CN101997814A - 使用多种码元长度的多载波传输 - Google Patents

使用多种码元长度的多载波传输 Download PDF

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CN101997814A
CN101997814A CN2010105559095A CN201010555909A CN101997814A CN 101997814 A CN101997814 A CN 101997814A CN 2010105559095 A CN2010105559095 A CN 2010105559095A CN 201010555909 A CN201010555909 A CN 201010555909A CN 101997814 A CN101997814 A CN 101997814A
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CN101997814B (zh
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J·R·沃尔顿
J·W·凯淳
M·华莱士
S·J·海华德
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Qualcomm Inc
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Abstract

系统话务可被安排成不同的分类(例如，控制数据、用户数据和导频数据)。对于每一个分类，一个或多个合适大小的OFDM码元被基于用于该分类中的话务的希望的有效负载大小而选择使用。例如，控制数据可使用第一大小的OFDM码元发射，用户数据可使用第一和第二大小的OFDM码元发射，而导频数据可使用第三或者第一大小的OFDM码元发射。在一示例设计中，小OFDM码元被用于发送控制数据的导频和传输信道，而大OFDM码元和小OFDM码元被用于发送用户数据的传输信道。

Description

使用多种码元长度的多载波传输
本申请是申请号为200380105059.7、国际申请日为2003年10月27日、发明名称为“使用多种码元长度的多载波传输”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本申请要求下列优先权：美国专利申请序列号No.60/421/309号临时申请，题为“MIMO WLAN System”，提交于2002年10月25日，以及美国专利申请序列号No.60/438,601，题为“Pilot Transmission Schemes for WirelessMulti-Carrier Communication System”，提交于2003年1月7日，两者都转让给本申请的受让人并通过引用将它们所有的目的完整地结合于此。
背景
I.领域
本申请一般涉及数据通信，更具体地说，涉及正交频分复用(OFDM)通信系统以及用于提供OFDM码元符号大小以增加无线效率的技术。
II.背景
无线通信系统广泛使用以提供各种类型的通信服务，例如语音、分组数据等等。这些系统可使用OFDM，其是一种能够为一些无线环境提供高性能的调制技术。OFDM将整个系统带宽有效地分割成数个(Ns个)正交的子频带，通常也称为频调、区段以及频率子信道。使用OFDM，每一个子频带与一不同的可能调制了数据的载波相关。
在OFDM中，一信息比特流被转换成一系列频域调制码元。一调制码元可在每个OFDM码元周期(在下面定义)中在Ns个子频带中的每一个上发射。将要在每个OFDM码元周期中在Ns个子频带上被发射的调制码元被使用快速傅立叶反变换(IFFT)变换到时域以获得一包含Ns个样本的“变换的”码元。至一Ns点IFFT的输入是Ns个频域值而IFFT的输出是Ns个时域样本。子频带的数量由IFFT的大小确定。增加IFFT的大小增加了子频带的数量也增加了每个变换的码元的样本的数量，这相应地增加了要求用于发射该码元的时间。
为了对抗用于数据传输的无线信道中的频率选择性衰减(下面描述)，每一个变换的码元的一部分通常会在传输前被重复。重复的部分通常被称为循环前缀，且具有Ncp个样本的长度。循环前缀的长度通常是基于系统的延迟扩展选择。一OFDM码元由一转换的码元和其循环前缀组成。每一个OFDM码元包含Ns+Ncp个样本并具有Ns+Ncp个样本周期的持续时间，这是一个OFDM码元周期。
和OFDM码元大小相关的循环前缀的大小会对OFDM系统的效率产生很大的影响。循环前缀必须与每一个OFDM码元一起被发射以简化在一多路径环境中的接收机处理，但是循环前缀不携载额外的信息。循环前缀可被视为在多路径环境中操作时必须被浪费的带宽。以这种方式被浪费的带宽的比例可以使用下式计算：例如，如果Ncp是16个样本而Ns是64个样本，则20％的带宽被损失用于循环前缀。这个百分比可通过使用Ns相对大的值来减小。不幸的是，使用Ns相对大的值同样会导致低效率，特别是将要被发射的信息单元或者分组的大小比OFDM码元的容量小得多的时候。例如，如果每个OFDM码元可携载480个信息比特，但是大多数一般分组包含96比特，则分组效率将是很差的而在发射该一般分组时OFDM码元的大多数容量被浪费。
正交频分多址(OFDMA)由于通过使用大OFDM码元而导致容量扩充来改善低效率。对于OFDMA，多个用户使用频域复用来共享大OFDM码元。这是通过保留一组用于信令的子频带并分配不同的不相交子频带组至不同的用户来实现。然而，使用OFDMA的数据传输可能由于各种因素而变得复杂，例如不同的功率要求、传播延迟、多普勒频移、以及/或者共享该大OFDM码元的不同用户的定时。
现存的OFDM系统通常选择一单一的OFDM码元大小，其是多种目的的折衷，这些目的可包括最小化循环前缀开销以及最大化分组效率。使用该单一OFDM码元大小导致在发射可变大小的分组时由于容量的扩展而引起的低效率。因此在本领域中需要一种OFDM系统，其在发射可变大小的分组时能有效地操作。
发明内容
此处提供了使用不同大小的OFDM码元来实现OFDM系统的更高的效率的技术。这些技术可最小化循环前缀开销和最大化分组效率两方面的要求。OFDM码元大小可基于准备在一OFDM系统中准备发射的负载的不同类型所希望的大小而被选择。系统话务可被安排至不同的分类中。对于每个分类，一个或多个合适大小的OFDM码元可基于该分类中的话务所期望有效负载大小而被选择使用。
例如，系统数据可被安排至控制数据、用户数据、以及导频数据。控制数据可使用第一大小的OFDM码元发射，用户数据可使用第二大小的OFDM码元和第一大小的OFDM码元发射，而导频数据可使用第三大小(或者第一大小)的OFDM码元发射。用户数据还可以被安排到子分类中，例如语音数据、分组数据、消息传递数据等等。一特定的OFDM码元大小可之后被选择用于用户数据的每一个子分类。作为替代或者附加，用于每个用户的数据可被使用一具有选择用于该用户的大小的OFDM码元发射。为了改善分组效率，不同大小的OFDM码元可被用于一给定的用户数据分组以更好地匹配OFDM码元的容量至分组有效负载。
一般，任何数量的OFDM码元大小可被用于一OFDM系统，而任何特定OFDM码元大小可被选择使用。在一个示例设计中，两个OFDM码元大小的组合被使用以最大化分组效率。在该示例设计中，一小的或短的OFDM码元大小(例如，具有64子频带)被用于导频和控制数据。用户数据可被在零个或多个具有大的或者长的OFDM码元大小(例如，具有256子频带)的OFDM码元中以及在零个或多个具有小的OFDM码元大小的OFDM码元中发送，这是根据有效负载的大小。
在发射机和接收机处的处理(例如，编码、交错、码元映射、以及空间处理)可以一种考虑到不同大小的OFDM码元的使用的形式被执行，如下面所描述的。本发明的各种方面和实施例也在下面详细描述。
附图简述
本发明的特征、性质和优势将从下面结合附图的详细描述中变得更加明显，其中相同的附图标记始终表示相同的特征，其中：
图1示出一OFDM调制器的框图；
图2示不同大小的OFDM码元以及由于循环前缀的开销；
图3A和3B示出使用不同大小的OFDM码元来发射不同类型的数据；
图4示出具有S级的IFFT单元，用于产生不同大小的OFDM码元；
图5示出一示例MIMO-OFDM系统；
图6示出用于一TDD MIMO-OFDM系统的帧结构；
图7示出用于数据分组和PHY帧的结构；
图8示出一接入点和两个用户终端的框图；
图9A示出一可被用于该接入点和该用户终端的发射机的框图；以及
图9B示出该发射机单元中的调制器的框图；
详细描述
词语“示例”在此处被用于表示“作为例子、示例或者说明”。任何在此处被作为“示例”描述的实施例或者设计并不需要被描述为相对于其他的实施例是优选的或者具有优势的。
图1示出可用在一OFDM系统中的OFDM调制器100的框图。将要被发射的数据(即，信息比特)通常首先在一编码器(没有示出)中使用一特定的编码方法编码以产生编码比特。例如，编码器(没有示出)可使用一前向差错校正(FEC)码，诸如分组码、卷积码或者turbo码。编码比特接下来被分组到B比特二进制值中，其中B≥1。每一个B比特值接下来被基于一特定调制方案(例如，M-PSK或者M-QAM，其中M＝2B)映射到一指定调制码元。每一个调制码元是信号星座图中对应于用于该调制码元的调制方案的一个复数值。
对于每一个OFDM码元周期，一调制码元可在每一个用于数据传输的子频带上发射，且对于每一个没有使用的子频带提供一为零的信号值。快速傅立叶变换(IFFT)单元110使用快速傅立叶反变换(IFFT)将每个OFDM码元周期内的所有Ns个子频带的Ns个调制码元和零转换到时域，以获得包含Ns个样本的变换的码元。
一循环前缀产生器120接下来重复每一个变换码元的以部分一获得一对应的包含Ns+Ncp个样本的OFDM码元。循环前缀被用于对抗频率选择性衰落(即，在整个系统带宽上变化的频率响应)，该衰减是由于系统的延迟扩展而引起。对于发射机发射的信号，在接收机处最早到达和最晚到达的信号实例之间的系统延迟扩展是不同的。系统的延迟扩展是对于所有系统中的发射机和接收机的期望最差情况的延迟扩展。频率选择性衰落导致码间串扰(ISI)，这是一种在所接收的信号中的每一个码元起到对该接收信号中的后续码元的失真作用的现象。ISI失真通过影响正确检测所接收的信号的能力而降低性能。为了有效地对抗ISI，循环前缀的长度通常基于系统的延迟扩展而选择，因此循环前缀包含了所有多路径能量中的一显著部分。循环前缀对于每一个OFDM码元表现为一固定Ncp个样本的开销。
图2说明了不同大小的OFDM码元，包括由于循环前缀的固定开销。对于给定的系统带宽W MHz，OFDM码元的大小或者持续时间是根据子频带的数量。如果系统带宽通过使用一N点IFFT被分割成N个子频带，则结果变换码元包含N个样本并跨越N个样本周期或者N/W微妙。如图2所示的，系统带宽也可通过使用2N点IFFT被分割成2N个子频带。在这种情况下，结果变换码元可包含2N个样本，跨越2N个样本周期，并具有大约两倍于具有N个样本的变换的码元的数据携载能力。类似地，图2还示出了系统带宽怎样可使用4N点IFFT被分割成4N个子频带。结果变换的码元可包含4N个样本并具有大约四倍于具有N个样本的变换的码元的数据携载能力。
如图2所示的，由于循环前缀是一个固定的开销，当码元的大小增加时该开销变成OFDM码元中的一个小的百分比。观察另一个方法，仅仅一个循环前缀需要用于4N大小的变换的码元，而4个循环前缀需要用于等价的4个N大小的变换的码元。循环前缀的开销的量可通过使用4N大小的大OFDM码元而降低75％。(术语“大”和“长”在此处对于OFDM码元可互换地使用，而术语“小”和“短”也可互换地使用)。图2表示效率改善(从循环前缀观点看)可通过使用具有最大可能大小的OFDM码元而获得。可使用的最大大小的OFDM码元通常由无线信道的相干(coherence)时间限制，其是无线信道基本保持恒定的时间。
最大可能OFDM码元的使用可能从其他观点看是低效率的。具体而言，如果OFDM码元的数据携载容量比将要发送的有效负载的容量大的多，则OFDM码元的剩下的多余容量将变得没有用处。该OFDM码元的多余容量表示了低效率。如果OFDM码元太大，则由于多余容量造成的低效率可能比由于循环前缀造成低效率更大。
在一示出的OFDM系统中，两种类型的低效率都通过使用不同大小的OFDM码元而最小化。用于发射一数据单元的OFDM码元大小可从一组可用的OFDM码元大小中选择，其相应地可基于将要在OFDM系统中发射的不同类型的负载所希望的大小而选择。系统话务可被安排至不同的分类中。对于每一个分类，一个或多个合适大小的OFDM码元可基于该分类中的话务的期望有效负载大小和可能的其他考虑(例如，实现复杂度)而被选择使用。一OFDM码元可被看作用于发送数据的矩形波串(boxcar)。一个或多个合适大小的矩形波串可根据该分类将要发送的数据量而被选择用于每一个数据分类。一数据单元可使用多个具有固定大小或者可变大小的矩形波串而发送。例如，如果一数据单元消耗2.1倍的“大”矩形波串的容量，则将使用两个“大”矩形波串和一个“小”矩形波串发送。
作为一例，系统话务可被分割成三个基本分类——控制数据、用户数据、和导频数据。控制数据通常组成全部系统话务的一小部分(例如，小于10％)并通常在小块中被发送。用户数据组成系统话务的主要部分。为了最小化循环前缀开销并最大化分组效率，一短OFDM码元可被用于发送控制数据和导频，而长OFDM码元和短OFDM码元的组合可被用于发送用户数据。
图3A示出使用不同大小的OFDM码元以在一OFDM系统中发射不同类型的数据。为了简明，仅仅一个OFDM码元大小被用于图3A中的数据的每一个分类和类型。通常，任何数量的OFDM码元大小可被用于数据的每一个分类和类型。
如图3A中所示出的，导频数据可使用具有大小Nsa的OFDM码元发射，控制数据可使用具有大小Nsb的OFDM码元发射，而不同类型的用户数据(或者用于不同用户的数据)可使用具有大小Nbc至Nsq的OFDM码元发射。用户数据可进一步被安排成诸如语音数据、分组数据、消息传递数据等等的子分类中。一合适的OFDM码元大小接下来可被选择用于每一个用户数据的子分类。或者，每个用户的数据可使用具有用于该用户的合适大小的OFDM码元发射。用于特定用户的OFDM码元大小可基于各种考虑，诸如将要发射的数据的量、用于该用户的无线信道的相干时间等等而被选择。
一般而言，任何数量的OFDM码元大小可被用于OFDM系统，而任何特定OFDM码元大小可被选择使用。通常，最小的OFDM码元大小由循环前缀开销指定而最大OFDM码元大小由无线信道的相干时间指定。对于实践的考虑，2的幂(例如，32、64、128、256、512等等)的OFDM码元大小通常会被选择使用，因为在时域和频域之间使用IFFT和快速傅立叶变换操作进行变换比较容易。
图3A示出以时分复用(TDM)方式在不同的时间分段内不同类型的数据的传输。每个帧(具有特定的持续时间)被分割成多个时间分段。每个时间分段可被用于发射特定类型的数据。不同类型的数据也可以其他的方式发射，且这是在本发明的范围之内。例如，导频和控制数据可在同一个时间分段内在不同的组的子频带上发射。如另一个例子，所有的数据可对于每个帧在一个时间分段内发射。
对于TDM帧结构，诸如在图3A中示出的，特定的用于每个时间分段的OFDM码元大小可通过各种方式确定。在一个实施例中，用于每个时间分段的OFDM码元大小是固定的并且为OFDM系统中的发射机和接收机两者先验所知。在另一个实施例中，用于每个时间分段的OFDM码元大小是可配置的，并且例如，由发送用于每个帧的信令所指定。在另一个实施例中，用于一些时间分段的OFDM码元大小(例如，用于导频和控制数据)可以是固定的而用于其它时间分段的(例如，用户数据)的OFDM码元大小可以是可配置的。在后一种配置中，发射机可使用固定码元大小控制数据信道发射将要在后续的用户数据OFDM码元中使用的OFDM码元大小。
图3B示出使用两种不同的OFDM码元大小N和4N用于不同类型的数据。在该实施例中，每个帧被分割成三个时间分段用于导频、控制数据和用户数据。导频和控制数据使用大小为N的OFDM码元大小发射，而用户数据使用大小为4N的OFDM码元和大小为N的OFDM码元发射。一个或多个大小为N的OFDM码元可在导频和控制数据的每一个时间分段发射。零个或多个大小为4N的OFDM码元以及零个或多个大小为N的OFDM码元可在用户数据的时间分段发射。
图4示出能够产生不同大小的OFDM码元的可变大小IFFT单元400的一个实施例。IFFT单元400包括S级，其中S＝log2Nmax，Nmax是将要产生的最大OFDM码元的大小。每个OFDM码元周期的调制码元被提供给一零插入以及排序单元410，其对调制码元进行排序，例如以一比特反转(bit-reverse)顺序，并在产生较小的OFDM码元的时候插入合适数量的零。单元410提供Nmax个排序的调制码元和零至第一蝶形级420a，其执行一组蝶形计算用于2点离散傅立叶反变换(IDFT)。从第一蝶形级420a的输出接下来由每一个后续的蝶形级420b至420s处理。每个蝶形级420使用一组用于该级的系数执行一组蝶形操作，如业内所知的。
从最后的蝶形级420s的输出被提供给一选择器单元430，其为每一个OFDM码元提供时域样本。为了执行Nmax点IFFT，所有的蝶形级被启用且Nmax个样本由选择器单元430提供。为了执行Nmax/2点IFFT，除了最后的蝶形级420s以外的所有蝶形级被启用且Nmax/2个样本由选择器单元430提供。为了执行Nmax/4点IFFT，除了最后的两个蝶形级420s和420r以外的所有蝶形步骤被启用且Nmax/4个样本由选择器单元430提供。一控制单元440接收用于当前OFDM码元周期的特定OFDM码元大小的指示并提供用于单元410和430以及蝶形级420的控制信号。
IFFT单元400可实现一时域抽选或者频域抽选IFFT算法。此外，IFFT单元400可实现基数为4或者基数为2的IFFT，尽管基数为4的IFFT可能更加有效。IFFT单元400可被设计为包括一个或多个蝶形计算单元。极限上，一个蝶形计算单元可以被用于一时间共享IFFT实现，而Nmax/基数个碟形计算单元可被用于完全平行IFFT计算。通常，所要求的蝶形计算单元的数量是由用于这些单元的时钟速度、OFDM码元速率、以及最大IFFT大小确定的。对于这些蝶形计算单元的正确的控制结合存储器管理允许不同大小的IFFT可使用单个的IFFT单元执行。
如上面的图1所描述的，循环前缀产生器120重复由选择器430输出的每一个变换的码元的一部分以为每一个OFDM码元提供一循环前缀。相同的循环前缀可被用于不同大小的OFDM码元并可基于如上所述的系统延迟扩展而被选择。循环前缀的长度也可以是可配置的。例如，用于每个接收机的循环前缀长度可基于接收机的扩展延迟而被选择，其可以比系统的扩展延迟短。配置的循环前缀长度可被发送到接收机或者通过其他方法使接收机知道。
不同大小的OFDM码元可被具有优势地用在各种类型的OFDM系统中。例如，多个OFDM码元大小可被用于(1)使用单个天线用于发送和接收的单输入单输出OFDM系统，(2)使用多个天线发送和使用单个天线接收的多输入单输出OFDM系统，(3)使用单个天线发送和使用多个天线接收的多输入单输出OFDM系统，以及(4)使用多个天线发送和接收的多输入多输出OFDM系统(即，MIMO-OFDM系统)。多个OFDM码元大小也可被用于(1)使用不同频带用于下行链路和上行链路的频分双工(FDD)OFDM系统，以及(2)使用一个频带以时间共享的方式用于下行链路和上行链路两者的时分双工(TDD)OFDM系统。
在一示例TDD MIM-OFDM系统中使用不同大小的OFDM码元在下面描述。
I.TDD MIMO-OFDM系统
图5示出具有多个支持用于数个用户终端(UT)520的接入点(AP)510的MIMO-OFDM系统500。为了简明，仅仅两个接入点510a和510b在图5中被示出。接入点是一个用于与用户终端通信的固定站且也可被称为基站或者一些其他术语。一用户终端也可被称为一接入终端、一移动站、一用户装备(UE)、一无线设备、或者一些其他术语。用户终端520可分布在整个系统中。每个用户终端可以是固定的或者移动的终端并可以与一个或者可能多个接入点在下行链路以及/或者上行链路上在任何给定的时刻通信。下行链路(即，前向链路)是指从接入点至用户终端的通信链路，而上行链路(即，反向链路)是指从用户终端至接入点的通信链路。
在图5中，接入点510a与用户终端520a至520f通信，而接入点510b与用户终端520f至520k通信。一系统控制器530耦合至接入点510并可被设计为执行数个功能，诸如(1)协调并控制与之耦合的接入点，(2)在这些接入点之间路由数据，以及(3)接入并控制与由这些接入点服务的用户终端的通信。
图6示出可被用于MIMO-OFDM系统500的示例帧结构600。数据传输发生在TDD帧的单元中，每一个跨越一特定的持续时间(例如，2毫秒)。每一个TDD帧被分割成下行链路阶段和上行链路阶段，且每一个下行链路或者上行链路阶段被进一步分割成多个分段用于多个传输信道。在图6所示的实施例中，下行链路传输信道包括广播信道(BCH)、前向链路控制信道(FCCH)、以及前向信道(FCH)，而上行链路传输信道包括反向信道(RCH)和随机接入信道(RACH)。
在下行链路上，BCH分段600被用于发射一BCH协议数据单元(PDU)612，其包括信标导频部分614、MIMO导频部分616、以及BCH消息部分618。BCH消息携载该系统中的用户的系统参数。一FCCH分段620被用于发射一个FCCH PDU，其携载用于下行链路和上行链路资源的分配以及其他用于用户终端的信令。一FCH分段630被用于在下行链路上发射一个或多个FCH PDU 632。不同类型的FCH PDU可被定义。例如，一FCH PDU 632a包括导频部分634a(例如，操纵(steered)参考)以及数据分组部分636a。导频部分也成为“前导序列”。一FCH PDU 632b包括数据分组单个部分636b。不同类型的导频(信标导频、MIMO导频、以及操纵参数)在前面所提到的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中描述。
在上行链路，一RCH分段640被用于在上行链路上发射一个或多个RCHPDU 642。不同类型的RCH PDU也可以被定义。例如，一RCH PDU 642a包括数据分组的单个部分646a。一RCH PDU 642b包括导频(例如，操纵参考)部分644b和数据分组部分646b。一RACH分组650被用户终端用于获取对系统的接入并在上行链路上发送短消息。一RACH PDU 652可在RACH分段650中发送并包括一导频(例如，操纵参考)部分654和消息部分656。
在图6中部分和分段的持续时间没有按比例画出。在图6中所示的帧结构和传输信道在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中详细描述。
由于不同的传输信道可与不同类型的数据相关，一合适的OFDM码元大小可被选择用于每一个传输信道。如果大量数据希望在一给定的传输信道上发射，则大OFDM码元可被选择用于该传输信道。循环前缀将表现为大OFDM码元中的小的百分比，并将获得更高的效率。相反，如果少量的数据将在一给定的传输信道上发射，则小OFDM码元将被用于该传输信道。尽管循环前缀表现为OFDM码元中大的百分比，仍然可以通过减少多余容量来获得更高的效率。
因此，为了获得更高的效率，每个传输信道的OFDM码元可被选择以匹配将在该传输信道上发射的数据类型的期望有效负载大小。不同的OFDM码元大小可被用于不同的传输信道。此外，多个码元大小可被用于一给定的传输信道。例如，FCH和RCH的每个PDU类型可与用于该PDU类型的合适的OFDM码元大小相关。大OFDM码元可被用于大大小的FCH/RCH PDU类型，而小OFDM码元大小可被用于小大小FCH/RCH PDU类型。
为了简明，一示例设计在下面使用NS1＝64的小OFDM码元大小和NS2＝256的大OFDM码元大小描述。在该示例设计中，BCH、FCCH、以及RACH使用小OFDM码元，而FCH和RCH根据需要使用小和大OFDM码元两者。其他OFDM码元大小也可被用于该传输信道，且这是在本发明的范围之内。例如，NS3＝128的大OFDM码元大小可作为替换或者被附加地用于FCH和RCH。
对于该示例设计，用于小OFDM码元的64个子频带被分配索引-32至+31。对于这64个子频带，48个子频带(例如，具有索引±{1，…，6，8，…20，22，…，26})被用于数据并被称为数据子频带，4个子频带(例如，具有索引±{7，21})被用于导频和可能的信令，DC子频带(具有索引0)没有被使用，而剩下的子频带也没有被使用并被用作守护子频带。该OFDM子频带结构在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中描述。
大OFDM码元的256个子频带被分配索引-128至+127。小OFDM码元的子频带可被映射至大OFDM码元的子频带上，基于下式：
l＝4k+i    等式(1)
其中k是短OFDM码元中的子频带的索引(k＝-32，…，+31)；
i是具有i＝0，1，2，3的索引偏移，以及
l是长OFDM码元中的子频带的索引(1＝-128，…，+127)。
对于该示例设计，系统带宽W＝20MHz，对于BCH、FCCH和RACH的循环前缀是NCP1＝16的样本，FCH和RCH的循环前缀是可配置为NCP2＝8或者16。小OFDM码元被用于BCH、FCCH以及RACH将具有大小NOS1＝80个样本或者4.0微秒。如果NCP2＝16被选择使用，则被用于FCH和RCH的大OFDM码元会具有大小NOS2＝272个样本或者13.6微秒。
对于该示例设计，BCH分段具有固定的80微秒的持续时间，而每一个剩下的分段具有可变的持续时间。对于TDD帧，每个在FCH和RCH上发送的PDU的开始相对于FCH和RCH分段的开始以及RACH分段的开始相对于TDD帧的开始在FCCH分段中被发送的FCCH消息中被提供。不同的OFDM码元大小与不同的码元持续时间相关。由于不同的OFDM码元大小可被用于不同的传输信道(且不同的OFDM码元大小也可被用于同一个传输信道)，FCH和RCH PDU的偏移被指定合适的时间解析度。对于上述的示例设计，时间解析度可以是循环前缀的长度800纳秒。对于2毫秒的TDD帧，一12比特的值可被用于指示每一个FCH/RCH PDU的开始。
图7示出一可在一FCH或者RCH上的FCH或者RCH PDU中发送的数据分组636x的示例结构。该数据分组使用整数个PHY帧710发送。每一个PHY帧710包括携载PHY帧的数据的有效负载字段722、包括用于PHY帧的CRC值的CRC字段724、以及包括一组用于刷新编码器的零的尾部比特字段726。数据分组的第一PHY帧710a还包括头部字段720、其指示消息类型和持续时间。数据分组的最后一个PHY帧710m还包括填充比特字段728，其包含在有效负载尾部的零填充比特以填充最后的PHY帧。该PHY帧结构在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中详细描述。如果一个天线被用于数据传输，则每个PHY帧710可被处理以获得一个OFDM码元750。
相同的PHY帧结构可被用于在BCH或者FCCH上发送的消息。具体地说，一BCH/FCCH消息可使用整数个PHY帧发送，其中的每一个可被处理以获得一OFDM码元。多个OFDM码元可被发射用于BCH/FCCH消息。
对于在图7中所示的实施例，数据的一PHY帧在一个OFDM码元中发送。不同的PHY帧大小可被用于不同的OFDM码元大小。数据的每一个PHY帧可基于特定的编码方案编码并可进一步包括一CRC值，该值允许单独PHY帧被检验并在需要的时候重发。可在每一个PHY帧中发送的信息比特的数量是根据选择用于该PHY帧的编码和调制方案。表1列出了一组可被用于MIMO-OFDM系统的速率，对于每个速率，有对于两个PHY帧大小和两个OFDM码元大小NS1＝64NS2＝256的各种参数。
表1
Figure BSA00000356648500121
对于上述的示例设计，小PHY帧和小OFDM码元被用于BCH和FCCH。小和大PHY帧两者以及小和大OFDM码元两者可被用于FCH和RCH。一般，数据分组可使用任何数量的大OFDM码元以及任何数量的小OFDM码元发送。如果大OFDM码元的大小是小OFDM码元的4倍，则数据分组可使用NL个大OFDM码元和NSM个小OFDM码元(其中NL≥0而3≥NSM≥0)。在NL个大OFDM码元结束之后使用NSM个小OFDM码元降低了未使用的容量的量。不同大小的OFDM码元可因此被用于更好地将OFDM码元的容量匹配至数据的分组有效负载以最大化分组效率。
用于数据传输的OFDM码元大小可通过各种方式被提供给一接收机。在一个实施例中，FCCH提供在FCH和RCH上发射的每个数据分组的开始以及该分组的速率。一些其他的等价信息也可被发送给接收机。接收机之后可以确定每个将要发送的数据分组的大小、用于该数据分组的长和短OFDM码元的数量、以及每一个OFDM码元的开始。该信息接下来由该接收机用于确定将要对每一个OFDM码元执行的FFT的大小并合适地与FFT的定时对齐。在另一个实施例中，每个数据分组的开始以及其速率不被发送给接收机。在这种情况下，“盲”检测可被使用，且接收机可对每16个样本(即，循环前缀长度)执行一FFT并通过检验包括在PHY帧中的CRC值确定是否一PHY帧被发送。
对于MIMO-OFDM系统500中给定的接入点和用户终端对，一MIMO信道由在接入点处的Nap个天线和在用户终端处的Nut个天线形成。MIMO信道可被分解成Nc个独立的信道，Nc≤min{Nap，Nut}。Nc个独立信道中的每一个也被称为MIMO信道的本征模式，其中“本征模式”通常是指一理论结构。最多Nc个独立数据流可在MIMO信道的Nc个本征模式上并发地发送。MIMO信道也可被看作包括Nc个可被用于数据传输的空间信道。每个空间信道可以对应或者不对应一本征模式，其根据发射机处的空间处理是否成功地将数据流正交化。
MIMO-OFDM系统可被设计成支持数个传输模式。表2列出了可被用于装备了多个天线的用户终端的上行链路和下行链路的传输模式。
表2
  传输模式   描述
  分集   数据从多个发射天线和子频带冗余地发射以提供分集
  波束操纵   数据在单个(最佳)空间信道上基于MIMO信道的原理本征模
  式以全功率使用相位操纵信息发射
  空间复用   数据在多个空间信道上发射以实现更高的空间效率
对于波束操纵模式，一具有选择速率的PHY帧可产生用于每一个OFDM周期以在最佳的空间信道上传输。该PHY帧初始被处理以获得一组码元信号，其接下来被空间处理以获得NT组发射码元用于NT个发射天线。用于每一个天线的一组发射码元可被进一步处理以获得一用于该天线的OFDM码元。
对于空间复用模式，最多Nc个具有相同或者不同速率的PHY帧可被产生用于每一个OFDM码元周期以在Nc个空间信道上传输。这最多Nc个PHY帧被初始处理以获得最多Nc组调制码元，其接下来被空间处理以获得NT组发射码元用于NT组发射天线。用于每个天线的发射码元组被进一步处理以获得一用于该天线的OFDM码元。
在发射机和接收机处用于波束操纵和空间复用模式的处理在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中详细描述。用于波束操纵和空间复用模式的空间处理基本上对于短和长OFDM码元两者是一样的，虽然对于长OFDM码元具有更多的子频带。分集模式在下面描述。
在一个实施例中，分集模式在每个子频带的基础上使用空时发射分集(STTD)用于双发射分集。STTD支持在两个发射天线上独立的码元流的并发传输并维持在接收机处的正交。
STTD方案按照如下操作。假设两个调制码元，标记为s1和s2，将在一给定子频带上发射。发射机产生两个向量或者STTD码元，
Figure BSA00000356648500141
以及
Figure BSA00000356648500142
其中每一个STTD码元包括两个元素，“*”表示复数共轭，而“T”表示转置。或者，发射机可产生两个STTD码元，x1＝[s1 s2]T以及
Figure BSA00000356648500143
在任何情况下，在每个STTD码元中的两个元素通常从不同的发射天线在两个OFDM码元周期内连续发射(即，STTD码元x1从天线1在两个OFDM码元周期中发射，而STTD码元x2从天线2在相同的两个码元周期内发射)。每一个STTD码元的持续时间因此是两个OFDM码元周期。
希望最小化和大OFDM码元的STTD处理相关的处理延迟和缓冲。在一个实施例中，两个STTD码元x1和x2在一对子频带从两个天线并发地发射。对于两个STTD码元x1＝[s1 s2]T以及
Figure BSA00000356648500144
STTD码元x1的两个元素s1和s2可在子频带k上从两个天线发射，而STTD码元x2的两个元素
Figure BSA00000356648500145
和可在子频带k+1上从相同的两个天线发射。
如果发射机包括多个天线，则不同的天线对可被选择用于分集模式中的每一个数据子频带。表3列出了使用4个发射天线的STTD方案的示例子频带天线分配方案。
表3
Figure BSA00000356648500151
对于表3中示出的实施例，发射天线1和2被用于具有索引为-26的短OFDM子频带，发射天线3和4被用于具有索引-25的短OFDM子频带，等等。子频带天线分配因此(1)4个发射天线可能的6种天线配对被用于8个数据频带，其均匀地分布在48个数据频带上，以及(2)天线配对对子频带分配为：不同的天线被用于相邻的子频带，这将提供更高的频率和空间分集。在表3中示出的子频带天线分配方案也可基于在等式(1)中示出在短和长OFDM子频带之间的映射被用于长OFDM码元。例如，发射天线1和2可被用于具有索引{-104、-103、-102和-101}的长OFDM码元，它们和具有索引-26的短OFDM码元相关。
在发射机及接收机处用于分集模式的处理在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中详细描述。
1.物理层处理
图8示出了MIMO-OFDM系统500中的一接入点50x和两个用户终端520x和520y的一实施例的框图。
在下行链路上，在接入点510x，一发射(TX)数据处理器810从数据源808接收用户数据(即，信息比特)并从控制器830和可能的调度器834接收控制数据或者其他数据。控制器830和调度器834的可由单个处理器或者多个处理器执行。这些各种类型的数据可在不同的传输信道上发送。TX数据处理器810基于一个或多个编码和调制方案处理不同类型的数据以提供调制码元流用于每一个将要用于数据传输的空间信道。一TX空间处理器820从TX数据处理器810接收一个或多个调制码元流并在该调制码元上执行空间处理以提供一“发射”码元流用于每一个发射天线。处理器810和820进行的处理在下面描述。
每个调制器(MOD)(822)接收并处理不同的发射码元流以提供对应的OFDM码元流，该OFDM码元流被进一步处理以提供相应的下行链路信号。来自Nap个调制器822a至822p的下行链路信号接下来分别从Nap个天线824a至824p发射。
在每一个用户终端520，一个或多个天线852接收所发射的下行链路信号，且每一个天线提供一接收机输入信号至不同的解调器(DEMOD)854。每个解调器854执行与在调制器822处执行并提供“接收”码元的处理互补的处理。一接收机(RX)空间处理器860接下来在从所有解调器854接收的码元上执行空间处理以提供“恢复”的码元，其是对由接入点发射的调制码元的估计。
一RX数据处理器870接收并解复用所恢复的码元至它们各自的传输信道中。用于每一个传输信道的所恢复的码元可被处理以提供解码数据用于该传输信道。用于每个传输信道的解码数据可包括恢复的用户数据、控制数据等等，其可被提供给数据宿872进行存储以及/或者提供给控制器880进行进一步处理。
由接入点510和终端520进行的用于下行链路的处理在下面以及前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中详细描述。用于上行链路的处理可以是与用于下行链路的处理相同的或者不同的。
对于下行链路，在每个活动用户终端520，RX空间处理器860还估计下行链路信道并提供信道状态信息(CSI)。CSI可包括信道响应估计、所接收的SNR等等。RX数据处理器870还提供在下行链路上接收的每个分组/帧的状态。控制器880接收信道状态信息和分组/帧状态并确定将要发送回该接入点的反馈信息。控制器880还可处理下行链路信道估计以获得操纵向量，其可被用于发射一操纵参考至接入点以及被用于下行链路数据接收和上行链路数据传输的空间处理。反馈信息和上行链路数据由TX数据处理器890处理，与导频数据相乘并由TX空间处理器892(如果存在)进行空间处理，由一个或多个调制器854调整，并通过一个或多个天线852发射回该接入点。
在接入点510，所发射的上行链路信号由天线824接收、由解调器822解调、并由RX空间处理器840和RX数据处理器842以与在用户终端执行的方式互补的方式进行处理。所恢复的反馈信息接下来被提供给控制器830和调度器834。调度器834可使用反馈信息执行数个功能：(1)选择一组用户终端用于在上行链路和下行链路上的数据传输，(2)选择用于所选择的用户终端的速率，以及(3)分配可用FCH/RCH资源至所选择的用户终端。控制器830还可以使用从上行链路传输获得的信息(例如，操纵向量)用于下行链路传输的处理，如下所述。
控制器830和880分别控制在接入点和用户端的各种处理单元的操作。例如，控制器830可确定在下行链路上发送的每个数据分组的有效负载大小并为每一个下行链路数据分组选择合适的OFDM码元。相应的，控制器880可确定在上行链路上发送的每一个分组数据的有效负载大小并为每一个上行链路数据分组选择合适大小的OFDM码元。
OFDM码元大小选择可以各种方式执行用于下行链路和上行链路。在一实施例中，控制器830以及/或者调度器834确定用于下行链路和上行链路两者的特定OFDM码元大小。在另一个实施例中，在发射机处的控制器确定用于发送的指定OFDM码元大小。OFDM码元大小选择接下来可被提供给接收机(例如，通过在开销信道上的信令或者在发送本身中的信令)。在另一个实施例中，在接收机处的控制器确定用于发送的特定OFDM码元大小，且该OFDM码元大小选择可被提供给发射机。OFDM码元大小选择可以各种形式被提供。例如，用于一给定传输的特定OFDM码元大小可从用于该传输的调度信息中导出，其可包括，例如，传输模式、空间信到、速率、以及用于传输的时间间隔。调度信息可由控制器880以及/或者调度器834、在发射机处的控制器、或者在接收机处的控制器产生。
对于下行链路和上行链路两者，用于每个数据分组的大和小OFDM码元的特定组合是根据用于每个可用OFDM码元大小的分组有效负载大小和OFDM码元容量。对于每一个数据分组，控制器可选择所需要的尽可能多的大OFDM码元，并合适地选择一个或多个附加的小OFDM码元用于数据分组。该选择可执行如下。假设两个OFDM码元大小被使用(例如，64个子频带和256个子频带)，小OFDM码元的数据携载容量为TSM＝48调制码元，而大OFDM码元的容量为TL＝192调制码元。调制和编码方案允许在每个调制码元中发送M个信息比特。小OFDM码元的容量则是CSM＝48·M信息比特，而大OFDM码元的容量是CL＝192·M信息比特。使数据分组的长度为NP比特。控制器计算两个中间值，l和m，如下式：
l＝int[NP/CL]，以及
m＝ceiling[(NP-l·CL)/CSM]，
其中对a的“int”操作提供a的整数值，而对b的“ceiling”操作提供紧靠b的比b大的整数值。如果m＜4，则用于数据分组的大OFDM码元的数量为NL＝l而使用的小OFDM码元的数量为NSM＝m。否则，如果m＝4，则用于该数据分组的大OFDM码元的数量为NL＝l+1而使用的小OFDM码元的数量为NSM＝0。
控制器830和880分别提供OFDM码元大小控制信号至调制器/解调器822和854。在接入点，OFDM码元大小控制信号由调制器用于确定用于下行链路传输的IFFT操作的大小，还被解调器用于确定用于上行链路的FFT操作的大小。在用户终端，OFDM码元大小控制信号由解调器用于确定用于下行链路传输的FFT操作的大小，还由调制器确定用于上行链路传输的IFFT操作的大小。存储器单元832和882存储分别由控制器830和880使用的数据和程序代码。
图9A示出可被用于接入点和用户终端的发射部分的发射机单元900的一个实施例的框图。在TX数据处理器810，组帧单元910为每个准备在FCH或者RCH上发射的分组“组帧”数据。组帧可按照图7所示的执行以提供一个或多个PHY帧用于每个用户数据分组。组帧对于其他传输信道可被忽略。扰码器912为每一个传输信道扰码成帧/非成帧的数据以随机化数据。
编码器914接下来按照所选择的编码方案编码经扰码的数据以提供编码的比特。编码增加了数据传输的可靠性。一重复/截短(puncture)单元916接下来或者重复或者截短(即，删除)一些编码比特以获得每个PHY帧希望的编码速率。在一示例实施例中，编码器914是一1/2速率、限制长度为7的二进制卷积编码器。1/4的编码速率可通过重复每个编码比特一次来获得。大于1/2的编码速率可通过从编码器914删除一些编码比特来获得。
一交错器918接下来基于特定的交错方案交错(即，重新排序)来自单元916的编码比特。交错提供编码比特的时间、频率、以及/或者空间分集。在一个实施例中，准备在一给定的空间信道上发射的每一组48个连续编码比特在用于短OFDM码元的48个数据子频带上交错以提供频率分集。对于交错，每个组中的48个编码比特可被分配0-47的索引。每个编码比特索引与一不同的短OFDM码元相关。表3示出一个用于交错的示例编码比特-子频带分配。所有具有特定索引的编码比特在相关的子频带上发射。例如，每个组中的第一编码比特(具有索引0)在短OFDM子频带-26上发射，第二编码比特(具有索引1)在子频带1上发射，等等。
对于长OFDM码元，准备在一给定的空间信道上发射的每一组192个连续编码比特在用于长OFDM码元的192个数据子频带上交错。具体而言，第一子分组的具有索引0-47的48个编码比特可在具有索引l＝4k，其中k＝±{1...6，8...20，22...26}的48个数据子频带上发射，第二子分组的具有索引48-95的48个编码比特在具有索引l＝4k+1的子频带上发射，第三子分组的具有索引96-143的48个编码比特在具有索引1＝4k+2的子频带上发射，而最后的子分组的具有索引144-191的48个编码比特在具有索引1＝4k+3的子频带上发射。相同的交错方案因此基本被用于短和长OFDM码元两者。
一码元映射单元920接下来按照一个或多个方案映射所交错的数据以提供调制码元。如在表1中所示的，所使用的特定调制方案是根据所选择的速率。相同的调制方案被用于分集模式中所有的数据子频带。不同的调制方案可被用于空间复用模式中的每一个空间信道。码元映射可通过下列执行(1)将B个比特的集合分组以形成B比特二进制值，其中B≥1，以及(2)映射每一个B比特二进制值至信号星座图中对应于所选择的调制方案的一个点。码元映射单元20提供一调制码元流至TX空间处理器920。
组帧单元910、扰码器912、编码器914、重复/截短单元916、交错器918以及码元映射单元920的一示例设计在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中描述。扰码、编码以及调制可基于由控制器830提供的控制信号执行。
TX空间处理器820从TX数据处理器810接收调制码元并执行空间处理用于空间复用、波束操纵或者分集模式。空间处理在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309。TX空间处理器820提供一发射码元流至Nap个调制器822a至822ap中的每一个。
图9B示出了调制器822x的一个实施例的框图，其可被用于图9A中的每一个调制器822a至822ap。调制器822x包括一耦合至发射机单元(TMTR)940的OFDM调制器930。OFDM调制器930包括耦合至循环前缀产生器934的可变大小IFFT单元932。IFFT单元932可与图4中的IFFT单元400一起实现。IFFT单元932在提供给调制器822x的发射码元流上执行N点IFFT，其中N是可变的并且由控制器830提供的OFDM码元大小控制信号确定。例如，控制器830可选择小OFDM码元大小用于BCH和FCCH分段(如在图6中所示的)并可选择小和大OFDM码元大小的组合用于FCH分段，如上面所描述的。循环前缀产生器934附加一循环前缀至每一个来自IFFT单元932的变换的码元。循环前缀产生器934的输出是具有可变大小的OFDM码元流，如由控制器830所确定的。发射机单元940将OFDM码元转换成一个或多个模拟信号，并进一步放大、滤波并上变频该模拟信号以产生适于从一相关的天线824传输的下行链路信号。
2.导频
不同类型的导频可被发射以支持各种功能，诸如定时和频率查询、信道估计、校准等等。表4列出了4种类型的导频和他们的简短描述。
表4
Figure BSA00000356648500201
MIMO导频可由具有短OFDM码元的发射机(例如，一接入点)发送并由一接收机(例如，一用户终端)用于估计信道响应矩阵H(k)，对于子频带索引k∈K，其中K＝±{1...26}。接收机接下来可执行信道响应矩阵H(k)的单值分解用于每个子频带，如下：
H(k)＝U(k)∑(k)V H(k)，对于k∈K    等式(4)
其中，U(k)是一个H(k)的左本征向量的(NT×NR)的酉矩阵；
∑(k)是一个H(k)的奇异值的(NR×NT)的对角矩阵；
V(k)是一个H(k)的右本征向量的(NT×NT)的酉矩阵；
“H”表示共轭转置，NT表示发射天线的数量，而NR表示接收天线的数量。
一酉矩阵M由性质M H M＝I表征，其中I是单位矩阵。每个对角矩阵∑(k)中的奇异值可按照从最大到最小的顺序排列，且矩阵U(k)和V(k)中的列可以被相应地排序。
一“宽带”本征模式可被定义为在排序之后所有子频带的相同顺序本征模式组。因此，宽带本征模式m包括所有子频带的本征模式m。每一个宽带本征模式与所有子频带的本征向量不同的组相关。“主”宽带本征模式排序后在每个矩阵∑(k)中的最大的奇异值相关。
如果相同的频带被用于下行链路和上行链路两者，则用于一个链路的信道响应矩阵是用于另一个链路的信道响应矩阵的转置。校准可被执行以考虑到在接入点和用户终端处的发射/接收链的频率响应中的差别。一操纵参考可由发射机发射并由接收机用于估计可被用于数据接收和发送的空间处理的本征向量。
一操纵参考可由一发射机(例如，一终户终端)发射用于宽带本征模式m，如下：
x m(k)＝v m(k)·p(k)，对于k∈K    等式(5)
其中x m(k)是一个(NT×1)用于宽带本征模式m的子频带k的发射向量；
v m(k)是用于宽带本征模式m的子频带k的操纵向量(即，矩阵V(k)的第m列)以及；
p(k)是子频带k的导频码元。
向量x m(k)包括NT个将要从NT个发射天线发送用于子频带k的发射码元。
在接收机(例如，接入点)处接收的操纵导频参考可被表示为：
r m(k)＝H(k)x m(k)+n(k)，对于k∈K    等式(6)
＝u m(k)σm(k)p(k)+n(k)
其中r m(k)是用于宽带本征模式m的子频带k的所接收的向量；
u m(k)是用于本征模式m的子频带k的操纵向量(即，矩阵U(k)的第m列)；以及
σm(k)是用于宽带本征模式m的子频带k的奇异值；以及
n(k)是噪声。
如在等式(6)所示，在接收机处，所接收的操纵参考(在没有噪声的情况下)大约为u m(k)σm(k)p(k)。接收机可因此基于从该子频带上接收的操纵参考获得对u m(k)和σm(k)的估计用于子频带k，如在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309所描述的。
操纵参考在每一个OFDM码元周期中被发送用于一个宽带本征模式(不使用子频带复用)，并可因而被用于获得对于本征向量u m(k)的估计用于宽带本征模式的每一个子频带。由于酉矩阵U(k)的多个本征向量的估计是在不同的OFDM码元周期中获得的，且由于噪声和无线信道中的其他降级源，对于酉矩阵的估计的本征向量(其是单独导出的)可能不是相互正交的。为了改善性能，每个酉矩阵U(k)的Nc个估计的本征向量u m(k)可使用QR因式分解或一些其他的正交化技术被强迫彼此正交，如在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/438,601中所描述的。
操纵参考可使用短OFDM码元发送。接收机能够处理所接收的操纵参考以获得用于每一个可用于操纵参考传输的短OFDM子频带的操纵向量。对于上述的示例设计，每一个短OFDM子频带与四个长OFDM子频带相关。如果操纵参考使用短OFDM码元发送，则用于长OFDM子频带的操纵向量可以各种方式获得。
在一个实施例中，获得的用于短OFDM子频带k的操纵向量被用于长OFDM子频带l＝4k至l＝4k+3。该实施例对于低至中等的SNR提供好的性能。对于高SNR，当信道的相干带宽较小时会出现一些降级。相干带宽是信道基本恒定或者平滑的带宽。
在另一个实施例中，获得的用于短OFDM子频带的操纵向量u m(k)被内插以获得用于长OFDM子频带的操纵向量u m(l)。内插可以下列方式被执行：操纵向量u m(l)在子频带和子频带之间不表现出比潜在的信道响应矩阵H(k)实质上更多的可变性。可变性的一个来源是在H(k)的左和右本征向量中的相位歧义性，这是由于H(k)的左和右本征向量对于单元长度复数常数是唯一的。具体而言，对于任何满足下式的单元长度向量v m(k)和u m(k)：
H(k)v m(k)＝u m(k)σm(k)，等式(7)
任何其他单元长度向量对
Figure BSA00000356648500221
和
Figure BSA00000356648500222
也满足该等式。
相位歧义性可通过在对H(k)的奇异值分解计算时进行一些预防。这可通过限制奇异值分解的解以使V(k)的每一列的第一元素是非负的。这种限制消除了当本征向量中的变化不是平滑的且本征向量的主元素的幅度不接近于零时子频带和子频带之间的任意相位旋转。该限制可通过将对角矩阵R(k)与每一个酉矩阵U(k)和V(k)右乘(post-multiplying)来强制执行，其可从普通模式中获得并可包含任意相位旋转。矩阵R(k)的对角元素ρi(k)可被表现为：
ρ i ( k ) = e - arg ( v l , i ( k ) ) 等式(8)
其中vLi(k)是V(k)的第i列的第一元素，以及
arg ( v l , i ( k ) ) = arctan ( Re { v l , i ( k ) } Im { v l , i ( k ) } )
该受限本征向量R(k)V(k)可接下来被用于操纵参考，如在等式(5)中所示的。在接收机处，接收的向量r m(k)可被处理以获得对于u m(k)和σm(k)的估计，它们可分别被内插以获得对于u m(l)和σm(l)的估计。
将短OFDM码元用于MIMO导频和操纵参考减少了和信道响应矩阵H(k)相关的奇异值分解的处理负载。此外，可以发现内插，以及上述的用于避免子频带和子频带之间的任意相位旋转的限制可减少性能上的降级，这种降级是由于基于在少于用于数据传输的所有子频带的子频带上的定位参考传输的操纵向量的内插。
载波导频可由接入点发射并由用户终端用于载波信号的相位跟踪。对于短OFDM码元，在波信号可在4个具有索引±{7，21}的短OFDM子频带上发射，如在表3中所示。对于长OFDM码元，载波导频可在16个对应的具有索引±{28+i，84+i}，其中i＝0，1，2，3的长OFDM子带上发射。或者，载波导频可在4个具有索引±{28，84}的长OFDM子频带上发射，在这种情况下，其他12个长OFDM子带可被用于数据传输或者其他目的。
各种类型的导频以及它们在发射机和接收机处的处理在前述的美国临时专利申请序列号No.60/421,309中详细描述。
为了简明，使用不同大小的OFDM码元的技术是结合下行链路描述的。这些技术也可以被用于上行链路。一固定OFDM码元大小可被用于一些上行链路传输(例如，在RACH上发送的消息)而不同大小的OFDM码元可被用于其它的上行链路传输(例如，在RCH上发送的数据分组)。被用于每一个上行链路数据分组的大和小OFDM码元的指定组合可根据分组有效负载大小并可由控制器880确定(例如，基于由控制器880产生的或者由控制器830以及/或者调度器834提供的调度信息，如上所述)。
此处描述的在OFDM系统中使用不同大小的OFDM码元的技术可由各种方法实现。例如，这些技术可以在硬件、软件、或者它们的组合中实现。对于硬件实现，用于实现任何一个技术或者它们的组合的元件可在一个或多个应用专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、数字信号处理设备(DSPD)、可编程逻辑设备(PLD)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、处理器、控制器、微控制器、微处理器、其他设计为执行此处所描述的功能的电子单元、或者它们的组合。
对于软件实现，此处描述的技术可在执行此处所描述的功能的模块(例如。进程、函数等等)中实现。软件代码可存储在一存储单元(例如，图8中的存储器单元832和882)中并由一处理器(例如，控制器830和880)执行。存储器单元可被实现在处理器中或在处理器之外，当在处理器之外时，其通过本领域中公知的各种方式可通信地耦合至处理器。
标题被包括在此处作为参考并辅助定位特定的章节。这些标题不是为了限制其下所描述的概念的范围，这些概念可被应用在整个说明书中的其他章节中。
前面对于所揭示的实施例的描述是提供给本领域的技术人员实现或者使用本发明的。对于本领域的技术人员来说，对于这些实施例的各种改变将是很明显的，且此处定义的一般原理可被应用到其他的实施例而不脱离本发明的范围。因此，本发明并不限于此处示出的实施例，而是应该按照此处揭示的原理和创新特征的最宽泛的范围。

Claims (6)

1.一种在多输入多输出(MIMO)正交频分多路复用(OFDM)通信系统中处理操纵参考的方法，包含：
从一组天线接收用于所述操纵参考的一组OFDM码元；
处理所述一组OFDM码元以获得用于多个子频带中的每一个子频带的操纵向量；以及
内插用于所述多个子频带的操纵向量以获得用于不在所述多个子频带中的附加子频带的操纵向量。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，内插用于所述多个子频带的操纵向量以获得用于不在所述多个子频带中的附加子频带的操纵向量包括：
通过内插用于短OFDM子频带的操纵向量来获得用于长OFDM子频带的操纵向量。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述内插是以使得所述用于长OFDM子频带的操纵向量在子频带和子频带之间相对于潜在的信道响应矩阵而言表现出有限的可变性。
4.一种在多输入多输出(MIMO)正交频分多路复用(OFDM)通信系统中处理操纵参考的设备，包含：
用于从一组天线接收用于所述操纵参考的一组OFDM码元的装置；
用于处理所述一组OFDM码元以获得用于多个子频带中的每一个子频带的操纵向量的装置；以及
用于内插用于所述多个子频带的操纵向量以获得用于不在所述多个子频带中的附加子频带的操纵向量的装置。
5.如权利要求4所述的设备，其特征在于，所述用于内插用于多个子频带的操纵向量以获得用于不在所述多个子频带中的附加子频带的操纵向量的装置包括：
用于通过内插用于短OFDM子频带的操纵向量来获得用于长OFDM子频带的操纵向量的装置。
6.如权利要求5所述的设备，其特征在于，所述用于通过内插用于短OFDM子频带的操纵向量来获得用于长OFDM子频带的操纵向量的装置被配置成以使得所述用于长OFDM子频带的操纵向量在子频带和子频带之间相对于潜在的信道响应矩阵而言表现出有限的可变性的方式来执行内插。
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