CN101565893A - 制造纳米增强碳纤维和含有纳米增强碳纤维的组件的方法 - Google Patents
制造纳米增强碳纤维和含有纳米增强碳纤维的组件的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及制造纳米增强碳纤维和包含含有碳纤维的复合材料的组件的方法。在一个实施方式中,所述方法限定了用粉末涂料涂覆纳米增强材料从而形成粉末涂覆的纳米增强材料以及将经粉末涂覆的纳米增强材料与至少一种碳纤维相接触。优选为,所述粉末涂料是热塑性树脂或粘合剂。在另一个实施方式中,所述组件是包含含有碳纤维的复合材料的航空器和航空器组件,使得所述碳纤维含有0.1至20重量%的纳米增强材料。
Description
分案申请
本申请是申请日为2007年5月1日,申请号为200780025247.7,发明名称为“使用纳米增强材料对用于复合材料中的增强纤维丝束的改性”的专利申请的分案申请。
发明领域
本发明大体上涉及纳米增强纤维,更具体地说,涉及用于复合材料用途中的纳米增强纤维丝束(tows)或纱线的制造方法。
背景技术
碳纤维是能够显示高强度和高刚度的轻质材料。碳纤维通常通过聚丙烯腈(PAN)、沥青、或人造丝前体的高温热解来制造。聚丙烯腈(PAN)基纤维的高温热处理(约1000℃以上)产生基本上为100%的碳以及更定向的石墨烯(graphene)微结构和明显更高的模量。当模量增加时,纤维通常变得更加难以加工,从而引起因热处理和后续加工(例如,织造)而导致的成本增加。例如,目前在织造物中,织造物中的中等模量(~270GPa)纤维的成本大概是标准模量(~220GPa)纤维成本的两倍,但在强度和刚度上仅显示约20%的改进。
在使用中,碳纤维可以被加工或织造,然后用树脂浸渍以形成复合结构。与金属相比,碳纤维复合材料能够显示明显更高的强度/重量比,从而得到至多约50%的潜在重量节省。与金属结构相比,碳纤维复合材料还能够具有优越的疲劳特性,并且耐腐蚀。由于这些有利的结构特性,碳纤维复合材料适用于包括航空器和航空器组件在内的多种制品中。
已经进行了许多尝试以克服与碳纤维形成相关的加工困难同时改进碳纤维用于各种复合结构中的结构特性。这些努力包括使用碳纳米管增强材料来改进各种类型碳纤维的强度和刚度。
美国专利第7,153,452号提到包括量为约0.01重量%至约1.0重量%的碳纳米管增强材料的中间相沥青基碳纤维。其它努力集中在利用聚丙烯腈(PAN)基纤维的结构改进上。这种努力包括在将碳纳米管引入至聚丙烯腈(PAN)前体中之前使用电纺丝方法来使碳纳米管定向和分散。人们认为,碳纳米管的分散和定向直接影响碳纳米管作为增强材料的效果。Titchenal等人,“SWNT and MWNT Reinforced CarbonNanocomposite Fibrils”(单壁碳纳米管和多壁碳纳米管增强的碳纳米复合纤维),Drexel University,Society for the Advancement of Materialand Process Engineering。除电纺丝之外,还可以使用机械方法和磁方法在将碳纳米管添加至聚丙烯腈(PAN)前体中之前使其定向。
仍需要提高或改进碳纤维和聚丙烯腈(PAN)基纤维的结构特性的更有效的方法。还需要在复合结构中使用该纤维。
发明内容
本发明涉及制造具有提高的强度和刚度的碳纤维(包括纤维丝束和纱线)的方法。本发明还涉及包含该碳纤维的复合材料。
本发明的纤维可以包含约0.1至约20重量%的一种或多种纳米增强材料。在另一个实施方式中,纳米增强材料可以包含约2至约8重量%的纤维。
在制造纤维的一个实施方式中,可以将纳米增强材料加入到含溶剂、粘合剂(adhesive)或纤维上浆料(fiber sizing)或其组合的液体溶液中,然后倾倒到一种或多种纤维上。在另一个实施方式中,纳米增强材料可以用粉末来涂覆,并被引入到一种或多种纤维中。该方法还可以包括将纳米增强材料如碳纳米管(图1)或纳米纤维(图2)粘附到展开的碳丝束或纱线(图3)中,以形成改性纤维丝束或纱线。可以使纳米增强材料如碳纳米管(~1TPa模量)或纳米纤维在微米尺寸碳纤维的方向上定向(即,在聚丙烯腈(PAN)前体碳化之后)。可以将碳纳米管或纳米纤维用金属涂覆或者进行官能化以进一步改性。
包含纳米增强材料的碳纤维丝束或纱线可以进行加工(织造、单向化(unidirectional)等),以便用热固性树脂或热塑性树脂浸渍,从而形成各种复合结构或材料。
附图说明
图1是描述不同的单壁碳纳米管构型的图,说明了各种碳单壁构型,其可用于本发明所述的纳米增强涂覆过程中,其中上图为扶手椅构型(α=30°),中图为Z字构型(α=0°),下图为中间构型(0<α=30°)。
图2说明了碳纳米纤维(多壁纸杯构型)。
图3是描述纳米增强材料的涂覆过程的图,说明了如本发明所述的将纳米增强材料施用至纤维的方法的一个实施方式,其中的空心图形从左至右依次表示:丝束卷轴;丝束展开器——空气梳、真空梳、张力辊或超声辊;纳米增强材料进料器——振动进料器、静电喷射器、有槽流火电场柱;加热器——红外加热器、烘箱或加热辊;压实辊;重新合并丝束——准直管或小孔;将丝束重新绕在卷轴上。
图4是描述了纳米增强的丝束捆(~通常为3K、6K或12K的长丝)的图,说明了涂覆有纳米增强材料的展开丝束(spread tow)和重新合并的丝束,其中左侧图形表示用纳米增强材料涂覆的展开丝束,右侧图形表示其中截留了大量纳米增强材料的重新合并的丝束。
具体实施方式
本发明披露了通过将纳米增强材料粘附至丝束或纱线的单根长丝(filament)上来提高纤维(包括纤维丝束或纱线)的结构特性和多功能性的方法。纳米增强材料可以在丝束或纱线已被制造之后(即,不在纤维的纺纱或制造过程中)添加。丝束或纱线可以被展开以使长丝暴露以用于后续的纳米增强材料的粘附。
下面是本文所用若干术语的背景:
本发明所使用的碳纤维被定义为通过有机前体纤维的热解产生的纤维,其包括但不限于基于(聚丙烯腈)PAN、人造丝或沥青的那些纤维。碳纤维主要可用于复合材料中,所述复合材料是含两种或更多种具有不同化学或物理性质的组分的工程结构(engineered structure)或材料,其中所得材料具有在原始材料中不存在的结构特性。通常,所述组分可以物理地识别,并在彼此之间显示界面。在纤维增强复合材料的情况中,所述组分可以是纤维和树脂。
蜂窝芯子(honeycomb core)是轻质的蜂窝状结构,其通常由金属片材材料或非金属材料(例如,用树脂浸渍的纸或纺织物)制造,并成形为六角形嵌套单元。
纳米增强材料包括单壁碳纳米管、多壁碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、石墨纳米小片(graphite nanoplatelet)、富勒烯(fullerenes)、元素纳米粒子、二元和配合物(complex compound)的纳米粒子等。
聚丙烯腈(PAN)是一种聚合物,其在被纺成纤维时可用作制造某些碳纤维的前体材料。
增强材料可与树脂基质结合以形成复合材料。增强材料通常具有连续纤维的形式,其可以是织造或非织造的。当用于本发明中时,术语“纤维”具体地包括碳纤维、玻璃纤维、硼纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维或其它有机纤维。增强织物包括织造的碳纤维、玻璃纤维、硼纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维或其它有机纤维,其用于制备预浸料(prepreg)和蜂窝状制品(honeycomb)。
术语“修补(repair)”和“改造(retrofit)”是指增强或修补已存在的结构。当用复合材料实施修补或改造时,与其它可选择方案相比,所得产物可以是相对轻质和低成本的。
上浆料(sizing)是中性整理剂(例如,环氧树脂),其在进一步加工(例如预浸渍)的过程中保护纤维并用作复合材料树脂体系的界面。
可由本发明所述的复合材料制造的结构包括用于航空器和工业用途的成品组件。当所述结构存在于航空用途中时,它们可用于主要或次要的外部结构中。在机动车用途中,除其它用途之外,它们还可以用于底盘整流装置和底板。
表面处理操作可以使碳表面形成化学键,并可以为复合材料的树脂体系赋予较好的粘合性。
I.可被增强的纤维类型
可用本发明所述的纳米增强材料来增强多种纤维(包括丝束和纱线)。能够增强的纤维丝束或纱线的类型包括下列:
碳纤维
碳纤维可以被描述为含至少90%碳的纤维,其通过适当纤维的受控热解来获得。碳纤维用于,例如,商用和民用航空器、娱乐业、工业和运输市场中。碳纤维可存在于通常用于需要强度、刚度、相对轻质、耐疲劳、耐高温、化学惰性或高阻尼性质的用途中的复合材料中。
许多碳纤维前体可以热解以制造碳纤维,根据所使用的前体,所得碳纤维将具有不同形态和特定特性。典型的前体包括聚丙烯腈(PAN)、纤维素纤维(粘液丝、棉线)、石油或煤焦油沥青、以及某些酚醛纤维。受控热解可以从纤维脱除氧、氮和氢而形成碳纤维。机械性能可以通过提高结晶度和取向度并减少纤维中的缺陷而加以改进。
基于碳纤维的性质,可以将碳纤维归为各种类型,包括超高模量(模量>约450Gpa)、高模量(模量为约300至约450Gpa)、中等模量(模量为约250至约300Gpa)和低模量(模量<约250GPa)。高模量纤维可以被描述为更精细的碳纤维(more refined carbon fibers)。术语“模量”是指“杨氏模量”(刚度的量度),其中较高的数值对应于刚度较高的纤维。高模量纤维通常可以通过将单个纤维的外层剥离、留下强度更高的芯来制造。
根据前体纤维材料,碳纤维可被分为许多类。有PAN基碳纤维(通过聚丙烯腈的热解形成)、沥青基碳纤维、中间相沥青基碳纤维、各向同性沥青基碳纤维、人造丝基碳纤维和气相生长碳纤维。高强度碳纤维丝束或纱线通常以24K、12K、6K、3K和1K的纱线或丝束尺寸来供应,其中K=1000长丝(纤维)。
其它纤维
除碳纤维丝束之外,其它纤维丝束也可以使用本发明所述的纳米增强材料来增强。例子包括玻璃纤维,如E玻璃(E glass)和S玻璃(Sglass);以及芳族聚酰胺纤维,如Kevlar。纤维可以是硼纤维,并且可以由聚合物形成,例如热塑性树脂或者其它有机纤维。
硼纤维(boron fiber)通常可以通过化学汽相沉积来制造。例如,可以在钨丝、玻璃或石墨长丝芯上沉积硼。所得的涂有硼的长丝具有约0.1至约0.2mm的标称直径。所述长丝具有低密度、高抗张强度以及高弹性模量和刚度。它们的刚度可以使长丝难以织造、编结或缠绕(twist),但它们可以成形为用树脂浸渍的带子(tape)。这种带子可以用于手工铺叠(hand lay-up)和纤维缠绕过程中。
可以使高模量的碳与在压缩中显示高刚度的硼纤维共混。当与碳的高抗拉刚度结合时,可以得到协同效果,其中总刚度大于根据单个纤维的性质预测的刚度。超韧硼纤维还能够保护更脆的高模量碳纤维。
上浆料
碳纤维易碎,因此在其进行处理时可能需要一些保护或润滑。可以使用所选的“上浆材料”(也称为“上浆料”,或简称为“浆料”)来将纤维“上浆”以保护碳纤维。理想的是上浆料选择为提供相容的处理且不在加工设备上形成任何残留。此外,优选上材料在处理过程中不增加纤维与任何接触点之间的摩擦,并且不会阻碍树脂向纤维捆中的渗透。
上浆料应该与基质树脂相容。短语“与......相容”包括在配制树脂(formulated resin)中溶解和与配制树脂具有反应性。树脂应能够渗透纤维捆并与纤维表面相互作用。通常,与环氧树脂一起使用的上浆料可以使用环氧制剂(epoxy formulation)作为上浆材料。优选浆料在上浆纤维的储存过程中化学或物理性质不改变,由此在老化后容许相容的处理(consistent treatment)。一些上浆料是水溶性的,并且可以在织造或编结之后但在施用树脂之前将其洗掉或蒸发掉(burned off)。其它上浆料,例如聚硅氧烷和有机硅烷整理剂,可能是水溶性较差的。
上浆料可以分为两类。第一类可以是相对低分子量的上浆料,其使丝束捆柔软并易于展开,且其通常用于预浸渍。第二类可以由成膜材料制成,其是在纤维干燥后形成韧性膜的相对高分子量的聚合物。该膜可以为丝束捆提供更多的保护,并防止断裂的长丝沉积在加工设备上。
一些上浆材料如环氧树脂不是水溶性的,其必须作为水分散体或作为乳液来施用。上浆料可以均匀地分布在纤维表面上,或者可以作为液滴存在,该液滴或者位于纤维表面上,或者将许多单根纤维粘连在一起。因此,制造者通常努力控制上浆槽中乳液的组成、浓度和粒度以及干燥条件,以提供相容的产品。
单向化预浸料(Unidirectional prepregs)可使用热熔法制备。对于这种方法,纤维优选需要易于展开并具有一致的来料宽度,这将消除缝隙并容许由成本较低的较大丝束捆来制备薄的预浸料。对于这种方法,较低浓度的上浆料(<约1%)可以提供足够的保护。
当碳纤维用于使其遭受更高水平的损伤的操作(例如织造或编结)时,可能需要更高水平的保护,因此可使用更高浓度(>约1%)的上浆料。也可以使用更高的上浆料浓度以生产平束产品(flat tow product),例如,在卷轴(spool)上展开为非常均匀的宽度的纤维捆。被切断以在热塑性树脂中用作短纤维增强材料的碳纤维通常具有高(>约1%)的上浆料浓度。
制造者可使用溶剂来将上浆料洗掉或蒸发掉以确定总的浆料含量。因为相对于纤维捆表面积来说施加了低浓度的上浆料,所以可能难以评定覆盖的均匀性。次要特性如摩擦、纤维损伤和展开能力可以与上浆料浓度和覆盖均匀性相关。
II.用于使纤维丝束和纱线改性的纳米增强材料
有许多类型的纳米增强材料可用于将本发明所述纤维丝束或纱线改性。例子包括碳纳米管和碳纳米纤维、石墨烯薄片(graphene sheet)、富勒烯、纳米粒子和纳米丝(nanowire)。
碳纳米管
从经济角度考虑,与较高成本的单壁碳纳米管相比,更优选使用碳纳米纤维(多壁碳纳米管);然而,碳纳米纤维的导电性低很多。碳纳米管可以是纯的或官能化的,并且可以是用金属涂覆的或者用聚硅氧烷改性的。当施用了聚硅氧烷涂层时,理想的是基于纤维总重量可存在至少约1%的聚硅氧烷。
可以使纳米纤维沿纤维丝束或纱线定向,以提供具有有利的增强性能的增强纤维丝束或纱线。可以使纳米管通过各种方法定向,包括机械方法、化学方法和磁方法。例如,可以将纳米管与粘合剂混合并挤出到待涂覆的纤维或丝束上。可以使进给螺杆(feed screw)振动以改进纤维在流动方向上的定向。这种操作可类似于用于再循环热塑性树脂的振动注射模塑类似。可以将纳米管官能化为与每个纳米管的尾部或头部反应,由此使其自组装(类似于脂质双层组装)。这可以包括使纳米管负载最优化,以使纳米管互相吸引,同时确保用于将纳米管粘附至纤维的任何热固性单体(即,环氧树脂)不会干扰所述过程。另外,纳米管可以这样制备:使镍粒子附着至纳米管的一端。可以将亚铁合金纳米粒子和碳纳米管(带有镍粒子)添加至粘合剂、底漆(primer)或涂料(paint)中并进行磁场处理以使纳米管定向。
碳纳米管和金属粉末共混物的制备
碳纳米管-铜复合材料粉末可以通过电沉积法使用镀铜浴来制备。该镀铜浴含均匀分散的碳纳米管。在电镀的初始阶段,具有“棘状(spiky)”球结构的复合材料粒子在电镀电极上积聚,并且可以被分离以形成碳纳米管-铜粉末。在本发明中,可以将纳米管包埋到铜粒子中。
用金属涂覆的微球和碳纳米管
可以使用本领域已知的技术来用金属(如银)涂覆碳纳米管。例如,金属导电10,10扶手椅构型单壁纳米管或用金属涂覆的纳米管或纤维可用于微米尺寸纤维丝束或纱线中以改善导电性,从而实现电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽或雷击保护。这些改性纤维丝束或纱线也能够改善由丝束或纱线制备的复合材料的导热性。
通常,碳纳米管例如通过氧化、亲水处理、敏化处理、活化处理或其组合来进行预处理。这种处理可能是需要的,因为碳纳米管通常具有低的化学反应性,并且不会用作金属涂层沉积的催化剂。预处理提供了允许镀金属(如银)的活化位点。也可以使用提供这种活化位点的其它预处理步骤。
氧化可以使用例如硝酸来实施。敏化和活化可以例如通过下述方式实施:将碳纳米管浸入酸性氯化锡溶液中,漂洗,然后将该管浸入酸性氯化钯溶液中。在敏化、活化和无电镀过程中,可以使用超声波来搅拌反应混合物。这些步骤为纳米管的表面提供了多种官能团,例如羧酸、酮和羟基基团。
无电镀(electroless plating)可以提供厚度大概为约10至约20nm的金属涂层。金属原子在横向和纵向上聚集形成连续层。在一种实施方式中,用银涂覆的碳纳米管可用于提供导电层。
优选微球、纳米管或其组合的密度与被其增强的纤维的密度相近。例如,对于平均直径为约70微米且银涂层为约5微米的情况,用银涂覆的微球的密度为约0.13lb/in3(3.5g/cm3)。可使用超声变幅杆或辊(ultrasonic horn or roller)来帮助混合和分散粒子。
单壁碳纳米管
10,10构型的碳纳米管可具有与铜相近的电阻率,并且能够比铜轻六倍。优选这些碳纳米管能够在平面内定向以使其能够导电。可通过各种方法来使纳米管定向。可使用机械方法、化学方法和磁方法来使纳米管定向。例如,纳米管可与粘合剂混合并挤出到待涂覆的纤维丝束或纱线上。可使进给螺杆振动以改进纤维丝束或纱线在流动方向上的定向。纳米管可被官能化为与每个纳米管的尾部或头部反应,以使其自组装(类似于脂质双层组装)。这通常需要使纳米管负载最优化,以使纳米管互相吸引,同时确保环氧树脂基本不干扰所述过程。最后,纳米管可以制造为使镍粒子附着至纳米管的一端。可以将亚铁合金纳米粒子和碳纳米管(带有镍粒子)添加至粘合剂、底漆或涂料中并进行磁场处理,以使纳米管定向。
改性碳纳米管
可以将碳纳米管或其它纳米粒子改性以降低它们的电阻率。通过将金属原子结合至碳纳米管的端部或侧面,使电子通道增加或使其更有效,由此降低它们的电阻率。这些改性纳米管可以为面内取向的,或者在两相聚合物中使用。
纳米级石墨烯片(Nanoscale Graphene Plate)和石墨纳米小片(graphite
nanoplatelet)
通常将一层或数层石墨烯片的纳米级石墨烯片(NGP)称作石墨纳米小片(GNPs)。通常使用超声波能量使石墨片脱落,脱落水平可以通过调节声处理时间来控制。
石墨纳米小片往往比单壁碳纳米管的成本更低。层分离能够比小片的完全脱落更加理想,因为能够有与邻近小片接触的更高的可能性。通过振动(超声波或其它机械振动)、剪切流(shear flow)或共价键方法能够使小片在面内定向。也可以用聚合物来涂覆小片并用电场使小片定向。
使用与美国专利申请公开第2005/0069701号中提及的使碳纳米管彼此共价键合的方法相类似的技术,可以使石墨烯薄片在边缘处彼此共价键合。可以将官能团连接至石墨纳米小片边缘,然后使其彼此交联。在一种实施方式中,交联剂不应是可以自聚合的。环氧基质可交联至小片表面以防止小片各层之间的碰撞。
可以将石墨纳米小片(GNPs)在热塑性树脂中涂覆并使其定向。可使用聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)在约350°F时提供用于固化环氧预浸料的互相贯穿的机械结合。随后可使用热塑性树脂层使复合结构彼此结合。可使用热塑性树脂来提供石墨纳米小片(或其它纳米粒子)与环氧表面膜之间的夹层。热塑性树脂也可以用于在随后的加工中使石墨纳米小片定向。其它热塑性树脂如聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚亚苯硫醚(PPS)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)和聚醚醚酮(PEEK)也可以用于此用途。
纳米丝和纳米粒子
也可以使用金属纳米棒、纳米丝或纳米绞合线(nanostrand)(以下统称为“纳米丝”)作为增强材料。铜、银或铝因为传导性高而可能是优选的。可以将金属纳米丝直接加入到树脂中。除金属之外,也可以使用其它元素,包括硅。也可以使用二元化合物(例如氧化硅、氧化钛)和配合物(例如钛硅氧化物、银铜合金)等的纳米粒子。也可以使用球形式的纳米粉末。理想的是能够将纳米粒子包埋在纤维丝束或纱线束中以便使丝束或纱线机械地锁定在适当的位置。
在一种实施方式中,可以使用纳米微粒如二氧化硅来提到碳纳米纤维或纳米管,或者可以在使用碳纳米纤维或纳米管之外还使用纳米微粒如二氧化硅。在这种实施方式中,可以使纳米微粒二氧化硅粉末沉积到丝束中,并用环氧上浆料粘附在丝束上或热塑性树脂涂层上。这能够显著改进耐火性。在航空发动机舱组件燃烧过程中,聚合物基质在燃烧的起始阶段会被烧掉,留下碳纤维。当纳米微粒二氧化硅附着至碳纤维时,其将会在燃烧过程中遇到的温度下变为玻璃,从而增加烧穿时间。最终,这种耐燃烧性十使得较少数量的层达到某一烧穿时间。在一种可选实施方式中,可将碳纳米管或纳米粒子用聚硅氧烷上浆,以实现相同的功能。聚硅氧烷的存在量可以为标准碳纤维的大概1重量%。
富勒烯
富勒烯是一种碳的同素异形体。富勒烯可以被描述为中空球体、椭球体或管形式的完全由碳组成的分子。有时球形富勒烯被称为“巴克球(buckyballs)”,圆柱形富勒烯被称为“巴克管(buckytubes)。富勒烯在结构上与由相连的六角形环的薄片组成的石墨相似,但它们包含防止薄片成为平面的五角形(或者有时是七角形)的环。
当用作纳米增强材料时,富勒烯可以是纯的或官能化的,本领域技术人员应该理解这一点,并且例如可以使用上面关于碳纳米管所述的金属来对富勒烯进行金属涂覆。
III.将纳米增强材料施用至纤维丝束或纱线的方法
可以将本发明所述的纳米增强材料施用至纤维丝束或纱线。在一种实施方式中,将纳米增强材料用热塑性树脂粉末涂覆,然后静电喷洒到纤维丝束或纱线上。在另一种实施方式中,将纳米增强材料混合到液体中,然后将所得液体喷洒到纤维丝束或纱线上,所述液体例如是在溶剂中包含粘合剂、上浆料或其组合的溶液。在任一实施方式中,均可以将纳米增强材料引入衍生自(聚丙烯腈)PAN前体的微米尺寸碳纤维(即,在(聚丙烯腈)PAN碳化之后)。
可以将纳米增强材料以无规取向或有序取向来施用。当将纳米增强材料以有序方式施用时,这可以使用多种手段实现,包括电场定向(electric field orientation)、移动丝束(moving tow)、特殊(即,纺纱、振动等)喷嘴、或者用有槽的进料器或压板来梳理。该施用技术或者如本发明中所述或者为本领域已知,并且可以单独施用或者与其它技术组合施用。
将纳米增强材料施用至展开纤维丝束或纱线上能够形成改性纤维、丝束或纱线,其中纳米增强材料被粘附至丝束纱线(tow yarn)上或截留在丝束纱线中。图4说明了纳米增强丝束,其中纳米增强材料被粘附至碳丝束或截留在碳丝束中。在一种实施方式中,使纳米增强材料(例如碳纳米管或纳米纤维)在丝束或纱线中的微米尺寸碳纤维的方向上定向可以改进碳纤维丝束或纱线的强度或刚度或其组合。当增强材料为碳纳米管或纳米纤维的形式时,可任选地将这些材料用金属涂覆或加以官能化,以便进一步改性。尽管不希望束缚于特定理论,但是通过使用纳米增强材料如纳米管和纳米纤维来实现的在结构特性如抗张强度上的改进被认为至少部分是由纳米纤维或纳米管末端之间的间隙和重叠所决定的。
粉末涂覆
在本发明所述方法的一种实施方式中,可以将纳米增强材料施用至碳纳米管或碳纳米纤维。可以在用粉末涂覆之前使碳纳米管或纳米纤维定向以使用机械(例如,振动镀)或电的手段沉积到丝束或纱线中。可选择地,也可以首先用热塑性树脂粉末来涂覆纳米管或纳米纤维,然后使纳米管或纳米纤维定向。
然后可以将用粉末涂覆的纳米管或纳米纤维散布到微米尺寸碳纤维丝束或纱线上。然后可以对丝束或纱线进行加热、加压或其组合,以确保碳纳米管或纳米纤维粘附至丝束或纱线以用于随后的加工。在一种可选实施方式中,可以将用粉末涂覆的碳纳米管或纳米纤维静电喷洒到展开丝束或纱线中。可以将移动丝束或纱线与特殊(例如,纺纱、振动等)喷嘴一起使用,所述喷嘴可用于在喷洒过程中帮助控制取向。
液体施用
也可以使用液体介质来施用纳米增强材料。在一种实施方式中,将材料添加至液体溶液中并喷洒或浇注到纤维丝束或纱线上。所述溶液包含溶剂,并且还可以任选地包含上浆料和粘合剂。可以将液体施用至移动丝束或纱线上。任选地,可以使用特殊(例如,纺纱或振动)喷嘴、有槽的进料器或压板或其组合来施用纳米增强材料液体。
当将含有纳米增强材料、溶剂、粘合剂和纤维上浆料的液体溶液浇注到展开丝束或纱线上时,可以使分配头或丝束或纱线振动或移动以帮助使纳米管或纳米纤维定向。进料器也可以包括模拟梳子的凹槽。在将展开丝束或纱线涂覆之后,可以通过置于压板上的凹槽而将进料器拉动穿过压板。梳理使纳米管或纳米纤维定向。在一种实施方式中,纳米管或纳米纤维上浆料是与在微米尺寸碳纤维上使用者相同的与环氧树脂相容的上浆料。这种实施方式允许通过加热、加压或其组合而将纳米增强材料如纳米管或纳米纤维粘附至丝束或纱线中的微米尺寸碳纤维上。纳米增强材料可以涂覆有或含有铁磁性金属,其能够在随后的磁场中使材料定向。
在另一种实施方式中,碳纳米管或纳米纤维可以用铁磁性金属如镍或钴涂覆,或者可以将镍催化剂留在生成的纳米管中并在聚苯乙烯溶液中在随后的磁场中定向。磁定向法通常需要非常强的磁性。因此,与机械或电场定向相比,这种方法可能不理想。
在图3中示出纳米增强过程的一个例子。在这个过程中,将丝束或纱线卷轴展开,成为展开丝束或纱线,丝束展开器可以包括空气梳、真空梳、张力辊或超声辊。将纳米增强材料进料器置于丝束展开器的上方,以将纳米增强材料供应到展开丝束上。例如,进料器可以为振动进料器、静电喷洒器、有槽梳或电场柱,或者进料器可以包括振动进料器、静电喷洒器、有槽梳或电场柱。在将纳米增强材料施用至展开丝束上之后,使已涂覆的纤维丝束或纱线通过加热器,该加热器可以是红外加热器、烘箱或加热辊。然后可以使已涂覆并加热的纤维通过一组压实辊,并使用准直管或小孔将其重新合并为丝束。然后可以将合并后的丝束重新绕在卷轴上。
IV.复合材料的制备
可以将所得的纳米增强纤维丝束或纱线模塑为高强度复合材料以用于结构用途。例如,可以通过常规方法(例如,预浸料铺层、丝束预浸、纤维缠绕、树脂传递模塑、纤维布置等)来使用热固性或热塑性聚合物将纳米增强纤维丝束或纱线加工成复合材料。
在一种实施方式中,可以对包含本发明所述增强纤维的纤维丝束或纱线进行加工(例如,织造、单向化等),然后用热固性树脂或热塑性树脂浸渍,以形成复合结构。然后可以在固化前将已被施用树脂的改性纤维丝束或纱线(预浸料或丝束预浸料)定形为复合结构。纤维丝束或纱线也可以以织造或非织造的干燥形式用于复合结构的树脂传递模塑或树脂膜熔渗。在另一方面,使用热塑性树脂浸渍的纤维定形并使热塑性树脂固结。
改性纤维丝束或纱线相对于未改性纤维丝束或纱线的性能增加能够比改性所导致的重量增加更显著。在这种实施方式中,碳纳米管或纳米纤维的量通常为碳纤维丝束或纱线的约0.1至约20重量%,但可以为约2至约8重量%。增加的纤维刚度和强度能够导致显著的重量节省,其在需要低重量和高强度的用途如航空结构中可能是尤其重要的。与改用高性能微米尺寸碳纤维丝束或纱线相比,向丝束捆中添加低百分数的碳纳米管或纳米纤维的成本节约可能更多。
V.包含复合材料的制品
纳米增强纤维丝束或纱线几乎可以用于制造通常用纤维丝束或纱线本身所制造的任何复合材料。例子包括航天和核工程领域、普通工程和运输领域中的产品;工程组件,例如轴承、齿轮、凸轮、风机叶片和机动车车身;建筑工业和结构工业中的组件;以及机动车、船舶、普通航空器内部的装饰部件中的组件;普通娱乐和音乐器具产品和售后运输产品(after-market transportation product)。纤维丝束或纱线也可以用于在电子技术中提供导电性。
存在许多可以利用碳纤维的物理强度、特殊韧性和较轻质量的用途。这些包括航天、道路运输和船舶运输和体育用品工业中的产品(例如,高尔夫球棍、自行车架和零件)。具体的例子还包括用于容纳和操作航空发动机的发动机舱(及其组件)。
发动机舱组件的例子包括单片碳纤维反推力格栅;发动机舱的发动机罩(例如进气口、风扇、侧部、上部、下部、中心或前端的发动机罩);隔音板;发动机舱管道系统,包括发动机加强(EBU)组件、起动器、发动机罩防冰器、油冷器和通风道;发动机舱安装和连接环;反推力系统如风扇反推力装置;飞行控制板;机身结构;风扇;启动辅助仪表(气动、电动和液压的);排气喷嘴;中心体;前唇口蒙皮(noselipskin);发动机周围的喷嘴;燃料系统;润滑系统;空气调节系统;以及火警系统。
存在可以利用碳纤维的高尺寸稳定性、低热膨胀系数和低磨损性的用途。这些包括航空器制动器、航天天线和支撑结构、大型望远镜、光具座、以及用于稳定的高频(Ghz)精确测量仪器的波导管。
存在可以利用碳纤维的导电性的用途,包括机动车的发动机盖、工具、电子设备的外壳和底座、EMI和RF保护罩、以及刷子。
存在可以利用碳纤维的生物惰性和x-射线穿透性的用途,包括医疗用途(例如假体、外科和x-射线设备、医用植入物和腱/韧带修复)。
存在可以利用碳纤维的耐疲劳性、自润滑性和高阻尼性的用途。这些包括织造机械和普通工程用途。
另外的用途可以利用碳纤维的化学惰性和高耐腐蚀性。这些包括在全部化学工业和核子领域中阀门、密封件、泵组件等中的用途。
其它用途可以利用碳纤维的电磁特性。这些包括发电机扣环和放射性设备。
非聚合物材料也可以用作碳纤维的基质。
在一些实施方式中,复合材料可用于过滤高温气体、用作具有高表面积和极高耐腐蚀性的电极、以及用作高性能服装中的抗静电材料。
复合材料可用于各种修补和改造用途中,例如,在航天工业中。
雷击保护
纳米增强纤维(包括本发明所述的丝束和纱线)可用于形成雷击保护复合材料。当用于本发明中时,雷击保护材料为各种结构提供雷击保护,包括在航空和航天工业中使用的那些。航空器制造必须遵守提出的各种适航认证授权或实践标准。根据雷击的概率和雷击中可能产生的电流强度,各种授权指明每种航空器不同的潜在雷击区域和可能的电流波形,这些区域中的结构和系统必须能够抵抗这些电流。通常将这些区域确定为区域1A和1B、区域2A和2B和区域3,这在航空器工业中是已知的。
在任何航空器上雷击区域的位置取决于航空器几何结构和操作因素,并且各个航空器之间经常不同。适航授权指明了航空器制造者必须遵守的标准。对每种航空器组件划分出不同的潜在雷击区域并且指明电流波组件。所述结构必须能够抵抗这种雷击,不得穿透组件的厚度。
航空器组件在起飞降落过程中经受热循环。这种热循环可能在表面膜中产生微裂纹。这种微裂纹可以扩展到复合结构中,导致在暴露于水份和/或其它化学品时过早地损坏。因此,理想的是如下配制表面膜:当其暴露于约-65°F至约160°F的热循环时,其可经历至少2000个循环而不会产生微裂纹。
根据本发明的一个方面,复合材料包括使用本发明的纳米增强碳纤维制造的雷击保护层外层。这种增强复合材料能够形成航空器或航空器组件外部的一部分。在本发明的一个方面,复合材料由使用金属纳米粒子、纳米丝等或者涂覆有金属的碳纳米管或纳米纤维来增强的碳纤维丝束或纱线和载体制备。
根据本发明的一个实施方式,载体可以包括热固性或热塑性聚合物。在另一方面,载体可以是形成热固性聚合物的单体。合适的聚合物的一个例子是环氧树脂,当固化时,其能够在所施用的复合材料、航空器或航空器部件表面上形成热固性聚合物。在使用中,可以将所述材料作为用于形成飞机构件的复合材料的顶层来施用,所述顶层可以任选地包括底漆或涂料或其组合的外涂层。在这方面,对于用作雷击保护材料,理想的是可以将纳米增强材料上浆,以提供足够的电性能(即,电阻)。
纳米增强材料可以具有足够的浓度,以使施用了所述材料的飞机的表面电阻率可以足够低,以便耗散雷击能量而不会对下层(即,位于雷击保护层下方的复合材料中的层)造成损害。复合材料可以任选地包括绝缘层(isolation ply),尤其是在材料电阻率不够低以至于不使用该绝缘层便不能提供足够保护的情况下。对于大多数方面来说,可以使用多层以达到理想的防闪电效果。例如,复合材料可以包括一层或多层纳米增强纤维丝束或纱线,其任选地具有一个或多个玻璃纤维绝缘层。
在一个方面,可以将10,10扶手椅构型碳纳米管用作增强丝束或纱线中的全部或部分纳米增强材料。这些碳纳米管能够具有与铜相近的电阻率并且能够比铜轻六倍。可以通过多种方法使纳米管在丝束或纱线上定向,所述方法包括如上面所讨论的机械方法、化学方法和磁方法。
在另一个方面,可以将石墨烯薄片或金属纳米棒、纳米丝或纳米丝(统称为纳米丝)用作全部或部分的纤维丝束或纱线纳米增强材料。在又一个方面,可以将已被改性以降低电阻率的碳纳米管或其它纳米粒子用作用于纤维丝束或纱线的纳米增强材料。
在优选实施方式中,使用纳米增强丝束或纱线制备的复合材料能够提供足够的雷击保护以至少通过区域2A雷击测试,更优选能够通过区域1A雷击测试。而且,对于在航空器制造和使用中的用途,理想的是材料具有理想的热循环性质。例如,优选的是当暴露于约-65°F至约160°F的热循环时,复合材料可经历至少2,000个循环而不会产生微裂纹。
通过参考以下非限定性实施例,能够更好地理解本发明。
实施例1
用约5至约20重量%具有金属导电性的单壁碳纳米管(10,10扶手椅构型)来增强碳纤维。然后将所得纤维织造成织物,该织物用作用于航空器结构雷击保护的复合结构的顶层。该层也在复合结构中提供增加的强度、刚度和导热性。
实施例2
用约2至约8重量%的碳纳米纤维来增强碳纤维。所述碳纳米纤维用硅烷或有机硅烷整理剂来涂覆,或者包含聚硅氧烷。然后将纤维织造成织物或纯纺织物,或者作为带子来预浸渍,以便提供用于航空器结构的具有提高的强度、刚度和耐火性的复合结构。
实施例3
可以将用约5至约20重量%的具有金属导电性的单壁碳纳米管或约10至约60重量%的金属纳米丝或纳米粉末来增强碳纤维。将这些纤维织造成织物,以用于航空器结构的湿法铺叠修补(wet lay-up repair)。可以将该层用于顶层上,以便为航空器结构的没有使用另外的金属筛网层的雷击材料提供修补。
尽管上面为说明目的描述了本发明具体实施方式,但是对于本领域技术人员而言,很明显可以对本发明的细节作出许多改变而不脱离如所附权利要求所限定的本发明的范围。
Claims (20)
1.一种制造纳米增强碳纤维的方法,其包括:
用粉末涂料涂覆纳米增强材料从而形成粉末涂覆的纳米增强材料,其中所述粉末涂料是热塑性树脂或粘合剂;和
将经粉末涂覆的纳米增强材料与至少一种碳纤维相接触。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述至少一种碳纤维与经粉末涂覆的纳米增强材料相接触,从而使得所述碳纤维含有约0.1至20重量%的纳米增强材料。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述至少一种碳纤维与经粉末涂覆的纳米增强材料相接触,从而使得所述碳纤维含有约2至8重量%的纳米增强材料。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的方法,其中所述碳纤维由碳、玻璃、芳族聚酰胺或硼构成。
5.如权利要求2-4中任一项所述的方法,其中所述纳米增强材料包括碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、石墨烯薄片、富勒烯、纳米粒子、纳米丝或其组合。
6.如权利要求2-5中任一项所述的方法,其中多根涂覆碳纤维被捆扎起来形成丝束或纱线。
7.如权利要求2-5所述的方法,其中将所述涂覆碳纤维上浆。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,还包括使所述纳米增强材料在丝束中定向的步骤。
9.如前述任一权利要求所述的方法,还包括对所述涂覆碳纤维进行加热或加压或其组合的步骤。
10.包含含有碳纤维的复合材料的航空器和航空器组件,其中所述碳纤维包括0.1至20重量%的纳米增强材料。
11.如权利要求10所述的航空器组件,其中所述组件是用在航空器中的发动机舱或发动机舱组件。
12.如权利要求10或11所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中所述碳纤维包括2至8重量%的纳米增强材料。
13.如权利要求11或12所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中所述纳米增强材料选自碳纳米管、碳纳米纤维、石墨烯薄片、纳米丝、元素纳米粒子、二元化合物纳米粒子和配合物纳米粒子及其组合。
14.如前述任一权利要求所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中将所述纳米增强材料上浆或用金属涂覆或用热塑性树脂涂覆,以有助于分散、施用或多功能性。
15.如前述任一权利要求所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中所述纳米增强材料由碳纳米管构成。
16.如前述任一权利要求所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中所述纤维包括单独或组合的碳纤维、玻璃纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维或聚合物纤维。
17.如前述任一权利要求所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中多根纤维被捆扎起来形成丝束或纱线。
18.如权利要求17所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中将所述纤维上浆。
19.如权利要求17所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中使所述纳米增强材料在所述丝束或纱线中定向。
20.如权利要求17所述的航空器和航空器组件,其中所述纤维丝束包括单独或组合的一种或多种碳纤维、玻璃纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维和聚合物纤维。
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- 2007-05-01 EP EP07761682.9A patent/EP2013408B2/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2013408B2 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
US7832983B2 (en) | 2010-11-16 |
US20090176112A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 |
EP2013408A2 (en) | 2009-01-14 |
JP2009535530A (ja) | 2009-10-01 |
WO2007130979A2 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
EP2013408B1 (en) | 2013-03-06 |
CN101565893B (zh) | 2015-05-20 |
WO2007130979A3 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
EP2660385A1 (en) | 2013-11-06 |
US20110001086A1 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
CN101484628A (zh) | 2009-07-15 |
EP2022886B1 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
EP2022886A1 (en) | 2009-02-11 |
EP2660385B1 (en) | 2018-07-04 |
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