Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
  • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
  • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
  • A61K51/0474—Organic compounds complexes or complex-forming compounds, i.e. wherein a radioactive metal (e.g. 111In3+) is complexed or chelated by, e.g. a N2S2, N3S, NS3, N4 chelating group
  • A61K51/0482—Organic compounds complexes or complex-forming compounds, i.e. wherein a radioactive metal (e.g. 111In3+) is complexed or chelated by, e.g. a N2S2, N3S, NS3, N4 chelating group chelates from cyclic ligands, e.g. DOTA
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
  • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
  • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
  • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
  • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
  • A61K51/0402—Organic compounds carboxylic acid carriers, fatty acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
  • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
  • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
  • A61K51/041—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K51/044—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine, rifamycins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
  • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
  • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
  • A61K51/0497—Organic compounds conjugates with a carrier being an organic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B59/00—Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se
  • C07B59/002—Heterocyclic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D257/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having four nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D257/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having four nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D295/145—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the carbon atoms with three bonds to hetero atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/575—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for cancer
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
  • G01N33/60—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances involving radioactive labelled substances

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to the field of radiopharmaceuticals and their use in nuclear medicine as tracers, imaging agents and for the treatment of various disease states of prostate cancer.
• Prostate cancer is the leading cancer in the US and European population. At least 1-2 million men in the western hemisphere suffer from prostate cancer and it is estimated that the disease will strike one in six men between the ages of 55 and 85. There are more than 300.000 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed each year in USA. The mortality from the disease is second only to lung cancer.
• anatomic methods such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and ultrasound, predominate for clinical imaging of prostate cancer. An estimated $ 2 billion is currently spent worldwide on surgical, radiation, drug therapy and minimally invasive treatments. However, there is presently no effective therapy for relapsing, metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancer.
• PCa imaging agents include radiolabeled choline analogs [ 18 F]fluorodihydrotestosterone ([ 18 F]FDHT), anti-1-amino-3-[ 18 F]fluorocycIobutyl-1- carboxylic acid (anti[18F]F-FACBC, [ 1 C]acetate and1-(2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]flouro-L- arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil (-[ 8 F]FMAU)(Scher, B.; et al. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007, 34, 45-53; Rinnab, L; et al.
• tumors may express unique proteins associated with their malignant phenotype or may over-express normal constituent proteins in greater number than normal cells.
• the expression of distinct proteins on the surface of tumor cells offers the opportunity to diagnose and characterize disease by probing the phenotypic identity and biochemical composition and activity of the tumor.
• Radioactive molecules that selectively bind to specific tumor cell surface proteins provide an attractive route for imaging and treating tumors under non-invasive conditions.
• a promising new series of low molecular weight imaging agents targets the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (Mease R.C. et al. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 3036-3043; Foss, C.A.; et al.
• PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
• PSMA is a trans-membrane, 750 amino acid type II glycoprotein that has abundant and restricted expression on the surface of PCa, particularly in androgen- independent, advanced and metastatic disease (Schulke, N.; et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100, 12590-12595). The latter is important since almost all PCa become androgen independent over the time.
• PSMA possesses the criteria of a promising target for therapy, i.e., abundant and restricted (to prostate) expression at all stages of the disease, presentation at the cell surface but not shed into the circulation and association with enzymatic or signaling activity (Schulke, N.; et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 2003, 100, 12590-12595).
• the PSMA gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11 and functions both as a folate hydrolase and neuropeptidase.
• GCPII glutamate carboxypeptidase II
• brain PSMA glutamate carboxypeptidase II
• NAAG N-acetylaspartylglutamate
• NAA N-acetylaspartate
• the radio-immunoconjugate of the anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E11 known as the PROSTASCINT® scan
• PROSTASCINT® scan The radio-immunoconjugate of the anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E11 , known as the PROSTASCINT® scan
• this agent tends to produce images that are challenging to interpret (Lange, P.H. PROSTASCINT scan for staging prostate cancer. Urology 2001 , 57, 402-406; Haseman, M.K.; et al. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2000, 15, 131-140; Rosenthal, S.A.; et al. Tech Urol 2001 , 7, 27-37).
• monoclonal antibodies have been developed that bind to the extracellular domain of PSMA and have been radiolabeled and shown to accumulate in PSMA-positive prostate tumor models in animals.
• diagnosis and tumor detection using monoclonal antibodies has been limited by the low permeability of the monoclonal antibody in solid tumors.
• radionuclides are known to be useful for radio-imaging or cancer radiotherapy, including 1 ln, 90 Y, 68 Ga, 77 Lu, 99m Tc, 123 l and 131 1.
• the object of the present invention is to develop ligands that interact with PSMA and carry appropriate radionuclides which provide a promising and novel targeting option for the detection, treatment and management of prostate cancer.
• the inventors found new compounds which are useful radiopharmaceuticals and their use in nuclear medicine as tracers, imaging agents and for the treatment of various disease states of prostate cancer.
• the novel imaging agents with structural modifications in the linker region have improved tumor targeting properties and pharmacokinetics.
• the pharmacophore presents three carboxylic groups able to interact with the respective side chains of PSMA and an oxygen as part of zinc complexation in the active center. Besides these obligatory interactions, the inventors were able to optimize the lipophilic interactions in the linker region.
• Organ distribution with 177 Lu shows that the high initial kidney uptake is nearly completely washed out (2.13 ⁇ 1.36 % ID/g) after 24 hours while the tumor uptake remained high and even increased (10.58 ⁇ 4.50 % ID/g).
• Other organs as liver (0.08 ⁇ 0.03 % ID/g), lung (0.11 ⁇ 0.13 % ID/g) and spleen (0.13 ⁇ 0.05 % ID/g) showed very low uptake.
• the favourable pharmacokinetics led to extremly high tumor-to- background ratios (Tumor/Blood: 1058; Tumor/Muscle: 529) after 24 hours
• MB17D stereoisomer of MB17(L); synthesis based on Fmoc-3(2-naphthyl)-D-alanine
• FIG. 15 PET scan of a mouse injected with 68 Ga-CHX-DTPA. On the left the caudal, in the centre the dorsal and on the right the lateral view. The pictures cover the time spans of 20-40 min (top), 40-60 min (centre) and 120-140 min (bottom).
• Fig. 17 Human PET/CT imaging 68 Ga-labeled MB17
• Fig. 18 PET imaging of patient with multiple prostate cancer metastasis
• the present invention relates to radiopharmaceuticals and their use in nuclear medicine as tracers, imaging agents and for the treatment of various disease states of prostate cancer.
• DTPA Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
• alkyl residue (preferably: Ci to C10) can be linear or branched, unsubstituted or substituted.
• Preferred alkyl residues are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentanyl, n-hexanyl.
• the same also applies to the corresponding cycloalkyi compounds having preferably 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
• Aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
• the aryl group can be substituted, where appropriate, with one or several ring substituents, like alkyl groups.
• Preferred aryl groups are phenyl, benzyl or naphthyl.
• the Z-Group is -CO 2 H it may be easily replaced with biosteric replacements such as -S0 2 H, -S0 3 H, -S0 4 H, -P0 2 H, -P0 3 H, -P0 4 H 2 , see e.g. "The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry” (Academic Press New York, 1996), page 203.
• the motif specifically binding to cell membranes of neoplastic cells is a motif specifically binding to cell membranes of cancerous cells, preferably wherein said motif comprises a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), in particular wherein said PSMA comprises a glutamate-urea-lysine motif according to the following formula in Schemel .
• PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen
• preferred molecules of the present invention consist of three principle
• Preferred compounds of the present invention are e.g.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of general formula (la) and/or (lb).
• the invention also relates to solvates of the compounds, including the salts as well as the active metabolites thereof and, where appropriate, the tautomers thereof according to general formula (la) and/or (lb) including prodrug formulations.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is a pharmaceutically acceptable, organic or inorganic acid or base salt of a compound of the invention.
• Representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, e.g., alkali metal salts, alkali earth salts, ammonium salts, water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such as the acetate, carbonate, chloride, gluconate, glutamate, lactate, laurate, malate or tartrate.
• prodrug refers to a precursor of a drug that is a compound which upon administration to a patient, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming an active pharmacological agent.
• Illustrative prodrugs of compounds in accordance with Formula (la) and/or (lb) are esters and amides, preferably alkyl esters of fatty acid esters.
• Prodrug formulations here comprise all substances which are formed by simple transformation including hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction either enzymatically, metabolically or in any other way.
• a suitable prodrug contains e.g. a substance of general formula (la) and/or (lb) bound via an enzymatically cleavable linker (e.g.
• a prodrug of a compound according to the invention can be applied to a patient, and this prodrug can be transformed into a substance of general formula (la) and/or (lb) so as to obtain the desired pharmacological effect.
• Some compounds of Formula (la) and/or (lb) are encompassed in form of the racemates, their enantiomers and optionally in form of their diastereomers and all possible mixtures thereof.
• all chiral C-atoms shall have D- and/or L-configuration; also combinations within one compound shall be possible, i.e. some of the chiral C- atoms may be D- and others may be L-configuration.
• the obtained compounds can be optionally separated by known methods (e.g. Allinger, N.L. und Elliel E.L. in adjectiveTopics in Stereochemistry" Vol. 6, Wiley Interscience, 1971) in their enantiomers and/or diasteromers.
• One possible method of enantiomeric separation is the use of chromatography.
• the invention also relates to pharmaceutical preparations which contain a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredients (compound according to the invention of formula (la) or (lb) together with organic or inorganic solid or liquid, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers which are suited for the intended administration and which interact with the active ingredients without drawbacks.
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, material, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a patient without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• a "patient” includes an animal, such as a human, monkey, cow, horse, cat or dog.
• the animal can be a mammal such as a non-primate and a primate (e.g., monkey and human).
• a patient is a human being.
• Formula (la) or (lb) compound or pharmaceutical compositions thereof may be administered orally or via a parenteral route, usually injection or infusion.
• a “parenteral administration route” means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramusclular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticluare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.
• the dosage of the compounds according to the invention is determined by the physician on the basis of the patient-specific parameters, such as age, weight, sex, severity of the disease, etc.
• the dosage is preferably from 0.00001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg body weight, preferably from 0.001 to 50 mg/kg body weight and most preferably from 0.01 to 10 mg/kg body weight.
• the medicament is suitably formulated, e.g. in the form of solutions or suspensions, simple tablets or dragees, hard or soft gelatine capsules, suppositories, ovules, preparations for injection, which are prepared according to common galenic methods.
• the compounds according to the invention can be formulated, where appropriate, together with further active substances and with excipients and carriers common in pharmaceutical compositions, e.g. - depending on the preparation to be produced - talcum, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, cocoa butter, aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, fatty bodies of animal or vegetable origin, paraffin derivatives, glycols (in particular polyethylene glycol), various plasticizers, dispersants or emulsifiers, pharmaceutically compatible gases (e.g. air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.), preservatives.
• excipients and carriers common in pharmaceutical compositions, e.g. - depending on the preparation to be produced - talcum, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, cocoa butter, aqueous and non-aqueous carriers, fatty bodies of animal or vegetable origin, paraffin derivatives, glycols (in particular polyethylene glycol), various plasticizers, dispersants or
• additives such as sodium chloride solution, ethanol, sorbitol, glycerine, olive oil, almond oil, propylene glycol or ethylene glycol, can be used.
• solutions for infusion or injection are preferably aqueous solutions or suspensions, it being possible to produce them prior to use, e.g. from lyophilized preparations which contain the active substance as such or together with a carrier, such as mannitol, lactose, glucose, albumin and the like.
• a carrier such as mannitol, lactose, glucose, albumin and the like.
• the ready made solutions are sterilized and, where appropriate, mixed with excipients, e.g. with preservatives, stabilizers, emulsifiers, solubilizers, buffers and/or salts for regulating the osmotic pressure.
• the sterilization can be obtained by sterile filtration using filters having a small pore size according to which the composition can be lyophilized, where appropriate. Small amounts of antibiotics can also be added to ensure the maintenance of sterility.
• phrases ..effective amount” or “therapeutically-effective amount” as used herein means that amount of a compound, material, or composition comprising a compound of the invention, or other active ingredient which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect in at least a sub-population of cells in an animal at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.
• a therapeutically effective amount with respect to a compound of the invention means that amount of therapeutic agent alone, or in combination with other therapies, that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of prevention of a disease. Used in connection with a compound of the invention, the term can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of or synergies with another therapeutic agent.
• treating or “treatment” is intended to encompass also diagnosis, prophylaxis, prevention, therapy and cure.
• prevention refer to the prevention of the onset, recurrence, or spread of the disease in a patient resulting from the administration of a prophylactic or therapeutic agent.
• radionuclides include, for example, 89 Zr, 4 Sc, 111 ln, 90 Y, 66 Ga, 67 Ga, 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 99m Tc, 61 Cu, 62 Cu, 64 Cu, 67 Cu, 149 Tb, 152 Tb, 155 Tb,
• the radionuclide is 11 1 ln, 90 Y, 68 Ga, 6 Cu, 53 Gd, 155 Gd, 213 Bi, 225 Ac, Fe, or 77 Lu.
• complexes of the compounds according Formula (la) or (lb) may contain one or more radionuclides which are suitable for use as radio-imaging agents or as therapeutics for the treatment of rapidly proliferating cells, for example, PSMA expressing prostate cancer cells. According to the present invention they are called "metal complexes" or "radiopharmaceuticals”.
• Preferred imaging methods are positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
• a pharmaceutical composition including a complex that includes a radionuclide and a compound of Formula (la) or Formula (lb), a salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a pharmaceutical composition which is suitable for in vivo imaging and radiotherapy.
• Suitable pharmaceutical compositions may contain a radio imaging agent, or a radiotherapeutic agent that has a radionuclide either as an element, i.e. radioactive iodine, or a radioactive metal chelate complex of the compound of Formula (la) and/or (lb) in an amount sufficient for imaging, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable radiological vehicle.
• the radiological vehicle should be suitable for injection or aspiration, such as human serum albumin; aqueous buffer solutions, e.g., tris(hydromethyl) aminomethane (and its salts), phosphate, citrate, bicarbonate, etc; sterile water physiological saline; and balanced ionic solutions containing chloride and or dicarbonate salts or normal blood plasma cautions such as calcium potassium, sodium and magnesium.
• aqueous buffer solutions e.g., tris(hydromethyl) aminomethane (and its salts), phosphate, citrate, bicarbonate, etc
• sterile water physiological saline sterile water physiological saline
• balanced ionic solutions containing chloride and or dicarbonate salts or normal blood plasma cautions such as calcium potassium, sodium and magnesium.
• the concentration of the imaging agent or the therapeutic agent in the radiological vehicle should be sufficient to provide satisfactory imaging.
• the dosage is about 1.0 to 100 millicuries.
• the actual dose administered to a patient for imaging or therapeutic purposes, however, is determined by the physician administering treatment.
• the imaging agent or therapeutic agent should be administered so as to remain in the patient for about 1 hour to 10 days, although both longer and shorter time periods are acceptable. Therefore, convenient ampoules containing 1 to 10 mL of aqueous solution may be prepared.
• Imaging may be carried out in the normal manner, for example by injecting a sufficient amount of the imaging composition to provide adequate imaging and then scanning with a suitable imaging or scanning machine, such as a tomograph or gamma camera.
• a method of imaging a region in a patient includes the steps of: (i) administering to a patient a diagnostically effective amount of a compound complexed with a radionuclide; exposing a region of the patient to the scanning device; and (ii) obtaining an image of the region of the patient.
• the region imaged is the head or thorax.
• the compounds and complexes of Formula l(a) and/or (lb) target the PSMA protein.
• a method of imaging tissue such as spleen tissue, kidney tissue, or PSMA-expressing tumor tissue is provided including contacting the tissue with a complex synthesized by contacting a radionuclide and a Formula (la) and/or Formula (lb) compound.
• the amount of the compound of the present invention, or a formulation comprising a complex of a metal and a compound according to Formula (la) and/or (lb), or its salt, solvate, stereoisomer, or tautomer that is administered to a patient depends on several physiological factors that are routinely used by the physician, including the nature of imaging to be carried out, tissue to be targeted for imaging or therapy and the body weight and medical history of the patient to be imaged or treated using a radiopharmaceutical.
• the invention provides a method for treating a patient by administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a Formula (la) and/or (lb) compound complexed to a radionuclide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of the complex to treat a patient suffering from a cell proliferative disease or disorder.
• a cell proliferative disease or disorder to be treated or imaged using a compound, pharmaceutical composition or radiopharmaceutical in accordance with this invention is a cancer, for example, prostate cancer and/or prostate cancer metastasis in e.g. lung, liver, kidney, bones, brain, spinal cord, bladder, etc.
• the synthesized compounds are chemically characterized by RP-HPLC, MS, and/or NMR.
• the novel chelator-conjugated imaging agents with structural modifications in the linker region have improved tumor targeting properties and pharmacokinetics.
• the pharmacophore presents three carboxylic group able to interact with the respective side chains of PSMA and an oxygen as part of zinc complexation in the active center. Besides these obligatory interactions, the inventors were able to optimize the lipophilic interactions in the linker region.
• the preclinical evaluation includes in vitro assays (affinity, internalization) and in vivo experiments ( ⁇ screening and organ distribution).
• the compounds of the present invention are better than known reference compounds with regard to kidney clearance and enrichment in the tumor.
• the binding affinity of PSMA inhibitors of the present invention can be influenced by linker modifications. Two cyclic motives and at least one aromatic moiety in the linker region of the substance seem to be preferable and resulted in the high affinity compounds MB4 and MB17. In this regard, a very promising compound is MB17.
• the compounds of the present invention represent novel PSMA-targeting probes with optimal characteristics which was also confirmed by organ distribution and small animal PET imaging.
• the compounds of the present invention show a high PSMA-specific tumor uptake. In addition, they are characterized by an early enrichment in the bladder and also the maximum kidney uptake. With regard to therapeutic use, this gives clear clinical advantages for the compounds of the present invention compared to other PSMA-inhibitors.
• the compounds of the present invention in particular MB17, show a rapid background clearance as well as a substantial reduction of the enrichment in the kidney after 2 hours while it is further accumulated and retained in the PSMA-expressing tumor. Also first in vivo treatments with MB 17 showed promising data (c.f. Fig. 17 and 18).
• the DOTA conjugated-PSMA inhibitors are synthesized via solid-phase peptide synthesis (c.f. Scheme 2).
• the isocyanate of the glutamyl moiety was generated in situ by adding a mixture of 3 mmol of bis(tert-butyl)-L-glutamate hydrochloride and 3 mL of N-ethyldiisopropylamine (DIPEA) in 200 mL of dry CH 2 CI 2 to a solution of 1 mmol triphosgene in 10 mL of dry CH2CI 2 at 5°C for 3 h.
• DIPEA N-ethyldiisopropylamine
• the subsequent synthesis of the peptidomimetic PSMA binding motif was performed according to standard Fmoc protocol.
• the following coupling of the linker part was performed using 2 mmol of the corresponding Fmoc-protected acid, 3.96 mmol of HBTU and 2 mmol of N-ethyl-diisopropylamine in a final volume of 4 mL DMF.
• 4 eq of tris(t-bu)-DOTA (Chematech) relative to the resin loading were reacted in a final volume of 3 mL DMF.
• the product was cleaved from the resin in a 2 mL mixture consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, triisopropylsilane, and water (95:2.5:2.5).
• the chelator was also conjugated by using HBTU activated DOTA-NHS ester (CheMatech) or DOTA-TFP ester (Mier W., Hoffend J., Kramer S., Schuhmacher J., Hull W. E., Eisenhut M., Haberkorn U., Bioconjugate Chem. 2005, 16: 237-240).
• the radiolabeling of the compounds resulted in a radiochemical yield of >97% after 15 minutes at 95 °C and was determined by RP-HPLC and TLC. Subsequent purification was done using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges.
• the isocyanate of the glutamyl moiety was generated in situ by adding a mixture of 3 mmol of bis(tert-butyl) L-glutamate hydrochloride and 1.5 mL of N- ethyldiisopropylamine (DIPEA) in 200 mL of dry CH 2 CI 2 to a solution of 1 mmol triphosgene in 10 mL of dry CH 2 CI 2 at 0 °C over 4 h.
• DIPEA N- ethyldiisopropylamine
• the chelators (DOTA, NOTA, NODAGA, DTPA, CHX-DTPA, PCTA, Do3A) were coupled to the MB17 linker by solid phase synthesis.
• 13 pmol of resin which was coupled with the PS A binding motif was swollen with DCM in a syringe with a filter. After washing the resin 5 * with DMF, it was incubated 2 * for 5 min with 20% of piperidine in DMF to deprotect the N-terminus. Another 5 * washing with DMF followed.
• the solution was pipetted into ice cold diethyl ether and centrifuged.
• the diethyl ether was decanted and the remaining pellet was dissolved in 35 ⁇ of ACN : H 2 O (1 : 1) and analysed by HPLC (0 - 100% ACN in water within 5 min) and LC/MS. If the desired product was obtained, the complete peptide was separated from the resin.
• the dried resin was incubated with 500 ⁇ of the separation solution (95% TFA, 2.5% H 2 O, 2.5% TIPS) for 2 hours. The resulting solution was mixed with ice cold diethyl ether and centrifuged (4000 min " , 5 min).
• a filter plate MultiScreen H Ts-DV was incubated at room temperature with 100 ⁇ PBS with 1 % BSA per well for 30 min. After removing the PBS/BSA solution 10 5 LNCaP cells in 50 pi of Opti-MEM were applied to each well. Different concentrations of the compounds (leading to concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1 , 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 nM in each well) in 300 ⁇ of Opti-MEM were mixed with 3 ⁇ of a 150 nM solution of 125 l-labeled MIP - 1466 in Opti-MEM. 50 ⁇ of the resulting solution were added to each well, each concentration was pipetted in quadruples. Each well now contained the radioactively labelled ligand in a concentration of 0.75 nM and the competitive, not labelled ligand in the concentration mentioned above. The plate was then incubated for 45 min at room temperature on a shaker.
• the cells were washed 2 ⁇ with 100 ⁇ of ice cold PBS and 1 * with 200 ⁇ of ice cold PBS. Finally, the filters were collected and the remaining radioactivity was measured with a gamma counter. Each tube was measured for 5 min.
• Example 7 ⁇ PET - imaging using CHX-DTPA-MB17
• the solution containing the purified 68 Ga-CHX-DTPA- coupled PSMA inhibitor was sterile-filtered. 100 ⁇ of this solution was taken up into a syringe and then injected into a BALB/c nude mouse LNCaP xenograft, intravenously into the tail vein. The PET scan was recorded for 140 min with a Siemens Inveon PET (Fig. 15)
• Example 8 Determination of the competitive binding affinity
• the competitive binding affinity and the specific internalization was analyzed using the PSMA expressing cell line LNCaP.
• PMPA 2- (phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid
• LNCaP cells metal-static lesion of human prostatic adenocarcinoma, ATCC CRL-1740
• RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and Glutamax (PAA, Austria).
• PAA fetal calf serum
• Glutamax PAG, Austria
• cells were grown at 37°C in an incubator with humidified air, equilibrated with 5 % CO2.
• the cells were harvested using trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (trypsin-EDTA; 0.25% trypsin, 0.02% EDTA, all from PAA, Austria) and washed with PBS.
• trypsin-EDTA trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• the competitive cell binding assay and internalization experiments were performed as described previously (Eder et al. 2012). Briefly, the respective cells (10 5 per well) were incubated with the radioligand (68Ga-labeied [Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx)]2-HBED-CC (Schafer et al., 2012) in the presence of 12 different concentrations of analyte (0- 5000 nM, 100 pL/well). After incubation, washing was carried out using a multiscreen vacuum manifold (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Cell-bound radioactivity was measured using a gamma counter (Packard Cobra II, GMI, Minnesota, USA). The 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated by fitting the data using a nonlinear regression algorithm (GraphPad Software). Experiments were performed three times.
• the radioligand 68Ga-labeied [Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx)]2-HBED-CC (Schafer et al.
• Recombinant human PSMA (rhPSMA, R&D systems, Wiesbaden, Germany) was diluted in assay buffer (50 mM HEPES, 0.1 M NaCI, pH 7.5) to 0.4 pg/mL
• assay buffer 50 mM HEPES, 0.1 M NaCI, pH 7.5
• the substrate Ac-Asp-Glu (Sigma, Taufkirchen, Germany, 40 ⁇ final concentration) was mixed with natGa labeled analyte at concentrations ranging from 0.05 nM to 1000 nM in a final volume of 125 pL assay buffer.
• the mixtures were combined with 125 ⁇ _ of the rhPSMA solution (0.4 pg/mL) and incubated for one hour at 37°C. The reaction was stopped by heating at 95°C for 5 minutes. 250 pL of a 15 mM solution of ortho- phthaldialdehyde (Sigma, Taufmün, Germany) was added to all vials and
• Biodistribution 7- to 8-week-old male BALB/c nu/nu mice were subcutaneously inoculated into the right trunk with 5x10 6 cells of LNCaP (in 50% Matrigel; Becton Dickinson, Heidelberg, Germany). The tumors were allowed to grow until approximately 1 cm3 in size.
• the radiolabeled compounds were injected into the tail vein (approx. 1 MBq per mouse; 0.06 nmol). At 1 h after injection the animals were sacrificed. Organs of interest were dissected, blotted dry, and weighed. The radioactivity was measured using a gamma counter and calculated as % ID/g.
• the present example shows that the binding affinity of PSMA inhibitors can be influenced by linker modifications.
• Two cyclic motives and at least one aromatic moiety in the linker region of the substance seem to be preferable and resulted in the high affinity compounds MB4 and MB17.
• These novel variants show low nanomolar affinity to LNCap cell line and were specifically internalized at 37 °C up to 48 %ID/10 6 cells.
• Former studies showed that besides binding affinity the internalization properties of PSMA-targeting probes are highly important and high internalization rates are essential for high in vivo tumor uptake and retention.
• MB17 Two cyclic motives and at least one aromatic moiety in the linker region of the substance seem to be preferable and resulted in the high affinity compounds MB4 and MB17.
• MB 17 shows a high PSMA-specific tumor uptake (Fig.2).
• dynamic PET imaging of MB17 shows an early enrichment in the bladder and also the maximum kidney uptake (highest point in the time-activity-curve) is as early as 15 min after injection of the radiotracer and diminishes substantially already after 20 minutes. With regard to therapeutic use, this gives clear clinical advantages for MB17 compared to other PSMA-inhibitors.
• MB17 shows a rapid background clearance as well as a substantial reduction of the enrichment in the kidney after 2 hours while it is further accumulated and retained in the PSMA-expressing tumor.
• organ distribution with 177 Lu showed that the high initial kidney uptake is nearly completely washed out (2.13 ⁇ 1.36 % ID/g) after 24 hours while the tumor uptake remained high and even increased (10.58 ⁇ 4.50 % ID/g).
• Other organs as liver (0.08 ⁇ 0.03 % ID/g), lung (0.11 ⁇ 0.13 % ID/g) and spleen (0.13 ⁇ 0.05 % ID/g) showed very low uptake.
• PET/CT imaging was performed using the radiotracer MB17 labeled with Ga-68 (c.f Fig. 17)
• the ⁇ Ge/ ⁇ Ga-generator used for radiopharmaceutical production was purchased from IDB-Holland BV (Baarle-Nassau, The Netherlands). Disposable cassette kits and chemicals including the precursor in G P-compliant grade used for the radiosynthesis were obtained from ABX advanced biochemical compounds
• the crude reaction mixture was then removed from the reaction vessel and transferred to a preconditioned (10 mL EtOH/10 mL ultrapure water) C18 cartridge (Waters Sep-Pak light). 9 mL ultrapure water was used to rinse the reaction vessel and passed over the C 8 cartridge. The C18 cartridge was washed with another 5 mL of ultrapure water. The final product was eluted from the C18 cartridge with 2 mL of EtOH/H 2 O (v:v 1 :1), sterile filtered (Millipore Cathivex-GV, 0.22 pm) and diluted with 10 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution pH 7.4 (according to Eur. Ph. 8.0 (4005000)). The Ga-MB17 complex solution was applied to patients via an intravenous bolus.
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• the PSMA ligand MB17 was radiolabeled with Lu-177.
• 177 LuCI 3 was obtained from Perkin Elmer (4 GBq, NEZ307D, 0,04 M HCI). 80 nmoles of MB17 were dissolved in 400 pl_ sodium acetate buffer (0.4 M, pH 5) supplemented with 5 ⁇ _ of 20 % ascorbic acid. The solution was transferred to the 177 LuCI 3 and incubated for 10 minutes at 95°C. Finally, 2 ml_ 0.9 % NaCI was added. For quality control, ITLC and radio-HPLC was performed.
• the 177 Lu-labeled MB17 was applied to patients via an intravenous bolus (5 mL, slowly within 30 seconds).
• the intravenous application was accompanied by an infusion of 0.9% NaCI for 4.5 h starting at 0.5 h before injection.

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