CN103097039A - 长有碳纳米管玻璃基板及其制造方法 - Google Patents
长有碳纳米管玻璃基板及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103097039A CN103097039A CN2011800441259A CN201180044125A CN103097039A CN 103097039 A CN103097039 A CN 103097039A CN 2011800441259 A CN2011800441259 A CN 2011800441259A CN 201180044125 A CN201180044125 A CN 201180044125A CN 103097039 A CN103097039 A CN 103097039A
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 123
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 47
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 title abstract description 21
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 4
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- FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M iron chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Fe] FBAFATDZDUQKNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 37
- -1 transition metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 35
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
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- QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(II) acetate Chemical compound [Co+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O QAHREYKOYSIQPH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 20
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- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicopper;2-oxidopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])(C([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
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Abstract
本文提供了在玻璃基板(特别是玻璃纤维基板)上用于成长碳纳米管的方法。该方法可包含:于玻璃基板上沉积触媒材料或触媒前驱物;在该触媒材料或该触媒前驱物之前、之后或与其同时,于该玻璃基板上沉积非触媒材料;以及将该玻璃基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于玻璃基板上成长碳纳米管。可于碳纳米管正在所述玻璃基板(特别是玻璃纤维基板)上成长时运送所述玻璃基板。在暴露于碳纳米管成长条件时,触媒前驱物可转化为触媒。触媒材料或触媒前驱物以及非触媒材料可从含有水作为溶剂的溶液沉积。例示的沉积技术包含,例如喷涂与浸涂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及碳纳米管,且更具体地,涉及碳纳米管成长。
背景技术
碳纳米管因为其大有效表面积、机械强度以及导热性与导电性而在数种应用中而已经被提出有实用性。这些应用中有许多都特别适合于成长在玻璃基板(例如玻璃纤维复合材料)上的碳纳米管。
为了合成碳纳米管,一般需要触媒来调和碳纳米管成长。最通常的情况,触媒为金属纳米粒子,特别是零价过渡金属纳米粒子。该领域中现有数种用于合成碳纳米管的方法,包括:例如微腔式、热或电浆增强的化学气相沉积(CVD)技术、雷射烧灼、电弧放电、火焰合成以及高压一氧化碳(HiPCO)技术。一般而言,这类用于合成碳纳米管的方法包含了在适合碳纳米管成长的条件下产生反应性气相碳物种。
碳纳米管在固体基板(包括玻璃基板)上的合成可使用许多这些技术来实施。然而,在玻璃基板上的碳纳米管成长速率迄今为止并不足促进在连续方法中高产量的合成。由于此困难所致,会产生无用的短碳纳米管或是会需要非常慢的生产线速度。
鉴于前述,在该领域中用于在玻璃基板上以高成长速率来成长碳纳米管是有实质利益的。本发明满足了此需求,同时也提供了相关优点。
发明内容
根据本发明的具体实施例,本文提供了碳纳米管成长方法。根据本发明的具体实施例,所述碳纳米管成长方法包括:于玻璃基板上沉积触媒材料;于该玻璃基板上沉积非触媒材料;以及在沉积该触媒材料与该非触媒材料之后,将该玻璃基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于玻璃基板上成长碳纳米管。
根据本发明的具体实施例,所述碳纳米管成长方法包括:于玻璃纤维基板上沉积触媒前驱物;于该玻璃纤维基板上沉积非触媒材料;将该触媒前驱物转化为触媒,该触媒可运作于暴露至碳纳米管成长条件时用于形成碳纳米管;以及在该玻璃纤维基板正在被运送时,将该玻璃纤维基板暴露至碳纳米管成长条件,以于玻璃纤维基板上成长碳纳米管。
根据本发明的具体实施例,所述碳纳米管成长方法包括:使包含水、过氧化氢、铁(II)盐或其水合物、钴(II)盐或其水合物的溶液于该溶液中形成触媒前驱物;于玻璃纤维基板上沉积该触媒前驱物;于该玻璃纤维基板上沉积非触媒材料;将该触媒前驱物转化为触媒,该触媒可运作以于暴露至碳纳米管成长条件时用于形成碳纳米管;以及将该玻璃纤维基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于该玻璃纤维基板上成长碳纳米管。
根据本发明的具体实施例,可制造一种玻璃纤维基板,其具有根据本发明所述的碳纳米管成长方法加以制备而成长于其上的碳纳米管。
前文已经相当广泛地概述了本发明的技术特征,为了可以更好地理解,下文将详细描述。本发明的附加特征和优点将在下文中给予描述,这构成了所述权利要求的主题。
附图说明
为了更完整理解本发明及其优点,现将结合附图对本发明具体实施例进行详细描述作为参考,其中:图1A与图1B示出碱性醋酸铁(III)与混合的铁(III)/钴(II)化合物的假定结构;
图2示出在玻璃纤维基板上的碳纳米管触媒前驱物在8000倍放大倍率的示例性SEM影像;
图3示出在玻璃纤维基板上的碳纳米管触媒前驱物在70000倍放大倍率的示例性SEM影像;
图4示出来自铁-钴合金触媒而成长于玻璃纤维基板上的碳纳米管的示例性SEM影像(1000倍放大倍率);
图5示出从触媒粒子成长的多壁式碳纳米管的示例性SEM影像;以及
图6示出了在暴露至碳纳米管成长条件之前及之后的触媒粒子大小的示例性图表。
具体实施方式
本发明一方面提出了用于在玻璃基板(特别是玻璃纤维基板)上成长碳纳米管的方法。本发明另一方面提出了在上方成长有根据本发明的碳纳米管成长方法所产生的碳纳米管的玻璃纤维基板。
本文描述的碳纳米管成长方法的一个重要优点在于,可实现在玻璃基板上的明显增进的碳纳米管成长速率。此特征使得本发明的碳纳米管成长方法能够用于工业生产所需的高产量合成。此外,本发明的碳纳米管成长方法的某些具体实施例是使用水来沉积形成碳纳米管的触媒或触媒前驱物,本发明相较于使用有机溶剂的可比较的方法可降低生产成本并减缓环境冲击。
本发明的碳纳米管成长方法可以保持为静止(静态)的玻璃基板、以批处理方式来进行,或是以正在运送(例如通过碳纳米管合成反应器)中、正有碳纳米管于其上方成长的玻璃基板来进行。根据本发明的具体实施例,当玻璃基板(特别是玻璃纤维基板)正在被运送、暴露至碳纳米管成长条件时,可进行本文所述的碳纳米管成长方法。此特征有利地允许碳纳米管的高产量成长得以实现。此外,相较于本领域中传统技术人员,本文所述的触媒与触媒前驱物可允许于玻璃基板上实现较大的碳纳米管成长速率。基于本发明的这些益处,该领域中具技术人员将理解在玻璃基板可于碳纳米管成长期间运送的碳纳米管成长方法的优势。尽管在碳纳米管成长期间运送玻璃基板有其优势,但也应了解在另一些具体实施例中,本文所述的碳纳米管成长方法亦可以批次(静态)方式进行。
碳纳米管已经证实在利用其独特结构与特性(包括例如大有效表面积、机械强度、导电性、以及导热性)的优点的数种应用中都有实用性。当于玻璃基板上成长时,碳纳米管与玻璃基板形成了一种复合架构,其有利地允许碳纳米管的有益特性被提供至玻璃基板。然而,根据本发明的具体实施例,玻璃基板可仅仅用作为牺牲载层,以将大量的碳纳米管送至另一基质中(例如复合材料的聚合物基质)。
根据本发明的具体实施例,于玻璃基板上成长的碳纳米管可被化学地或机械地黏附至所述基板。经由本发明的方法(即注入的碳纳米管)而于玻璃基板上成长的碳纳米管会更强地黏附至基板,而非经由简单的凡得瓦物理吸附交互作用而使预先合成的碳纳米管固定定位。因此,具有成长于其上的碳纳米管的本发明玻璃基板是不同于上方沉积有预先形成的碳纳米管(例如来自碳纳米管溶液或悬浮液)的玻璃基板。此外,经由在玻璃基板上直接成长碳纳米管,可以以实质上不成束状态而为各自的碳纳米管的方式获得碳纳米管。在某些具体实施例中,碳纳米管可直接地键结至玻璃基板。根据本发明的具体实施例,碳纳米管可经由用以调和碳纳米管合成的触媒材料和/或经由在玻璃基板上沉积的非触媒材料而间接地键结至玻璃基板。
如本文所使用的,术语“纳米粒子”是指在等效球形直径上具有约0.1纳米至约100纳米的直径的粒子,虽然纳米粒子并不需要必然是球形形状。
如本文所使用的,术语“触媒”是指一种在暴露于碳纳米管成长条件时可运作以形成碳纳米管的物质。如本文所使用的,术语“触媒纳米粒子”是指一种在暴露于碳纳米管成长条件时可运作以形成碳纳米管的纳米粒子。如本文所使用的,术语“触媒前驱物”是指一种可转化为触媒的物质。如本文所使用的,术语“触媒材料”是指一种触媒及/或触媒前驱物。
如本文所使用的,术语“过渡金属”是指在元素周期表的d区中(第3族至第12族)的任何元素或元素的合金,而术语“过渡金属盐类”是指任何过渡金属化合物,例如过渡金属氧化物、硝酸盐、氯化物、溴化物、碘化物、氟化物、醋酸盐、柠檬酸盐、碳化物、氮化物等。可为触媒性质而用于合成碳纳米管的示例性过渡金属包括:例如镍、铁、钴、钼、铜、铂、金、银、其合金、其盐类以及其混合物。
如本文所使用的,术语“可卷绕长度”或“可卷绕维度”是等同地指一种材料,其具有不限于长度的至少一个维度,从而使该材料在例如卷对卷方法(reel-to-reel process)中可被收存于滚动条或心轴上。具有“可卷绕长度”或“可卷绕维度”的材料具有至少一个维度,其使碳纳米管在该材料正被运送中时成长于其上。然而,如果有需要的话,具有可卷绕长度的材料也可以批次(静态)方式具有成长于其上的碳纳米管。
如本文所使用的,术语“碳纳米管成长条件”是指可在有适当触媒存在时成长碳纳米管的任何一种方法。一般而言,碳纳米管成长条件产生了一种活性碳物种,通常是经由有机化合物的裂解产生。
根据本发明的具体实施例,本文所述的碳纳米管成长方法包含:于玻璃基板上沉积触媒材料;在该玻璃基板上沉积非触媒材料;以及在沉积该触媒材料与该非触媒材料之后,将该玻璃基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于玻璃基板上成长碳纳米管。根据本发明的具体实施例,所述方法可进一步包含碳纳米管正在玻璃基板上成长时运送玻璃基板。根据本发明的具体实施例,触媒材料可在非触媒材料之前、之后、或与其同时而沉积。
根据本发明的具体实施例,玻璃基板的形式可不受限制而加以变化。然而,根据本发明的具体实施例,玻璃基板的形式通常可与其在碳纳米管成长期间被运送(例如在卷对卷方法中)兼容。可被运送的一种适当的玻璃基板为玻璃纤维、或由玻璃纤维制成的各种纤维形式。根据本发明的具体实施例,玻璃基板可为不受限制的形式,例如,玻璃纤维、玻璃缠丝、玻璃细线、玻璃粗纺、玻璃纱纺、玻璃纤维纱束、玻璃条带、玻璃扁带、玻璃细线网、玻璃管、玻璃膜、玻璃编带、玻璃织布、玻璃不织布、玻璃纤维迭布层、以及玻璃纤维毡。较高等级的形式(例如,玻璃织布与玻璃不织布、玻璃纤维迭布层与玻璃细线网)可由较低等级的玻璃基板(例如,玻璃纤维、玻璃缠丝以及玻璃纤维纱束等)形成。即,玻璃纤维、玻璃缠丝以及玻璃纤维纱束等可具有成长于其上的碳纳米管,然后才形成较高等级的形式。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,这类较高等级形式可以在碳纳米管成长于其上之后进行。如本文所使用的,前述玻璃基板形式将被统称为玻璃纤维。
缠丝(filaments)包含高长宽比的纤维,其一般具有约1微米与约100微米之间的直径。粗纺包含已经被扭转、驯化及去除外来物质的纤维软股束。
纱纺包括紧密成组的扭转纤维束,其中在纱纺中的每一纤维直径是相当均匀的。纱束具有可变化的重量,其是以其“德士(tex)”(表示为每1000直线公尺的重量(千克))或“丹尼数(denier)”(表示为每10000码的重量(磅))来描述。就纱纺而言,典型的德士范围通常是约200至约2000。
纤维编带表示捆紧纤维的绳索式结构。例如,这类绳索式结构可从纱纺组装而成。编带式结构可包含中空部分。或者是,编带式结构可以于另一芯部材料周围组装。
纤维纱束包含成组的未扭转缠丝束。如同纱纺,纤维纱束中的缠丝直径通常是均匀的。纤维纱束也具有可变化的重量以及通常是介于约200至2000之间的德士范围。此外,纤维纱束是常以纤维纱束中千位数的缠丝来表示,例如,12K纱束、24K纱束、48K纱束等。
条带为可集合为例如平坦纤维纱束的织布或不织布。条带可在宽度上加以变化,且一般是类似于扁带的双侧结构。在本文所述的各种具体实施例中,碳纳米管是可于条带的一或两侧上成长。另外,可在条带的每一侧上成长不同类型、直径或长度的碳纳米管,其在某些应用中可是有利的。
根据本发明的具体实施例,纤维材料可被组织为纤维或片状结构。例如,除上述条带以外,这些包括纤维织布、纤维毡料不织布、织网以及纤维迭布层。
于玻璃基板上成长的碳纳米管的类型一般可不受限地加以变化。根据本发明的具体实施例,于玻璃基板上成长的碳纳米管可以为,例如富勒烯(fullerene)族中的数种圆柱形碳同素异形体的任何一种,包括单壁式碳纳米管、双壁式碳纳米管、多壁式碳纳米管、以及其任意组合。本领域技术人员将理解,可经由调整碳纳米管成长条件来改变在玻璃基板上成长的碳纳米管的类型,特别是用以控制碳纳米管的成长的触媒组成物及触媒纳米粒子尺寸。根据本发明的具体实施例,可以类似富勒烯的结构来罩盖碳纳米管。即,根据本发明的具体实施例,碳纳米管具有封闭端部。然而,根据本发明的另一具体实施例,碳纳米管也可保持末端开放。根据本发明的具体实施例,可经由以适当的氧化剂(例如HNO3/H2SO4)进行处理来打开封闭的碳纳米管端部。根据本发明的具体实施例,碳纳米管可于在玻璃基板上成长之后包封其它材料。根据本发明的具体实施例,在玻璃基板上成长之后,碳纳米管可被共价地官能基化。根据本发明的具体实施例,可使用电浆方法来促进碳纳米管的官能基化。
碳纳米管可取决于其对手性(chirality)而为金属性、半金属性、或半导性。用于表明碳纳米管的对手性的一种已建立的命名系统为本领域技术人员所能得知,且是以双参数(n,m)予以区别,其中n与m为整数,其描述了六方晶石墨在形成为管状结构时的切面与堆栈面。在各种具体实施例中,根据本发明的具体实施例而于玻璃基板上成长的碳纳米管可具有任何特定的对手性或对手类型的混合物。
除了对手性以外,碳纳米管的直径也会影响其导电性与导热性的相关性质。在碳纳米管的合成中,碳纳米管的直径可经由使用既定大小的触媒纳米粒子来加以控制。一般而言,碳纳米管的直径大概是催化其形成的触媒纳米粒子的直径。因此,例如,可经由调整用于其合成的触媒纳米粒子的大小而在一方面控制碳纳米管的性质。举一个非限制实例来说,具有直径约为1nm至5nm的触媒纳米粒子可用以成长占优势地单壁式碳纳米管。较大的触媒纳米粒子可用以主要制备占优势地多壁式碳纳米管,多壁式碳纳米管因其多重纳米管层之故而具有较大的直径。在碳纳米管合成中也可经由使用较大的触媒纳米粒子来成长单壁式碳纳米管与多壁式碳纳米管的混合物。可从各种商业来源购买到所需尺寸的触媒纳米粒子,或根据本发明的具体实施例,也可从触媒前驱物原位制备这些触媒纳米粒子。
根据本发明的具体实施例,于玻璃基板上成长的碳纳米管的直径可介于约1nm至约500nm之间的范围。根据本发明的具体实施例,碳纳米管的直径可介于约1nm至约10nm之间的范围。根据本发明的另一具体实施例,碳纳米管的直径可介于约1nm至约25nm之间的范围,或介于约5nm至约25nm之间的范围,或介于约5nm至约30nm之间的范围。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,碳纳米管的直径可介于约10nm至约50nm之间的范围、或介于约50nm至约100nm之间的范围。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,碳纳米管的直径可介于约100nm至约300nm之间的范围、或介于约300nm至约500nm之间的范围。在非常高的触媒材料浓度下,加热期间的聚集可导致较大的触媒纳米粒子,其产生约50nm或更大的碳纳米管。在较低的触媒材料浓度下,则对于浓度较不敏感,且可产生介于例如约1nm至约30nm之间的范围、或甚至高达约50nm的碳纳米管。
根据本发明的具体实施例,在玻璃基板上所成长的碳纳米管的平均长度可为介于约1微米至约1000微米之间,包括其间所有数值与次范围。根据本发明的具体实施例,碳纳米管的平均长度可小于约1微米,包括例如约0.5微米、以及其间所有数值与次范围。根据本发明的具体实施例,碳纳米管的平均长度可介于约1微米至约10微米之间,包括其间所有数值与次范围。一般而言,根据本发明的具体实施例,较高负载的触媒材料有利于较大的碳纳米管成长速率与较长的碳纳米管。
根据本发明的具体实施例,本发明方法的触媒材料可为触媒和/或触媒前驱物。即,根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料可为活性触媒,其可直接催化碳纳米管的形成。例如,触媒材料可为触媒纳米粒子(例如过渡金属纳米粒子或镧系金属纳米粒子),其可直接催化碳纳米管的形成,而不需进一步转化或活化。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,触媒材料可为触媒前驱物,其初始为非触媒活性,但可经由一次或多次化学转化而转变为活性触媒。这类转变为活性触媒可在使玻璃基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件之前和/或在暴露期间发生。根据本发明的具体实施例,触媒前驱物可在暴露于适当碳纳米管成长条件之前、在未暴露于不相关联的还原步骤(例如H2)下转变为活性触媒。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料可为触媒纳米粒子的形式。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,触媒材料可为触媒前驱物的形式。已经发现根据本发明具体实施例中,触媒前驱物可证明有比预先形成的触媒纳米粒子更佳的碳纳米管成长速率。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒前驱物可为过渡金属盐或过渡金属盐的组合物。例如,示例性的过渡金属盐类包括过渡金属硝酸盐、过渡金属醋酸盐、过渡金属柠檬酸盐、过渡金属氯化物、过渡金属氟化物、过渡金属溴化物、过渡金属碘化物、其水合物及其组合。如同下文进一步的详述,这类过渡金属盐可在加热下转变为过渡金属氧化物,并转变为活性触媒。根据本发明的另一具体实施例,也可使用过渡金属碳化物、过渡金属氮化物或过渡金属氧化物作为触媒材料。适合用于实施本发明方法的示例性过渡金属盐包括:例如硝酸亚铁(II)、硝酸铁(III)、硝酸钴(II)、硝酸镍(II)、硝酸铜(II)、醋酸亚铁(II)、醋酸铁(III)、醋酸钴(II)、醋酸镍(II)、醋酸铜(II)、柠檬酸亚铁(II)、柠檬酸铁(III)、柠檬酸铁(III)铵、柠檬酸钴(II)、柠檬酸镍(II)、柠檬酸铜(II)、氯化亚铁(II)、氯化铁(III)、氯化钴(II)、氯化镍(II)、氯化铜(II)、其水合物以及其组合所组成的组。根据本发明的一具体实施例,镧系金属盐、其水合物以及其组合都可作为触媒前驱物使用。
根据本发明的一个具体实施例,该触媒前驱物可为铁(II)盐或其水合物与钴(II)盐或其水合物的组合。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,该触媒前驱物可由至少一种过渡金属盐类与过氧化氢或其它氧化剂之间的反应而形成。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,该反应可发生于溶液中,而该触媒材料是自该溶液沉积。
在包含铁(II)盐或其水合物(特别是醋酸亚铁(II)或其水合物)与钴(II)盐或其水合物(特别是醋酸钴(II)或其水合物)的触媒前驱物的情形下,可使用过氧化氢来形成触媒前驱物,该触媒前驱物最终导致更具活性的触媒(例如铁-钴合金)。发明人已经令人惊讶地发现到,来自过氧化氢、醋酸亚铁(II)或其水合物、以及醋酸钴(II)或其水合物之间反应而形成的触媒前驱物可以被转化为活性触媒,该活性触媒特别有效于在玻璃基板上成长碳纳米管。此外,将过氧化氢添加至含有上述触媒前驱物的溶液可有利地提高过渡金属盐类的溶解度。
不受理论或机制所限,相信来自过氧化氢、醋酸亚铁(II)、以及醋酸钴(II)之间的反应的触媒前驱物的形成开始于反应中的铁(II)基于芬顿试剂(Fenton’s reagent)化学式的转换(式1与式2):
Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++OH·+OH-(1)
Fe3++H2O2→Pe2++OOH·+H+(2)
在醋酸亚铁(II)的例子中,初始氧化产物为碱性的醋酸铁(III),其接着形成混价的铁(II)/铁(III)化合物,该化合物被假定为具有可比得上的结构。在醋酸钴(II)存在时,假定会形成同样具有可比得上的结构的铁(III)/钴(II)混合金属化合物。图1A与图1B分别显示了如上所述制备而成的碱性醋酸铁(III)与混合的铁(III)/钴(II)化合物的假定结构。混合金属化合物的形成总结于式(3)至式(5)中(OAc=醋酸盐=C2H3O2 -)。
Re2+(OAc)2+H2O2→[Fe3+ 3O(OAc)6(H2O)3]OH+H2O+O2(3)
[Fe3+ 3O(OAc)6(H2O)3]OH→Fe3+ 2Fe2+O(OAc)6(H2O)3+OH-(4)
Fe3+ 2Fe2+O(OAc)6(H2O)3+Co2+(OAc)2·4H2O→Fe3+ 2Co2+O(OAc)6(H2O)3(5)
除了混合的金属化合物以外,反应混合物也可含有残余的碱性醋酸铁(III)与未反应的醋酸钴(II)。根据下文所述的具体实施例,除了混合金属化合物以外,这些物质中的每一者都可转化为活性触媒。
在上述触媒前驱物沉积在玻璃基板上之后,可进行加热以形成中间触媒状态。即,混合的金属化合物、碱性醋酸铁(III)以及醋酸钴(II)可被热分解以于玻璃基板上形成金属氧化物。上述的其它触媒前驱物可以相同方式进行热分解,以形成中间触媒状态。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,可在至少约300摄氏度下进行加热。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,可在至少约450摄氏度下进行加热。在本发明的情况中,相信碱性醋酸铁(III)会被热分解为介稳态(metastable)的γ-氧化铁(III)(磁赤铁矿)以及稳定的α-氧化铁(III)(赤铁矿),醋酸钴(II)会被热分解为氧化钴(CoO),而混合的金属氧化物被热分解为钴铁氧体(CoFe2O4)。也会产生各种气态副产物。可透过高分辨率穿透式电子显微镜、电子绕射光谱(结晶结构的d-空间)、以及能量散布式X射线光谱仪(元素组成)的组合来确认热分解产物的化学辨识性质。在本发明的例子中,d-空间与元素组成结果与指定的化学辨识性质高度相符。
一旦形成,中间触媒状态可直接转化为活性触媒(例如触媒纳米粒子),而无须进行一个个别的触媒活化步骤。相较之下,该领域中传统技术是在进行碳纳米管成长之前,在一个个别步骤中以氢来活化碳纳米管触媒。根据本发明的具体实施例中,活性触媒的形成可在将中间触媒状态暴露至碳纳米管成长条件下进行。例如,乙炔在碳纳米管成长反应器中于700摄氏度下裂解会导致氢气与碳原子的形成。氢气可与过渡金属氧化物反应而产生零价的过渡金属的触媒纳米粒子。后续过渡金属碳化物的形成以及接着碳扩散至触媒粒子中则可导致碳纳米管的形成。
回到上述由混合金属化合物产生的活性触媒,再次使用高分辨率穿透式电子显微镜、电子绕射光谱以及能量散布式X射线光谱仪来决定在暴露于碳纳米管成长条件下产生的活性触媒纳米粒子的辨识特性。在含有铁(II)/钴(II)的摩尔比例约为5.6:1的初始醋酸亚铁(II)/醋酸钴(II)溶液的情况下,可确认出下述物质:铁(55.1%-83.3%)、钴(0%-6.7%)以及铁/钴合金(0%-19.2%)。此外,残余的氧化铁、氧化钴以及钴铁氧体则继续暴露至碳纳米管成长条件。
图2至图4显示由含有醋酸亚铁(II)、醋酸钴(II)与过氧化氢的溶液形成的触媒或触媒前驱物的示例性SEM影像。图2显示了在玻璃纤维基板上的碳纳米管触媒前驱物的示例性SEM影像(放大倍率为8k)。图3显示了在玻璃纤维基板上的碳纳米管触媒前驱物的示例性SEM影像(放大倍率为70k)。图4显示从铁钴合金触媒而于玻璃纤维基板上成长的碳纳米管的示例性SEM影像(放大倍率为1k)。图5显示由触媒粒子成长而成的多壁式碳纳米管的示例性SEM影像。
图6显示了在暴露至碳纳米管成长条件前后的触媒粒子大小的示例性图表。在暴露至碳纳米管成长条件之前,平均粒子大小约为25纳米(25.2±16.0nm),而在暴露至碳纳米管成长条件之后,平均粒子大小约为12-13纳米(12.5±8.3nm)。一般而言,粒子大小介于约5纳米至约50纳米之间。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,也可在本发明方法中结合触媒材料而使用非触媒材料。虽然碳纳米管可以在于玻璃基板上成长而无需非触媒材料,但非触媒材料结合触媒材料的使用在许多情形中可导致增进的碳纳米管成长速率。不受理论或机制的限制,相信非触媒材料限制了触媒材料与玻璃基板的交互作用,其用其它方法可抑制碳纳米管成长。此外,非触媒材料可促进触媒前驱物分解为活性触媒。非触媒材料也可作为对玻璃基板的键结剂,从而促进触媒材料的加强锚定并于后续将碳纳米管成长于玻璃基板。此外,非触媒材料可作为热阻障,以保护玻璃基板的表面并于碳纳米管成长期间保护基板而免受破坏。
非触媒材料结合触媒前驱物的使用可进一步于玻璃基板上成长碳纳米管,无须各自的还原操作来将触媒前驱物转化为适合碳纳米管成长的活性触媒。即,根据本发明的具体实施例,触媒前驱物可结合非触媒材料而使用,以在暴露于碳纳米管成长条件时于玻璃基板上直接成长碳纳米管。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,从触媒前驱物形成活性触媒可包含中间触媒状态(例如过渡金属氧化物)的形成。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,本发明方法包含在玻璃基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件时、视情况在玻璃基板正在被运送时,自触媒前驱物或中间触媒状态形成触媒纳米粒子。根据本发明的另一具体实施例,本发明方法包括在将玻璃基板暴露至碳纳米管成长条件之前,先自触媒前驱物或中间触媒状态形成触媒纳米粒子。例如,可进行独立的触媒活化操作,如将触媒前驱物或中间触媒状态暴露于氢。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,该触媒前驱物或中间触媒状态可于玻璃基板上沉积或形成,且然后可储存该玻璃基板以供后续使用。即,该玻璃基板可负载有触媒前驱物或中间触媒状态,然后在后续时间再暴露至碳纳米管成长条件。
适合用于实施本发明方法的非触媒材料一般是对碳纳米管成长条件呈惰性的物质。如上所述,这类非触媒材料可进一步运作以稳定触媒材料,从而促进碳纳米管成长。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,非触媒材料可为含铝化合物、含硅化合物以及其组合。示例性的含铝化合物包括例如铝盐(例如:硝酸铝及醋酸铝)或其水合物。示例性的含硅化合物包含玻璃与类似的二氧化硅组成、硅酸盐或硅烷。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,可使用烷氧基硅烷、铝氧烷、铝纳米颗粒、旋涂玻璃或玻璃纳米粒子作为非触媒材料。
当非触媒材料被用于本发明的方法时,触媒材料可在非触媒材料之前、之后、或与触媒材料同时沉积。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料可在非触媒材料之前沉积。即,根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料可被沉积于玻璃基板与非触媒材料之间。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,触媒材料可在非触媒材料之后沉积。即,根据本发明的一些具体实施例,非触媒材料可被沉积在玻璃基板与触媒材料之间。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,触媒材料可与非触媒材料同时沉积。无论沉积的顺序,触媒材料与非触媒材料的结合于玻璃基板上形成触媒涂层。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,该触媒涂层具有介于约5纳米至约1纳米之间的厚度。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,该触媒涂层具有介于约5纳米至约100纳米之间、或介于约10纳米至约50纳米之间的厚度。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料与非触媒材料可各从溶液来沉积。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,该溶液可含有水作为溶剂。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料与非触媒材料的浓度一般可介于约0.1mM至约1.0M之间。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,触媒材料与非触媒材料可各具有介于0.1mM至约50mM之间、或介于10mM与至100mM之间、或介于50mM至约1.0M、或介于1.0M至约2.0M之间的浓度。在沉积时,触媒材料与非触媒材料可出现在相同溶液中、或在个别的溶液中。当触媒材料与非触媒材料是在相同溶液中时,所称的浓度范围是指溶液中每一成份的浓度,而不是整体溶液浓度。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料与非触媒材料可在正形成时从单一溶液沉积至玻璃纤维上。即,适合暴露至碳纳米管成长条件的负载有触媒的纤维可在单一操作中产生。
使用于该溶液中的溶剂一般可不受限制地加以变化,只要它们有效地溶解或分散触媒材料与非触媒材料(如果有的话)。除了水以外,特别合适的溶剂包含:例如醇类(例如甲醇、乙醇或异丙醇)、酯类(例如乙酸甲酯或乙酸乙酯)、酮类(例如丙酮或丁酮)、以及其混合物。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,可添加少量的共溶剂以使过渡金属盐类于溶剂中达到溶解度(否则盐类会无法充分溶解)。这类共溶剂的示例性范例可包含:例如乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、三乙二醇二甲醚、二甲基甲酰胺、以及二甲基亚砜。一般而言,具有相对低的沸点的溶剂是优选的,使得在暴露至碳纳米管成长条件之前溶剂可被轻易去除。快速去除溶剂可促进均质触媒材料涂层的形成。在较高沸点的溶剂或倾向于聚集在玻璃基板表面的溶剂中,会发生触媒材料的不均匀分布,从而导致较差的碳纳米管成长。
虽然在本发明方法中含有非触媒材料可是有利的,但非触媒材料的量会有上限,若高于该上限,则碳纳米管成长变得被抑制。当非触媒材料是在触媒材料之后、或与触媒材料同时沉积时,此可特别为真。当非触媒材料是在触媒材料之前沉积时,则不需使用这类上限。若含有过多的非触媒材料,非触媒材料会过度覆盖触媒材料,从而抑制碳原料气体扩散进入触媒材料且阻挡碳纳米管成长。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,非触媒材料对触媒材料的摩尔比例可为最多约6:1。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,非触媒材料对触媒材料的摩尔比例可为最多约2:1。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料与非触媒材料可经由例如喷涂、浸涂、溶液涂布滚轧机的应用、或以溶液为基础的类似沉积技术的技术或技术的组合而沉积。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料可自第一溶液沉积,且非触媒材料可自第二溶液沉积。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,触媒材料可在非触媒材料之前或之后沉积。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,触媒材料与非触媒材料可同时自相同溶液沉积。本发明技术人员显然可知,不同的沉积技术会导致有不同量的触媒材料和/或非触媒材料沉积在玻璃基板上。当于以溶液为基础的沉积技术中使用水作为溶剂或共溶剂时,会对玻璃基板提供不同的含水量。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,玻璃基板的含水量可根据用以沉积触媒材料和/或非触媒材料的技术而定。当经由以溶液为基础的技术来进行沉积时,许多因子(例如残余时间、操作速度、以及沉积配置(如浸没对滚轧涂布))都会影响玻璃基板的含水量。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,在沉积之后的玻璃基板含水量可介于约0.1wt.%至约200wt.%之间。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,玻璃基板的含水量可介于约0.1wt.%至约10wt.%之间、约5wt.%至约20wt.%之间、或约10wt.%至约50wt.%之间、或约50wt.%至约100wt.%之间、或者是约100wt.至约200wt.%之间。不同的玻璃基板含水量会导致大范围的触媒质量表面覆盖率数值。
沉积于玻璃基板上的触媒材料与非触媒材料的量可依据沉积技术而定并提供含水量。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,沉积在玻璃基板上的触媒材料和/或非触媒材料的质量表面覆盖率可各介于约0.0001g/m2至约0.2g/m2之间。根据本发明的另一些具体实施例,触媒材料及/或非触媒材料的质量表面覆盖率可各介于约0.0001g/m2至约0.002g/m2之间、介于约0.002g/m2至约0.005g/m2之间、或介于约0.005g/m2至约0.02g/m2之间、或介于约0.01g/m2至约0.05g/m2之间、或者是介于约0.05g/m2至约0.2g/m2之间。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,碳纳米管成长方法包含:于玻璃纤维基板上沉积触媒前驱物;于该玻璃纤维基板上沉积非触媒材料;将该触媒前驱物转化为触媒,该触媒于暴露至碳纳米管成长条件时可被运作用于成长碳纳米管;以及在正在运送该玻璃纤维基板时将该玻璃纤维基板暴露至碳纳米管成长条件,以于其上成长碳纳米管。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,碳纳米管成长方法包含:使包含水、过氧化氢、铁(II)盐或其水合物、钴(II)盐或其水合物的溶液于该溶液中形成触媒前驱物;于玻璃纤维基板上沉积该触媒前驱物;于该玻璃纤维基板上沉积非触媒材料;将该触媒前驱物转化为触媒,该触媒可运作以于暴露至碳纳米管成长条件时形成碳纳米管;以及将该玻璃纤维基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于该玻璃纤维基板上成长碳纳米管。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,铁对钴的摩尔比例可介于约5:1至约6:1。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,铁对钴的摩尔比例可达到约20:1。
如上述更详细说明者,在这类具体实施例中形成的触媒可包含至少铁-钴合金。同样如上述更详细说明者,将触媒前驱物转化为触媒是可包含加热该触媒前驱物,以形成中间触媒状态,以及将该中间触媒状态暴露于碳纳米管成长条件以形成触媒。
在沉积触媒材料之后,可使用以化学气相沉积(CVD)为基础的方法或用于碳纳米管成长的其它方法于玻璃基板上成长碳纳米管。碳纳米管合成的例示方法包括:例如微腔式、热或电浆增强的化学气相沉积(CVD)技术、雷射烧灼、电弧放电、火焰合成以及高压一氧化碳(HiPCO)技术,其全部皆为该领域技术人员所熟知。在某些具体实施例中,以化学气相沉积为基础的成长方法可为经电浆增强的。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,用于成长碳纳米管的方法可以以玻璃基板是在暴露于碳纳米管成长条件时被运送通过的反应器而发生。
根据本发明的具体实施例,碳纳米管成长可以连续(亦即移动的)方式、或以批次(亦即静止的)条件来进行。在非限制的具体实施例中,碳纳米管的成长可发生于适用于连续碳纳米管成长的反应器中。具有这类特征的示例性反应器说明于共同拥有的美国专利申请案第12/611,073号(于2009年11月2日申请)、以及美国专利号7,261,779中,其每一个皆经由引用形式而并入本文。虽然上述反应器是设计为用于连续运送基板通过反应器以暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,但如果需要的话,这些反应器亦可以批次模式来运作(其中基板是保持静止的)。用于成长碳纳米管的示例性碳纳米管反应器(能有基板被运送通过)与特定方法细节的进一步内容将于下文提出。应该注意的是,本文所述的方法并不被约束于特定的碳纳米管成长反应器,且为本领域技术人员熟知的任何适合的反应器可被用于本发明的方法。
碳纳米管成长可以以在升高温度下发生的化学气相沉积(CVD)为基础。特定的温度为触媒选择的函数,但一般可介于约500摄氏度至1000摄氏度的范围间。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,该温度可介于约550摄氏度至约800摄氏度的范围。根据本发明的具体实施例,该温度会影响碳纳米管成长速率及/或所得到的碳纳米管直径。
根据本发明的具体实施例,可经由以CVD为基础的方法来进行碳纳米管成长,其可为经电浆增强的。可经由含碳的原料气体(例如乙炔、乙烯及/或甲烷)来促进CVD方法。碳纳米管合成方法一般使用惰性气体(例如氮气、氩气及/或氦气)作为主要载气而与含碳的原料气体结合使用。含碳的原料气体一般可以介于总混合物的约0.1%至约50%之间的范围提供。经由从成长腔室中移除湿气与氧,即可准备CVD成长的实质惰性环境。
可视需要使用产生强电浆的电场来影响碳纳米管成长的方向。电浆可经由在成长方法中提供电场而产生。经由适当调整电浆喷洒与电场的几何性,即可合成出垂直对齐的碳纳米管(亦即,与金属表面垂直)。在某些条件下,即使没有电浆存在,紧密分隔的碳纳米管仍可维持实质垂直成长方向,而产生类似于地毯或森林的碳纳米管致密数组。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,乙炔气体可被离子化,以产生用于碳纳米管合成的冷却碳电浆喷射流。碳电浆是被导向玻璃基板。因此,根据本发明的一些具体实施例,用于在玻璃基板上合成碳纳米管的方法包含(a)形成碳电浆;以及(b)将碳电浆引导至配置在玻璃基板上的触媒材料上。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,玻璃基板可被主动地加热至约550摄氏度至约800摄氏度之间,以促进碳纳米管成长。为了起始碳纳米管的成长,两种或更多种气体被抽至反应器:惰性载气气体(例如氩气、氦气或氮气)以及含碳的原料气体(例如乙炔、乙烯、乙醇或甲烷)。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例,碳纳米管成长可于特别的矩形反应器中发生,该矩形反应器经设计用于在纤维材料上连续合成与成长碳纳米管。这类的反应器说明于共有且待审的美国专利申请案第12/611,073号中(经由引用形式而并入本案)。此反应器使用碳纳米管的大气压力成长,其有助于被并入连续的碳纳米管成长方法中。此外,如果需要,该反应器可以批次方式运作,其中玻璃基板是保持为静止的。如果需要,也可使用用于静止的碳纳米管成长的更常见的反应器。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,碳纳米管在大气压力下以及在介于约550摄氏度至约800摄氏度的范围的升高温度下、于多分区反应器中经由CVD方法而成长。碳纳米管合成会在大气压力下进行的事实是促进将反应器并入用于在玻璃基板上的碳纳米管成长的连续产线的一项因素。与使用这类的分区反应器的线内连续方法一致的另一优势为,碳纳米管成长在数秒内发生,而非如在该领域中一般的其它程序与设备配置中者,需在数分钟(或更久)才发生。
根据上述具体实施例设计的碳纳米管合成反应器可包含下列特征:
矩形配置的合成反应器:该领域中熟知的典型碳纳米管合成反应器的截面是圆形的。其原因有很多,包含例如历史性原因(例如在实验室中通常是使用圆柱形反应器)以及便利性(例如流动动力特性较易于圆柱形反应器中仿真、加热器系统可直接接纳圆管(例如石英等)、以及易于制造。不同于圆柱形的惯例,本发明提供一种具有矩形截面的碳纳米管合成反应器。这种差异的原因包含至少下列原因:
1)反应器体积的无效率使用。由于要被反应器处理的许多玻璃基板都相对为平坦(例如平坦条带、类似片材的形式、或展开的纱束与粗纺),因此圆形截面是反应器体积的一种无效率使用。此无效率导致了圆柱形碳纳米管合成反应器的数项缺点,包含:例如a)保持充分的系统除气;增加的反应器体积需要增高的气体流速以维持相同程度的除气,其导致在开放环境中碳纳米管的高量生产的无效率性;b)增加的含碳的原料气体流速;如上述a)中所述,系统除气的惰性气体流量的相对增加会需要增加的含碳的原料气体的流速。考虑到示例性12K玻璃纤维粗纺的体积大致是比具有矩形截面的合成反应器的总体积小约2000倍。在等效的圆柱形反应器中(即,圆柱形反应器所具有的宽度容纳与矩形截面的反应器相同的平坦化玻璃纤维材料),玻璃纤维材料的体积约比反应器体积小17500倍。虽然气相沉积程序(例如CVD)一般都是由压力与温度单独统御,但体积可对沉积效率有明显的影响。虽然就矩形反应器而言,其仍具有过量体积,且此过量体积促进了不想要的反应。然而,圆柱形反应器具有的可用于促进不想要的反应的体积约为八倍。由于发生竞争性反应的机会较大,因此在圆柱形反应器中,所需的反应会发生地缓慢许多。对于连续性成长程序的发展而言,这样的在碳纳米管成长的减速是有问题的。矩形反应器配置的另一个益处是,仍可进一步减少反应器体积,其是经由使用小的矩形腔室高度来使体积比例更佳,并使反应更有效率。根据本文所述的某些具体实施例中,矩形合成反应器的总体积并没有比正通过合成反应器的玻璃基板的总体积超过约3000倍。根据本发明一些进一步的具体实施例,矩形合成反应器的总体积并没有比正通过合成反应器的玻璃基板的总体积超过约4000倍。根据本发明更进一步的一些具体实施例,矩形合成反应器的总体积比正通过合成反应器的玻璃基板的总体积小超过约10000倍。此外,可注意到,当使用圆柱形反应器时,需要更多的含碳的原料气体来提供与具有矩形截面的反应器相同的流量百分率。应可推知在某些其它具体实施例中,合成反应器具有多边形形式描述而非矩形(但仍与矩形相当类似)的截面,且相较于具有圆形截面的反应器而言,其提供反应器体积的类似减少情况。以及c)有问题的温度分布;当使用相对小直径的反应器时,从腔室中心到其壁部的温度梯度是最小的,但随反应器尺寸增加(例如将使用在商用等级生产中),这类的温度梯度会增加。温度梯度导致了玻璃基板中产品质量变异(亦即产品质量的变化为径向位置的函数)。当使用具有矩形截面的反应器时,实质避免了这个问题。特别是,当使用平面基板时,在基板的尺寸向上增加时,反应器高度可保持固定。反应器的顶部与底部之间的温度梯度基本上为可忽略的,且因此可避免其所产生的热问题与产品质量变异。
2)气体导入。因为在本领域中通常是使用管状炉,因此,一般的碳纳米管合成反应器于一端导入气体,并牵引气体通过反应器而达另一端。在本文公开的某些具体实施例中,可于反应器中央、或在目标成长区内对称地导入气体,即使在侧部、或通过反应器的上板与下板。这提升整体的碳纳米管成长速率,因为输入的原料气体是连续注入于系统的最热部分,这是碳纳米管成长最为活跃的地方。
分区。提供相对为冷的除气区域的腔室从矩形合成反应器的两个端部延伸。其已经确定,若热的气体与外部环境(即矩形反应器的外部)混合,则会增加玻璃基板的衰减。冷的除气区域于内部系统与外部环境之间提供缓冲。该领域中熟知的碳纳米管合成反应器配置一般需要仔细地(且缓慢地)冷却基板。在本矩形碳纳米管成长反应器出口处的冷的除气区域达成了在短时间内进行冷却,即如连续式线内处理中所需。
非接触式、热壁式的金属反应器。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,使用了金属热壁式反应器(例如不锈钢)。这型反应器的使用可似乎违反直觉,因为金属(特别是不锈钢)对于碳沉积更为敏感(即煤熏与副产物形成)。因此,大部分的碳纳米管合成反应器都是由石英制成,因为其较不会有碳沉积,石英较易于清洁,且石英有助于样品观察。然而,已经观察到,在不锈钢上增加的煤熏与碳沉积导致了更为一致、有效率、更快速且稳定的碳纳米管成长。在未受理论限制下,其已经指出,结合大气操作,在反应器中所发生的CVD程序会受扩散限制。即,碳纳米管形成触媒是“过度进料的(overfed)”,因其相对较高的分压(相较于在部分真空下操作的反应器而言)之故,在反应器系统中有太多碳是可使用的。结果,在开放系统中(特别是洁净的开放系统),会有太多的碳可黏着至碳纳米管形成触媒粒子,连累了其合成碳纳米管的能力。根据本发明的一些具体实施例,故意让矩形反应器在反应器是“脏的”(即在玻璃反应器壁部上有煤熏沉积)的时候运转。一旦碳在反应器的壁部上沉积为单一层时,碳将直接沉积在其本身上方。由于部分可用碳会因此机制而“被放弃”,因此剩余的碳进料(以自由基的形式)会以不毒化触媒的速率而与碳纳米管形成触媒进行反应。现有的系统都是“洁净地”运转,当其为连续处理而开放时,会以降低的成长速率而产生更低的碳纳米管的产率。
虽然一般而言,以上述“脏的”的方式来进行碳纳米管合成是有益的,但设备的某些部分(例如气体分歧管与进气口)因煤熏产生阻塞时,仍然会负面地影响碳纳米管成长程序。为了对抗这个问题,可以煤熏抑制涂层(例如氧化硅、氧化铝或氧化镁)来保护碳纳米管成长反应腔室的这类区域在实际上,设备的这些部分可浸涂于这些煤熏抑制涂层。如INVAR(可从ArcelorMittal商业上获得的镍-钢合金)的金属是可与这些涂层一起使用,因为INVAR具有类似的CTE(热膨胀系数),其可确保涂层在较高温度下涂层的黏着性,避免煤熏显著地在关键区域中产生。
结合的触媒还原作用与碳纳米管合成。在本文公开的碳纳米管合成反应器中,触媒还原作用与碳纳米管成长两者可在反应器内发生。在该领域熟知的一般程序中,通常花1至12个小时来进行还原步骤。根据本发明的具体实施例,在反应器中发生两种操作,这至少部分是因为含碳的原料气体被导入于反应器的中心处、而非导入该领域中一般使用的圆柱形反应器的末端处之故。还原程序于玻璃基板进入加热区时发生。经由此点,在还原触媒(经由氢自由基相互反应)之前,气体就已经有时间与壁部反应及冷却。还原作用就是在这个过渡区域中发生。碳纳米管成长发生在系统中最热的绝热区,其最大成长速率发生在靠近反应器中央的进气口附近。
应了解不实质影响本发明中各种具体实施例的作用的修饰例亦被包含于本文所提出的发明的定义中。因此,下述实例仅想要说明、而非限制本发明。
实例1:从醋酸亚铁(II)与醋酸钴(II)形成触媒前驱物。将125.23千克的醋酸亚铁(II)加入至3900毫升的去离子水中,并在未加热下进行混合,直到固体完全溶解为止。然后,加入100毫升的30wt.%过氧化氢(H2O2),并在不加热下持续混合2分钟。最后,加入31.88千克的醋酸钴(II)的四水合物,并在不加热下继续混合直到固体完全溶解为止。最后的溶液浓度是铁(II)为180mM而钴(II)为32mM。在沉积于玻璃基板上之后,则在空气存在下以550摄氏度经由热分解而形成过渡金属氧化物。
此实例中使用的沉积程序对玻璃基板提供约35%的含水量,导致约0.038g/m2的质量触媒覆盖率以及名义上约6876个粒子/μm2的粒子覆盖率(假设直径为12.5纳米的球体粒子)。相对于每一成份各自的覆盖率,所称的质量表面覆盖率与名义上的粒子覆盖率是指氧化铁(III)、氧化钴以及钴铁氧体的整体覆盖率。在碳纳米管成长条件下,此触媒系统于生产线速度4ft/min下产生3.7μm/sec的平均碳纳米管成长速率。平均的碳纳米管长度为110微米。
实例2:从醋酸亚铁(II)与醋酸钴(II)形成触媒前驱物。将62.61千克的醋酸亚铁(II)加入至2000毫升的去离子水中,并在未加热下进行混合,直到固体完全溶解为止。然后,加入15.94千克的醋酸钴(II)的四水合物,并在未加热下进行混合,直到固体完全溶解为止。最后的溶液浓度是铁(II)为180mM而钴(II)为32mM。在沉积于玻璃基板上之后,则在空气存在下以550摄氏度经由热分解而形成过渡金属氧化物。
此实例中使用的沉积程序对玻璃基板提供约8%的含水量,导致约0.0086g/m2的质量触媒覆盖率以及名义上约1555个粒子/μm2的粒子覆盖率(假设直径为12.5纳米的球体粒子)。在碳纳米管成长条件下,此触媒系统于生产线速度5ft/min下产生2.9μm/sec的平均碳纳米管成长速率。平均的碳纳米管长度为70微米。
实例3:从醋酸亚铁(II)、醋酸钴(II)与硝酸铝形成触媒前驱物。在此实例中,加入硝酸铝作为非触媒材料。将17.39千克的醋酸亚铁(II)加入至4000毫升的去离子水中,并在未加热下进行混合,直到固体完全溶解为止。然后,加入4.98千克的醋酸钴(II)的四水合物,并在不加热下继续混合直到固体完全溶解为止。最后,加入7.50千克的硝酸铝九水合物,并在不加热下继续混合直到固体完全溶解为止。最后的溶液浓度是铁(II)为25mM、钴(II)为5mM、而铝为5mM。在沉积于玻璃基板上之后,则在空气存在下以550摄氏度经由热分解而形成过渡金属氧化物。
此实例中使用的沉积程序对玻璃基板提供约35%的含水量,导致约0.053g/m2的质量触媒覆盖率以及名义上约958个粒子/μm2的粒子覆盖率(假设直径为12.5纳米的球体粒子)。在碳纳米管成长条件下,此触媒系统于生产线速度4ft/min下产生3.7μm/sec的平均碳纳米管成长速率。平均的碳纳米管长度为110微米。
实例4:从柠檬酸铁(III)铵形成触媒前驱物。将528.5千克的柠檬酸铁(III)铵加入至2000毫升的去离子水中,并在未加热下进行混合,直到固体完全溶解为止。最后的溶液浓度是铁(III)为875mM。在沉积于玻璃基板上之后,则在空气存在下以550摄氏度经由热分解而形成过渡金属氧化物。
此实例中使用的沉积程序对玻璃基板提供约7.2%的含水量,导致约0.0033g/m2的质量触媒覆盖率以及名义上约6086个粒子/μm2的粒子覆盖率(假设直径为12.5纳米的球体粒子,且柠檬酸铁(III)铵的分子量为302g/mol)。在碳纳米管成长条件下,此触媒系统于生产线速度2ft/min下产生2.0μm/sec的平均碳纳米管成长速率。平均的碳纳米管长度为115微米。
虽然已参照所公开的具体实施例来描述本发明,但本领域技术人员将可直接理解这些具体实施例仅为示例本发明之用。应理解在不脱离本发明的精神下可进行各种修改。上述所公开的特定具体实施例是仅为例示之用,本领域技术人员在得到本文所教导的益处下可对本发明进行不同、但却为等效方式的改良与实施。此外,除了下述权利要求书中所描述的以外,本文所示的架构或设计的细节是无任何限制。因此,明显可知可对上述公开的特定例示具体实施例进行调整、组合、或修改,且所有的这类变化例都被视为是落于本发明的范畴与精神内。在描述到成分或方法“包含”、“包含有”、“含有”或“包括”各种组份或步骤时,这些成分与方法也可“基本上含有”这些各种组份与操作步骤、或“由其组成”。以上公开的所有数值与范围都是可以某种程度变化。无论何时,在公开到数值范围的下限值与上限值时,皆视为已经公开了落于该较广范围内的任何数值或任何次范围。同时,在权利要求书中的术语具有其清楚的原始意义,除非专利权人另行清楚指明。如果在本说明书中使用的文字或术语与经由引用形式而被并入本文中的一篇或多篇专利或其它文件之间有任何冲突,则应采用与本说明书一致的定义。
Claims (41)
1.一种碳纳米管成长方法,包含:
于玻璃基板上沉积触媒材料;
于所述玻璃基板上沉积非触媒材料;以及
在沉积所述触媒材料与所述非触媒材料之后,将所述玻璃基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于其上成长碳纳米管。
2.根据权利要求1所述的碳纳米管成长方法,进一步包含:
在所述碳纳米管正于所述玻璃基板上成长时运送所述玻璃基板。
3.根据权利要求1所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒材料包含触媒前驱物。
4.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒材料是在所述非触媒材料之前沉积。
5.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒材料是在所述非触媒材料之后沉积。
6.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒材料是与所述非触媒材料同时沉积。
7.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物包含过渡金属盐类,其选自由过渡金属硝酸盐、过渡金属醋酸盐、过渡金属柠檬酸盐、过渡金属氯化物、其水合物及其组合所组成的组。
8.根据权利要求7所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述过渡金属盐类是选自由硝酸亚铁(II)、硝酸铁(III)、硝酸钴(II)、硝酸镍(II)、硝酸铜(II)、醋酸亚铁(II)、醋酸铁(III)、醋酸钴(II)、醋酸镍(II)、醋酸铜(II)、柠檬酸亚铁(II)、柠檬酸铁(III)、柠檬酸铁(III)铵、柠檬酸钴(II)、柠檬酸镍(II)、柠檬酸铜(II)、氯化亚铁(II)、氯化铁(II)、氯化钴(II)、氯化镍(II)、氯化铜(II)、其水合物及其组合所组成的组。
9.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述非触媒材料是选自铝盐或其水合物、玻璃、硅酸盐、硅烷及其组合所组成的组。
10.根据权利要求9所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述铝盐是选自由硝酸铝、醋酸铝、其水合物及其组合所组成的组。
11.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒材料与所述非触媒材料各自是从溶液来沉积,所述溶液包含水作为溶剂。
12.根据权利要求11所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒材料与所述非触媒材料是通过选自由喷涂、浸涂及其组合所组成的组的技术而加以沉积。
13.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述非触媒材料对所述触媒材料的摩尔比例至多约为6:1。
14.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述非触媒材料对所述触媒材料的摩尔比例至多约为2:1。
15.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是自至少一种过渡金属盐与过氧化氢之间的反应而形成。
16.根据权利要求15所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述至少一种过渡金属盐类包括铁(II)盐或其水合物以及钴(II)盐或其水合物。
17.根据权利要求3所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒材料与所述非触媒材料包含触媒涂层,所述触媒涂层具有约5纳米至约100纳米的厚度。
18.一种碳纳米管成长方法,包含:
于玻璃纤维基板上沉积触媒前驱物;
于所述玻璃纤维基板上沉积非触媒材料;
将所述触媒前驱物转化为触媒,所述触媒可运作以于暴露至碳纳米管成长条件时用于成长碳纳米管;以及
当正在运送所述玻璃纤维基板时,将所述玻璃纤维基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于所述玻璃纤维基板上成长碳纳米管。
19.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是在所述非触媒材料之前沉积。
20.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是在所述非触媒材料之后沉积。
21.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是与所述非触媒材料同时沉积。
22.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物与所述非触媒材料是各自从溶液沉积,所述溶液包含水作为溶剂。
23.根据权利要求22所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是在所述触媒前驱物所自其沉积的溶液中自至少一种过渡金属盐与过氧化氢之间的反应而形成。
24.根据权利要求23所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述至少一种过渡金属盐包含醋酸亚铁(II)或其水合物以及醋酸钴(II)或其水合物。
25.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物包含过渡金属盐类,其选自由过渡金属硝酸盐、过渡金属醋酸盐、过渡金属柠檬酸盐、过渡金属氯化物、其水合物及其组合所组成的组。
26.根据权利要求25所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述过渡金属盐类是选自由硝酸亚铁(II)、硝酸铁(III)、硝酸钴(II)、硝酸镍(II)、硝酸铜(II)、醋酸亚铁(II)、醋酸铁(III)、醋酸钴(II)、醋酸镍(II)、醋酸铜(II)、柠檬酸亚铁(II)、柠檬酸铁(III)、柠檬酸铁(III)铵、柠檬酸钴(II)、柠檬酸镍(II)、柠檬酸铜(II)、氯化亚铁(II)、氯化铁(II)、氯化钴(II)、氯化镍(II)、氯化铜(II)、其水合物及其组合所组成的组。
27.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述非触媒材料是选自铝盐或其水合物、玻璃、硅酸盐、硅烷及其组合所组成的组。
28.根据权利要求27所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述铝盐是选自由硝酸铝、醋酸铝、其水合物及其组合所组成的组。
29.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述非触媒材料对所述触媒前驱物的摩尔比例至多约为6:1。
30.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述非触媒材料对所述触媒前驱物的摩尔比例最多至多约为2:1。
31.根据权利要求18所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物与所述非触媒材料包含触媒涂层,所述触媒涂层具有约5纳米至约100纳米的厚度。
32.一种碳纳米管成长方法,包含:
使包含水、过氧化氢、铁(II)盐或其水合物及钴(II)盐或其水合物的溶液于所述溶液中形成触媒前驱物;
于玻璃纤维基板上沉积所述触媒前驱物;
于所述玻璃纤维基板上沉积非触媒材料;
将所述触媒前驱物转化为触媒,所述触媒可运作以于暴露至碳纳米管成长条件时用于形成碳纳米管;以及
将所述玻璃纤维基板暴露于碳纳米管成长条件,以于所述玻璃纤维基板上成长碳纳米管。
33.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,进一步包含:
在所述碳纳米管正于所述玻璃纤维基板上成长时运送所述玻璃纤维基板。
34.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是在所述非触媒材料之前沉积。
35.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是在所述非触媒材料之后沉积。
36.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒前驱物是与所述非触媒材料同时沉积。
37.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述铁(II)盐包含醋酸亚铁(II)或其水合物,且所述钴(II)盐包含醋酸钴(II)或其水合物。
38.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中所述触媒包含至少铁-钴合金。
39.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中转化包含加热所述触媒前驱物,以形成中间触媒状态,以及将所述中间触媒状态暴露于碳纳米管成长条件以形成所述触媒。
40.根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法,其中铁对钴的摩尔比例约5:1至约6:1。
41.一种玻璃纤维基板,其具有经由根据权利要求32所述的碳纳米管成长方法加以制备而成长于其上的碳纳米管。
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US8784937B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 |
EP2616189A1 (en) | 2013-07-24 |
US20120064332A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
CN104475313B (zh) | 2017-05-17 |
BR112013005802A2 (pt) | 2016-05-10 |
WO2012037042A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
KR20130108557A (ko) | 2013-10-04 |
CN104475313A (zh) | 2015-04-01 |
CA2808242A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
EP2616189B1 (en) | 2020-04-01 |
JP2013540683A (ja) | 2013-11-07 |
KR101870844B1 (ko) | 2018-06-25 |
AU2011302314A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
ZA201301082B (en) | 2014-07-30 |
EP2616189A4 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
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