、湿气、高温或者其它负面环境影响下变得柔韧性较差或者出现应力裂缝或者出现物理退化。本发明涉及在遇到电磁辐射如环境光线、热量、湿气和其它物理作用时仍能保持物理性能的改进聚合物材料。
能用于本发明聚合物组合物中的聚合物材料包括加聚物和缩聚物如聚烯烃、聚缩醛、聚酰胺、聚酯、纤维素醚和酯、聚亚烃化硫、聚氧化芳撑(polyaryleneoxide)、聚砜、改性聚砜以及它们的混合物。属于这些类别的优选材料包括以交联和非交联形式并以各种水解程度(87~99.5%)存在的聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(和其它丙烯酸树脂)、聚苯乙烯以及它们的共聚物(包括ABA型嵌段共聚物)、聚偏二氟乙烯、聚二氯亚乙烯和聚乙烯醇。优选的加聚物通常是玻璃态的(Tg高于室温)。这是聚氯乙烯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯乙烯组合物或合金或者聚偏二氟乙烯和聚乙烯醇材料低结晶的情况。一类聚酰胺缩聚物是尼龙材料。通常,“尼龙”术语是所有长链合成聚酰胺的通称。通常,尼龙术语包括一系列数字如尼龙66,表示原料为C6二胺和C6二酸(第一个数字表示C6二胺,第二个数字表示C6二羧酸化合物)。另一种尼龙可以在少量水存在条件下由ε-己内酰胺缩聚反应制得。这种反应形成是线型聚酰胺的尼龙6(由称为ε-氨基己酸的环状内酰胺制得)。而且,也可以使用尼龙共聚物。共聚物可以是在反应混合物中混和各种二胺化合物、各种二酸化合物和各种环状内酰胺结构,然后形成具有在聚酰胺结构中随机定位的单体材料的尼龙。例如,尼龙6,6-6,10材料是由己二胺和C6、C10二酸混合物制成的尼龙。尼龙6-6,6-6,10是通过共聚ε-氨基己酸、己二胺和C6、C10二酸混合物材料制得的尼龙。
嵌段共聚物也能用于本发明的方法。对于这种共聚物,溶剂溶胀剂的选择就很重要。所选的溶剂是两种嵌段都能溶解于其中的溶剂。一个例子为二氯甲烷溶剂中的ABA(苯乙烯-EP-苯乙烯)或者AB(苯乙烯-EP)聚合物。如果一种组分不溶于溶剂,它将会形成凝胶。这种嵌段共聚物的例子为Kraton型苯乙烯-b-丁二烯和苯乙烯-b-氢化丁二烯(乙烯基丙烯(ethylene propylene))、Pebax型e-己内酰胺-b-环氧乙烷、Sympatex聚酯-b-环氧乙烷以及环氧乙烷与异氰酸酯的聚氨酯。
加聚物如聚偏二氟乙烯、间同聚苯乙烯、偏二氟乙烯和六氟丙烯的共聚物、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙酯;无定形加聚物如聚丙烯腈以及它和丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸酯的共聚物、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯以及各种共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和其各种共聚物可以相对简单地进行溶液抽丝,这是因为它们能在低压低温下溶解的缘故。但是,高结晶聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯如果要进行溶液抽丝的话,就需要高温高压的溶剂。因此,聚乙烯和聚丙烯的溶液抽丝很困难。静电溶液抽丝是制造纳米纤维和微米纤维的一种方法。
已发现,将含有两种或多种聚合物材料混和的聚合物组合物、合金形式或者交联化学键合结构的显著优点。我们认为这种聚合物组合物能通过改变聚合物特性如提高聚合物链的柔韧性或者链活动性、提高总体分子量以及通过形成聚合物材料网络进行增强来改进其物理性能。
在这种观念的一个实施方式中,为获得有益的性能可以混和两种相关的聚合物材料。例如,将高分子量聚氯乙烯和低分子量聚氯乙烯混和。类似地,可以将高分子量尼龙材料和低分子量尼龙材料混和。而且,可以混和不同种类的常规聚合物物质。例如,高分子量苯乙烯可以和低分子量、高耐冲击性的聚苯乙烯混和。尼龙6材料可以和尼龙共聚物如尼龙6;6,6;6,10共聚物混和。而且,低水解度的聚乙烯醇如87%水解的聚乙烯醇可以和水解度为98~99.9%以及更高的完全或者超水解的聚乙烯醇混合。混合物中所有的这些材料可以利用合适的交联机理进行交联。尼龙可以使用能和酰胺键中的氮原子反应的交联剂进行交联。聚乙烯醇材料可以使用羟基活性材料如单醛类,例如甲醛、尿素、蜜胺-甲醛树脂及其类似物、硼酸和其它无机化合物、二醛类、二酸类、氨基甲酸乙酯类、环氧类以及其它已知的交联剂进行交联。交联技术是人们熟知的,易于理解的现象,在其中交联剂反应并在聚合物链之间形成共价键,大大提高分子量、耐化学性、总体强度和耐机械降解性能。
已发现,添加剂材料能显著提高细纤维形式聚合物材料的性能。添加剂的存在可以显著提高其对热、湿气、冲击、机械应力和其它负面环境作用的耐受性。我们已经发现在制作本发明微米纤维材料时,所述添加剂材料可以提高其疏油性、疏水性并似乎对提高材料化学稳定性有帮助。我们认为由于这些添加剂可以形成保护覆层、烧蚀表面或者渗入表面一定深度来提高聚合物材料的性质,在这些疏油性和疏水性添加剂存在条件下可以改进本发明微米纤维形式的细纤维。我们认为这些材料的重要特征是存在同时也具有疏油特性的强疏水性基团。强疏水性基团包括氟烃基团、疏水性烃基表面活性剂或者嵌段以及主要是烃的低聚组合物。将这些材料制成具有一部分能和所述聚合物材料相容的分子的组合物,所述分子通常和聚合物形成物理结合或者关联,同时因为添加剂和聚合物的关联,所述强疏水性或者疏油性基团,形成位于表面上的保护表层或者和聚合物表层成为合金或者混和。对具有10%添加剂量的0.2微米纤维来说,如果添加剂迁移到表面,表面厚度计算约为50。由于整体材料中疏油性或疏水性基团的不相容性,认为迁移是会发生的。50的厚度对保护覆层来说是合理的厚度。对直径为0.05微米的纤维,50的厚度对应为20质量%。对2微米厚的纤维,50的厚度对应为2质量%。所述添加剂材料的用量宜为约2~25重量%。与本发明聚合物材料一起使用的低聚物添加剂包括分子量约为500-3000的低聚物,较宜是含氟化合物、非离子型表面活性剂和低分子量树脂或低聚物。
本发明所用的含氟有机润湿剂是由下式表示的有机分子:
Rf-G
式中,Rf为含氟脂肪族自由基,G为含有至少一个亲水基团如阳离子、阴离子、非离子或者两性基团的基团。优选非离子材料。Rf是至少含有两个碳原子的氟化单价脂肪族有机自由基。它宜为饱和全氟脂肪族单价有机自由基。但是,氢原子或氯原子可以作为取代基存在骨架链上。虽然含有许多碳原子的自由基可以充分起作用,但是优选含有不超过20个碳原子的化合物,因为相比较短的骨架链,大自由基的氟的利用效率较低。Rf宜含有2~8个碳原子。
本发明中所用的在含氟有机试剂中有用的阳离子基团可包括可以不含氧原子(例如,-NH2)或者含有氧原子(例如,氧化胺)的胺或者季铵盐阳离子基团。这种胺和季铵盐阳离子亲水基团可以具有如下通式:-NH2、-(NH3)X、-(NH(R2)2)X、-(NH(R2)3)X或-N(R2)2→O,式中,X为抗衡阴离子,如卤离子、氢氧根、硫酸根、硫酸氢根或者羧酸根,R2为H或C1-18烷基,且各R2基团彼此可以相同或者不同。R2宜为H或C1-16烷基,且X宜为卤离子、氢氧根或硫酸氢根。
本发明所用的在含氟有机润湿剂中有用的阴离子基团包括通过离子化可以成为阴离子自由基的基团。所述阴离子基团可以具有如下通式:-COOM、-SO3M、-OSO3M、-PO3HM、-OPO3M2或者-OPO3HM,式中M为H、金属离子、(NR1 4)+或(SR1 4)+,其中R1各自独立地为H或者取代或未取代C1~C6烷基。M宜为Na+或K+。本发明中优选的含氟有机润湿剂的阴离子基团具有-COOM和-SO3M的通式。阴离子含氟有机润湿剂包括阴离子聚合物材料,它通常由其上含有氟烃侧基的烯键不饱和单羧酸和二酸单体制得。这种材料包括从3M公司获得的称为FC-430和FC-431的表面活性剂。
本发明所用的在含氟有机润湿剂中有用的两性基团包括含有至少一个上述阳离子基团和至少一个上述阴离子基团的基团。
本发明所用的在含氟有机润湿剂中有用的非离子基团,包括亲水但在正常农业用途的pH条件下不会离子化的基团。所述非离子基团可以具有如下通式:-O(CH2CH2)xOH(其中x大于1)、-SO2NH2、-SO2NHCH2CH2OH、-SO2N(CH2CH2H)2、-CONH2、-CONHCH2CH2OH或-CON(CH2CH2OH)2。这种材料的例子包括以下结构的材料:
F(CF2CF2)n-CH2CH2O-(CH2CH2O)m-H
式中,n为2~8,m为0~20。
其它含氟有机润湿剂包括例如美国专利Nos.2,764,602、2,764,603、3,147,064和4,069,158中所述的那些阳离子含氟化学试剂。这种两性含氟有机润湿剂包括例如美国专利Nos.2,764,602、4,042,522、4,069,158、4,069,244、4,090,967、4,161,590和4,161,602中所述的那些两性含氟化学试剂。这种阴离子含氟有机润湿剂包括例如美国专利Nos.2,803,656、3,255,131、3,450,755和4,090,967中所述的阴离子含氟化学试剂。
这种材料的例子是duPont Zonyl FSN和duPont Zonyl FSO非离子表面活性剂。能用于本发明聚合物中的添加剂的另一方面包括低分子量丙烯酸氟烃酯材料,如具有以下一般结构的3M公司的Scotchgard材料:
CF3(CX2)n-丙烯酸
式中,X为-F或-CF3,n为1~7。
而且,包括低级脂肪醇乙氧基化物、脂肪酸乙氧基化物和壬基苯酚乙氧基化物等的非离子烃基表面活性剂也可以用作本发明用的添加剂材料。这些添加剂材料的例子包括Triton X-100和Triton N-101。
用作本发明组合物中添加剂材料的有用材料是叔丁基苯酚低聚物。这种材料往往是分子量较低的芳香族酚醛树脂。这种树脂是通过酶催化氧化偶联制备的酚醛聚合物。不存在亚甲基桥键产生独特的化学和物理稳定性。这些酚醛树脂可以和各种胺和环氧化物交联并和各种聚合物材料相容。这些材料通常由以下结构通式举例说明,其特征为酚醛材料中重复单元不存在具有酚醛和芳香基团的亚甲基桥键:
式中,n为2~20。这些酚醛材料的例子包括Enzo-BPA、Enzo-BPA/苯酚、Enzo-COP,且其它相关酚醛类物质可以从Enzymol International Inc.,Columbus,Ohio获得。
应当明白,为不同的用途存在很多种的纤维过滤介质。本发明所述的耐用纳米纤维和微米纤维可以加入任何介质中。本发明所述的纤维也可以用来取代这些已知介质中的纤维组分,由于其直径小,可以有改进性能(提高效率和/或降低压降)的显著优点,同时具有较好的耐久性。
聚合物纳米纤维和微米纤维是已知的,但是由于其对机械应力的脆性,且由于其表面积/体积之比很高而易于化学变质,其用途受到很大的限制。本发明所述的纤维解决了这些问题,并且因此能用于各种过滤、织物、表膜和其它不同的应用。
本发明的过滤介质结构包括第一层可透过的粗纤维介质层或有第一表面的基材。第一层细纤维介质层固定在第一层可透过的粗纤维介质层的第一表面。较好的,第一层可透过的粗纤维材料层中是平均直径至少为10微米的纤维,较好约为12(或14)-30微米。可透过的粗纤维的第一层宜是基重不大于约200克/米2,较好约为0.5-150克/米2,最好至少为8克/米2的介质。可透过的粗纤维介质第一层的厚度较好至少为0.0005英寸(12微米),更好约为0.001-0.030英寸(25-800微米)。
优选的装置中,可透过的粗纤维材料第一层是一种材料,如果用Frazier渗透率试验方法对与结构的其余部分分开的该材料进行测试,这种材料就具有至少1米/分钟的渗透率,较好约为2-900米/分钟。在此,当提到效率时,除非特别指出,是指按照ASTM-1215-89用0.78微米的单分散聚苯乙烯球形颗粒的气流以20fpm(6.1米/分钟)的速度进行测定所得的效率。
固定在可透过的粗纤维介质层的第一表面上的细纤维材料层宜为纳米纤维介质和微米纤维介质,其中纤维的平均直径不大于约2微米,一般不大于约1微米,更好小于0.5微米,并在约0.05-05微米范围。固定在可透过的粗纤维材料的第一层的第一表面上的第一层细纤维材料,其总厚度较好不大于约30微米,更好的不大于20微米,最好不大于约10微米,通常更好是该层细纤维平均直径的大约1-8倍范围(更好不大于5倍)。
本发明的某些优选装置包括过滤介质,它一般是在总的过滤结构中一般指明的。对这样用途的一些优选装置包括以圆柱形,具有一般按纵向即和圆柱的纵轴相同方向延伸的一些褶皱。对这样的装置,可以象常规的过滤器一样,介质嵌埋在两个端盖中。对典型的常规目的,如果需要,这样的装置可包括上游和下游的衬里。
一些应用中,本发明的介质可与其它类型介质如常规介质结合使用,以提高总的过滤性能或寿命。例如,本发明的介质可层叠到常规介质上,以堆叠的形式使用;或加入到包括一个或多个常规介质区域的介质结构中。本发明介质可使用常规介质的前面以达到良好负载;和/或应用在常规介质的后面,来作为高效的修饰过滤器。
本发明的一些装置也可用于液体过滤器系统,即是需过滤的颗粒材料载于一种液体中。本发明还有一些装置可用于集雾器,例如,用于过滤空气中细雾。
本发明提供了过滤方法。这些方法一般涉及使用所述介质较好地进行过滤。由所述以及下面实施例可知,本发明的介质可以特别地设计和构造,以有利于在较好有效的系统中提供较长的寿命。
各个专利中公开和要求保护了使用过滤材料的各种设计的过滤器结构的各方面。授予Engel等人的美国专利4,720,292揭示一种用于过滤器组件的径向密封设计,这种过滤器组件具有圆柱形过滤部件设计,该过滤部件用有圆柱形径向向内表面的相对软的橡胶类端盖密封。授予Kahlbaugh等人的美国专利5,082,476揭示了使用深度介质的过滤器设计,所述深度介质包括有和此专利发明的微米纤维材料结合的褶皱部件的发泡基材。Stifelman等人的美国专利5,104,537涉及一种能用于过滤液体的介质的过滤器结构。液体夹带进入到过滤器壳体中,通过过滤器外部进入内部环形芯中,然后返回,在该结构中活性使用。这样的过滤器对过滤液压机液体特别有用。Engel等人的美国专利5,613,992给出一种典型的柴油机发动机的空气进气过滤结构。这种结构从壳体的外部获得空气,空气中含有或不含有夹带的水分。空气通过过滤器,同时水分通到壳体底部并从该壳体排出。Gillingham等人的美国专利5,820,646公开一种Z形过滤器结构,这种结构使用涉及闭塞的通道特定打摺的过滤器设计,这种通道要求流体以Z形路径通过至少一层过滤介质,获得合适的过滤性能。形成打摺的Z形样式的过滤介质可包含此发明的细纤维。Glen等人的美国专利5,853,442公开的袋滤捕尘室结构,具有包含此发明细纤维结构的过滤部件。Berkhoel等人的美国专利5,954,849显示了为粉尘收集器,用来对加工工件而在环境中产生大量粉尘后,处理粉尘负荷大的典型空气,从空气流中过滤粉尘有用。最后,Gillingham的美国设计专利425,189公开一种使用Z形过滤器结构的板式过滤器。
某些附图的详细说明
单元中的微米纤维或者纳米纤维可以由静电抽丝方法形成。在图1中示出了用于形成所述纤维的适当装置。这种装置包括其中装有形成细纤维的聚合物溶液的储槽80、泵81以及将聚合物溶液泵出的旋转型发射装置或者发射器40。所述发射器40通常由旋转接头41、包含许多偏置孔44以及用于连接前置的面部件和旋转接头的轴43的旋转部件42。所述旋转接头41用于将聚合物溶液通过中空轴43引到前置的面部件42中。所述孔44沿着所述前置的面部件42的周边分布。所述旋转部件42可以浸没在由储槽80和泵81进料的聚合物储槽中。然后旋转部件42从储槽中获得聚合物,并且当它在静电场中旋转时,溶液液滴就会如下所述被静电场加速,飞向收集介质70上。
面对发射器40但与之留有间隔的是充分平的栅格,其上固定有收集介质70(即基底或混合基底)。空气可以通过栅格抽吸。所述收集介质70绕着固定在栅格60两端的滚筒71和72移动。使用适当的静电电压源61以及分别连接于栅格60和发射器40上的连线62和63,在发射器40和栅格60之间保持高的静电电势。
在使用中,将聚合物溶液从储槽80泵入旋转接头41或者储槽中。前置的面部件42旋转,此时液体离开孔44或者从储槽中抽出,从发射器的外缘向固定在栅格60上的收集介质70移动。具体地说,栅格60和发射器40之间的静电电势使材料带上电荷,导致液体作为向栅格60抽出的细纤维从中发射出来,收集在基材12或有效层14上。对于溶液中的聚合物,在它们飞向栅格60时,纤维上的溶剂蒸发去掉。粘结在基底纤维上的细纤维首先碰到栅格60。选择静电场强度以确保当聚合物材料从发射器向收集介质70加速时,其加速度足以使聚合物材料形成很细的微米纤维或者纳米纤维结构。提高或降低收集介质移动的速度可以在形成介质上沉积较多或者较少的纤维,由此控制其上沉积的各薄层的厚度。所述旋转部件42可具有各种有益的位置。所述旋转部件42可以置于和收集介质70表面垂直的旋转面上,或者定位在任意角度上。所述旋转介质可以平行定位,或者稍微偏离平行方向。
图2是用于在片状基底或者介质上形成细纤维层的装置和方法的示意图。在图2中,片状基底在装置20上由卷展开。然后片状基底20a被导向接合装置21,在这里为进行连线操作将许多段基底接合起来。连续长度的片状基底再导向细纤维工艺装置22,其中包括图1的抽丝工艺装置,该抽丝装置形成细纤维并将细纤维沉积在片状基底上形成过滤层。当在形成区域22中在片状基底上形成细纤维层之后,细纤维层和基底导向热处理装置23进行适当的处理。然后在效率监控器24中测试片状基底和细纤维层,并且如果需要的话,在辗平装置25中进行辗平。然后将片状基底和细纤维层导向适当的卷绕装置,为进一步的处理26和27将其中适当的锭子上进行卷绕。
图3是显示直径约为2和5微米的典型灰尘颗粒与在典型纤维介质和典型细纤维结构中孔隙尺寸对比关系的扫描电子显微镜图。在图3A中,显示了在孔隙明显大于典型颗粒直径的纤维介质33中的2微米颗粒31和5微米颗粒32。在图3B中形成鲜明对比的是,2微米颗粒近似等于或大于在细纤维织网35中纤维之间典型的孔隙,而5微米颗粒32大于细纤维织网35中的所有孔隙。
以上对本发明聚合物材料、本发明包括微米纤维和纳米纤维的细纤维材料和本发明细纤维材料有用的过滤结构制造各方面的一般说明,提供了对本发明操作一般技术原理的理解。以下所述的具体示例性材料是可用于制造本发明细纤维材料的材料实例,且以下材料揭示了最好的模式。制造了这些示例性材料,使用的是以下特性和操作条件。使用来自强静电场起拉拽作用的静电作用力,将聚合物喷射物拉成很细的细丝,获得直径小于10微米的静电抽丝纤维。虽然在静电抽丝过程中可以使用聚合熔体,但是,最好用聚合物溶液制得细于1颗米的纤维。当聚合物构成更小直径时,溶剂蒸发掉并有利于降低纤维的尺寸。基于各种原因,溶剂的选择很关键。若溶剂干得太快,那么纤维会变平并且直径大。若溶剂干得太慢,溶剂会再次溶解形成的纤维。因此干燥速度和纤维形成的配合很关键。在高生产率时,大量的排出空气可以防止可燃性气体并降低着火的危险。不可燃的溶剂是有用的。在生产环境中,加工设备需要不时的净化。安全低毒性溶剂可使工人暴露在危险化学试剂的情况降至最低。静电抽丝可以在每发射器每分钟1.5英里的流速、8英寸的靶距、88千伏的发射器电压、200转/分的发射器转速以及45%的相对湿度这些条件下操作。
聚合物系统的选择对给定用途来说很重要。对于采用脉冲净化来说,极薄的微米纤维层有助于在使压力损失很小情况下能提供颗粒捕获和释放的外表面。优选使用直径小于2微米,宜小于0.3微米的纤维薄层。微米纤维或纳米纤维和其沉积基底之间良好的附着性是很重要的。当过滤器由基底和微米纤维和纳米纤维构成的复合物制得时,这种复合物能适用于自净化的优良过滤介质。通过背向重复脉冲净化所述表面就更新了过滤介质。当在表面上施加大作用力时,基底上附着差的细纤维由于背向脉冲而出现脱层,所述背向脉冲是从过滤器内部通过基底流经微米纤维的。因此,微米纤维之间良好的附着以及基底纤维和静电抽丝纤维之间的附着成功的用途来说是很重要的。
使用各种聚合物材料制得的纤维可以获得适应上述要求的产品。具有良好粘着性能的细纤维可以由例如聚偏二氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇以及含有各种尼龙如尼龙6、尼龙4,6、尼龙6,6、尼龙6,10的聚合物和共聚物以及它们的共聚物制得。可以由PVDF制得优良的纤维,但是制造直径足够小的纤维需要氯化溶剂。尼龙6、尼龙66和尼龙6,10可以进行静电抽丝。但是例如甲酸、m-甲酚、三氟乙醇、六氟异丙醇等溶剂要么很难操作,要么很昂贵。因其低毒性,优选的溶剂包括水、乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮和N-甲基吡咯烷酮。和这种溶剂系统相容的聚合物已经作了广泛的研究。我们已经发现,由PVC、PVDC、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、PMMA、PVDF制得的纤维需要借助额外的粘合方法来获得结构性能。我们也发现当聚合物溶于水、乙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、甲醇以及它们的混合物并成功制得纤维时,它们对基底具有优良的附着性能,由此可制得适于自净化的优良过滤器。当过滤器用于很高灰尘浓度时,通过空气背脉冲自净化或者绞合是有用的。由可溶于醇的聚酰胺和聚乙烯醇制得的纤维已经成功使用在这种用途中。可溶于醇的聚酰胺实例包括从Henkle购得的Macromelt6238、6239和6900;从duPont购得的Elvamide 8061和8063以及从Shakespear monofilament Company购得的SVP 637和651。另外一组可溶于醇的聚酰胺是8型尼龙、烷氧基烷基改性尼龙66(参考Nylon Plastichandbook,第447页,melvin Kohan等,hanser Publisher,New York,1995)。聚乙烯醇实例包括从Kuraray,Japan购得的PVA-217,224以及从Air Products andChemical Company购得的Vinol 540。
已经发现过滤器能处于极端环境条件下。在沙特阿拉伯沙漠的过滤器可能处于高达150或更高的温度。安装在印度尼西亚或美国Gulf Coast的过滤器可能处于大于90%RH的高湿度和100的温度。这些过滤器还可能处于雨中。我们发现,在诸如小汽车、卡车、拖拉机的移动设备的罩子下面以及建造设备中使用的过滤器可能处于高温(+200)、高湿度和其它化学物质的条件。我们研究了测试方法来评价微米纤维系统在恶劣条件下的经久性。将过滤介质样品浸在热水(140)中5分钟或处于高湿度、高温度和空气流中。
实验
使用以下静电抽丝过程条件产生以下材料。
使用旋转发射器系统或者毛细管针系统抽丝制得以下材料。这两种系统均可生产基本相同的纤维材料。
所述流速为每发射器每分钟1.5英里,靶距为8英寸,发射器电压为88千伏,相对湿度为45%,旋转发射器的转速为35转/分。
实施例1:纤维尺寸的影响
用末端基团滴定法(J.E.Walz和G.B.Taylor著“尼龙分子量的确定”,化学年报Vol.19,Number 7,第448-450页(1947))分析b由尼龙6、66、610尼龙共聚物树脂(SVP-651)制备的细纤维试样的分子量。数均分子量为21,500-24,800。yynw组合物通过约45%的尼龙6、约20%的尼龙66和约25%的尼龙610等三种组分尼龙的熔融温度相图(Melvin Kohan等人著“尼龙塑料手册”第286页,Hanser出版社,纽约(1995))来评价。报道的SVP 651树脂的物理性质为:
性质 | ASTM法 | 单位 | 典型值 |
比重 | D-792 | - | 1.08 |
吸水性(24小时浸渍) | D-570 | % | 2.5 |
硬度 | D-240 | Shore D | 65 |
熔点 | DSC | ℃() | 154(309) |
拉伸强度@屈服 | D-638 | MPa(kpsi) | 50(7.3) |
断裂伸长率 | D-638 | % | 350 |
弯曲模量 | D-790 | MPa(kpsi) | 180(26) |
体积电阻系数 | D-257 | Ω-cm | 1012 |
用来生产直径为0.23和0.45微米的纤维。将试样浸在室温的水中,风干并测定其效率。较粗的纤维需要较长的时间降解,且降解程度较低,如图12中的曲线所示。虽然不希望受到特定理论的限制,但是看上去具有较高的表面/体积比的较细纤维更容易由于环境的影响而降解。可是,较粗的纤维不能用作有效的过滤介质。
实施例2:尼龙纤维的交联与酚醛树脂和环氧树脂
为了提高纤维的耐化学性,试验了尼龙纤维的化学交联。用称为Georgia Pacific5137的酚醛树脂混合前述的共聚酰胺(尼龙6、66、610)并抽成纤维。尼龙与酚醛树脂之比及它们的混合物的熔融温度表示如下:
组成 | 熔融温度() |
聚酰胺∶酚醛树脂=100∶0 | 150 |
聚酰胺∶酚醛树脂=80∶20 | 110 |
聚酰胺∶酚醛树脂=65∶35 | 94 |
聚酰胺∶酚醛树脂=50∶50 | 65 |
我们从这些混合物中生产出了可比较的纤维。50∶50的混合物不能通过加热来交联,因为会破坏纤维结构。在90℃以下加热65∶35的混合物12小时提高了所得纤维的耐化学性,抑制其在醇中的溶解。可使用聚酰胺与环氧树脂的混合物,如得自Shell和Epi-Rez 510的Epon 828。
实施例3:使用含氟添加剂(Scotchgard)防水剂的表面改性
在抽丝之前向聚酰胺中加入了得自3M公司的醇可溶ScotchgardFC-430和431。加入量为固体的10%。Scotchgard的加入不妨碍纤维的形成。THC台示出了类似Scotchgard的高分子量防水剂最终不能提高防水性。如制造厂家所建议的,将加入的Scotchgard试样在300加热了10分钟。
实施例4:用偶联剂的改性
聚合物膜由聚酰胺连同得自Kenrich Petrochemicals有限公司的钛酸酯偶联剂来浇注成形。钛酸酯偶联剂包括:异丙基三异硬脂酰钛酸酯(KRTTS)、新戊基(己二烯)氧化三(二辛基)磷酸钛酸酯(LICA 12)、新戊基(己二烯)氧化三(N-乙二氨基)乙基锆酸酯(NZ44)。将浇注成形的膜浸在沸水中。不使用偶联剂的对比试样立即丧失了强度,而加入了偶联剂的试样维持其外形直至10分钟。这些加入偶联剂的试样抽成了纤维(0.2微米的纤维)。
实施例5:用低分子量的对叔丁基酚聚合物的改性
分子量为400-1100的对叔丁基酚的低聚物购自Ohio州Columbus的EnzymolInternational公司。这些低分子量的聚合物可溶解在醇,如乙醇、异丙醇和丁醇中。将这些聚合物加入前述共聚酰胺中并静电抽丝成0.2微米的纤维,没有不利的后果。有些聚合物和添加剂会阻碍静电抽丝过程。与实施例2中所述的常规的酚醛树脂不同,我们发现这组聚合物不会干扰纤维成形过程。
我们发现这组添加剂防止了细纤维受湿环境的影响,如曲线所示。图13-16示出了低聚物在140、100%的湿度下提供了非常好的保护,但是在160时的性能不是非常好。我们加入了所使用聚合物5-15%的这种添加剂。发现它们对保护纤维在140暴露在高湿度下时是同样有效的。我们还发现当纤维在150℃经受一小段时间后,它们的性能增加。
表1示出了暴露的温度和时间对含有10%添加剂的聚酰胺纤维的影响。
表1.140浸泡之后效率的保持率
温度 | 加热时间 | ||
1分钟 | 3分钟 | 10分钟 | |
150℃ | 98.9 | 98.8 | 98.5 |
98.8 | 98.9 | 98.8 | |
130℃ | 95.4 | 98.7 | 99.8 |
96.7 | 98.6 | 99.6 | |
110℃ | 82.8 | 90.5 | 91.7 |
86.2 | 90.9 | 85.7 |
这是个令人吃惊的结果。我们看到使用这一类添加剂使防水性有了很大的改善。为了明白这组添加剂是如何起作用的,我们使用称为ESCA的表面分析技术分析了细纤维垫子。是在明尼苏达大学用ESCA分析了表1所示的10%添加剂试样,其结果示于表2。
表2.表面组成(聚合物与添加剂之比)
温度 | 加热时间 | ||
1分钟 | 3分钟 | 10分钟 | |
150℃ | 40∶60 | 40∶60 | 50∶50 |
130℃ | 60∶40 | 56∶44 | 62∶82 |
110℃ | 63∶37 | 64∶36 | 59∶41 |
不加热 | 77∶23 |
刚开始,发现了添加剂的表面浓度是是本体浓度的两倍似乎没有什么意义。可是,我们认为这可通过添加剂的分子量来解释。约为600的添加剂的分子量远小于主纤维形成的聚合物。由于它们的尺寸较小,它们可在蒸发着的溶剂分子上移动。这样,我们就可实现添加剂的较高表面浓度。进一步的处理增加了保护性添加剂的表面浓度。可是,在150℃暴露10分钟并不能使浓度增加。这样就可以表明,由于长链聚合物有时间到处运动,会发生共聚酰胺与低聚物分子这两种组分的混合。该分析告诉我们的是适当地选择后处理的时间和温度能提高性能,而处理太长的时间会有反面的影响。
我们使用称为Time of Flight(ToF)SIMS的技术进一步检查了加入了这些添加剂的微米纤维。这个技术是用电子轰击物体,并观察有什么来自于表面。不含添加剂的试样示出了在用电子轰击时有有机氮物质出来。这表明聚酰胺物质发生了断裂。该结果也显示了少量杂质,如钠和硅的存在。含有添加剂但不进行热处理的试样(表面上的添加剂浓度为23%)示出了叔丁基底段主要物质,并观察到聚酰胺的小而清晰的峰。同时还观察到与叔丁基酚相对的质量差为148amu的高质量峰。对在150℃处理了10分钟的试样(通过ESCA分析得知表面添加剂浓度为50%),检查。显示叔丁基底段占主导地位,并有微弱的聚酰胺峰,如果实在有的话检查没有显示与整个叔丁基酚及其聚合物相关的峰。检查还示出了与C2H3O片段相关的峰。
ToF SIMS分析显示,聚酰胺纤维本身在受到离子冲击时会放出暴露的聚合物链上断裂的氮片段和表面上的污染物。加入了添加剂但不进行热处理,则覆盖不完全,表明添加剂在表面有些部分上没有覆盖。当离子束撞击此表面时,完整的分子会连同不稳定的叔丁基底段放出。若加入了添加剂而又进行了热处理,就促使了表明上完全覆盖。另外,分子紧密地排列使得仅有不稳定的片段如叔丁基,以及可能是CH=CH-OH放出,而叔丁基酚的整个分子不放出。ESCA和ToF SIMS是在表面的不同深度处检查的。ESCA检查的较深的位置直至100埃,而ToF SIMS仅检查10埃深度。这些分析一致。
实施例6:表面涂布共聚物的开发
开发类型8的尼龙原本是为了制备用于涂布和附着用途的可溶可交联树脂。该类聚合物是在酸存在的条件下聚酰胺66与甲醛和醇反应制得的(参照Cairns,T.L.;Foster,H.D.;Larcher,A.W.;Schneider,A.K.;Schreiber,R.S.著J.Am.Chem.Soc.1949,71,651)。该类聚合物可以静电抽丝及交联。可是,该聚合物形成纤维劣于共聚酰胺,且交联不易进行。
为了制备类型8的尼龙,按下述比例装填10加仑的高压反应器加料:
尼龙66(duPont Zytel) 10磅
甲醇 15.1磅
水 2.0磅
甲醛 12.0磅
然后,在压力下用氮气冲洗该反应器并加热至至少135℃。当达到所需的温度后,加入少量酸作为催化剂。酸催化剂包括:三氟乙酸、蚁酸、甲苯磺酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、邻苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸酐、磷酸、柠檬酸以及它们的混合物。也可使用Nafion聚合物作为催化剂。加入催化剂之后,反应进行30分钟。在此阶段形成了粘性均聚物溶液。在规定的反应时间之后,将高压容器内的物料转移到含有甲醇、水和碱如氢氧化铵或氢氧化钠的浴中使反应速止。在溶液充分淬冷后,将其在去离子水中沉淀,形成松软的颗粒。然后,将聚合物颗粒离心分离,再真空干燥。该聚合物在甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇以及它们与水不同比例的混合物中可以溶解,也可溶解在不同醇的混合物中。
将这样形成的烷氧基烷基改性类型8的聚酰胺溶解在乙醇/水的混合物中。此聚合物溶液用描述于Barris美国专利No.4,650,516的方法进行静电抽丝。聚合物溶液的粘度随时间增加。通常已知聚合物粘度对决定纤维尺寸有重要的作用。这样就难以控制商业规模连续生产的过程。此外,在相同的条件下,类型8聚酰胺不能像共聚酰胺一样有效地形成微米纤维。可是,当溶液制备时添加了酸催化剂,如甲苯磺酸、马来酸酐、三氟甲烷磺酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸等,并且在纤维成形之后对纤维垫子进行仔细地热处理,所得的纤维具有非常好的耐化学性(图13)。在交联阶段必须仔细,不要破坏纤维结构。
在类型8聚酰胺(聚酰胺B)与醇可溶共聚酰胺混合时,我们发现了一个令人吃惊的结果。用醇可溶共聚酰胺如SVP 637或651(聚酰胺A)、Elvamide 8061替代30重量%的烷氧基烷基改性的聚酰胺66,发现了协同效应。混合物的纤维成形比任一个单独组分更有效。浸在乙醇中并且测定过滤效率显示了大于98%的过滤效率保持率,THC台试验示出了与单独的类型8聚酰胺类似的结果。这种类型的混合物表明,我们能得到共聚酰胺的有效的纤维成形和极好的过滤特性的优点,以及交联的类型8聚酰胺的极好耐化学性的优点。醇浸泡试验强烈地表明了非可交联共聚酰胺参与了交联,得以保持了98%的过滤效率。
在聚合物A和B的混合物加热至250℃(充分交联)之后,它们的DSC(参见图17-20)变得难以与单独的聚合物A区分,没有可区别的熔融温度。这强烈地表明了聚合物A和B的混合物此时是通过聚合物B与聚合物A交联形成的完整的聚合物。
类似地,聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯与聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯的熔融混合物具有类似的性质。在温度高于各组分的熔融温度下进行熔融操作的过程中,发生醚基团交换并形成PET和PBT的共聚物。而且,我们的交联温度低于任一单独组分。不能期望该基团交换在低温下发生。因此,通过类型A和类型B的聚酰胺的溶液混合以及在温度低于各组分的熔点时交联,我们确信发现了一类新的聚酰胺。
当我们加入10重量%的叔丁基酚低聚物(添加剂7)并在交联所需的温度下进行加热处理时,我们发现了更好的结果。我们认为是叔丁基酚低聚物的羟基官能团参与了与类型8的尼龙的官能团的反应。我们发现此组分系统提供了较好的纤维成形,改善了对高温和高湿的经久性以及对细纤维层表面的疏水性。
我们制备了聚合物A和聚合物B的混合物试样(试样6A)以及另一个聚合物A、聚合物B和添加剂7的混合物试样(试样6B)。然后,我们用静电抽丝法形成了纤维,在300将纤维垫子暴露10分钟并用ESCA表面分析测定了表面组成。
表3:样品6A和6b的ESCA分析
组成(%) | 试样6A | 试样6b | ||
聚合物A | 30 | 30 | ||
聚合物B | 70 | 70 | ||
添加剂7 | 0 | 10 | ||
表面组成 | W/O加热 | W/加热 | W/O加热 | W/加热 |
聚合物A&B(%) | 100 | 100 | 68.9 | 43.0 |
添加剂7 | 0 | 0 | 31.1 | 57.0 |
除了氢浓度不能提供外,ESCA能提供有关表面组成的信息。它能提供碳、氮和氧的信息。由于添加剂7不含氮,我们可通过比较氮的浓度来估计含氮的聚酰胺与不含氮的添加剂的比例。其它的定性信息可通过检测535-527eV之间结合能的O 1s能谱来得到。C=O键的结合能为531eV左右,C-O键的结合能为533eV。通过比较这两个峰的峰高,可估计带主要的C=O的聚酰胺以及仅带C-O基团的添加剂的相对浓度。聚合物B因改性而具有C-O键,并且在交联时C-O键的浓度将下降。ESCA证实该反应确实地发生了,因为显示出C-O键的相对减少(图4是没有进行热处理的聚合物A和聚合物B的混合物纤维,图5是进行了热处理的聚合物A和聚合物B的混合物纤维)。当表面上存在添加剂7的分子时,可期望有更多的C-O键。情况确是如此,由图6和7可见(图6是聚合物A、聚合物B和添加剂7抽成的混合物纤维,图7是聚合物A、聚合物B和添加剂7进行了热处理的混合物纤维)。图6示出了实施例7C-O键的浓度有提高。这个结果与基于图8-11的XPS多路谱的表面浓度一致。
叔丁基低聚物分子移向细纤维的表面并形成约50疏水涂层。类型8的尼龙具有官能团如-CH2OH和-CH2OCH3,我们期望它们会与叔丁基酚的-OH官能团反应。这样,就可以期望在纤维表面上看到较少的低聚物分子。结果发现我们的假设不正确,且共聚物的表面具有一个薄的涂层。
试样6A、6B和描述于第5节的重复试样在100%RH条件下暴露在160 THC台上。在前节中,试样暴露在140和100%RH下。在这些条件下,叔丁基酚防止了三聚物共聚酰胺的降解。可是,如果温度升高到160和100%RH,则叔丁基酚低聚物保护下面的三聚物共聚酰胺的能力不佳。我们在160和100%RH比较了这些试样。
表4:暴露在160和100%R下之后细纤维效率的保持率
试样 | 1小时后 | 2小时后 | 3小时后 |
试样6A | 82.6 | 82.6 | 85.9 |
试样6B | 82.4 | 88.4 | 91.6 |
试样5 | 10.1 |
此表表明试样6B有助于防止高温和高湿的影响。
当我们将纤维垫子上暴露于水滴时,会显示更为惊人的差别。当我们将DI水滴置于试样6A的表面上时,水滴立即在纤维垫子上铺展并且还润湿基底纸。而将水滴置于试样6B的表面上时,该水滴形成水珠在垫子表面上不铺展。通过加入对叔丁基酚的低聚物,我们将试样16的表面改性为疏水性。该类产品可用作水雾消除器,因为水滴不会通过试样6B的细纤维表面层。
将试样6A、6B和第5带的重复试样置于温度设定为310的炉中。下表表明,试样6A和6b都保持完整,而第5节的试样严重地毁坏。
表5:暴露于310后细纤维效率的保留率
试样 | 6小时之后 | 77小时之后 |
试样6A | 100% | 100% |
试样6B | 100% | 100% |
试样5 | 34% | 33% |
虽然单独添加聚合物A的低聚物改善了细纤维层的耐高温性,而添加剂7的加入对暴露于高温并没有什么效果。
我们已清楚地表明,三聚物共聚酰胺、烷氧基烷基改性的尼龙66和叔丁基酚低聚物的混合物能提供在恶劣的环境下保护细纤维的优质产品,同时在制造三聚物共聚酰胺和叔丁基酚低聚物的混合物或者三聚物共聚酰胺和烷氧基烷基改性的尼龙66的混合物时能提高产率。这些两种组分的混合物比单组分体系也有改进。
实施例7:聚酰胺和双酚A聚合物的相容混合物
一类新的聚合物可通过酚环的氧化偶合来制备(Pecora,A Cyrus,W.的美国专利4,900,671(1990)和Peroca,A Cyrus,W.;Johnson,M.的美国专利5,153,298(1992))。其中,特别引起兴趣的由购自Enzymol公司的双酚A制得的聚合物。双酚A的大豆过氧化物酶催化的氧化可从双酚A中两个-OH基团的任一侧开始。与线性的双酚A系聚碳酸酯不同,该类双酚A聚合物形成超支聚合物。由于该类聚合物的超支性质,它们能降低聚合物混合物的粘度。
我们发现该类双酚A聚合物可以与聚酰胺溶液混合。报道的尼龙的Hansen′s溶解度参数为18.6(“溶解度参数和其它内聚参数手册”第317页,A.Barton等人著,Florida州Boca Raton的CRC出版社1985年出版)。如果计算溶解度参数(“溶解度参数手册”第61页),则计算的溶解度参数值为28.0。由于这些物质的溶解度参数各不相同,预期它们不会相互混合。可是,我们发现它们非常容易混合并提供了意外的性能。
在乙醇溶液中制得50∶50的分子量3,000的双酚A树脂与共聚酰胺的混合物。在乙醇溶液中的总浓度为10%。单独用共聚酰胺会产生直径0.2微米的纤维。而该混合物形成约1微米的纤维的松软层。分子量7,000的双酚A与共聚酰胺在一起时不稳定,容易沉淀。
50∶50混合物的DSC上看不出熔融温度。共聚酰胺的熔融温度在150℃左右,双酚A树脂是Tg约100的玻璃质聚合物。而这两种物质的该混合物没有明显的熔化现象。当纤维垫暴露于100℃时,该纤维垫消失。该混合物可制成极好的过滤介质,该过滤介质的上使用温度不是非常高,但是需要低压降。该聚合物系统不能以合理的方式进行交联。
实施例8:双酚A作为混合物中的溶剂和固体的双重作用
双酚A聚合物的混合物的一个令人吃惊的特征是呈溶液形式的双酚A聚合物起类似溶剂的作用,而呈固体形式的聚合物则起固体作用。我们发现双酚A的这个双重作用是真正独特的。
制得以下配方:
烷氧基烷基改性的PA 66:聚合物B 180g
双酚A树脂(分子量3,000):聚合物C 108g
190级别乙醇 827g
丙酮 218g
DI水 167g
催化剂 9.3g
Brookfield粘度计测得该混合物的粘度为32.6厘泊。总的聚合物浓度为19.2%。含19.2%聚合物B的混合物的溶液,其粘度超过200厘泊。在类似的溶剂中的单有12%聚合物B的粘度在60厘泊左右。这是双酚A树脂起类似溶剂作用的明显例子,因为总溶液的粘度低于预期的值。所得的纤维直径为0.157微米。如果聚合物B单独参与纤维成形,则预期的纤维尺寸应小于0.1微米。换句话说,聚合物C也参与纤维成形。我们不知道一个组分有如此独特双重作用的任何其它例子。在试样浸入乙醇中之后,测定过滤效率和纤维尺寸。在醇浸泡后,保留了85.6%的过滤效率且纤维尺寸不变。这表明聚合物C参与了交联,起到类似聚合物固体的作用。
另一个聚合物溶液按以下配方制备:
烷氧基烷基改性的PA66: 聚合物B 225g
双酚A树脂(分子量3,000):聚合物C 135g
190°级别乙醇 778g
丙酮 205g
DI水 15.7g
催化剂 11.6g
该混合物的粘度为90.2厘泊。对24%的固体而言,这是一个非常低的粘度值。再者,这表明在溶液中聚合物C起类似溶剂的作用。可是,当该溶液静电抽丝成纤维后,纤维直径为0.438微米。单有聚合物B的15%溶液应产生约0.2微米的纤维。在终态时,聚合物C起到扩大纤维尺寸的作用。再者,本实施表明,该类分支聚合物在溶液中用作溶剂,而在终态用作固体。在浸入乙醇溶液后,保留77.9%的过滤效率且纤维尺寸不变。
实施例9:交联聚酰胺/双酚A聚合物的混合物的开发
将树脂、醇和水混合,在60℃搅拌2小时制备了不同的试样。将溶液冷却至室温并向其中加入催化剂,再搅拌该混合物15分钟。随后,测定溶液的粘度并将其抽成纤维。
下表示出了下列试样:
配方(g) | 试样9A | 试样9B | 试样9C |
聚合物B | 8.4 | 12.6 | 14.7 |
聚合物A | 3.6 | 5.4 | 6.3 |
聚合物C | 7.2 | 10.8 | 12.6 |
190级别乙醇 | 89.3 | 82.7 | 79.5 |
异丙醇 | 23.5 | 21.8 | 21.0 |
DI水 | 18.0 | 16.7 | 15.9 |
催化剂 | 0.45 | 0.58 | 0.79 |
粘度(cP) | 22.5 | 73.5 | 134.2 |
纤维尺寸(微米) | 0.14 | 0.258 | 0.496 |
我们发现此混合物可有效地产生纤维,与聚合物A的配方相比,产生的纤维质量多于50%。另外,所得的聚合物微纤维更耐化学性。在醇中浸泡后,即使固有交联的聚合物仅为固体组合物的44%,由这些纤维制得的过滤器保持大于90%的过滤效率并保持纤维直径不变。该共聚酰胺、烷氧基烷基改性的尼龙66和双酚A的三聚合物组合物生成了纤维成形性能又有耐化学性的材料。
实施例10:尼龙66和尼龙46的烷氧基烷基改性的共聚物
在一个10加仑的高压反应器中,进行以下反应,并分析所得的聚合物。在达到反应温度后,加入催化剂并反应15分钟。随后,将聚合物溶液淬冷、沉淀、清洗并干燥。
反应器进料(LB) | 试验10A | 试验10B | 试验10C | 试验10d | 试验10E |
尼龙4,6(duPont Zytel101) | l0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
尼龙6,6(DSM Stanyl300) | 0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
甲醛 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 8 |
DI水 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 |
甲醇 | 22 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
反应温度(℃) | 140 | 140 | 140 | 150 | 150 |
Tg(℃) | 56.7 | 38.8 | 37.7 | 38.5 | 31.8 |
Tm(℃) | 241.1 | 162.3 | 184.9 | 175.4 | 189.5 |
取代程度 | |||||
烷氧基(重量%) | 11.9 | 11.7 | 7.1 | 11.1 | 8.4 |
羟甲基(重量%) | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.24 |
用尼龙46和尼龙66制得的聚合物的DSC显示了宽的单一熔融体温度,它低于改性的尼龙46(241℃)或改性的尼龙66(210℃)的熔融温度。这表明在反应过程中,两种组分会沿聚合物链随机地分布。这样,我们认为已经得到了用烷氧基烷基改性的尼龙46和尼龙66的无规共聚物。这些聚合物可溶解在醇和醇与水的混合物中。
性质 | ASTM | 尼龙6.6 | 尼龙4.6 |
Tm | 265℃ | 295℃ | |
拉伸强度 | D638 | 13.700 | 8.500 |
断裂伸长率 | D638 | 15-80 | 60 |
拉伸屈服强度 | D638 | 8000-12,000 | |
弯曲强度 | D790 | 17,8000 | 11,500 |
拉伸模量×103psi | D638 | 230-550 | 250 |
悬臂梁式冲击ft-lb/英寸凹口 | D256A | 0.55-1.0 | 17 |
在弯曲负载264psi下的挠曲温度 | D648 | 158 | 194 |
这两种尼龙都是高结晶的并且不溶于普通的醇中。
来源:当代塑料百科全书1998
实施例11:共聚酰胺和烷氧基改性尼龙46/66共聚物的共聚体的开发以及静
电抽丝纤维的形成
使用上述方法将聚合物10B和10D(见下表)的试样制成纤维。单独用烷氧基烷基改性的尼龙46/66(聚合物D)成功地进行了静电抽丝。聚合物D与聚合物A的混合可产生下述额外的益处:更有效的纤维成形以及制成更粗纤维而不含牺牲聚合物D的交联性,如下表所示:
聚合物10B | 聚合物10D | |||
单独 | W/30% | 单独 | W/30% | |
聚合物A | 聚合物A | |||
纤维尺寸(微米) | 0.183 | 0.464 | 0.19 | 0.3 |
纤维质量比 | 1 | 3 | l | 2 |
过滤效率的维持率(%) | 87 | 90 | 92 | 90 |
纤维的质量比通过纤维的总长度乘以截面积来计算。过滤效率的保持率通过将纤维试样浸入乙醇中来测定。醇中浸泡后纤维尺寸不变。
实施例12:交联的PVA的静电抽丝
PVA粉末购自Aldrich Chemicals公司。这种粉末溶解在水或者甲醇和水的50/50混合物中。在静电抽丝之前,使其与交联剂和甲苯磺酸催化剂混合。在暴露于THC台之前,将所得的纤维垫置于150℃的炉中交联10分钟。
试样12A | 试样12B | 试样12C | 试样12D | |
PVA水解度 | 98-99 | 87-89 | 87-89 | 87-89 |
分子量 | 31,500-50,000 | 31,500-50,000 | 31,500-50,000 | 31,500-50,000 |
PVA浓度(%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
溶剂 | 水 | 混合物 | 混合物(c) | 混合物(d) |
其它聚合物 | 无 | 无 | 丙烯酸 | 聚氰胺树脂385 |
其它聚合物/PVA(%) | 0 | 0 | 30 | 30 |
1小时后THC台上纤维的保留率(%) | 0(a) | 0(a,b) | 95(b) | 20(b) |
3小时后THC台上纤维的保留率(%) | 90(a) |
(a):温度160,湿度100%
(b):温度140,湿度100%
(c):分子量2000
(d):得自Cytec公司的三聚氰氨甲醛树脂
实施例13
使用常规的纤维素空气过滤介质作为基底。该基底的基重为67磅/3000平方英尺,在0.5英寸水压降的Frazier渗透率为16英尺/分钟,厚度为0.012英寸,LEFS效率为41.6%。使用所述方法将实施例1的公称纤维直径为0.2微米的细纤维层加到基底表面上。所得复合物的LEFS效率为63.7%,在100%相对湿度下将只是基底的试样暴露于140F的空气1小时后,让试样冷却并干燥,其LEFS效率为36.5%。在100%相对湿度下将复合物暴露于140F的空气1小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,则其LEFS效率为39.7%。使用所述数学公式计算,得到暴露1小时之后保留的细纤维层的效率为13%,保留的有效的细纤维数目为11%。
实施例14
使用常规的纤维素空气过滤介质作为基底。该基底的基重为67磅/3000平方英尺,在0.5英寸水压降处的Frazier渗透率为16英尺/分钟,厚度为0.012英寸,LEFS效率为41.6%。使用所述方法将实施例5的公称纤维直径为0.2微米的细纤维层加到表面上。所得复合物的LEFS效率为96.0%。在100%相对湿度下将只是基底的试样暴露于160F的空气中3小时后,让试样冷却并干燥,其LEFS效率为35.3%。在100%相对湿度下将复合物暴露于160F的空气3小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,则其LEFS效率为68.0%。使用所述数学公式计算,得到暴露3小时之后保留的细纤维层的效率为58%,保留的有效的细纤维数目为29%。
实施例15
使用常规的纤维素空气过滤介质作为基底。该基底的基重为67磅/3000平方英尺,在0.5英寸水压降的Frazier渗透率为16英尺/分钟,厚度为0.012英寸,LEFS效率为41.6%。使用所述方法将实施例6所述的公称纤维直径为0.2微米的聚合物A和聚合物B的混合物的细纤维层加到表面上。所得复合物的LEFS效率为92.9%。在100%相对湿度下将只是基底的试样暴露于160F的空气中3小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,其LEFS效率为35.3%。在100%相对湿度下将复合物暴露于160F的空气中3小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,则其LEFS效率为86.0%。使用所述数学公式计算,得到暴露3小时之后保留的细纤维层的效率为96%,保留的有效的细纤维数目为89%。
实施例16
使用常规的纤维素空气过滤介质作为基底。该基底的基重为67磅/3000平方英尺,在0.5英寸水压降的Frazier渗透率为16英尺/分钟,厚度为0.012英寸,LEFS效率为41.6%。使用所述方法将实施例6所述的公称纤维直径为0.2微米的聚合物A、聚合物B和叔丁基酚低聚物的混合物的细纤维层加到表面上。所得的复合物的LEFS效率为90.4%。在100%相对湿度下将只是基底的试样暴露于160F的空气中3小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,其LEFS效率为35.3%。在100%相对湿度下将复合物暴露于160F的空气中3小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,则其LEFS效率为87.3%。使用所述数学公式计算,得到暴露3小时之后保留的细纤维层的效率为97%,保留的有效的细纤维数目为92%。
实施例17
使用常规的纤维素空气过滤介质作为基底。该基底的基重为67磅/3000平方英尺,在0.5英寸水压降的Frazier渗透率为16英尺/分钟,厚度为0.012英寸,LEFS效率为41.6%。使用所述方法将实施例12的公称纤维直径为0.2微米的具有聚丙烯酸的交联PVA的细纤维层加到表面上。所得的复合物的LEFS效率为92.9%。在100%相对湿度下将只是基底的试样暴露于160F的空气中2小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,其LEFS效率为35.3%。在100%相对湿度下将复合物暴露于160F的空气中2小时后,让试样冷却及干燥,则其LEFS效率为83.1%。使用所述数学公式计算,得到暴露3小时之后保留的细纤维层的效率为89%,保留的有效的细纤维数目为76%。
实施例18
用实施例1-17所述的方法制得以下过滤介质。
过滤介质的例子
基底 | 基底坡莫(Frazier) | 基底基重(磅/3000平方英尺) | 基底厚度(英寸) | 基底效率(LEFS) | 复合物效率(LEFS) |
在单独的基底上的单一细纤维层(气流从两个方向的任一个方向流过介质) | (+/-10%) | (+/-10%) | (+/-25%) | (+/-5%) | (+/-5%) |
纤维素空气过滤介质 | 58 | 67 | 0.012 | 11% | 50% |
纤维素空气过滤介质 | 16 | 67 | 0.012 | 43% | 58% |
纤维素空气过滤介质 | 58 | 67 | 0.012 | 11% | 65% |
纤维素空气过滤介质 | 16 | 67 | 0.012 | 43% | 70% |
纤维素空气过滤介质 | 22 | 52 | 0.010 | 17% | 70% |
纤维素空气过滤介质 | 16 | 67 | 0.012 | 43% | 72% |
纤维素/具有防潮树脂的合成混合物 | 14 | 70 | 0.012 | 30% | 70% |
阻燃剂纤维素空气过滤介质 | 17 | 77 | 0.012 | 31% | 58% |
阻燃剂纤维素空气过滤介质 | 17 | 77 | 0.012 | 31% | 72% |
阻燃剂合成空气过滤介质 | 27 | 83 | 0.012 | 77% | |
Spunbond Remay(聚酯) | 1200 | 15 | 0.007 | 5% | 55% |
合成/纤维素空气过滤介质 | 260 | 76 | 0.015 | 6% | 17% |
合成/玻璃空气过滤介质 | 31 | 70 | 0.012 | 55% | 77% |
合成/玻璃空气过滤介质 | 31 | 70 | 0.012 | 50% | 90% |
合成(Lutrador聚酯) | 300 | 25 | 0.008 | 3% | 65% |
合成(Lutrador聚酯) | 0.016 | 90% |
介质的使用形式有:平面、起皱、折叠、起皱和折叠、平板、折叠的平板、折叠的圆形滤纸和Zee滤纸。
试验方法
热水浸泡试验
使用过滤效率作为有效地及功能上保留在结构中的细纤维数目的衡量,这要比其它可行的方法如SEM检测具有一些优点。
-过滤测定是对几平方英寸的介质作出评价,这比SEM显微镜照片只能观察小区域(通常小于0.0001平方英寸)能得出更好的平均值。
-过滤测定能确定在结构中保持过滤作用的纤维数目。那些虽保留,但是成群结合或以其它方式在改变的结构中存在的纤维只是显示在测得的效率和功能中。
尽管如此,在过滤效率不易测得的纤维结构中,仍可使用其它方法来测定保留的纤维百分数是相对于50%保留标准评价的。
说明:
本试验是表示过滤介质抗水性的加速试验。本试验使用LEFS试验台来测定浸入水中的过滤介质的性能变化。水温是决定性的参数,根据研究所得的介质的耐久性经验结果将试验时间减至最少的需要和试验区分介质类型的能力来选择水温。一般的水温为70、140或160。
程序:
从介质上割下一个4″直径的试样。使用0.8μm的乳胶球作为在20FPM条件下操作的LEFS(关于LEFS试验的描述,参见ASTM标准F1215-89)台中的试验污染物,计算试样的颗粒捕获效率。然后,将试样浸入(一般是140)蒸馏水中5分钟。将试样置于烘干架上让其在室温下干燥(一般是过夜)。在试样干燥以后,使用与初始计算相同的条件在LEFS台上再测试效率。对细纤维支撑用的基底(但没有细纤维在其上面)重复先前的步骤。
由上述结果可以计算仅由于细纤维而导致的效率成分以及由于水的破坏而导致的最终效率损失。确定了由于细纤维而导致的效率损失后,可计算保留的效率的量。
计算:
细纤维层效率: Ei=起始的复合物效率;
Es=起始的基底效率;
Fe=细纤维层
Fe=1-EXP(Ln(1-Ei)-Ln(1-Ex))
细纤维层保留的效率: Fi=起始的细纤维层效率;
Fx=浸后的细纤维层效率;
Fr=保留的细纤维
Fr=Fx/Fi
具有有效功能的保留细纤维的百分数也可由下式计算:
%=log(1-Fx)/log(1-Fi)
合格/不合格标准:效率的保留百分数>50%
在大多数工业脉冲净化过滤器的用途中,如果细纤维效率保留了至少50%,则该过滤器足以工作。
THC台(温度、湿度)
说明:
这个试验台的目的是评价在流体动力条件下细纤维介质对升高的温度和较高的湿度的作用。此试验目的在于模拟工业过滤用途、气涡轮机进气用途、或者重型引擎进气环境中任何一种极限的操作条件。将试样取出、干燥并且每隔一段时间进行LEFS测试。此系统主要用于模拟湿热条件,但是也可用于模拟热/冷而干的条件。
温度 -31至390
湿度 0-100%RH(100%RH下的最高温度为160,在此条件下的最长连续时间为16小时)
流速 1-35FPM
程序:
从介质上割下一块4″直径的试样。
使用0.8μm乳胶球作为在20FPM条件下操作的LEFS台中的试验污染物,用来测试试样的颗粒捕获效率。然后,将试样插入THC介质卡盘中。
试验时间可从几分钟到几天,依试验条件而定。
将试样置于烘干架上,在室温下干燥(一般是过夜)。在试样干燥以后,使用与初始试验相同的条件在LEFS台上再测试效率。
对细纤维支撑基底(上面没有细纤维)重复先前的步骤进行测试。
由上述测试结果计算仅由于细纤维而导致的效率成分以及由于浸醇的破坏而导致的最终效率损失。
确定了细纤维的效率损失,可计算保留的效率的量。
合格/不合格标准:效率的保留百分数>50%。
在大多数工业脉冲净化过滤器的用途中,如果细纤维效率保留了至少50%,则该过滤器足以工作。
醇(乙醇)浸泡试验
说明:
本试验使用LEFS试验台测定浸在室温的乙醇中的过滤介质性能的变化。
程序:
从介质上割下一块4″直径的试样。使用0.8μm的乳胶球作为在20FPM条件下操作的LEFS台中的试验污染物,测试试样的颗粒捕捉效率。然后,将试样浸入醇中1分钟。
将试样置于烘干架上,在室温下干燥(一般是过夜)。在试样干燥以后,使用与初始试验相同的条件在LEFS台上再测试效率。对细纤维支撑基底(上面没有细纤维)重复先前的步骤进行测试。由上述测试结果可计算仅由于细纤维而导致的效率成分以及由于浸醇的破坏而导致的最终效率损失。确定了细纤维的效率损失,可计算保留的效率的量。
合格/不合格标准:效率的保留百分数>50%。
上述说明、实施例和数据对本发明进行了阐述。但是,对所述本发明可作许多变化和实施方式。本发明体现于本文后附的权利要求书中。
Claims (33)
1.一种细纤维组合物,所述组合物包含加聚物和2-25重量%的添加剂,以所述细纤维组合物的重量计,所述细纤维的直径在0.01-2微米之间,所述添加剂是分子量为500-3000并具有芳香性的树脂材料,所述添加剂包括含氟化合物、非离子表面活性剂和低分子量树脂以及低聚物中的至少一种,其中所述添加剂混溶于所述聚合物,所述加聚物选自尼龙聚合物、聚偏二氯乙烯聚合物、聚偏二氟乙烯聚合物和聚乙烯醇聚合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述添加剂构成在细纤维表面的疏水性覆层。
3.如权利要求2所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述疏水性覆层在具有亲水性组成的细纤维上形成。
4.如权利要求2所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述覆层厚度小于100。
5.如权利要求2所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述覆层厚度小于80。
6.如权利要求2所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述覆层厚度小于50。
7.如权利要求2所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述添加剂是包含叔丁基苯酚的低聚物。
9.如权利要求1所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述树脂包含双酚A。
11.如权利要求7所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述树脂是包含二羟基联苯基的低聚物。
13.如权利要求1所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述细纤维的直径为0.1-2微米。
14.如权利要求1所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述细纤维的直径为0.1-0.5微米。
15.如权利要求1所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述细纤维的直径为0.05-0.2微米。
16.一种细纤维组合物,所述组合物包含缩聚物和分子量为500-3000并具有芳香性的树脂添加剂,所述缩聚物不是由环内酰胺与C6-10二胺单体或C6-10二酸单体形成的共聚物,所述添加剂包括含氟化合物、非离子表面活性剂和低分子量树脂以及低聚物中的至少一种,所述细纤维的直径在0.01-2微米之间,所述添加剂的含量为2-25重量%,以所述缩聚物的重量计。
17.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述添加剂构成在细纤维表面的疏水性覆层。
18.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于疏水性覆层在具有亲水性组成的细纤维上形成。
19.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述覆层厚度小于100。
20.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述覆层厚度小于80。
21.如权利要求17所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述覆层厚度小于50。
22.如权利要求17所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述缩聚物是聚对苯二甲酸(亚烷基)二醇酯。
23.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述缩聚物是聚萘二甲酸(亚烷基)二醇酯。
24.如权利要求22所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述缩聚物是聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
25.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述添加剂是包含叔丁基苯酚的添加剂。
26.如权利要求25所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述添加剂是包含下式所示重复单元的物质
27.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述树脂包含双酚A。
29.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述树脂是包含二羟基联苯基的低聚物。
31.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述细纤维组合物形成直径为0.1-0.5微米的细纤维。
32.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述细纤维组合物形成直径为1-0.01微米的细纤维。
33.如权利要求16所述的细纤维组合物,其特征在于所述细纤维组合物形成直径为0.2-0.1微米的细纤维。
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