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  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
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  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
  • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
  • C12N15/1065—Preparation or screening of tagged libraries, e.g. tagged microorganisms by STM-mutagenesis, tagged polynucleotides, gene tags
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  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
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  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
  • C12Q1/6874—Methods for sequencing involving nucleic acid arrays, e.g. sequencing by hybridisation
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  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
  • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
  • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
  • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
  • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
  • B01L2300/0861—Configuration of multiple channels and/or chambers in a single devices
  • B01L2300/0877—Flow chambers
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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  • B01L2300/16—Surface properties and coatings
  • B01L2300/161—Control and use of surface tension forces, e.g. hydrophobic, hydrophilic
  • B01L2300/163—Biocompatibility
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
  • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
  • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
  • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
  • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
  • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
  • B01L3/505—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes flexible containers not provided for above
  • B01L3/5055—Hinged, e.g. opposable surfaces

Definitions

• Cancer is now said to be a disease of the genome. Many oncologists and cancer researchers hope that advances in genomic analysis tools will provide early detection and a path to treatment. However, these tools are more prominent in research labs having not yet matured to the level of being readily available to the vast majority of oncologists. Improvements are needed.
• the present disclosure provides a method for spatially tagging nucleic acids of a biological specimen.
• the method can include steps of (a) providing a solid support comprising a plurality of different nucleic acid probes that are randomly located on the solid support, wherein the different nucleic acid probes each includes a barcode sequence that is different from the barcode sequence of other randomly located probes on the solid support; (b) performing a nucleic acid detection reaction on the solid support to locate the barcode sequences on the solid support; (c) contacting a biological specimen with the solid support that has the randomly located probes; (d) hybridizing the randomly located probes to target nucleic acids from portions of the biological specimen that are proximal to the randomly located probes; and (e) modifying the randomly located probes that are hybridized to the target nucleic acids, thereby producing modified probes that include the barcode sequences and a target specific modification, thereby spatially tagging the nucleic acids of the biological specimen.
• This disclosure further provides a method for spatially tagging nucleic acids of a biological specimen, the method including steps of (a) attaching different nucleic acid probes to a solid support to produce randomly located probes on the solid support, wherein the different nucleic acid probes each includes a barcode sequence, and wherein each of the randomly located probes includes different barcode sequences from other randomly located probes on the solid support; (b) performing a nucleic acid detection reaction on the solid support to determine the barcode sequences of the randomly located probes on the solid support; (c) contacting a biological specimen with the solid support that has the randomly located probes; (d) hybridizing the randomly located probes to target nucleic acids from portions of the biological specimen that are proximal to the randomly located probes; and (e) extending the randomly located probes to produce extended probes that include the barcode sequences and sequences from the target nucleic acids, thereby spatially tagging the nucleic acids of the biological specimen.
• a method for spatially tagging nucleic acids of a biological specimen includes the steps of (a) providing a plurality of nucleic acid primers attached to a solid support, wherein the nucleic acid primers in the plurality include a universal primer sequence that is common to the nucleic acid primers in the plurality; (b) binding a population of nucleic acid probes to the plurality of nucleic acid primers, wherein the nucleic acid probes include a universal primer binding sequence that hybridizes to the universal primer sequence, a target capture sequence and a barcode sequence that differs from barcode sequences of other nucleic acid probes in the population, thereby attaching the different nucleic acid probes at randomly located positions on the solid support; (c) amplifying the different nucleic acid probes by extension of the nucleic acid primers, thereby producing nucleic acid clusters having copies of the barcode sequence and target capture sequence at the randomly located positions on the solid support; (d) performing a sequencing reaction to determine the barcode
• This disclosure further provides a method for spatially tagging nucleic acids of a biological specimen, the method including steps of (a) providing an array of beads on a solid support, wherein different nucleic acid probes are attached to different beads in the array, wherein the different nucleic acid probes each include a barcode sequence, wherein each bead includes a different barcode sequence from other beads on the solid support, and wherein each of the different nucleic acid probes includes a target capture sequence; (b) performing a decoder probe hybridization reaction on the solid support to determine the barcode sequences at the randomly located probes on the solid support; (c) contacting a biological specimen with the array of beads; (d) hybridizing the different nucleic acid probes to target nucleic acids from portions of the biological specimen that are proximal to the beads; and (e) extending the different nucleic acid probes to produce extended probes that include sequences from the target nucleic acids and the barcode sequences, thereby tagging the nucleic acids of the biological
• Fig. 1 shows a diagrammatic representation of steps and reagents that can be used to generate barcoded oligo dT probes on an lllumina flow cell, create extended barcoded probes having mRNA sequences and releasing the extended probes from the flow cell.
• Fig. 2 shows data indicating the availability of oligo dT capture sequences on probes after bridge amplification of the probes and restriction enzyme digest with BspH1 to remove one of the primer binding sites used for bridge amplification.
• Fig. 3 shows sequencing metrics of the flow cell described in Example 1 and shown in Fig. 2.
• Fig. 4 the number of unique barcodes determined in 21 tiles of the flow cell described in Example 1 and shown in Fig. 2.
• Fig. 5 shows an image of cells captured on a patterned flow cell (Panel A) and cell count data (Panel B).
• Fig. 6 shows cells that remain adhered to a flow cell in different conditions.
• Fig. 7 shows a diagrammatic representation of steps and reagents used to create probes attached to a gel (Panel A), a diagrammatic representation of steps and reagents used to capture target nucleic acids using the gel-attached probes and fluorescently label the probes (Panel B), and an image created by the fluorescently labeled target nucleic acids following capture by the probes and removal of the tissue from the gel.
• Fig. 8 shows a diagrammatic representation of steps and reagents used to capture target nucleic acids using BeadArrayTM -attached probes and fluorescently label the probes (Panel A), and an image created by the fluorescently labeled target nucleic acids following capture by the probes and removal of the tissue from the BeadArrayTM.
• the present disclosure provides compositions, apparatus and methods for preserving spatial information when performing multiplex nucleic acid analyses of biological specimens.
• a variety of tools are available for multiplex nucleic acid analyses including, for example, nucleic acid microarrays and so-called "next generation” sequencing platforms.
• Such tools allow for parallel detection of very large and complex collections of nucleic acids, including for example, DNA collections that represent all or nearly all of the genetic material of an organism (i.e. the 'genome'), RNA (or cDNA) collections that represent all or nearly all of the complement of expressed genes (i.e. the 'transcriptome') for an organism, and in some cases the collections can include several genomes and/or transcriptomes from several different organisms (e.g.
• a metabolome or biome from a community or ecosystem provide a vast amount of information about what nucleic acid sequences are present in a biological specimen being evaluated, they do not inherently distinguish where any particular nucleic acid resided in the biological specimen. Indeed the vast majority of samples applied to multiplex nucleic acid analysis tools are homogenates derived from mixtures of many different cells from a biological specimen. As a result, spatial information is lost and the results obtained from these tools constitute an average transcriptome or average genome for the specimen, important differences between individual cells being lost.
• the present disclosure provides new and useful modifications to existing multiplex nucleic acid analysis tools to allow for the preservation of spatial information for biological specimens from which the nucleic acids are obtained.
• solid supports that are usually used for multiplex sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) techniques can be modified for use in capturing and spatially tagging nucleic acids from a biological specimen.
• arrays of beads such as those used for genotyping or gene expression analysis, can be used for capturing and spatially tagging nucleic acids from a biological specimen.
• the solid supports used for an SBS or BeadArrayTM platform commercialized by lllumina (San Diego, CA) can be modified for spatial tagging.
• any of a variety of solid supports can be made and used in accordance with the teaching herein.
• the spatially tagged nucleic acids can be removed from the solid support, pooled together and attached to a second solid support for detection in any of a variety of multiplex nucleic acid analysis systems including, for example, a sequencing platform or microarray platform set forth herein.
• the spatial information provided by a method, composition or apparatus herein can include, for example, the location of one or more cells in a tissue (or other specimen) that has a particular allele at one or more locus (e.g. a genotype), has a particular structural variation in the genome (e.g. fusion, insertion, deletion, rearrangement etc.), has a particular epigenetic signature (e.g. methylation), expresses a particular gene, expresses a particular allele of a gene, expresses a particular splice variant of a gene or the like.
• a method, composition or apparatus of the present disclosure can be used to quantify one or more nucleic acids according to spatial location.
• the spatial information for one or more cells in a tissue can include the amount of a particular allele or chromosomal region in a genome (e.g. ploidy); the amount of epigenetic modification of a genetic locus (e.g. methylation); expression level for a particular gene, allele or splice variant; or the like.
• the amounts can be absolute amounts or relative amounts in accordance with similar measurements obtained in the art for mixed or non-spatially tagged samples.
• a method set forth herein can be used for localized detection of a nucleic acid in a biological specimen.
• a method can be used for identifying or characterizing all of the transcriptome or genome of a biological specimen.
• a method can be used to identify or characterize only a part of a specimen's transcriptome or genome.
• a subset of transcripts or genes evaluated in a method herein can be related to a particular disease or condition.
• a method set forth herein can be used for localized or spatial detection of nucleic acids, whether DNA or RNA, in a biological specimen.
• one or more RNA or DNA molecules can be located with respect to its native position or location within a cell or tissue or other biological specimen.
• one or more nucleic acids can be localized to a cell or group of adjacent cells, or type of cell, or to particular regions of areas within a tissue sample.
• the native location or position of individual RNA or DNA molecules can be determined using a method, apparatus or composition of the present disclosure.
• amplicon when used in reference to a nucleic acid, means the product of copying the nucleic acid, wherein the product has a nucleotide sequence that is the same as or complementary to at least a portion of the nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid.
• An amplicon can be produced by any of a variety of amplification methods that use the nucleic acid, or an amplicon thereof, as a template including, for example, polymerase extension, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rolling circle amplification (RCA), multiple displacement amplification (MDA), ligation extension, or ligation chain reaction.
• An amplicon can be a nucleic acid molecule having a single copy of a particular nucleotide sequence (e.g. a PCR product) or multiple copies of the nucleotide sequence (e.g. a concatameric product of RCA).
• a first amplicon of a target nucleic acid is typically a complementary copy.
• Subsequent amplicons are copies that are created, after generation of the first amplicon, from the target nucleic acid or from the first amplicon.
• a subsequent amplicon can have a sequence that is substantially complementary to the target nucleic acid or substantially identical to the target nucleic acid.
• the term "array” refers to a population of features or sites that can be differentiated from each other according to relative location. Different molecules that are at different sites of an array can be differentiated from each other according to the locations of the sites in the array.
• An individual site of an array can include one or more molecules of a particular type. For example, a site can include a single target nucleic acid molecule having a particular sequence or a site can include several nucleic acid molecules having the same sequence (and/or complementary sequence, thereof).
• the sites of an array can be different features located on the same substrate. Exemplary features include without limitation, wells in a substrate, beads (or other particles) in or on a substrate, projections from a substrate, ridges on a substrate or channels in a substrate.
• the sites of an array can be separate substrates each bearing a different molecule. Different molecules attached to separate substrates can be identified according to the locations of the substrates on a surface to which the substrates are associated or according to the locations of the substrates in a liquid or gel. Exemplary arrays in which separate substrates are located on a surface include, without limitation, those having beads in wells.
• an analyte such as a nucleic acid
• a material such as a gel or solid support
• a covalent bond is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.
• a non-covalent bond is a chemical bond that does not involve the sharing of pairs of electrons and can include, for example, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrophilic interactions and hydrophobic interactions.
• barcode sequence is intended to mean a series of nucleotides in a nucleic acid that can be used to identify the nucleic acid, a characteristic of the nucleic acid, or a manipulation that has been carried out on the nucleic acid.
• the barcode sequence can be a naturally occurring sequence or a sequence that does not occur naturally in the organism from which the barcoded nucleic acid was obtained.
• a barcode sequence can be unique to a single nucleic acid species in a population or a barcode sequence can be shared by several different nucleic acid species in a population. For example, each nucleic acid probe in a population can include different barcode sequences from all other nucleic acid probes in the population.
• each nucleic acid probe in a population can include different barcode sequences from some or most other nucleic acid probes in a population.
• each probe in a population can have a barcode that is present for several different probes in the population even though the probes with the common barcode differ from each other at other sequence regions along their length.
• one or more barcode sequences that are used with a biological specimen are not present in the genome, transcriptome or other nucleic acids of the biological specimen.
• barcode sequences can have less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50% or 40% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequences in a particular biological specimen.
• biological specimen is intended to mean one or more cell, tissue, organism or portion thereof.
• a biological specimen can be obtained from any of a variety of organisms. Exemplary organisms include, but are not limited to, a mammal such as a rodent, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, ungulate, horse, sheep, pig, goat, cow, cat, dog, primate (i.e.
• a plant such as Arabidopsis thaliana, corn, sorghum, oat, wheat, rice, canola, or soybean; an algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; a nematode such as Caenorhabditis elegans; an insect such as Drosophila melanogaster, mosquito, fruit fly, honey bee or spider; a fish such as zebrafish; a reptile; an amphibian such as a frog or Xenopus laevis; a Dictyostelium discoideum; a fungi such as Pneumocystis carinii, Takifugu rubripes, yeast, Saccharamoyces cerevisiae or
• Target nucleic acids can also be derived from a prokaryote such as a bacterium, Escherichia coli,
• Staphylococci or Mycoplasma pneumoniae an archae; a virus such as Hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus; or a viroid.
• Specimens can be derived from a homogeneous culture or population of the above organisms or alternatively from a collection of several different organisms, for example, in a community or
• cleavage site is intended to mean a location in a nucleic acid molecule that is susceptible to bond breakage.
• the location can be specific to a particular chemical, enzymatic or physical process that results in bond breakage.
• the location can be a nucleotide that is abasic or a nucleotide that has a base that is susceptible to being removed to create an abasic site. Examples of nucleotides that are susceptible to being removed include uracil and 8-oxo-guanine as set forth in further detail herein below.
• the location can also be at or near a recognition sequence for a restriction endonuclease such as a nicking enzyme.
• the term "cluster,” when used in reference to nucleic acids, refers to a population of the nucleic acids that is attached to a solid support to form a feature or site.
• the nucleic acids are generally members of a single species, thereby forming a monoclonal cluster.
• a "monoclonal population" of nucleic acids is a population that is homogeneous with respect to a particular nucleotide sequence. Clusters need not be monoclonal. Rather, for some applications, a cluster can be predominantly populated with amplicons from a first nucleic acid and can also have a low level of contaminating amplicons from a second nucleic acid.
• an acceptable level of contamination would be a level that does not impact signal to noise or resolution of the detection technique in an unacceptable way. Accordingly, apparent clonality will generally be relevant to a particular use or application of an array made by the methods set forth herein.
• Exemplary levels of contamination that can be acceptable at an individual cluster include, but are not limited to, at most 0.1 %, 0.5%, 1 %, 5%, 10%, 5 25%, or 35% contaminating amplicons.
• the nucleic acids in a cluster are generally covalently attached to a solid support, for example, via their 5' ends, but in some cases other attachment means are possible.
• the nucleic acids in a cluster can be single stranded or double stranded.
• clusters are made by a solid-phase amplification method known as bridge amplification.
• Exemplary configurations for clusters and methods for their production are set forth, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641 ,658; U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2002/0055100; U.S. Pat. No. 7,1 15,400; U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2004/0096853; U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2004/0002090; U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2007/0128624; and U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2008/0009420, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the term "different”, when used in reference to nucleic acids, means that the nucleic acids have nucleotide sequences that are not the same as each other. Two or more nucleic acids can have nucleotide sequences that are different along their entire length. Alternatively, two or more nucleic acids can have nucleotide sequences that are different along a substantial portion of their length. For example, two or more nucleic acids can have target nucleotide sequence portions that are different for the two or more molecules while also having a universal sequence portion that is the same on the two or more molecules. Two beads can be different from each other by virtue of being attached to different nucleic acids. As used herein, the term "each,” when used in reference to a collection of items, is intended to identify an individual item in the collection but does not necessarily refer to every item in the collection. Exceptions can occur if explicit disclosure or context clearly dictates otherwise.
• the term "extend,” when used in reference to a nucleic acid, is intended to mean addition of at least one nucleotide or oligonucleotide to the nucleic acid.
• one or more nucleotides can be added to the 3' end of a nucleic acid, for example, via polymerase catalysis (e.g. DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase). Chemical or enzymatic methods can be used to add one or more nucleotide to the 3' or 5' end of a nucleic acid.
• One or more oligonucleotides can be added to the 3' or 5' end of a nucleic acid, for example, via chemical or enzymatic (e.g. ligase catalysis) methods.
• a nucleic acid can be extended in a template directed manner, whereby the product of extension is complementary to a template nucleic acid that is hybridized to the nucleic acid that is extended.
• feature means a location in an array for a particular species of molecule.
• a feature can contain only a single molecule or it can contain a population of several molecules of the same species.
• Features of an array are typically discrete. The discrete features can be contiguous or they can have spaces between each other. The size of the features and/or spacing between the features can vary such that arrays can be high density, medium density or lower density. High density arrays are characterized as having sites separated by less than about 15 ⁇ . Medium density arrays have sites separated by about 15 to 30 ⁇ , while low density arrays have sites separated by greater than 30 ⁇ .
• An array useful herein can have, for example, sites that are separated by less than 100 ⁇ , 50 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , or 0.5 ⁇ .
• An apparatus or method of the present disclosure can be used to detect an array at a resolution sufficient to distinguish sites at the above densities or density ranges.
• the term "fluidic mixture” is intended to mean two or more different items that are simultaneously present in a solution. Typically, the two or more items are freely diffusible in the solution.
• the two or more items can be different types of items (e.g. a nucleic acid and a protein which are different types of molecules) or they can be different species of the same type of items (e.g. two nucleic acid molecules having different sequences).
• Exemplary items that can be in a fluidic mixture include, but are not limited to, molecules, cells or beads.
• the term "flow cell” is intended to mean a vessel having a chamber where a reaction can be carried out, an inlet for delivering reagents to the chamber and an outlet for removing reagents from the chamber.
• the chamber is configured for detection of the reaction that occurs in the chamber.
• the chamber can include one or more transparent surfaces allowing optical detection of biological specimens, optically labeled molecules, or the like in the chamber.
• Exemplary flow cells include, but are not limited to those used in a nucleic acid sequencing apparatus such as flow cells for the Genome Analyzer®, MiSeq®, NextSeq® or HiSeq® platforms commercialized by lllumina, Inc.
• gel is intended to mean a semi-rigid material that is permeable to liquids and gases. Typically, gel material can swell when liquid is taken up and can contract when liquid is removed by drying.
• Exemplary gels include, but are not limited to those having a colloidal structure, such as agarose; polymer mesh structure, such as gelatin; or cross-linked polymer structure, such as polyacrylamide, SFA (see, for example, US Pat. App. Pub. No. 201 1/0059865 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference) or PAZAM (see, for example, US Pat. App. Publ. No. 2014/0079923 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference).
• Particularly useful gel material will conform to the shape of a well or other concave feature where it resides.
• nucleic acid and “nucleotide” are intended to be consistent with their use in the art and to include naturally occurring species or functional analogs thereof. Particularly useful functional analogs of nucleic acids are capable of hybridizing to a nucleic acid in a sequence specific fashion or capable of being used as a template for replication of a particular nucleotide sequence.
• Naturally occurring nucleic acids generally have a backbone containing
• Naturally occurring nucleic acids generally have a deoxyribose sugar (e.g. found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)) or a ribose sugar (e.g. found in ribonucleic acid (RNA)).
• a nucleic acid can contain nucleotides having any of a variety of analogs of these sugar moieties that are known in the art.
• a nucleic acid can include native or non-native nucleotides.
• a native deoxyribonucleic acid can have one or more bases selected from the group consisting of adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine and a ribonucleic acid can have one or more bases selected from the group consisting of uracil, adenine, cytosine or guanine.
• Useful non-native bases that can be included in a nucleic acid or nucleotide are known in the art.
• probe or “target,” when used in reference to a nucleic acid or sequence of a nucleic acid, are intended as semantic identifiers for the nucleic acid or sequence in the context of a method or composition set forth herein and does not necessarily limit the structure or function of the nucleic acid or sequence beyond what is otherwise explicitly indicated.
• probe and target can be similarly applied to other analytes such as proteins, small molecules, cells or the like.
• the term "pitch,” when used in reference to features of an array, is intended to refer to the center-to-center spacing for adjacent features.
• a pattern of features can be characterized in terms of average pitch. The pattern can be ordered such that the coefficient of variation around the average pitch is small or the pattern can be random in which case the coefficient of variation can be relatively large.
• the average pitch can be, for example, at least about 10 nm, 0.1 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 100 ⁇ or more. Alternatively or additionally, the average pitch can be, for example, at most about 100 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ or less.
• the average pitch for a particular pattern of features can be between one of the lower values and one of the upper values selected from the ranges above.
• poly T or poly A when used in reference to a nucleic acid sequence, is intended to mean a series of two or more thiamine (T) or adenine (A) bases, respectively.
• a poly T or poly A can include at least about 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20 or more of the T or A bases, respectively.
• a poly T or poly A can include at most about, 30, 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, 8, 5 or 2 of the T or A bases, respectively.
• the term "random" can be used to refer to the spatial arrangement or composition of locations on a surface.
• the first relating to the spacing and relative location of features (also called “sites") and the second relating to identity or predetermined knowledge of the particular species of molecule that is present at a particular feature.
• features of an array can be randomly spaced such that nearest neighbor features have variable spacing between each other.
• the spacing between features can be ordered, for example, forming a regular pattern such as a rectilinear grid or hexagonal grid.
• features of an array can be random with respect to the identity or predetermined knowledge of the species of analyte (e.g.
• nucleic acid of a particular sequence that occupies each feature independent of whether spacing produces a random pattern or ordered pattern.
• An array set forth herein can be ordered in one respect and random in another.
• a surface is contacted with a population of nucleic acids under conditions where the nucleic acids attach at sites that are ordered with respect to their relative locations but 'randomly located' with respect to knowledge of the sequence for the nucleic acid species present at any particular site.
• Reference to "randomly distributing" nucleic acids at locations on a surface is intended to refer to the absence of knowledge or absence of predetermination regarding which nucleic acid will be captured at which location (regardless of whether the locations are arranged in an ordered pattern or not).
• solid support refers to a rigid substrate that is insoluble in aqueous liquid.
• the substrate can be non-porous or porous.
• the substrate can optionally be capable of taking up a liquid (e.g. due to porosity) but will typically be sufficiently rigid that the substrate does not swell substantially when taking up the liquid and does not contract substantially when the liquid is removed by drying.
• a nonporous solid support is generally impermeable to liquids or gases.
• Exemplary solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, TeflonTM, cyclic olefins, polyimides etc.), nylon, ceramics, resins, Zeonor, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, optical fiber bundles, and polymers. Particularly useful solid supports for some embodiments are located within a flow cell apparatus. Exemplary flow cells are set forth in further detail herein.
• the term "spatial tag" is intended to mean a nucleic acid having a sequence that is indicative of a location.
• the nucleic acid is a synthetic molecule having a sequence that is not found in one or more biological specimen that will be used with the nucleic acid.
• the nucleic acid molecule can be naturally derived or the sequence of the nucleic acid can be naturally occurring, for example, in a biological specimen that is used with the nucleic acid.
• the location indicated by a spatial tag can be a location in or on a biological specimen, in or on a solid support or a combination thereof.
• a barcode sequence can function as a spatial tag.
• tissue is intended to mean an aggregation of cells, and, optionally, intercellular matter. Typically the cells in a tissue are not free floating in solution and instead are attached to each other to form a multicellular structure. Exemplary tissue types include muscle, nerve, epidermal and connective tissues.
• the term "universal sequence” refers to a series of nucleotides that is common to two or more nucleic acid molecules even if the molecules also have regions of sequence that differ from each other.
• a universal sequence that is present in different members of a collection of molecules can allow capture of multiple different nucleic acids using a population of universal capture nucleic acids that are complementary to the universal sequence.
• a universal sequence present in different members of a collection of molecules can allow the replication or amplification of multiple different nucleic acids using a population of universal primers that are complementary to the universal sequence.
• a universal capture nucleic acid or a universal primer includes a sequence that can hybridize specifically to a universal sequence.
• Target nucleic acid molecules may be modified to attach universal adapters, for example, at one or both ends of the different target sequences.
• the present disclosure provides a method for spatially tagging nucleic acids of a biological specimen.
• the method can include the steps of (a) attaching different nucleic acid probes to a solid support to produce randomly located probes on the solid support, wherein the different nucleic acid probes each includes a barcode sequence, and wherein each of the randomly located probes includes different barcode sequences from other randomly located probes on the solid support; (b) performing a nucleic acid detection reaction on the solid support to determine the barcode sequences of the randomly located probes on the solid support; (c) contacting a biological specimen with the solid support that has the randomly located probes; (d) hybridizing the randomly located probes to target nucleic acids from portions of the biological specimen that are proximal to the randomly located probes; and (e) extending the randomly located probes to produce extended probes that include the barcode sequences and sequences from the target nucleic acids, thereby spatially tagging the nucleic acids of the biological specimen.
• solid supports can be used in a method, composition or apparatus of the present disclosure.
• Particularly useful solid supports are those used for nucleic acid arrays. Examples include glass, modified glass, functionalized glass, inorganic glasses, microspheres (e.g. inert and/or magnetic particles), plastics, polysaccharides, nylon, nitrocellulose, ceramics, resins, silica, silica-based materials, carbon, metals, an optical fiber or optical fiber bundles, polymers and multiwell (e.g. microtiter) plates.
• Exemplary plastics include acrylics, polystyrene, copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes and TeflonTM.
• Exemplary silica-based materials include silicon and various forms of modified silicon.
• a solid support can be within or part of a vessel such as a well, tube, channel, cuvette, Petri plate, bottle or the like.
• a particularly useful vessel is a flow-cell, for example, as described in WO 2014/142841 A1 ; U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2010/01 1 1768 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,951 ,781 or Bentley et al., Nature 456:53-59 (2008), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Exemplary flow-cells are those that are commercially available from lllumina, Inc. (San Diego, CA) for use with a sequencing platform such as a Genome Analyzer®, MiSeq®, NextSeq® or HiSeq® platform.
• a sequencing platform such as a Genome Analyzer®, MiSeq®, NextSeq® or HiSeq® platform.
• Another particularly useful vessel is a well in a multiwell plate or microtiter plate.
• a solid support can include a gel coating. Attachment of nucleic acids to a solid support via a gel is exemplified by flow cells available commercially from lllumina Inc. (San Diego, CA) or described in US Pat. App. Pub. Nos.
• Exemplary gels that can be used in the methods and apparatus set forth herein include, but are not limited to, those having a colloidal structure, such as agarose; polymer mesh structure, such as gelatin; or cross-linked polymer structure, such as
• a solid support can be configured as an array of features to which nucleic acids can be attached.
• the features can be present in any of a variety of desired formats.
• the features can be wells, pits, channels, ridges, raised regions, pegs, posts or the like.
• the features can contain beads. However, in particular embodiments the features need not contain a bead or particle.
• Exemplary features include wells that are present in substrates used for commercial sequencing platforms sold by 454 LifeSciences (a subsidiary of Roche, Basel Switzerland) or Ion Torrent (a subsidiary of Life
• substrates having wells include, for example, etched fiber optics and other substrates described in US Pat Nos.
• wells of a substrate can include gel material (with or without beads) as set forth in US Pat. App. Publ. No. 2014/0243224 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the features on a solid support can be metal features on a non-metallic surface such as glass, plastic or other materials exemplified above.
• a metal layer can be deposited on a surface using methods known in the art such as wet plasma etching, dry plasma etching, atomic layer deposition, ion beam etching, chemical vapor deposition, vacuum sputtering or the like. Any of a variety of commercial instruments can be used as appropriate including, for example, the FlexAL®, OpAL®, lonfab 300plus®, or Optofab 3000® systems (Oxford Instruments, UK).
• a metal layer can also be deposited by e-beam evaporation or sputtering as set forth in Thornton, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci.
• Metal layer deposition techniques such as those exemplified above, can be combined with photolithography techniques to create metal regions or patches on a surface. Exemplary methods for combining metal layer deposition techniques and photolithography techniques are provided in US Pat. No. 8,895,249 or US Pat App. Pub. No. 2014/0243224 A1 , each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Features can appear on a solid support as a grid of spots or patches.
• the features can be located in a repeating pattern or in an irregular, non-repeating pattern.
• Particularly useful repeating patterns are hexagonal patterns, rectilinear patterns, grid patterns, patterns having reflective symmetry, patterns having rotational symmetry, or the like.
• Asymmetric patterns can also be useful.
• the pitch can be the same between different pairs of nearest neighbor features or the pitch can vary between different pairs of nearest neighbor features.
• High density arrays are characterized as having average pitch of less than about 15 ⁇ .
• Medium density arrays have average pitch of about 15 to 30 ⁇ , while low density arrays have average pitch greater than 30 ⁇ .
• An array useful in the invention can have average pitch that is less than 100 ⁇ , 50 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ or 0.5 ⁇ .
• the average pitch values and ranges set forth above or elsewhere herein are intended to be applicable to ordered arrays or random arrays.
• features on a solid support can each have an area that is larger than about 100 nm 2 , 250 nm 2 , 500 nm 2 , 1 ⁇ 2 , 2.5 ⁇ 2 , 5 ⁇ 2 , 10 ⁇ 2 , 100 ⁇ 2 , or 500 ⁇ 2 .
• features can each have an area that is smaller than about 1 mm 2 , 500 ⁇ 2 , 100 ⁇ 2 , 25 ⁇ 2, 10 ⁇ 2 , 5 ⁇ 2 , 1 ⁇ 2 , 500 nm 2 , or 100 nm 2 .
• the above ranges can describe the apparent area of a bead or other particle on a solid support when viewed or imaged from above.
• a solid support can include a collection of beads or other particles.
• the particles can be suspended in a solution or they can be located on the surface of a substrate.
• arrays having beads located on a surface include those wherein beads are located in wells such as a BeadChip array (lllumina Inc., San Diego CA), substrates used in sequencing platforms from 454 LifeSciences (a subsidiary of Roche, Basel Switzerland) or substrates used in sequencing platforms from Ion Torrent (a subsidiary of Life Technologies, Carlsbad California).
• Other solid supports having beads located on a surface are described in US Pat. Nos.
• nucleic acids such as probes or primers can be attached directly to the wells or to gel material in wells.
• probes or primers can be attached directly to the wells or to gel material in wells.
• a solid support used in a method set forth herein can include an array of beads, wherein different nucleic acid probes are attached to different beads in the array.
• each bead can be attached to a different nucleic acid probe and the beads can be randomly distributed on the solid support in order to effectively attach the different nucleic acid probes to the solid support.
• the solid support can include wells having dimensions that
• the beads may be attached to the wells due to forces resulting from the fit of the beads in the wells. It is also possible to use attachment chemistries or adhesives to hold the beads in the wells.
• Nucleic acid probes that are attached to beads can include barcode sequences.
• a population of the beads can be configured such that each bead is attached to only one type of barcode and many different beads each with a different barcode are present in the population.
• randomly distributing the beads to a solid support will result in randomly locating the nucleic acid probes (and their respective barcode sequences) on the solid support.
• there can be multiple beads with the same barcode sequence such that there is redundancy in the population. Randomly distributing a redundant population of beads on a solid support that has a capacity that is greater than the number of unique barcodes in the bead population will result in redundancy of barcodes on the solid support.
• the number of different barcodes in a population of beads can exceed the capacity of the solid support in order to produce an array that is not redundant with respect to the population of barcodes on the solid support.
• the capacity of the solid support will be determined in some embodiments by the number of features (e.g. single-bead occupancy wells) that attach or otherwise accommodate a bead.
• a solid support can include, or can be made by the methods set forth herein to attach, a plurality of different nucleic acid probes.
• a solid support can include at least 10, 100, 1 x 10 3 , 1 x 10 4 , 1 x 10 5 , 1 x 10 6 , 1 x 10 7 , 1 x 10 8 , 1 x 10 9 or more different probes.
• a solid support can include at most 1 x 10 9 , 1 x 10 8 , 1 x 10 7 , 1 x 10 6 , 1 x 10 5 , 1 x 10 4 , 1 x 10 3 , 100, or fewer different probes.
• each of the different probes can be present in several copies, for example, when the probes have been amplified to form a cluster.
• the above ranges can describe the number of different nucleic acid clusters on a solid support. It will also be understood that the above ranges can describe the number of different barcodes, target capture sequences, or other sequence elements set forth herein as being unique to particular nucleic acid probes. Alternatively or additionally, the ranges can describe the number of extended probes or modified probes created on a solid support using a method set forth herein.
• nucleic acid probes may be present on a solid support prior to contacting the solid support with nucleic acid probes.
• the primers can be attached at the features, whereas interstitial areas outside of the features substantially lack any of the primers.
• Nucleic acid probes can be captured at preformed features on a solid support, and optionally amplified on the solid support, using methods set forth in US Pat. No. 8,895,249, US Pat. No. 8,778,849, or US Pat App. Pub. No.
• a solid support may have a lawn of primers or may otherwise lack features.
• a feature can be formed by virtue of attachment of a nucleic acid probe on the solid support.
• the captured nucleic acid probe can be amplified on the solid support such that the resulting cluster becomes a feature.
• capture moieties other than primers can be present at pre-formed features or as a lawn.
• Other exemplary capture moieties include, but are not limited to, chemical moieties capable of reacting with a nucleic acid probe to create a covalent bond or receptors capable of biding non-covalently to a ligand on a nucleic acid probe.
• a step of attaching nucleic acid probes to a solid support can be carried out by providing a fluid that contains a mixture of different nucleic acid probes and contacting this fluidic mixture with the solid support.
• the contact can result in the fluidic mixture being in contact with a surface to which many different nucleic acid probes from the fluidic mixture will attach.
• the probes have random access to the surface (whether the surface has pre-formed features configured to attach the probes or a uniform surface configured for attachment). Accordingly, the probes can be randomly located on the solid support.
• the total number and variety of different probes that end up attached to a surface can be selected for a particular application or use. For example, in embodiments where a fluidic mixture of different nucleic acid probes is contacted with a solid support for purposes of attaching the probes to the support, the number of different probe species can exceed the occupancy of the solid support for probes. Thus, the number and variety of different probes that attach to the solid support can be equivalent to the probe occupancy of the solid support.
• the number and variety of different probe species on the solid support can be less than the occupancy (i.e. there will be redundancy of probe species such that the solid support may contain multiple features having the same probe species). Such redundancy can be achieved, for example, by contacting the solid support with a fluidic mixture that contains a number and variety of probe species that is substantially lower than the probe occupancy of the solid support.
• Attachment of the nucleic acid probes can be mediated by hybridization of the nucleic acid probes to complementary primers that are attached to the solid support, chemical bond formation between a reactive moiety on the nucleic acid probe and the solid support (examples are set forth in US Pat. No. 8,895,249, US Pat. No. 8,778,849, or US Pat App. Pub. No. 2014/0243224 A1 , each of which is incorporated herein by reference), affinity interactions of a moiety on the nucleic acid probe with a solid support-bound moiety (e.g.
• nucleic acid probes e.g. hydrogen bonding, ionic forces, van der Waals forces and the like, or other interactions known in the art to attach nucleic acids to surfaces.
• attachment of a nucleic acid probe is non-specific with regard to any sequence differences between the nucleic acid probe and other nucleic acid probes that are or will be attached to the solid support.
• different probes can have a universal sequence that complements surface-attached primers or the different probes can have a common moiety that mediates attachment to the surface.
• each of the different probes (or a subpopulation of different probes) can have a unique sequence that complements a unique primer on the solid support or they can have a unique moiety that interacts with one or more different reactive moiety on the solid support.
• the unique primers or unique moieties can, optionally, be attached at predefined locations in order to selectively capture particular probes, or particular types of probes, at the respective predefined locations.
• One or more features on a solid support can each include a single molecule of a particular probe.
• the features can be configured, in some embodiments, to accommodate no more than a single nucleic acid probe molecule. However, whether or not the feature can accommodate more than one nucleic acid probe molecule, the feature may nonetheless include no more than a single nucleic acid probe molecule.
• an individual feature can include a plurality of nucleic acid probe molecules, for example, an ensemble of nucleic acid probe molecules having the same sequence as each other.
• the ensemble can be produced by amplification from a single nucleic acid probe template to produce amplicons, for example, as a cluster attached to the surface.
• a method set forth herein can use any of a variety of amplification techniques.
• Exemplary techniques that can be used include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rolling circle amplification (RCA), multiple displacement amplification (MDA), or random prime amplification (RPA).
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• RCA rolling circle amplification
• MDA multiple displacement amplification
• RPA random prime amplification
• the amplification can be carried out in solution, for example, when features of an array are capable of containing amplicons in a volume having a desired capacity.
• an amplification technique used in a method of the present disclosure will be carried out on solid phase.
• one or more primer species e.g. universal primers for one or more universal primer binding site present in a nucleic acid probe
• one or both of the primers used for amplification can be attached to a solid support (e.g. via a gel).
• a solid support e.g. via a gel
• Formats that utilize two species of primers attached to a solid support are often referred to as bridge amplification because double stranded amplicons form a bridge-like structure between the two surface attached primers that flank the template sequence that has been copied.
• Exemplary reagents and conditions that can be used for bridge amplification are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,641 ,658, 7,1 15,400, or 8,895,249; or U.S. Pat. Publ. Nos.
• Solid-phase PCR amplification can also be carried out with one of the amplification primers attached to a solid support and the second primer in solution.
• An exemplary format that uses a combination of a surface attached primer and soluble primer is the format used in emulsion PCR as described, for example, in Dressman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:8817-8822 (2003), WO 05/010145, or U.S. Pat. App. Publ. Nos.
• Emulsion PCR is illustrative of the format and it will be understood that for purposes of the methods set forth herein the use of an emulsion is optional and indeed for several embodiments an emulsion is not used.
• RCA techniques can be modified for use in a method of the present disclosure.
• Exemplary components that can be used in an RCA reaction and principles by which RCA produces amplicons are described, for example, in Lizardi et al., Nat. Genet. 19:225-232 (1998) and US Pat. App. Publ. No. 2007/0099208 A1 , each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Primers used for RCA can be in solution or attached to a solid support.
• the primers can be one or more of the universal primers described herein.
• MDA techniques can be modified for use in a method of the present disclosure. Some basic principles and useful conditions for MDA are described, for example, in Dean et al., Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:5261 -66 (2002); Lü et al., Genome Research 13:294-307 (2003); Walker et al., Molecular Methods for Virus Detection, Academic Press, Inc., 1995; Walker et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 20:1691 -96 (1992); US 5,455,166; US 5,130,238; and US 6,214,587, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Primers used for MDA can be in solution or attached to a solid support at an amplification site. Again, the primers can be one or more of the universal primers described herein.
• a combination of the above-exemplified amplification techniques can be used.
• RCA and MDA can be used in a combination wherein RCA is used to generate a concatameric amplicon in solution (e.g. using solution-phase primers).
• the amplicon can then be used as a template for MDA using primers that are attached to a solid support (e.g. universal primers).
• primers e.g. universal primers
• Nucleic acid probes that are used in a method set forth herein or present in an apparatus or composition of the present disclosure can include barcode sequences, and for embodiments that include a plurality of different nucleic acid probes, each of the probes can include a different barcode sequence from other probes in the plurality. Barcode sequences can be any of a variety of lengths.
• a barcode sequence can be at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20 or more nucleotides in length. Alternatively or additionally, the length of the barcode sequence can be at most 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 or fewer nucleotides. Examples of barcode sequences that can be used are set forth, for example in, US Pat. App. Publ. No. 2014/0342921 A1 and US Pat. No. 8,460,865, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• a method of the present disclosure can include a step of performing a nucleic acid detection reaction on a solid support to determine barcode sequences of nucleic acid probes that are located on the solid support.
• the probes are randomly located on the solid support and the nucleic acid detection reaction provides information to locate each of the different probes.
• nucleic acid detection methods include, but are not limited to nucleic acid sequencing of a probe, hybridization of nucleic acids to a probe, ligation of nucleic acids that are hybridized to a probe, extension of nucleic acids that are hybridized to a probe, extension of a first nucleic acid that is hybridized to a probe followed by ligation of the extended nucleic acid to a second nucleic acid that is hybridized to the probe, or other methods known in the art such as those set forth in US Pat. No. 8,288,103 or 8,486,625, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Sequencing techniques such as sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) techniques, are a particularly useful method for determining barcode sequences.
• SBS can be carried out as follows. To initiate a first SBS cycle, one or more labeled nucleotides, DNA polymerase, SBS primers etc., can be contacted with one or more features on a solid support (e.g. feature(s) where nucleic acid probes are attached to the solid support). Those features where SBS primer extension causes a labeled nucleotide to be incorporated can be detected.
• the nucleotides can include a reversible termination moiety that terminates further primer extension once a nucleotide has been added to the SBS primer.
• a nucleotide analog having a reversible terminator moiety can be added to a primer such that subsequent extension cannot occur until a deblocking agent is delivered to remove the moiety.
• a deblocking reagent can be delivered to the solid support (before or after detection occurs). Washes can be carried out between the various delivery steps. The cycle can then be repeated n times to extend the primer by n nucleotides, thereby detecting a sequence of length n.
• Exemplary SBS procedures, fluidic systems and detection platforms that can be readily adapted for use with a composition, apparatus or method of the present disclosure are described, for example, in Bentley et al., Nature 456:53-59 (2008), PCT Publ.
• Pyrosequencing detects the release of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) as particular nucleotides are incorporated into a nascent nucleic acid strand (Ronaghi, et al., Analytical Biochemistry 242(1 ), 84-9 (1996); Ronaghi, Genome Res. 1 1 (1 ), 3-1 1 (2001 ); Ronaghi et al. Science 281 (5375), 363 (1998); or US Pat. Nos. 6,210,891 , 6,258,568 or 6,274,320, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).
• PPi inorganic pyrophosphate
• released PPi can be detected by being immediately converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by ATP sulfurylase, and the level of ATP generated can be detected via luciferase-produced photons.
• ATP adenosine triphosphate
• the sequencing reaction can be monitored via a luminescence detection system.
• Excitation radiation sources used for fluorescence based detection systems are not necessary for pyrosequencing procedures.
• Useful fluidic systems, detectors and procedures that can be used for application of pyrosequencing to apparatus, compositions or methods of the present disclosure are described, for example, in PCT Pat. App. Publ. No. WO2012/058096, US Pat. App. Publ. No. 2005/0191698 A1 , or US Pat. Nos. 7,595,883 or 7,244,559, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Sequencing-by-ligation reactions are also useful including, for example, those described in Shendure et al. Science 309:1728-1732 (2005); or US Pat. Nos. 5,599,675 or 5,750,341 , each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Some embodiments can include sequencing-by-hybridization procedures as described, for example, in Bains et al., Journal of Theoretical Biology 135(3), 303-7 (1988);
• compositions, apparatus or methods set forth herein or in references cited herein can be readily adapted for sequencing-by- ligation or sequencing-by-hybridization procedures.
• the oligonucleotides are fluorescently labeled and can be detected using fluorescence detectors similar to those described with regard to SBS procedures herein or in references cited herein.
• Some sequencing embodiments can utilize methods involving the real-time monitoring of DNA polymerase activity. For example, nucleotide incorporations can be detected through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) interactions between a fluorophore-bearing polymerase and ⁇ -phosphate-labeled nucleotides, or with zeromode waveguides (ZMWs).
• FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
• ZMWs zeromode waveguides
• sequencing embodiments include detection of a proton released upon incorporation of a nucleotide into an extension product.
• sequencing based on detection of released protons can use an electrical detector and associated techniques that are commercially available from Ion Torrent (Guilford,
• Nucleic acid hybridization techniques are also useful method for determining barcode sequences.
• combinatorial hybridization methods can be used such as those used for decoding of multiplex bead arrays (see e.g. US Pat. No. 8,460,865, which is incorporated herein by reference).
• Such methods utilize labelled nucleic acid decoder probes that are complementary to at least a portion of a barcode sequence.
• a hybridization reaction can be carried out using decoder probes having known labels such that the location where the labels end up on the solid support identifies the nucleic acid probes according to rules of nucleic acid complementarity. In some cases, pools of many different probes with
• decoding can be carried out in several stages where each stage constitutes hybridization with a different pool of decoder probes. The same decoder probes can be present in different pools but the label that is present on each decoder probe can differ from pool to pool (i.e. each decoder probe is in a different "state" when in different pools).
• decoder probes can be present in different pools but the label that is present on each decoder probe can differ from pool to pool (i.e. each decoder probe is in a different "state” when in different pools).
• Various combinations of these states and stages can be used to expand the number of barcodes that can be decoded well beyond the number of distinct labels available for decoding.
• combinatorial methods are set forth in further detail in US Pat. No. 8,460,865 or Gunderson et al., Genome Research 14:870-877 (2004), each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• a method of the present disclosure can include a step of contacting a biological specimen with a solid support that has nucleic acid probes attached thereto.
• the nucleic acid probes are randomly located on the solid support. The identity and location of the nucleic acid probes may have been decoded prior to contacting the biological specimen with the solid support.
• the identity and location of the nucleic acid probes can be determined after contacting the solid support with the biological specimen.
• the biological specimen is one or more cells.
• the cell(s) can be individual and free from any tissue or multicellular structure at the time contact is made with the solid support.
• the cell(s) can be present in a fluid (e.g. when a plurality of different cells are present the fluid can be a fluidic mixture of the different cells) and the fluid can be contacted with the solid support to which the different probes are attached.
• a fluid e.g. when a plurality of different cells are present the fluid can be a fluidic mixture of the different cells
• Any of a variety of cells can be used including, for example, those from a prokaryote, archae or eukaryote.
• One or more cells used in a method, composition or apparatus of the present disclosure can be a single celled organisms or from a multicellular organism.
• Exemplary organisms from which one or more cell can be obtained include, but are not limited to a mammal, plant, algae, nematode, insect, fish, reptile, amphibian, fungi or Plasmodium falciparum. Exemplary species are set forth previously herein or known in the art.
• Embodiments of the present disclosure can also use one or more subcellular components as a biological specimen.
• a fluidic mixture can include one or more nuclei, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, membrane fractions, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, or other components known in the art.
• Other useful types of biological specimens are one or more viruses or a viroids.
• a biological specimen can be a homogeneous culture or population of the above cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids.
• the biological specimen can be a non-homogenous collection of cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids, for example, derived from several different organisms in a community or ecosystem.
• An exemplary community is the collection of bacteria present in the digestive system, lung or other organ of a multicellular organism such as a mammal.
• One or more cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids that are contacted with a solid support in a method set forth herein can be attached to the solid support. Attachment can be achieved using methods known in the art such as those exemplified herein with respect to attachment of nucleic acids to a solid support. In some embodiments, attachment is selective for specific types of cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids.
• the solid support can include antibodies or other receptors that are selective for epitopes or ligands present on one or a subset of different cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids present in a fluidic mixture.
• the attachment of cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids can be mediated by non-selective moieties such as chemical moieties that are broadly reactive.
• one or more cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids that have been contacted with a solid support can be lysed to release target nucleic acids. Lysis can be carried out using methods known in the art such as those that employ one or more of chemical treatment, enzymatic treatment, electroporation, heat, hypotonic treatment, sonication or the like.
• the biological specimen is a tissue section.
• the tissue can be derived from a multicellular organism such as those exemplified above in regard to cells.
• a tissue section can be contacted with a solid support, for example, by laying the tissue on the surface of the solid support.
• the tissue can be freshly excised from an organism or it may have been previously preserved for example by freezing, embedding in a material such as paraffin (e.g. formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples), formalin fixation, infiltration, dehydration or the like.
• a tissue section can be attached to a solid support, for example, using techniques and compositions exemplified herein with regard to attaching nucleic acids, cells, viruses, beads or the like to a solid support.
• a tissue can be permeabilized and the cells of the tissue lysed when the tissue is in contact with a solid support. Any of a variety of treatments can be used such as those set forth above in regard to lysing cells. Target nucleic acids that are released from a tissue that is permeabilized can be captured by nucleic acid probes on the surface.
• a tissue can be prepared in any convenient or desired way for its use in a method, composition or apparatus herein. Fresh, frozen, fixed or unfixed tissues can be used. A tissue can be fixed or embedded using methods described herein or known in the art.
• a tissue sample for use herein can be fixed by deep freezing at
• tissue can be prepared using formalin- fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE) methods which are known in the art. Other fixatives and/or embedding materials can be used as desired.
• FFPE formalin- fixation and paraffin embedding
• a fixed or embedded tissue sample can be sectioned, i.e. thinly sliced, using known methods.
• a tissue sample can be sectioned using a chilled microtome or cryostat, set at a temperature suitable to maintain both the structural integrity of the tissue sample and the chemical properties of the nucleic acids in the sample.
• a tissue sample will be treated to remove embedding material (e.g. to remove paraffin or formalin) from the sample prior to release, capture or modification of nucleic acids. This can be achieved by contacting the sample with an appropriate solvent (e.g. xylene and ethanol washes). Treatment can occur prior to contacting the tissue sample with a solid support set forth herein or the treatment can occur while the tissue sample is on the solid support.
• embedding material e.g. to remove paraffin or formalin
• the thickness of a tissue sample or other biological specimen that is contacted with a solid support in a method, composition or apparatus set forth herein can be any suitable thickness desired.
• the thickness will be at least 0.1 ⁇ , 0.25 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ , 0.75 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 50 ⁇ , 100 ⁇ or thicker.
• the thickness of a biological specimen that is contacted with a solid support will be no more than 100 ⁇ , 50 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ , 0.25 ⁇ , 0.1 ⁇ or thinner.
• a particularly relevant source for a biological specimen is a human being.
• the specimen can be derived from an organ, including for example, an organ of the musculoskeletal system such as muscle, bone, tendon or ligament; an organ of the digestive system such as salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder or pancreas; an organ of the respiratory system such as larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs or diaphragm; an organ of the urinary system such as kidney, ureter, bladder or urethra; a reproductive organ such as ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, placenta, testicle, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, penis or scrotum; an organ of the endocrine system such as pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, or adrenal gland; an organ
• a specimen from a human can be considered (or suspected) healthy or diseased when used. In some cases, two specimens can be used: a first being considered diseased and a second being considered as healthy (e.g. for use as a healthy control).
• Any of a variety of conditions can be evaluated, including but not limited to, an autoimmune disease, cancer, cystic fibrosis, aneuploidy, pathogenic infection, psychological condition, hepatitis, diabetes, sexually transmitted disease, heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis or muscular dystrophy.
• Particularly relevant conditions are genetic conditions or conditions associated with pathogens having identifiable genetic signatures.
• a flow cell provides a convenient apparatus for use in a method set forth herein.
• a flow cell is a convenient apparatus for housing a solid support that will be treated with multiple fluidic reagents such as the repeated fluidic deliveries used for some nucleic acid sequencing protocols or some nucleic acid hybridization protocols.
• a biological specimen can be delivered to a solid support in a flow cell, for example, when a fluidic mixture of cells, subcellular components, viruses or viroids is delivered to the solid support.
• opening the flow cell or removing the solid support can allow a user or robotic device to lay a tissue section on the solid support.
• the opening of a flow cell or removal of a solid support from a flow cell can be temporary.
• the flow cell can subsequently be closed or the solid support returned to the flow cell to proceed with one or more subsequent steps of a method set forth herein.
• a flow cell can have a construction that allows it to be opened or taken apart.
• the flow cell can be in a closed state while performing a sequencing reaction, for example to decode barcodes. Then the flow cell can be taken apart so that tissue can be placed on the flow cell surface.
• the flow cell can be held together by adhesive such that one or more surface can be removed to open it.
• a flow cell can have a spacer with adhesive surfaces on the top or bottom (akin to single-sided or double-sided sticky tape) and this spacer can occur between two solid supports.
• One or both of the solid supports can be configured to attach nucleic acids and support a biological specimen as set forth herein.
• the spacer can have open regions (e.g.
• one or both of the solid supports can be non-permanently adhered to the spacer to allow one or both of them to be removed to allow access to the surface when placing a tissue or other specimen thereon.
• a nucleic acid probe used in a composition, apparatus or method set forth herein can include a target capture moiety.
• the target capture moiety is a target capture sequence.
• the target capture sequence is generally complementary to a target sequence such that target capture occurs by formation of a probe-target hybrid complex.
• a target capture sequence can be any of a variety of lengths including, for example, lengths exemplified above in the context of barcode sequences.
• a plurality of different nucleic acid probes can include different target capture sequences that hybridize to different target nucleic acid sequences from a biological specimen. Different target capture sequences can be used to selectively bind to one or more desired target nucleic acids from a biological specimen.
• the different nucleic acid probes can include a target capture sequence that is common to all or a subset of the probes on a solid support.
• the nucleic acid probes on a solid support can have a poly A or poly T sequence.
• Such probes or amplicons thereof can hybridize to mRNA molecules, cDNA molecules or amplicons thereof that have poly A or poly T tails.
• mRNA or cDNA species will have different target sequences, capture will be mediated by the common poly A or poly T sequence regions.
• Any of a variety of target nucleic acids can be captured and analyzed in a method set forth herein including, but not limited to, messenger RNA (mRNA), copy DNA (cDNA), genomic DNA (gDNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) or transfer RNA (tRNA).
• mRNA messenger RNA
• cDNA copy DNA
• gDNA genomic DNA
• rRNA ribosomal RNA
• tRNA transfer RNA
• target capture moieties that are useful include, for example, the moieties set forth herein as useful for attaching nucleic acid probes to a solid support.
• a method set forth herein can include a step of hybridizing nucleic acid probes, that are on a solid support, to target nucleic acids that are from portions of the biological specimen that are proximal to the probes.
• a target nucleic acid will diffuse from a region of the biological specimen to an area of the solid support that is in proximity with that region of the specimen.
• the target nucleic acid will interact with nucleic acid probes that are proximal to the region of the specimen from which the target nucleic acid was released.
• a target-probe hybrid complex can form where the target nucleic acid encounters a complementary target capture sequence on a nucleic acid probe.
• the location of the target-probe hybrid complex will generally correlate with the region of the biological specimen from where the target nucleic acid was derived.
• the solid support will include a plurality of nucleic acid probes
• the biological specimen will release a plurality of target nucleic acids and a plurality of target-probe hybrids will be formed on the solid support.
• the sequences of the target nucleic acids and their locations on the support will provide spatial information about the nucleic acid content of the biological specimen.
• the target nucleic acids need not be released. Rather, the target nucleic acids may remain in contact with the biological specimen, for example, when they are attached to an exposed surface of the biological specimen in a way that the target nucleic acids can also bind to appropriate nucleic acid probes on the solid support.
• a method of the present disclosure can include a step of extending solid support-attached probes to which target nucleic acids are hybridized.
• the resulting extended probes will include the barcode sequences and sequences from the target nucleic acids (albeit in complementary form).
• the extended probes are thus spatially tagged versions of the target nucleic acids from the biological specimen.
• the sequences of the extended probes identify what nucleic acids are in the biological specimen and where in the biological specimen the target nucleic acids are located. It will be understood that other sequence elements that are present in the nucleic acid probes can also be included in the extended probes. Such elements include, for example, primer binding sites, cleavage sites, other tag sequences (e.g. sample identification tags), capture sequences, recognition sites for nucleic acid binding proteins or nucleic acid enzymes, or the like.
• nucleotides can be added to the 3' end of a nucleic acid, for example, via polymerase catalysis (e.g. DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase). Chemical or enzymatic methods can be used to add one or more nucleotide to the 3' or 5' end of a nucleic acid.
• polymerase catalysis e.g. DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase
• Chemical or enzymatic methods can be used to add one or more nucleotide to the 3' or 5' end of a nucleic acid.
• oligonucleotides can be added to the 3' or 5' end of a nucleic acid, for example, via chemical or enzymatic (e.g. ligase catalysis) methods.
• a nucleic acid can be extended in a template directed manner, whereby the product of extension is complementary to a template nucleic acid that is hybridized to the nucleic acid that is extended.
• a DNA primer is extended by a reverse transcriptase using an RNA template, thereby producing a cDNA.
• an extended probe made in a method set forth herein can be a reverse transcribed DNA molecule. Exemplary methods for extending nucleic acids are set forth in US Pat. App. Publ. No. US 2005/0037393 A1 or US Pat. No. 8,288,103 or 8,486,625, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• an extended probe can include at least, 1 , 2, 5,10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 or more nucleotides that are copied from a target nucleic acid.
• the length of the extension product can be controlled, for example, using reversibly terminated nucleotides in the extension reaction and running a limited number of extension cycles. The cycles can be run as exemplified for SBS techniques and the use of labeled nucleotides is not necessary.
• an extended probe produced in a method set forth herein can include no more than 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5, 2 or 1 nucleotides that are copied from a target nucleic acid.
• extended probes can be any length within or outside of the ranges set forth above.
• probes that are hybridized to target nucleic acids are extended to copy at least a portion of the target nucleic acid
• the probes that are hybridized to target nucleic acids can be subjected to a reaction that creates a target specific modification of the probe.
• a target specific modification will result only when the probe interacts with a target nucleic acid, for example, via complementary based hybridization.
• the target specific modification will be specific to the sequence of the particular target nucleic acid that interacts with the probe.
• Examples of useful target specific modifications include but are not limited to, insertion or addition of a sequence by ligation or transposition (see, for example, US Pat. App. Publ. No. 2010/0120098 A1 , incorporated herein by reference), chemical modifications such as psoralen crosslinking or addition of a detectable tag moiety, modifications by nucleic acid enzymes, ligation of a hairpin linker, or other modifications set forth in the nucleic acid assays of US Pat. App. Publ. No. US 2005/0037393 A1 or US Pat. No. 8,288,103 or 8,486,625, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• probes used in a method, composition or apparatus set forth herein need not be nucleic acids.
• Other molecules can be used such as proteins, carbohydrates, small molecules, particles or the like.
• Probes can be a combination of a nucleic acid component (e.g. having a barcode, primer binding site, cleavage site and/or other sequence element set forth herein) and another moiety (e.g. a moiety that captures or modifies a target nucleic acid).
• a method set forth herein can further include a step of acquiring an image of a biological specimen that is in contact with a solid support.
• the solid support can be in any of a variety of states set forth herein.
• the solid support can include attached nucleic acid probes or clusters derived from attached nucleic acid probes.
• the solid support may not include nucleic acid probes, instead being in a state that precedes attachment of nucleic acid probes or in a state that follows removal of nucleic acid probes from the solid support. Accordingly, an image can be obtained at any of a variety of points in a method set forth herein.
• An image can be obtained using detection devices known in the art.
• Examples include microscopes configured for light, bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence, reflection, interference, or confocal imaging.
• a biological specimen can be stained prior to imaging to provide contrast between different regions or cells.
• more than one stain can be used to image different aspects of the specimen (e.g. different regions of a tissue, different cells, specific subcellular components or the like).
• a biological specimen can be imaged without staining.
• a fluorescence microscope e.g. a confocal fluorescent microscope
• a biological specimen that is fluorescent, for example, by virtue of a fluorescent label.
• Fluorescent specimens can also be imaged using a nucleic acid sequencing device having optics for fluorescent detection such as a Genome Analyzer®, MiSeq®, NextSeq® or HiSeq® platform device commercialized by lllumina, Inc. (San Diego, CA); or a SOLiDTM sequencing platform commercialized by Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA).
• Other imaging optics that can be used include those that are found in the detection devices described in Bentley et al., Nature 456:53-59 (2008), PCT Publ. Nos.
• An image of a biological specimen can be obtained at a desired resolution, for example, to distinguish tissues, cells or subcellular components. Accordingly, the resolution can be sufficient to distinguish components of a biological specimen that are separated by at least 0.5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 50 ⁇ , 100 ⁇ , 500 ⁇ , 1 mm or more. Alternatively or additionally, the resolution can be set to distinguish components of a biological specimen that are separated by at least 1 mm, 500 ⁇ , 100 ⁇ , 50 ⁇ , 10 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ , 1 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ or less.
• a method set forth herein can include a step of correlating locations in an image of a biological specimen with barcode sequences of nucleic acid probes that are attached to a surface to which the biological specimen is, was or will be contacted. Accordingly, characteristics of the biological specimen that are identifiable in the image can be correlated with the nucleic acids that are found to be present in their proximity. Any of a variety of morphological characteristics can be used in such a correlation, including for example, cell shape, cell size, tissue shape, staining patterns, presence of particular proteins (e.g. as detected by immunohistochemical stains) or other characteristics that are routinely evaluated in pathology or research applications. Accordingly, the biological state of a tissue or its components as determined by visual observation can be correlated with molecular biological characteristics as determined by spatially resolved nucleic acid analysis.
• a solid support upon which a biological specimen is imaged can include fiducial markers to facilitate determination of the orientation of the specimen or the image thereof in relation to probes that are attached to the solid support.
• exemplary fiducials include, but are not limited to beads (with or without fluorescent moieties or moieties such as nucleic acids to which labeled probes can be bound), fluorescent molecules attached at known or determinable features, or structures that combine morphological shapes with fluorescent moieties.
• Exemplary fiducials are set forth in US Pat. App. Publ. No. 2002/0150909 A1 or US Pat. App. Ser. No. 14/530,299, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• One or more fiducials are preferably visible while obtaining an image of a biological specimen.
• the solid support includes at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or more fiducial markers.
• the fiducials can be provided in a pattern, for example, along an outer edge of a solid support or perimeter of a location where a biological specimen resides.
• one or more fiducials are detected using the same imaging conditions used to visualize a biological specimen. However if desired separate images can be obtained (e.g. one image of the biological specimen and another image of the fiducials) and the images can be aligned to each other.
• a biological specimen can be removed from a solid support after an image has been obtained and after target nucleic acids have been captured by nucleic acid probes on the solid support.
• a method of the present disclosure can include a step of washing a solid support to remove cells, tissue or other materials from a biological specimen. Removal of the specimen can be performed using any suitable technique and will be dependent on the tissue sample.
• the solid support can be washed with water.
• the water can contain various additives, such as surfactants (e.g. detergents), enzymes (e.g. proteases and collagenases), cleavage reagents, or the like, to facilitate removal of the specimen.
• the solid support is treated with a solution comprising a proteinase enzyme.
• the solution can include cellulase, hemicelluase or chitinase enzymes (e.g. if desiring to remove a tissue sample from a plant or fungal source).
• the temperature of a wash solution will be at least 30°C, 35°C, 50°C, 60°C or 90°C. Conditions can be selected for removal of a biological specimen while not denaturing hybrid complexes formed between target nucleic acids and solid support-attached nucleic acid probes.
• a method of the present disclosure can further include a step of removing one or more extended probes from a solid support.
• the probes will have included a cleavage site such that the product of extending the probes will also include the cleavage site.
• a cleavage site can be introduced into a probe during a modification step.
• a cleavage site can be introduced into an extended probe during the extension step.
• Exemplary cleavage sites include, but are not limited to, moieties that are susceptible to a chemical, enzymatic or physical process that results in bond breakage.
• the location can be a nucleotide sequence that is recognized by an endonuclease.
• Suitable endonucleases and their recognition sequences are well known in the art and in many cases are even commercially available (e.g. from New England Biolabs, Beverley MA; ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA or Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis MO).
• a particularly useful endonuclease will break a bond in a nucleic acid strand at a site that is 3'-remote to its binding site in the nucleic acid, examples of which include Type II or Type lis restriction
• an endonuclease will cut only one strand in a duplex nucleic acid (e.g. a nicking enzyme).
• a duplex nucleic acid e.g. a nicking enzyme.
• endonucleases that cleave only one strand include Nt.BstNBI and Nt.Alwl.
• a cleavage site is an abasic site or a nucleotide that has a base that is susceptible to being removed to create an abasic site.
• nucleotides that are susceptible to being removed to form an abasic site include uracil and 8-oxo-guanine.
• Abasic sites can be created by hydrolysis of nucleotide residues using chemical or enzymatic reagents. Once formed, abasic sites may be cleaved (e.g. by treatment with an endonuclease or other single-stranded cleaving enzyme, exposure to heat or alkali), providing a means for site-specific cleavage of a nucleic acid.
• An abasic site may be created at a uracil nucleotide on one strand of a nucleic acid.
• the enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) may be used to remove the uracil base, generating an abasic site on the strand.
• the nucleic acid strand that has the abasic site may then be cleaved at the abasic site by treatment with endonuclease (e.g. EndolV endonuclease, AP lyase, FPG glycosylase/AP lyase, EndoVIII glycosylase/AP lyase), heat or alkali.
• endonuclease e.g. EndolV endonuclease, AP lyase, FPG glycosylase/AP lyase, EndoVIII glycosylase/AP lyase
• Abasic sites may also be generated at non-natural/modified
• deoxyribonucleotides other than uracil and cleaved in an analogous manner by treatment with endonuclease, heat or alkali For example, 8-oxo-guanine can be converted to an abasic site by exposure to FPG glycosylase. Deoxyinosine can be converted to an abasic site by exposure to AlkA glycosylase. The abasic sites thus generated may then be cleaved, typically by treatment with a suitable endonuclease (e.g. EndolV or AP lyase).
• endonuclease e.g. EndolV or AP lyase
• Modified nucleic acid probes that are released from a solid support can be pooled to form a fluidic mixture.
• the mixture can include, for example, at least 10, 100, 1 x 10 3 , 1 x 10 4 , 1 x 10 5 , 1 x 10 6 , 1 x 10 7 , 1 x 10 8 , 1 x 10 9 or more different modified probes.
• a fluidic mixture can include at most 1 x 10 9 , 1 x 10 8 , 1 x 10 7 , 1 x 10 6 , 1 x 10 5 , 1 x 10 4 , 1 x 10 3 , 100, 10 or fewer different modified probes.
• the fluidic mixture can be manipulated to allow detection of the modified nucleic acid probes.
• the modified nucleic acid probes can be separated spatially on a second solid support (i.e. different from the solid support from which the nucleic acid probes were released after having been contacted with a biological specimen and modified), or the probes can be separated temporally in a fluid stream.
• Modified nucleic acid probes can be separated on a solid support in a capture or detection method commonly employed for microarray-based techniques or nucleic acid sequencing techniques such as those set forth previously herein.
• modified probes can be attached to a microarray by hybridization to complementary nucleic acids.
• the modified probes can be attached to beads or to a flow cell surface and optionally amplified as is carried out in many nucleic acid sequencing platforms.
• Modified probes can be separated in a fluid stream using a microfluidic device, droplet manipulation device, or flow cytometer. Typically, detection is carried out on these separation devices, but detection is not necessary in all embodiments.
• a particularly useful droplet manipulation device is a droplet actuator as described for example in US Pat. No. 8,637,242, US Pat. No. 6,91 1 ,132, entitled “Apparatus for Manipulating Droplets by Electrowetting-Based Techniques,” issued on June 28, 2005; Pamula et al., U.S. Patent Pub. No. 20060194331 , entitled “Apparatuses and Methods for Manipulating Droplets on a Printed Circuit Board,” published on August 31 , 2006; Pollack et al., International Patent Pub. No. WO/2007/120241 , entitled “Droplet-Based Biochemistry,” published on October 25, 2007; Shenderov, U.S. Patent No. 6,773,566, entitled “Electrostatic Actuators for Microfluidics and Methods for Using Same,” issued on August 10, 2004;
• Modified probes can be detected, for example, following separation from a fluidic mixture using methods set forth above or known in the art.
• modified probes that are separated on a second solid support i.e. a solid support that is different from the first solid support where contact was made between probes and biological specimen
• a second solid support i.e. a solid support that is different from the first solid support where contact was made between probes and biological specimen
• probes that are separated in a fluid stream can be detected using optical, electrical or other detectors that are outfitted in known microfluidic devices, droplet manipulation devices, or flow cytometers.
• a detection method can be used to determine target nucleic acid sequences, barcode sequences or other sequence regions of extended probes.
• probes on a solid support can be contacted with a biological specimen, modified on the solid support in the presence of target nucleic acids from the specimen and then the modified probes can be detected on the solid support.
• the biological specimen can be removed from the solid support prior to the detection step.
• the present disclosure provides a method for spatially tagging nucleic acids of a biological specimen that includes the steps of (a) providing a plurality of nucleic acid primers attached to a solid support, wherein the nucleic acid primers in the plurality include a universal primer sequence that is common to the nucleic acid primers in the plurality; (b) binding a population of nucleic acid probes to the plurality of nucleic acid primers, wherein the nucleic acid probes include a universal primer binding sequence that hybridizes to the universal primer sequence, a target capture sequence and a barcode sequence that differs from barcode sequences of other nucleic acid probes in the population, thereby attaching the different nucleic acid probes at randomly located positions on the solid support; (c) amplifying the different nucleic acid probes by extension of the nucleic acid primers, thereby producing nucleic acid clusters having copies of the barcode sequence and target capture sequence at the randomly located positions on the solid support; (d) performing a sequencing reaction
• a plurality of nucleic acid primers can be attached to a solid support, wherein the nucleic acid primers in the plurality include a universal primer sequence that is common to the nucleic acid primers in the plurality.
• a second plurality of nucleic acid primers can be attached to the solid support, and the nucleic acid primers in the second plurality can have a second universal primer sequence that is common to the nucleic acid primers in the second plurality.
• a plurality of different nucleic acid probes that is contacted with the support can include a universal primer binding sequence that hybridizes to the universal primer on the solid support, as set forth above, and the different nucleic acid probes can also include a second universal primer binding sequence that hybridizes to the second universal primer sequence.
• This configuration of universal primers and universal primer binding sites can be particularly useful for amplifying the different nucleic acid probes via bridge amplification, wherein the nucleic acid primers in the first and second plurality are extended.
• nucleic acid probe typically contains first and second universal primer binding sites, they will be located at the ends of the probe. In some embodiments it may be desirable to remove at least one of the primer binding sites from the nucleic acid probe or from amplicons produced from the probe.
• the nucleic acid probes can optionally include a cleavage site between the target capture sequence and one of the universal primer binding sequence.
• a cleavage reaction can be performed to separate the universal primer binding site from the target capture sequence.
• the portion of the probe (or its amplicons) that contains the target capture sequence will be attached to the solid support resulting in removal of the primer binding site from the solid support and retention of the target capture sequence.
• the cleaved probe can be used for hybridizing target nucleic acids and the cleaved probe can be extended using method set forth previously herein.
• a nucleic acid probe will include two different cleavage sites.
• a first cleavage site will be located between a first primer binding site and one or more other sequence elements of the probe.
• a second cleavage site can be located between a second primer binding site and the one or more other sequence elements of the probe.
• the cleavage sites can be reactive to different cleavage reactions such that each one can be selectively cleaved without necessarily cleaving the other.
• the first cleavage site can be cleaved prior to modifying the probe (for example, prior to producing an extended probe), thereby separating the first primer binding site from the one or more other sequence elements that remain attached to a solid support.
• the second cleavage site can be cleaved after modifying the probe (for example, after producing the extended probe), thereby releasing the modified probe for subsequent detection.
• a nucleic acid probe can include the first cleavage site and a primer that is used to capture or amplify the nucleic acid probe can include the second cleavage site.
• the first cleavage site can be located between a first primer binding site and one or more other sequence elements of the probe such that cleavage separates the first primer binding site from one or more other sequence elements of the probe that remain attached to a solid support.
• this first cleavage step will typically be carried out prior to modifying the probe (for example, prior to producing an extended probe).
• a second cleavage step can be carried out to cleave the second cleavage site after modifying the probe (for example, after producing the extended probe), thereby releasing the modified probe for subsequent detection.
• cleavage site located between a point of attachment of a nucleic acid probe (or modified nucleic acid probe) and one or more sequences of the probe (or modified probe) that contain information such as a spatial barcode or target sequence.
• this cleavage site is useful for release of modified probes (e.g. extended probes) to detect the sequence information and determine what sequences are present in a biological specimen and where the sequences are present in the specimen.
• one or more probes that are contacted with a solid support in a method set forth herein can include a sequencing primer binding site.
• a modified probe e.g. extended probe
• the sequencing primer binding site can be located in the probe such that cleavage of a modified version of the probe (e.g. an extended probe) will yield a released probe that includes the sequencing primer binding site.
• the sequencing primer binding site can be a universal sequencing primer binding site such that a plurality of different probes (e.g. having different barcode and/or target sequences) will have the same sequencing primer binding site.
• This disclosure further provides a method for spatially tagging nucleic acids of a biological specimen, the method including steps of (a) providing an array of beads on a solid support, wherein different nucleic acid probes are attached to different beads in the array, wherein the different nucleic acid probes each include a barcode sequence, wherein each bead includes a different barcode sequence from other beads on the solid support, and wherein each of the different nucleic acid probes includes a target capture sequence; (b) performing a decoder probe hybridization reaction on the solid support to determine the barcode sequences at the randomly located probes on the solid support; (c) contacting a biological specimen with the array of beads; (d) hybridizing the different nucleic acid probes to target nucleic acids from portions of the biological specimen that are proximal to the beads; and (e) extending the different nucleic acid probes to produce extended probes that include sequences from the target nucleic acids and the barcode sequences, thereby tagging the nucleic acids of the biological
• nucleic acid probes can be captured on beads before or after the beads are distributed on an array, nucleic acid probes can be amplified to create amplicons on beads before or after the beads are distributed on an array etc.
• FIG. 1 A method for generating barcoded oligo-dT containing clusters, then revealing the barcoded oligo-dT with a restriction enzyme digest followed by sequencing is described in Fig. 1 .
• a library of fragments containing a single stranded, barcoded oligo-dA, P5',P7, SBS3 sequencing primer binding site and a BspHI restriction enzyme site (shown in the top panel of Fig. 1 ) were prepared by oligo synthesis (Integrated DNA Technologies). The barcodes were 27mers and were randomly generated during synthesis. The binding site for the SBS3 sequencing primer was included for decoding of the barcode by sequencing.
• An oligo-dA stretch was included to generate an oligo dT site upon clustering and linearization. Bridge amplification and clustering were performed according to standard cluster chemistry (lllumina TruSeq PE Cluster Kit v3 cBot P/N: 15037931 ) on an lllumina GA flow cell using manufacture's recommended protocol.
• oligo-dT sequences in the cluster were used to capture poly A+ RNA after decoding of the barcode.
• Barcoded cDNA was produced by extension of the oligo-dT strand of the cluster using TruSeq RNA Sample Prep Kit (lllumina P/N: 15012997) and MMLV Reverse Transcriptase 1 st- Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Epicentre P/N: MM070150) according to the manufacturer's recommended conditions. The captured RNA was used as a template.
• Barcoded cDNA was released from the P5 sequence of the flow cell using lllumina's Uracil Specific Excision reagents (USER) (lllumina's TruSeq PE cluster kit) liberating a barcoded cDNA library that was used for sequencing on a second lllumina flow cell.
• USR lllumina's Uracil Specific Excision reagents
• oligo dT capture sequence after the restriction enzyme digest with BspHI was confirmed by hybridizing the linearized clusters with a Cy5 labeled poly A (24mer) as diagrammed in panel A of Fig. 2. Briefly, after the restriction enzyme digestion, the clusters were treated with 0.1 N NaOH and washed with HT2 low salt buffer to remove the second strand on the flow cell. Then, 500nM of Cy5 oligo-dA (24mer) was flowed over the linearized and denatured clusters at 30 ⁇ / min rate and incubated at 40°C for 5min and then imaged.
• Fig. 3 The sequencing metrics of the flow cell described above with 3.2pM of BODT-1 library is given in the table shown in Fig. 3. Millions of reads were detected in 21 tiles from GA sequencing. Following sequencing, the number of unique barcodes were determined as plotted in Fig. 4. This was done by assuming that every passing filter (PF) read was a barcode and determining the number of unique reads (barcodes) in each lane. Between 5 and 1 1 million unique barcoded clusters were detected after sequencing tiles compared to the PhiX control libraries. These results demonstrated that sequence decoding of a library of barcoded oligo-dT sequences is feasible and generates millions of unique barcodes.
• PF passing filter
• the cells were adhered to the coated flow cells by flowing 5 to 50 cells / ⁇ or approximately 100 - 1000 cells per lane at a rate of 100 ⁇ / min, followed by an incubation step for 60min to bind the cells.
• the flow cell was washed with 1X PBS/0.5% pluronic at a rate of 75 ⁇ / min. If cells were fixed on the flow cell, 1 % Paraformaldehyde (PFA) was flowed on the flow cell after flowing the cells as described above and incubated for 15min followed by the 1 X PBS/0.5% pluronic was step.
• PFA Paraformaldehyde
• FIG. 5 Panel A shows an image of cells captured on the patterned flow cell.
• This example describes creation of a lawn of poly T probes on a gel coated slide, placement of tissue slices on top of a lawn of poly T probes, release of RNA from the tissue sections, capture of the released mRNA by the poly T probes, reverse transcription to Cy 3 label the poly T probes, removal of the tissue and imaging of the slide.
• Panel A shows a diagrammatic representation of steps and reagents used to create probes attached to a gel. Briefly, a microscope slide was coated with silane free acrylamide (SFA), P5 and P7 primers were attached (see US Pat. App. Pub. No. 201 1/0059865 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference), probes having a poly A sequence and either a P5 or P7 complementary sequence were hybridized to the P5 and P7 primers, respectively, and the P5 and P7 primers were extended to produce poly T sequence extensions.
• SFA silane free acrylamide
• P5 and P7 primers were attached (see US Pat. App. Pub. No. 201 1/0059865 A1 , which is incorporated herein by reference)
• probes having a poly A sequence and either a P5 or P7 complementary sequence were hybridized to the P5 and P7 primers, respectively, and the P5 and P7 primers were extended to produce poly T sequence extensions.
• a quality control step was performed
• a tissue section was placed on the gel having the polyT extended primers.
• the tissue was treated to release mRNA and poly A tails of the released mRNA were hybridized to poly T sequences of the extended primers.
• the poly T sequences were extended using the captured mRNAs as templates and the extended primers were selectively labeled with Cy3.
• the tissue was removed from the gel and the surface was imaged to detect Cy3 flourescence.
• BeadArrayTM Surface This example describes placement of tissue slices on top of a BeadArray having poly T probes, release of RNA from the tissue sections, capture of the released mRNA by the poly T probes, reverse transcription to Cy5 label the poly T probes, removal of the tissue and imaging of the BeadArrayTM.
• a mouse olfactory tissue section was placed on a BeadArrayTM having polyT probes.
• the tissue was treated to release mRNA and poly A tails of the released mRNA were hybridized to poly T sequences of the probes.
• the poly T sequences were extended using the captured mRNAs as templates and the extended primers were selectively labeled with Cy5.
• the tissue was removed from the BeadArrayTM and the BeadArrayTM was imaged to detect Cy5 flourescence.

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