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  • C07D251/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings
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  • C07D251/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D251/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom
  • C07D251/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom to only one ring carbon atom
  • C07D251/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3,5-triazine rings not condensed with other rings having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to at least one ring carbon atom to only one ring carbon atom with nitrogen atoms directly attached to the two other ring carbon atoms, e.g. guanamines
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  • C07D239/32—One oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom
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  • C07D239/36—One oxygen atom as doubly bound oxygen atom or as unsubstituted hydroxy radical
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  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4192—1,2,3-Triazoles
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  • C07C229/34—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C229/36—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton containing six-membered aromatic rings with at least one amino group and one carboxyl group bound to the same carbon atom of the carbon skeleton
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  • C07C229/42—Compounds containing amino and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of at least one six-membered aromatic ring and carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the same carbon skeleton with carboxyl groups linked to the six-membered aromatic ring, or to the condensed ring system containing that ring, by saturated carbon chains
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  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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Definitions

• the neurotransmitter serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is involved in multiple central nervous facets of mood control and in regulating sleep, anxiety, alcoholism, drug abuse, food intake, and sexual behavior. In peripheral tissues, serotonin is reportedly implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, gut motility, primary hemostasis, and cell- mediated immune responses. Walther, D.J., et al., Science 299:76 (2003).
• TPH tryptophan hydroxylase
• mice genetically deficient for the tphl gene
• the mice reportedly expressed normal amounts of serotonin in classical serotonergic brain regions, but largely lacked serotonin in the periphery. Id.
• the knockout mice exhibited abnormal cardiac activity, which was attributed to a lack of peripheral serotonin. C ⁇ t ⁇ , F., et ah, PNAS 100(23): 13525-13530 (2003).
• This invention is directed, in part, to compounds of formula I:
• A is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocycle
• A is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocycle
• TPH ⁇ e.g., TPHl
• This invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions and to methods of treating, preventing and managing a variety of diseases and disorders.
• This invention is based, in part, on the discovery that knocking out the tphl gene in mice significantly reduces levels of GI serotonin, yet causes little, if any, measurable effect on the central nervous system (CNS).
• This invention is also based on the discovery of compounds that inhibit TPH (e.g., TPHl).
• TPH e.g., TPHl
• preferred compounds of the invention reduce serotonin levels, and may be used in the treatment, prevention and management of a wide range of diseases and disorders.
• alkenyl means a straight chain, branched and/or cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 20 (e.g., 2 to 10 or 2 to 6) carbon atoms, and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• alkenyl moieties include vinyl, allyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyi, isobutylenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-methyl-l-butenyl, 2-methyl-2-butenyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, 1-hexenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 1-heptenyl, 2- heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 1-octenyl, 2-octenyl, 3-octenyl, 1-nonenyl, 2-nonenyl, 3-nonenyl, 1- decenyl, 2-decenyl and 3-decenyl.
• alkyl means a straight chain, branched and/or cyclic (“cycloalkyl”) hydrocarbon having from 1 to 20 (e.g., 1 to 10 or 1 to 4) carbon atoms. Alkyl moieties having from 1 to 4 carbons are referred to as "lower alkyl.” Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl.
• Cycloalkyl moieties may be monocyclic or multicyclic, and examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and adamantyl. Additional examples of alkyl moieties have linear, branched and/or cyclic portions (e.g., l-ethyl-4-methyl- cyclohexyl).
• alkyl includes saturated hydrocarbons as well as alkenyl and alkynyl moieties.
• alkoxy means an — O— alkyl group. Examples of alkoxy groups include -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , -0(CHz) 3 CH 3 , -O(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 , and -O(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 .
• alkylaryl or “alkyl-aryl” means an alkyl moiety bound to an aryl moiety.
• alkylheteroaryl or “alkyl-heteroaryl” means an alkyl moiety bound to a heteroaryl moiety.
• alkylheterocycle or “alkyl-heterocycle” means an alkyl moiety bound to a heterocycle moiety.
• alkynyl means a straight chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 20 (e.g., 2 to 20 or 2 to 6) carbon atoms, and including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• alkynyl moieties include acetylenyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-methyl-l-butynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1-hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 5-hexynyl, 1-heptynyl, 2-heptynyl, 6-heptynyl, 1-octynyl, 2-octynyl, 7-octynyl, 1-nonynyl, 2-nonynyl, 8-nonynyl, 1-decynyl, 2-decynyl and 9-decynyl.
• aryl means an aromatic ring or an aromatic or partially aromatic ring system composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• An aryl moiety may comprise multiple rings bound or fused together.
• aryl moieties include anthracenyl, azulenyl, biphenyl, fluorenyl, indan, indenyl, naphthyl, phenanthrenyl, phenyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene, and tolyl.
• arylalkyl or "aryl-alkyl” means an aryl moiety bound to an alkyl moiety.
• biohydrolyzable amide means an amide, ester, carbamate, carbonate, ureido, or phosphate, respectively, of a compound that either: 1) does not interfere with the biological activity of the compound but can confer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such as uptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologically inactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.
• biohydrolyzable esters include lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters.
• biohydrolyzable amides include lower alkyl amides, ⁇ -amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, and alkylaminoalkyl-carbonyl amides.
• biohydrolyzable carbamates include lower alkylamines, substituted ethylenediamines, aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines, heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.
• disease or disorder mediated by peripheral serotonin and “disease and disorder mediated by peripheral serotonin” mean a disease and/or disorder having one or more symptoms, the severity of which are affected by peripheral serotonin levels.
• heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl moiety ⁇ e.g., linear, branched or cyclic) in which at least one of its carbon atoms has been replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S).
• heteroaryl means an aryl moiety wherein at least one of its carbon atoms has been replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S).
• heteroatom e.g., N, O or S.
• examples include acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoquinazolinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, and tri
• heterocycle refers to an aromatic, partially aromatic or non-aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic ring or ring system comprised of carbon, hydrogen and at least one heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S).
• a heterocycle may comprise multiple (i.e., two or more) rings fused or bound together.
• Heterocycles include heteroaryls.
• Examples include benzo[l,3]dioxolyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[l,4]dioxinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, hydantoinyl, morpholinyl, oxetanyl, oxiranyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl and valerolactamyl.
• heterocyclealkyl or “heterocycle-alkyl” refers to a heterocycle moiety bound to an alkyl moiety.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic heterocycle.
• heterocycloalkylalkyl or “heterocycloalkyl- alkyl” refers to a heterocycloalkyl moiety bound to an alkyl moiety.
• the terms “manage,” “managing” and “management” encompass preventing the recurrence of the specified disease or disorder, or of one or more of its symptoms, in a patient who has already suffered from the disease or disorder, and/or lengthening the time that a patient who has suffered from the disease or disorder remains in remission.
• the terms encompass modulating the threshold, development and/or duration of the disease or disorder, or changing the way that a patient responds to the disease or disorder.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases.
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include metallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from lysine, N,N'- dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine.
• Suitable non-toxic acids include inorganic and organic acids such as acetic, alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, fiiroic, galacturonic, gluconic, glucuronic, glutamic, glycolic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, propionic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tartaric acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• inorganic and organic acids such as acetic, alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric,
• Non-toxic acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and methanesulfonic acids.
• Examples of specific salts thus include hydrochloride and mesylate salts.
• Others are well-known in the art. See, e.g., Remington' s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18 th ed. (Mack Publishing, Easton PA: 1990) and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19 th ed. (Mack Publishing, Easton PA: 1995).
• the term “potent TPHl inhibitor” is a compound that has a TPHl_IC 5 o of less than about 10 ⁇ M.
• the terms “prevent,” “preventing” and “prevention” contemplate an action that occurs before a patient begins to suffer from the specified disease or disorder, which inhibits or reduces the severity of the disease or disorder, or of one or more of its symptoms. The terms encompass prophylaxis.
• prodrug encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable esters, carbonates, thiocarbonates, N-acyl derivatives, N-acyloxyalkyl derivatives, quaternary derivatives of tertiary amines, N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases, amino acid conjugates, phosphate esters, metal salts and sulfonate esters of compounds disclosed herein.
• prodrugs include compounds that comprise a biohydrolyzable moiety (e.g., a biohydrolyzable amide, biohydrolyzable carbamate, biohydrolyzable carbonate, biohydrolyzable ester, biohydrolyzable phosphate, or biohydrolyzable ureide analog).
• Prodrugs of compounds disclosed herein are readily envisioned and prepared by those of ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., Design of Prodrugs. Bundgaard, A. Ed., Elseview, 1985; Bundgaard, H., “Design and Application of Prodrugs," A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Krosgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Ed., 1991, Chapter 5, p. 113-191; and Bundgaard, H., Advanced Drug Delivery Review, 1992, 8, 1-38.
• a prophylactically effective amount of a compound is an amount sufficient to prevent a disease or condition, or one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition, or prevent its recurrence.
• a prophylactically effective amount of a compound is an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents, which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease.
• the term “prophylactically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
• protecting group when used to refer to part of a molecule subjected to a chemical reaction, means a chemical moiety that is not reactive under the conditions of that chemical reaction, and which may be removed to provide a moiety that is reactive under those conditions.
• Protecting groups are well known in the art. See, e.g., Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P.G.M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (3 rd ed., John Wiley & Sons: 1999); Larock, R. C, Comprehensive Organic Transformations (2 nd ed., John Wiley & Sons: 1999). Some examples include benzyl, diphenylmethyl, trityl, Cbz, Boc, Fmoc, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and pthalimido.
• pseudohalogen refers to a polyatomic anion that resembles a halide ion in its acid-base, substitution, and redox chemistry, generally has low basicity, and forms a free radical under atom transfer radical polymerization conditions.
• pseudohalogens include azide ions, cyanide, cyanate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, sulfonates, and sulfonyl halides.
• selective TPHl inhibitor is a compound that has a TPH2_IC 5 o that is at least about 10 times greater than its TPHl_IC 5 o-
• stereomerically enriched composition of a compound refers to a mixture of the named compound and its stereoisomer(s) that contains more of the named compound than its stereoisomers).
• a stereoisomerically enriched composition of (S)-butan-2-ol encompasses mixtures of (S)-butan-2-ol and (R)- butan-2-ol in ratios of, e.g., about 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, 90/10, 95/5, and 98/2.
• stereomerically pure means a composition that comprises one stereoisomer of a compound and is substantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound.
• a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having one stereocenter will be substantially free of the opposite stereoisomer of the compound.
• a stereomerically pure composition of a compound having two stereocenters will be substantially free of other diastereomers of the compound.
• a typical stereomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20% by weight of other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 90% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 10% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 95% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 5% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, greater than about 97% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, or greater than about 99% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 1% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound.
• substituted when used to describe a chemical structure or moiety, refers to a derivative of that structure or moiety wherein one or more of its hydrogen atoms is substituted with an atom, chemical moiety or functional group such as, but not limited to, alcohol, aldehylde, alkoxy, alkanoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyl, alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl), alkynyl, alkylcarbonyloxy (-OC(O)alkyl), amide (-C(O)NH-alkyl ⁇ or -alkylNHC(O)alkyl), amidinyl (-C(NH)NH-alkyl or -C(NR)NH 2 ), amine (primary, secondary and tertiary such as alkylamino, arylam ⁇ no, arylalkylamino), aroyl, ary
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound is an amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of a disease or condition, or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms associated with the disease or condition.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound is an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of the disease or condition.
• the term “therapeutically effective amount” can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of a disease or condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another therapeutic agent.
• TPHl_ICso is the IC50 of a compound for
• TPHl as determined using the in vitro inhibition assay described in the Examples, below.
• TPH2_ICso is the IC50 of a compound for TPH2 as determined using the in vitro inhibition assay described in the Examples, below.
• treat contemplate an action that occurs while a patient is suffering from the specified disease or disorder, which reduces the severity of the disease or disorder, or one or more of its symptoms, or retards or slows the progression of the disease or disorder.
• one or more adjectives immediately preceding a series of nouns is to be construed as applying to each of the nouns.
• the phrase "optionally substituted alky, aryl, or heteroaryl” has the same meaning as “optionally substituted alky, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.”
• a chemical moiety that forms part of a larger compound may be described herein using a name commonly accorded it when it exists as a single molecule or a name commonly accorded its radical.
• the terms “pyridine” and “pyridyl” are accorded the same meaning when used to describe a moiety attached to other chemical moieties.
• the two phrases “XOH, wherein X is pyridyl” and “XOH, wherein X is pyridine” are accorded the same meaning, and encompass the compounds pyridin-2-ol, pyridin-3-ol and pyridin-4-ol.
• stereochemistry of a structure or a portion of a structure is not indicated with, for example, bold or dashed lines, the structure or the portion of the structure is to be interpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers of it.
• names of compounds having one or more chiral centers that do not specify the stereochemistry of those centers encompass pure stereoisomers and mixtures thereof.
• any atom shown in a drawing with unsatisfied valences is assumed to be attached to enough hydrogen atoms to satisfy the valences.
• chemical bonds depicted with one solid line parallel to one dashed line encompass both single and double (e.g., aromatic) bonds, if valences permit.
• A is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocycle
• D is optionally substituted aryl or heterocycle
• Rj is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heterocycle, aryl, or heterocycle
• R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heterocycle, aryl, or heterocycle
• R 3 is hydrogen, alkoxy, amino, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, or
• A is optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocycle
• particular compounds include those wherein A is optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., 6-membered and 5-membered).
• A is optionally substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl).
• A is optionally substituted heterocycle (e.g., 6-membered and 5-membered). Examples of 6-membered heterocycles include pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and triazine.
• 5-membered heterocycles include pyrrole, imidazole, triazole, thiazole, thiophene, and furan.
• A is aromatic. In others, A is not aromatic.
• A is an optionally substituted bicyclic moiety (e.g., indole, iso-indole, pyrrolo-pyridine, or napthylene).
• each of Ai and A 2 is independently a monocyclic optionally substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, or heterocycle.
• Compounds encompassed by this formula include those wherein A 1 and/or A 2 is optionally substituted cycloalkyl (e.g., 6-membered and 5-membered).
• Ai and/or A 2 is optionally substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl).
• Ai and/or A 2 is optionally substituted heterocycle (e.g., 6-membered and 5-membered).
• 6- membered heterocycles include pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and triazine.
• 5-membered heterocycles examples include pyrrole, imidazole, triazole, thiazole, thiophene, and furan.
• a 1 and/or A 2 is aromatic. In others, Ai and/or A 2 is not aromatic.
• D is optionally substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl).
• D is optionally substituted heterocycle (e.g., 6-membered and 5-membered).
• 6-membered heterocycles include pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and triazine.
• 5- membered heterocycles include pyrrole, imidazole, triazole, thiazole, thiophene, and furan.
• D is aromatic. In others, D is not aromatic.
• D is an optionally substituted bicyclic moiety (e.g., indole, iso-indole, pyrrolo-pyridine, or napthylene).
• E is optionally substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl).
• E is optionally substituted heterocycle (e.g., 6-membered and 5-membered).
• 6- membered heterocycles include pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and triazine.
• 5-membered heterocycles include pyrrole, imidazole, triazole, thiazole, thiophene, and furan.
• E is aromatic.
• E is not aromatic.
• E is an optionally substituted bicyclic moiety (e.g., indole, iso-indole, pyrrolo-pyridine, or napthylene).
• particular compounds include those wherein Ri is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
• R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
• n 1 or 2.
• X is a bond or S.
• X is -O-, -C(R 3 R 4 )O-, or -OC(RsR 4 )-, and, for example, R 3 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, and R 4 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl. In some, R 3 is hydrogen and R 4 is trifluromethyl.
• X is -S(Oz)-, -S(O 2 )N(R 5 )-, -N(R 5 )S(O 2 )-, -C(R 3 R 4 )S(O 2 )-, or -S(O 2 )C(R 3 R 4 )-, and, for example, R 3 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, R 4 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, and R 5 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
• X is -N(Rs)-, -N(R 5 )C(O)N(R 5 )-, -C(R 3 R 4 )N(R 5 )-, or -N(R 5 )C(R 3 R 4 )-, and, for example, R 3 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, R 4 is hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, and each R 5 is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl.
• R 3 is trifluoromethyl. Others are encompassed by the formula:
• R 3 is hydrogen
• each of Zj, Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 is independently N or CR 6 ; each R ⁇ is independently hydrogen, cyano, halogen, OR 7 , NRgRg, amino, hydroxyl, or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 7 is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 8 is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 9 is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; and m is 1-4. Certain such compounds are of the formula:
• R3 is trifluoromethyl. Others are of the formula: wherein, for example, R 3 is hydrogen.
• some compounds are such that all OfZ 1 , Z2, Z 3 , and Z 4 are N. In others, only three of Zi, Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z 4 are N. In others, only two of Zi, Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z4 are N. In others, only one of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3 , and Z4 is N. In others, none of Z 1 , Z2, Z 3 , and Z 4 are N.
• each of Z'i, Z'2, and Z' 3 is independently N, NH, S, O or CR 6 ; each Rg is independently amino, cyano, halogen, hydrogen, OR 7 , SR 7 , NRgRg, or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; each R 7 is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; each Rs is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; each R9 is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl or alkyl-heterocycle; and p is 1-3. Certain such compounds are of the formula:
• R 3 is hydrogen
• some compounds are such that all of Z' I , Z'2, and Z' 3 are N or NH. In others, only two of Z'i, Z' 2 , and Z' 3 are N or NH. In others, only one of Z'x, Z 2 , and Z' 3 is N or NH. In others, none of Z'i, Z' 2 , and Z' 3 are N or NH.
• Certain such compounds are of the formula:
• R 3 is trifluoromethyl. Others are of the formula:
• R 3 is hydrogen
• some compounds are such that all of Z"i, Z" 2 , Z" 3> and Z" 4 are N. In others, only three of Z' ⁇ , Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 are N. In others, only two of Z"i, Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 are N. In others, only one of Z"i, Z" 2> Z" 3 , and Z" 4 is N. In others, none of Z" 1 ⁇ Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 are N.
• each of Z"i, Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 is independently N or CRJ O ; each R 1O is independently amino, cyano, halogen, hydrogen, ORn, SR 11 , NR12R 13 , or optionally substituted alkyl.
• R 3 is trifluoromethyl. Others are of the formula:
• R 3 is hydrogen
• some compounds are such that all of Z"i, Z" 2 , Z" 3 ⁇ and Z" 4 are N. In others, only three of Z" u Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 are N. In others, only two of Z"i, Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 are N. In others, only one of Z" u Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 is N. In others, none of Z' ⁇ , Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 are N.
• E and D are not both optionally substituted phenyl (i.e., E is not phenyl optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to D and the -[CH 2 In- moiety, and D is not phenyl optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to E and X).
• E and D are not both optionally substituted phenyl when A is optionally substituted phenyl (i.e., A is phenyl optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to X).
• E and D are not both phenyl. 4) E and D are not both phenyl when A is optionally substituted phenyl.
• E is para-phenyl (i.e., D is attached at the position para to the — [CH.] n - moiety), and n is 1, D is not optionally substituted pyridazin-3(2H)-one.
• n is 1
• Ri is -C(O)(optionally substituted phenyl)
• R 2 is H
• D is not optionally substituted pyridazin-
• A is not optionally substituted pyrrolidine.
• D when E is para-phenyl, and n is 1, D is not optionally substituted 2,6- dimethoxyphenyl.
• E when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, X is -CH 2 -, and A is pyrrolidine, D is not optionally substituted pyridazin-3(2H)-one.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 05/068415.
• D is not optionally substituted quinazoline.
• E is para-phenyl
• n is 1, D is not optionally substituted quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione.
• Ri is -C(O) (optionally substituted phenyl)
• D is not optionally substituted quinazoline-2,4(lH,3H)-dione.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 05/061466.
• E is optionally substituted phenyl (i.e., E is phenyl optionally substituted with moieties in addition to D and the -[CHj] n - moiety)
• D is optionally substituted phenyl (i.e., D is phenyl optionally substituted with moieties in addition to X and E)
• n is 1, and X is -OCH 2 -
• A is not phenyl.
• E is meta-(optionally substituted phenyl) (i.e., E is phenyl optionally substituted with moieties in addition to D and the
• D is optionally substituted phenyl, n is 1, and X is -OCH 2 -, A is not phenyl.
• E meta-(optionally substituted phenyl)
• D is optionally substituted phenyl, n is 1, X is — OCH 2 -, and R 2 is optionally substituted alkyl or alkyl-aryl, A is not phenyl.
• E meta-(substituted phenyl)
• E is phenyl substituted with one or more moieties in addition to D and the — [CH 2 ] n — moiety, and D is attached at the position meta to the -[CH 2 ],,- moiety
• D is substituted phenyl (i.e., D is phenyl optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to X and E)
• n is 1
• X is -OCH2-
• A is not phenyl.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 05/058943, WO 05/033129, WO 04/012816, or WO 03/106480. 10)
• E is para-phenyl
• D is phenyl
• n is 1
• X is O or
• A is not cycloalkyl or optionally substituted phenyl (i.e., phenyl optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to X).
• E para-phenyl
• D is para-phenyl (i.e., X is attached at the position para to E) or ortho-phenyl (i.e., X is attached at the position ortho to E)
• n is 1, and X is O or -OCH 2 -
• A is not cycloalkyl or optionally substituted phenyl.
• E when E is para-phenyl, D is phenyl, n is 1, X is O or -OCH 2 -, and Rj is not H, A is not cycloalkyl or optionally substituted phenyl.
• D when E is para-phenyl, D is phenyl, n is 1, X is O or -OCH 2 -, Ri is not H, and R 2 is methyl or H, A is not cycloalkyl or optionally substituted phenyl.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 05/014534, WO 05/014533, WO 05/014532, or WO 04/014844.
• E is para-phenyl
• D is optionally substituted purine
• n is 1
• X is -CH 2 -
• A is not phenyl.
• E is para-phenyl
• D is optionally substituted purine
• n is 1
• X is -CH 2 -
• at least one of Ri and R 2 is H
• A is not phenyl.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 04/094426.
• E is phenyl
• D is optionally substituted phthalazine (i.e., phthalazine optionally substituted with at least one moiety other than E and X), and X is -CH 2 -
• A is not optionally substituted pyridine (i.e., pyridine optionally substituted with a moiety other than X).
• E is phenyl
• D is optionally substituted phthalazine
• X is -CH 2 -
• A is not substituted pyridine.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 04/056798.
• E is not isoxazole.
• D is para- phenyl
• n is 1
• X is not -OCH2-.
• E isoxazole.
• D is para-phenyl
• n is 1
• X is — OCH 2 -
• A is not optionally substituted quinoline (Le., quinoline optionally substituted with one or more moieties in addition to X).
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 04/043349.
• D is not optionally substituted 1,4-piperazine (i.e., piperazine optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to E and X, which are bound to the nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions).
• 1,4-piperazine i.e., piperazine optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to E and X, which are bound to the nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions.
• X is not a bond or -CH 2 -.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 03/089410.
• D is not optionally substituted l,l-dioxo-l,2,5-thiadiazolidine.
• D when E is para-phenyl, D is not optionally substituted 1,1-dioxo- 1,2,5-thiadiazolidine.
• n when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, and D is optionally substituted l,l-dioxo-l,2,5-thiadiazolidine, X is not -CH 2 -.
• E when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, D is l,l-dioxo-l,2,5-thiadiazolidine-3-one, and X is -CH 2 -, A is not optionally substituted phenyl.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 03/082841.
• D is not optionally substituted quinazoline or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazoline (e.g., 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2(lH)-one, quinazoline-2,4( 1 H, 3H)-dione, 2-thioxo-2,3 -dihydroquinazolin-4( 1 H)-one, quinazolin-4(3H)-one, or lH-benzo[c][l,2,6]thiadiazin-4(3H)-one, any of which may be optionally substituted with moieties in addition to E and X).
• quinazoline or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazoline e.g., 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2(lH)-one, quinazoline-2,4( 1 H, 3H)-dione, 2-thioxo-2,3 -dihydroquinazolin-4( 1 H)-one, quin
• D when E is para-phenyl, n is 1 , and R] is 2,6- dichlorobenzoyl, D is not optionally substituted optionally substituted quinazoline or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazoline.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 03/070709 or WO 02/016329.
• D is not optionally substituted piperidine.
• E is optionally substituted ⁇ yrimidin-2(lH)-one (i.e., pyrimidin-2(lH)-one optionally substituted with moieties in addition to D and the — [CH 2 ] n - moiety), and n is 1
• D is not optionally substituted piperidine.
• E is optionally substituted pyrimidin-2(lH)-one
• n is 1, and D is optionally substituted piperidine
• X is not -CH 2 - or -CH 2 NH-.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 03/066624.
• E is meta-phenyl, substituted at the position para to the -[CH2] n - moiety with OH, n is 1, and D is optionally substituted ortho-phenyl, X is not — O- .
• n is 1, D is optionally substituted ortho-phenyl, and X is -O-, A is not substituted tetrahydro-2H-pyran (i.e., tetrahydro-2H-pyran substituted with at least one moiety in addition to X).
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,951 ,840.
• E is not optionally substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one.
• n when E is optionally substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one, n is 1, and D is phenyl, X is not -NH-.
• E when E is optionally substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one, n is 1, D is phenyl, and X is-NH-, A is not 4,5-dihydro-lH-imidazole.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 02/081467.
• D is not piperidine.
• n is 1, and D is piperidine, X is not a bond.
• E is purine, n is 1, D is piperidine, and X is a bond,
• A is not l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridine.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 02/018384.
• E when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, and D is meta-phenyl, X is not -NH-, -CH2NH-, or -NHCH 2 -.
• n when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, D is meta-phenyl, and R2 is H, X is not -NH-, -CH 2 NH-, or -NHCH 2 -.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,677,360 or international patent application WO 00/035864.
• E is optionally substituted phenyl
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted phenyl
• X is -O—
• A is not optionally substituted phenyl.
• E is meta-(substituted phenyl)
• n is 1
• D is meta- (substituted phenyl)
• X is -O-
• A is not optionally substituted phenyl.
• E meta-(substituted phenyl)
• n is 1, D is meta-(substituted phenyl)
• Rj is H
• R 2 is H
• X is -O-
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 01/054486. 28)
• E is para-phenyl
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted imidazolidin-4- one (i.e., imidazolidin-4-one optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to X and A)
• X is not -CH 2 -.
• E is para- phenyl
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted imidazolidin-4-one (i.e., imidazolidin-4-one optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to X and A)
• X is -CH 2 -
• A is not pyridine.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S.
• E when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, and D is ortho-phenyl, X is not -CH 2 -. In another specific embodiment, when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, D is ortho-phenyl, and X is -CH 2 -, A is not optionally substituted piperidine. A more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,469,047. 32) When E is para-phenyl, and n is 1, D is not optionally substituted phenyl. In a specific embodiment, when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, and D is optionally substituted phenyl, X is not -CH 2 -, -O- or -OCH 2 -.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,420,418. 33)
• E is para-phenyl. and n is 1, D is not optionally substituted phenyl.
• n is 1, and D is optionally substituted phenyl, X is not -CH 2 -, -OCH 2 -, -NH-, or -CH 2 ISfH-.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Japanese patent 2001089368.
• E is not optionally substituted pyrimidin-2(lH)-one (i.e., pyrimidin-2(lH)-one optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to D and the -[CH 2 ]n- moiety).
• D is not piperidine or piperazine.
• E is optionally substituted pyrimidin-2(lH)-one, and n is 1, X is not -CH 2 -, -NH-, or -CH 2 NH-.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in international patent application WO 00/061551.
• D is not optionally substituted imidazolidin-4-one.
• E when E is para-phenyl, and n is 1 , D is not optionally substituted imidazolidin- 4-one.
• n when E is para-phenyl, n is 1, and D is optionally substituted imidazolidin-4-one, X is not -CH 2 - or a bond.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,423,728; 6,806,365 or 6,229,011. 36) D is not optionally substituted phenyl.
• D is not phenyl or 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl (i.e., phenyl substituted at the 2 and 6 positions by methoxy in addition to its substitutions by E and X).
• E is para-phenyl
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted phenyl
• X is not -CH 2 -, -OCH2-, or -CH 2 NH-.
• E is not optionally substituted indole.
• E is optionally substituted indole, and n is 1 , D is not substituted tetrahydro-2H- pyran.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,610,502.
• E is not optionally substituted isoxazole (i.e., isoxazole optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to D and -[CHa] n -)-
• isoxazole optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to D and -[CHa] n -
• D is not phenyl.
• X is not -OCH2- or -CH 2 -.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,114,328 or 5,849,736, or international patent application WO 95/14683.
• E is phenyl, n is 1, and D is phenyl, X is not -OCH 2 -.
• n is 1, D is phenyl, and X is -OCH 2 -, A is not phenyl.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Japanese patent 09118662. 40) E is not optionally substituted imidazolidine-2,4-dione (i.e., imidazolidine-2,4- dione optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to D and
• A is not optionally substituted benzoimidazole (i.e., benzoimidazole optionally substituted with at least one moiety in addition to X).
• n is not 2.
• D is not phenyl.
• E is optionally substituted imidazolidine-2,4- dione, n is 2, and D is phenyl, A is not benzoimidazole.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 6,620,820.
• E is not optionally substituted morpholine.
• n is 1, D is not optionally substituted phenyl.
• X is not -OCH2-.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent 3,658,806.
• D is not piperidine or piperazine.
• X is not -NH- or — NHCH2-.
• D is piperazine, X is not -CH2-.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in U.S. patent application 2004/077638 or 2004/063934.
• E when E is optionally substituted phenyl, and n is 1, D is not optionally substituted indoline. In another specific embodiment, when E is optionally substituted phenyl, n is 1 , and D is optionally substituted indoline, X is not a bond.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Nicolaou, K.C., et al., JACS 126(40): 12897-12906 (2004) or Nicolaou, K.C., et al. Aneew. Chemie. Int. Ed. 42(151:1753-1758 (2003). 47) E is not optionally substituted triazole.
• D is not optionally substituted tetrahydro-2H-pyran.
• E is not triazole. Ih another specific embodiment, when E is optionally substituted triazole, D is not optionally substituted tetrahydro-2H- ⁇ yran. In another specific embodiment, when E is optionally substituted triazole, A is not phenyl. In another specific embodiment, when E is optionally substituted triazole, X is not -O- or -OCH 2 -. A more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Kuijpers, B.H.M., et al., Organic Let. 6(18):3123-3126 (2004).
• E is not optionally substituted triazole or isoxazole.
• D is not optionally substituted tetrahydro-2H-pyran.
• n is 1
• D is not optionally substituted tetrahydro-2H-pyran.
• X is not -OCEb-.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Dondoni, A., et al , Organic Let. 6(17):2929-2932.
• E is optionally substituted phenyl
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted phenyl
• A is not phenyl.
• E is optionally substituted phenyl
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted phenyl
• X is -OCH 2 -
• A is not phenyl.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Hutton, CA. and Skaff, O., Tetrahedron Let.
• E is phenyl
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted phenyl
• X is -CH 2 -
• A is not pyrrolidine.
• E is not optionally substituted pyrimidin-2(lH)-one or 5,6,7,8- tetrahydroquinazolin-2(3H)-one.
• D is not piperidine.
• E is optionally substituted pyrimidin-2(lH)- one, and n is 1, D is not piperidine.
• E is optionally substituted ⁇ yrimidin-2(lH)-one, n is 1, and D is piperidine, X is not -NH-, -CH2-, or CH 2 NH-.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Zechel, C, et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 13(2):165-169 (2003).
• A is not optionally substituted piperazine.
• E is phenyl
• n is 1
• D is phenyl
• X is -CH 2 -
• A is not optionally substituted piperazine.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Castanedo, G.M., et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 12(20):2913- 2917 (2002).
• E is not optionally substituted indole.
• n is 1, and D is optionally substituted tetrahydro- 2H-pyran, X is not -CH 2 O-.
• n is 1, D is optionally substituted tetrahydro-2H- pyran, and X is -CH2O-, A is not phenyl.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Nishikawa, T., et al, Bioscience, Biotech, and Biochem. 66(10): 2273 -2278 (2002) or Nishikawa, T., et al, Org. Biomol. Chem. 3(4):687-700 (2005).
• E, D and A are not all phenyl. Ih a specific embodiment, when E, D and A are all phenyl, X is not -CH 2 -. A more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Sircar, I., et al, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10(6):2051-2066 (2002). 55) A is not cyclopropyl. In a specific embodiment, when E is phenyl, n is 1, D is optionally substituted phenyl, and X is -O-, A is not cyclopropyl. In another embodiment, D is not 2H-imidazol-2-one.
• E is not purine.
• D is not piperidine.
• n is 1
• D is piperidine
• X is -CH 2 NH-
• A is not imidazole.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Peyman, A., et al, Aneew. Chemie 39(16):2874-2877 (2000).
• E is not 4,5-dihydroisoxazole (i.e., 4,5-dihydroisoxazole connected to D and the -[CH 2 J n - moiety), hi a specific embodiment, when E is 4,5- dihydroisoxazole, n is 1, and A is phenyl, X is not -OCH 2 -. In another specific embodiment, when E is 4,5-dihydroisoxazole, n is 1, A is phenyl, and X is -OCH 2 -, A is not optionally substituted piperidine. A more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Wityak, J., et al., J 1 Med. Chem. 40(1)50-60 (1997).
• E is not optionally substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][l,4]thiazine.
• D is not optionally substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H- benzo[b][l,4]thiazine.
• A is not optionally substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][l,4]thiazine.
• E, D and A are not all optionally substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][l,4]thiazine.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Napolitano, A., et al, JOC 61(2):S98-604 (1996).
• E is not dihydropyrimidine-2,4(lH,3H)-dione.
• E is dihydropyrimidme-2,4(lH,3H)-dione, and n is 2, D is not optionally substituted tetrahydrofuran.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Nawrot, B., et al, Nucleosides & Nucleotides 14(1&2):143-165 (1995).
• E is not indoline.
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted phenyl
• A is not optionally substituted phenyl.
• E is indoline
• n is 1
• D is optionally substituted phenyl
• A is optionally substituted phenyl
• X is not -O-.
• D does not comprise boron.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Shull, B.K., et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 89(2):215-222
• D is not optionally substituted tetrahydro-2H-pyran.
• A is phenyl, and n is 1, D is not optionally substituted tetrahydro-2H-pyran.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Manabe, S. and Ito, Y., Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu 41:139-143 (1999).
• E is not isoxazole.
• n is 1, and D is phenyl, X is not -OCH 2 --
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Wityak, G, et al, JMC 40(8):1292 (1997).
• E, D and A are not all optionally substituted indole.
• a more specific embodiment does not encompass compounds disclosed in Humphries, K.A., et al, J. Electro. Chem. 346(l-2):377-403 (1993).
• D is not lH-imidazol-2(3H)-one.
• n is 1, and A is phenyl, D is not lH-imidazol-2(3H)-one.
• A is not cyclopropyl.
• E is phenyl, n is 1, and
• X is — O— , A is not cyclopropyl.
• D is not optionally substituted purine.
• E is phenyl
• n is 1, and A is phenyl
• D is not purine.
• A is not phenyl.
• n is 1, and X is -CH 2 -, D is not optionally substituted imidazole (e.g.,
• D is not optionally substituted phthalazine.
• n is 1, and X is -CH 2 -, D is not optionally substituted phthalazine.
• D is not optionally substituted 2-oxo-pyridine.
• E is phenyl, n is 1, and X is — CH2-, D is not optionally substituted 2- oxo-pyridine.
• A is not optionally substituted morpholine.
• E is phenyl
• n is 1
• X is -CH 2 -
• A is not optionally substituted morpholine.
• Particular compounds of the invention are potent TPHl inhibitors.
• Specific compounds have a TPHl_IC 5 o of less than about 10, 5, 2.5, 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, or 0.05 ⁇ M.
• Particular compounds are selective TPHl inhibitors.
• Specific compounds have a TPHl-IC 50 that is about 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 times less than their TPH2_IC 50 .
• Particular compounds do not significantly inhibit human tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
• specific compounds have an IC 50 for TH of greater than about 100, 250, 500 or 1000 ⁇ M.
• Particular compounds do not significantly inhibit human phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).
• PAH human phenylalanine hydroxylase
• specific compounds have an IC50 for PAH of greater than about 100, 250, 500 or 1000 ⁇ M.
• Particular compounds of the invention do not significantly bind (e.g., inhibit with an IC 50 of greater than about 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 ⁇ M) to one or more of the following: angiotensin converting enzyme, erythropoietin (EPO) receptor, factor IX, factor
• XI integrin
• integrin e.g., ⁇ 4
• isoxazoline or isoxazole fibrinogen receptor metalloprotease, neutral endopeptidase (NEP), phosphatase (e.g., tyrosine phosphatase), phosphodiesterase (e.g., PDE-4), polymerase, PPAR ⁇ , TNF- ⁇ , vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-I), or the vitronectin receptor.
• NEP neutral endopeptidase
• phosphatase e.g., tyrosine phosphatase
• phosphodiesterase e.g., PDE-4
• polymerase e.g., PDE-4
• certain compounds of the invention do not readily cross the blood/brain barrier (e.g., less than about 5, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, or 0.01 percent of compound in the blood passes into the brain).
• the ability or inability of a compound to cross the blood/brain barrier can be determined by methods known in the art. See, e.g., Riant, P. et ah, Journal of Neurochemistry 51:421-425 (1988); Kastin, A. J., Akerstrom, V., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeutics 294:633-636 (2000); W. A. Banks, W.A., et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeutics 302:1062-1069 (2002).
• A is optionally substituted phenyl, biphenyl or napthyl.
• Pj is R 1 or a protecting group
• P 2 is a protecting group
• P3 is OR 2 or a protecting group
• X' is, for example, O or N
• Y 1 and Y3 are halogen (e.g., Br, Cl) or an appropriate pseudohalide (e.g., triflate)
• each R' is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heterocycle, aryl. or heterocycle, or are taken together with the oxygen atoms to which they are attached to provide a cyclic dioxaborolane (e.g., 4,4,5,5-tet ⁇ amethyl-
• Z" l5 Z" 2 , Z" 3 , and Z" 4 are also defined herein, although it is to be understood that with regard to the scheme shown above, one of them is attached to the phenyl ring.
• Z"i and ⁇ may be independently CRi o (which is defined herein), while Z' ( 2 is N and Z" 3 is a carbon atom bound to the adjacent phenyl ring.
• the A moiety can be bicyclic (e.g., optionally substituted biphenyl).
• the starting material containing A can be prepared as shown below:
• Y 2 is halogen or pseudohalogen, and each R is independently hydrogen or optionally substituted alkyl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-heterocycle, aryl, or heterocycle, or are taken together with the oxygen atoms to which they are attached to provide a cyclic dioxaborolane (e.g., 4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaborolane).
• a cyclic dioxaborolane e.g., 4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- 1 ,3 ,2-dioxaborolane.
• X is N, O or S
• cyclic moiety D can be any of a variety of structures, which are readily incorporated into compounds of the invention.
• D is oxazole
• Scheme 7 compounds wherein D is oxazole can be prepared as shown below in Scheme 7:
• This invention encompasses a method of inhibiting TPH, which comprises contacting TPH with a compound of the invention (i.e., a compound disclosed herein).
• a compound of the invention i.e., a compound disclosed herein.
• the TPH is TPHl.
• the TPH is TPH2.
• the inhibition is in vitro. Ih another, the inhibition is in vivo.
• One embodiment encompasses a method of inhibiting TPHl in a mammal, which comprises administering to the mammal a compound of the invention.
• TPH2 is not significantly inhibited.
• the compound does not readily cross the blood/brain barrier.
• the compound is a selective inhibitor of TPHl.
• This invention encompasses methods of treating, preventing and managing various diseases and disorders mediated by peripheral serotonin, which comprise inhibiting TPHl activity in a patient in need of such treatment, prevention or management.
• the inhibition is accomplished by administering to the patient a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a potent TPHl inhibitor. Examples of potent TPHl inhibitors are disclosed herein.
• diseases and disorders include carcinoid syndrome and gastrointestinal diseases and disorders.
• specific diseases and disorders include abdominal pain (e.g., associated with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid), anxiety, carcinoid syndrome, celiac disease, constipation (e.g., constipation having an iatrogenic cause, and idiopathic constipation), Crohn's disease, depression, diabetes, diarrhea (e.g., bile acid diarrhea, enterotoxin-induced secretory diarrhea, diarrhea having an iatrogenic cause, idiopathic diarrhea (e.g., idiopathic secretory diarrhea), and traveler's diarrhea), emesis, functional abdominal pain, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), lactose intolerance, MEN types I and II, Ogilvie's syndrome, Pancreatic Cholera Syndrome, pancreatic insufficiency, pheochromacytoma, scleroderma, somatization disorder, and Zollinger
• the treatment, management and/or prevention of a disease or disorder is achieved while avoiding adverse effects associated with alteration of central nervous system (CNS) serotonin levels.
• CNS central nervous system
• adverse effects include agitation, anxiety disorders, depression, and sleep disorders (e.g., insomnia and sleep disturbance).
• compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention.
• Certain pharmaceutical compositions are single unit dosage forms suitable for oral, mucosal (e.g., nasal, sublingual, vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, or intraarterial), or transdermal administration to a patient.
• dosage forms include, but are not limited to: tablets; caplets; capsules, such as soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches; lozenges; dispersions; suppositories; ointments; cataplasms (poultices); pastes; powders; dressings; creams; plasters; solutions; patches; aerosols (e.g., nasal sprays or inhalers); gels; liquid dosage forms suitable for oral or mucosal administration to a patient, including suspensions (e.g., aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspensions, oil-in-water emulsions, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsions), solutions, and elixirs; liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or amorphous solids) that can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient.
• suspensions e.g., aqueous
• the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
• the oral administration of a compound susceptible to degradation in the stomach may be achieved using an enteric coating.
• a formulation may contain ingredients that facilitate delivery of the active ingredient(s) to the site of action.
• compounds may be administered in liposomal formulations in order to protect them from degradative enzymes, facilitate transport in circulatory system, and effect their delivery across cell membranes.
• poorly soluble compounds may be incorporated into liquid dosage forms (and dosage forms suitable for reconstitution) with the aid of solubilizing agents, emulsifiers and surfactants such as, but not limited to, cyclodextrins (e.g., ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, Captisol ® , and EncapsinTM (see, e.g., Davis and Brewster, Nat. Rev. Drug Disc.
• solubilizing agents e.g., ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, Captisol ®
• EncapsinTM see, e.g., Davis and Brewster, Nat. Rev. Drug Disc.
• Labrasol ® Labrafil ® , Labrafac ® , cremafor, and non-aqueous solvents, such as, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), biocompatible oils (e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols, fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof (e.g., DMSOxornoil).
• DMSO dimethyl formamide
• biocompatible oils e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils
• glycerol tetrahydr
• Nanoparticles of a compound may be suspended in a liquid to provide a nanosuspension (see, e.g., Rabinow, Nature Rev. Drug Disc. 3:785-796 (2004)).
• Nanoparticle forms of compounds described herein may be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2004-0164194, 2004-0195413, 2004-0251332,
• the nanoparticle form comprises particles having an average particle size of less than about 2000 am, less than about 1000 nm, or less than about 500 nm.
• the composition, shape, and type of a dosage form will typically vary depending with use.
• a dosage form used in the acute treatment of a disease may contain larger amounts of one or more of the active ingredients it comprises than a dosage form used in the chronic treatment of the same disease.
• a parenteral dosage form may contain smaller amounts of one or more of the active ingredients it comprises than an oral dosage form used to treat the same disease. How to account for such differences will be apparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton PA (1990).
• compositions of the invention suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, but are not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules, and liquids (e.g. , flavored syrups).
• dosage forms contain predetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. See generally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton PA (1990).
• Typical oral dosage forms are prepared by combining the active ingredient(s) in an intimate admixture with at least one excipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration.
• tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit forms.
• tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or non-aqueous techniques.
• Such dosage forms can be prepared by conventional methods of pharmacy.
• pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation if necessary.
• Disintegrants may be incorporated in solid dosage forms to facility rapid dissolution. Lubricants may also be incorporated to facilitate the manufacture of dosage forms (e.g., tablets).
• Parenteral dosage forms can be administered to patients by various routes including subcutaneous, intravenous (including bolus injection), intramuscular, and intraarterial. Because their administration typically bypasses patients' natural defenses against contaminants, parenteral dosage forms are specifically sterile or capable of being sterilized prior to administration to a patient. Examples of parenteral dosage forms include solutions ready for injection, dry products ready to be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for injection, suspensions ready for injection, and emulsions.
• Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral dosage forms of the invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples include: Water for Injection USP; aqueous vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection; water-miscible vehicles such as ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol; and nonaqueous vehicles such as corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.
• aqueous vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection
• water-miscible vehicles such as ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol
• mice homozygous (-/-) for the disruption of tphl were studied in conjunction with mice heterozygous (+/-) for the disruption of the gene, along with wild-type (+/+) litter mates.
• the mice were subject to a medical work-up using an integrated suite of medical diagnostic procedures designed to assess the function of the major organ systems in a mammalian subject.
• TPHl GI tract isoform of TPH
• TPH2 brain isoform of TPH
• TPH2 brain isoform of TPH
• Disruption of the gene caused no measurable adverse effects on the central nervous system. This was confirmed by serotonin imrnun ⁇ chemistry, which showed that serotonin was greatly reduced or absent in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon, while serotonin levels were unaffected in raphe neurons. Mice homozygous (-/-) for the disruption of the tphl gene had a decrease in thrombosis without a significant increase in bleeding or other adverse indications. ' 6.3. HPLC Characterization
• HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
• the organic layer was separated and washed with H 2 O (2x100ml), dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and concentrated in vacuo to give crude intermediate.
• the crude compound was dissolved in 5ml of MeCN and 5ml OfH 2 O in a 20ml microwave reaction vial. To this solution were added L-/>-borono-phenylalanine (253mg, 1.21mmol), sodium carbonate (256mg, 2.42mmol) and catalytic amount of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)- ⁇ alladium(II) (42.1mg, O.O ⁇ mmol). The mixture was sealed and stirred in the microwave reactor at 150 0 C for 5 minutes, followed by the filtration through celite.
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.1 ml; 1.0 M solution in tetrahydrofuran) was added to a solution of 2-trifluoromethyl-benzaldehyde (1.74g, lOmmol) and trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TMSCF 3 ) (1.8ml, 12 mmol) in 10 ml THF at 0 0 C.
• TMSCF 3 trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane
• the formed mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 4 hours.
• the reaction mixture was then treated with 12 ml of IN HCl and stirred overnight.
• the product was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x20ml).
• the organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulfate.
• the organic solvent was evaporated to give 2.2g of l-(2- trifluoromethylphenyl)-2,2,2-tri£luoro-ethanol, yield 90%.
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.1 ml; 1.0 M solution in tetrahydrofuran) was added to a solution of 4-methyl-benzaldehyde (1.2g, lOmmol) and TMSCF 3 (1.8ml, 12 mmol) in 10 ml THF at 0 0 C. The formed mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was then treated with 12 ml of IN HCl and stirred overnight. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x20ml). The organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was evaporated to give 1.6g of l-(4- methylphenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol, yield 86%.
• a microwave vial was charged with 4 ⁇ chloro-2-ammo-6-[l-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2,2- trifluoro-ethoxy]-pyrimidine (33mg, O.lmmol), 4-borono-L-phenylalanine (31mg, 0.15mmol) and 1 ml of acetonitrile, 0.7ml of water.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (0.3 ml, IN) was added to above solution followed by 5 mol percent of dichlorobis ⁇ riphenylphosphine)- palladi Um(II).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 minutes with microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness.
• Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde (0.9 g, 5mmol) was dissolved in 10ml aqueous 1,4- dioxane, to which 200mg (10 mmol) sodium borohydride was added. The reaction was run overnight at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, 5ml 10% HCl solution was added and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was evaporated to give 0.8g of 1-cyclohexyl- 2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol, yield 88%.
• 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperidine (232mg, lmmol) was added to a solution of 2,4- dichlorotriazine (149.97mg, lmmol), and 300mg diisopropylethyl amine in 10ml THF at 0°C. The formed mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The product was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x20ml). The organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulfate. The organic solvent was evaporated to give 328mg of 2-chloro-4-[3-(4- chlorophenyl)-piperidin-l-yl]-[l, 3, 5] triazine.
• a microwave vial was charged with 2-chloro-4-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-piperidin-l-yl]- [1, 3, 5]triazine (62mg, 0.2mmol), 4-borono-L-phenylalanine(60mg, 0.3mmol), 1 ml of acetonitrile, and 0.7ml of water.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (0.6 ml; IM) was added to the solution, followed by 5 mol percent dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 minutes with microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (0.3 ml, IM) was added to above solution followed by 5 mol percent dichlorobis(tri ⁇ henylphosphine)-palladium(II).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 minutes by microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 2.5 ml of methanol, was then purified with Prep-LC to give 3.2mg 2-amino-3- ⁇ 4-[4-amino-6-(l- phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy]-[l,3,5]triazin-2yl]-phenyl)-propionic acid.
• a microwave vial was charged with 6-chloro-N-[l-naphthalen-2yl-ethyl]- [l,3,5]triazine-2,4-diamine (30mg, O.lmmol), 2-boc protected-amino-3- ⁇ 5-[4,4,5,5,- tetramethyl-[l,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-pyridin2-yl-3-propionic acid (50mg, 0.15mmol) 1 ml of acetonitrile, and 0.7ml of water.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (0.3 ml; IN) was added to the solution, followed by 5 mol percent dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 mintues by microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 2.5 ml of methanol, and was then purified by Prep-LC to give 7 mg of boc protected 2-amino-3- ⁇ 5-[4- amino-6-( 1 -naphthalen-2-yl-ethylamino)-[ 1 ,3 ,5]triazin-2-yl]-pyridin-2-yl ⁇ proionic acid.
• 6-Chloro-N-[l-naphthalen-2yl-ethyl]-[l,3,5]triazine-2,4-diatnine (30mg, O.lmmol)
• 2- boc-protected amino-3- ⁇ 3-[4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-[l,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-pyrazol-l-yl]- propionic acid 50mg, 0.15mmol
• 1 ml of acetonitrile 1 ml of acetonitrile
• 0.7ml of water Aqueous sodium carbonate (0.3 ml and IN) was added to a microwave vial, followed by 5 mol percent of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium( ⁇ ).
• reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 minutes with microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness, the residue was dissolved in 2.5 ml of methanol, and then was purified with Prep- LC to give 6.8 mg of boc protected 2-amino-3- ⁇ 3-[4-amino-6-(l-naphthalen-2-yl- ethylamino)[l,3,5]triazin-2-yl]-pvrazol-l-yl ⁇ proionic acid.
• Emrys process vial (2 ⁇ 5ml) for microwave was charged with (6-chloro-pyrazin-2- 5 yl)-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy-benzyl)-amine (50mg, 0.15mmol), 4-borono-L- phenylalanine (31mg, 0.15mmol) and 2 ml of acetonitrile.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (2 ml, IM) was added to the solution followed by 5 mol percent of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)- palladium(II).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 minutes by microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness.
• An Emrys process vial (2-5ml) for microwave was charged with (5-bromo-pyrazin-2- yl)-(4'-methyl-biphenyl-2-ylmethyl)-amine (25mg, 0.071mmol), 4-borono-L-phenylalanine (22mg, O.l lmmol) and 1 ml of acetonitrile.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (1 ml, IM) was added to the solution followed by 5 mol percent dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)- palladium(II).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 mintues by microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness.
• Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF: 0.1 ml, IM) in THF was added to a solution of 3,4-difluro-benzaldehyde (1.42g, lOmmol) and (trifluroraethyl)trimethylsilane (1.7Og, 12mmol) in 10 ml THF at 0 0 C.
• the mixture was warmed up to room temperature and stirred for 4 hours.
• the reaction mixture was treated with 12 ml of IM HCl and stirred overnight.
• the product was extracted with dicloromethane (3x20ml), the organic layer was combined and passed through a pad of silica gel. The organic solvent was evaporated to give 1.9g of 1- (3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethanol, yield 90%.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (0.3 ml, IM) was added to above solution followed by 5 mol % of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium( ⁇ ).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 150 0 C for 5 minutes by microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 2.5 ml of methanol, then purified with Prep-LC to give 10 mg of 2-amino-3 -(4- ⁇ 6-[ 1 -(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxy]-pyridin-4-yl ⁇ - phenyl)-propionic acid, yield 21%.
• reaction mixture was cooled, filtered through a syringe filter and then separated by a reverse phase preparative-HPLC using YMC-Pack ODS 100x30 mm ID column (MeOH/H 2 O/TFA solvent system). The pure fractions were concentrated in vacuum. The product was then suspended in 5 ml of water, frozen and lyophilized to give the title compound as a trifluoro salt (12 mg, 20 %).
• the reaction mixture was stirred at about -40 0 C for 0.5 hours, then the cold bath was removed and the temperature was allowed to rise slowly to room temperature.
• the solvent was evaporated and the residue was extracted with hexane (4x20 ml). The collected extractions were washed with cold 10% aqueous NaHCO 3 and dried over Na 2 SO 4 .
• the solvent was evaporated at reduced pressure to afford 3,5-difluorophenyl-l- trimethylsilyloxyalkene (2.03 g, 7.929 mmol, 57% crude yield), which was used in the successive reaction without further purification.
• ammonium acetate (2.841g, 36.896 mmol), sodium cyanoborohydride (232 mg, 3.389mmol) and molecular sieves (3A, 7.6 g) were added.
• the mixture was stirred at room temperature for two days.
• the solid was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated.
• the residue was dissolved in water and concentrated aqueous HCl was added dropwise until the pH » 2.
• the mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate to remove the unfinished ketone and other byproducts.
• the water layer was basified to pH « 10 with aqueous sodium hydroxide (IM), and was extracted with dichloromethane and the organic layers were combined, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to afford 290 mg of l-(5,7-difluoro-naphthalen-2-yl)- ethylamine (38% yield).
• the fresh made amine (290mg, 1.401mmol) was added directly to a suspension of 2- amino-4,6-dichloro triazine (277mg, 1.678 rnmol) in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (60 ml), and followed by addition of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1 ml, 5.732 mmol).
• the above-made alcohol (660 mg, 2.481 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous 1,4- dioxane (10 ml).
• Sodium hydride (119 mg, 60% in mineral oil, 2.975 mmol) was added all at once and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes.
• the solution was transferred into a flask containing a suspension of 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-triazine (491 mg, 2.976 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (70 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours.
• 5-Chloro-pyrazine-2 carboxylic acid (3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-amide (0.18 g, 0.61 mmol), L-p-borono phenylalanine (0.146 g, 0.70 mmol), CH 3 CN (2.5 ml), H 2 O (2.5 ml), Na 2 CO 3 (0.129 g, 1.22 mmol) were combined in a microwave vial. The mixture was sealed and kept at 150 0 C for 5 minutes. The mixture was filtered and concentrated.
• N-(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-5-bromopyrazm-2-amine 60 mg, 0.176 mmol
• L-p- boronophenylalanine 37 mg, 0.176 mmol
• palladiumtriphenylphosphine dichloride 3.6 mg, 0.0052 mmol
• Na 2 CO 3 37 mg, 0.353 mmol
• acetonitrile 1.25 mis
• water (1.25 mis
• Benzylmercaptan (0.14g, 1.11 mmol) was treated with NaH (60% in mineral oil, 67 mg, 1.66 mmol) in dry THF (15 ml) for 30 minutes.
• 2-Amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (0.2 g, 1.22 mmol) was added and the mixture was stiired overnight.
• the mixture was diluted with methylenechloride, washed with water, then brine, dried over MgS O4, and concentrated to give 0.11 g of 4-(benzylthio)-6-chloropyrimidin-2 -amine.
• 2-Mercaptonapthalene (0.2 g, 1.148) was treated with NaH (60% in Mineral oil, 92 mg, 2.30 mmol) in dry THF (10 ml) for 30 minutes.
• 2-Amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (0.21 g, 1.26 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight.
• the mixture was diluted with methylenechloride, washed with water, then brine, dried over MgSO4, and concentratred to give 0.18 g 4-chloro-6-(naphthalen-2-ylmethylthio)pyrimidin-2-amine.
• 3,5-Difluorophenyl-trifluoromethyl ketone was treated with NaBH 4 (0.18 g, 4.76 mmol) in THF (5 ml) for 2 hours. The mixture was quenched with water, extracted with methylene chloride (2x). The organics were combined, filtered through silica gel and concentrated to give 0.46g of l-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. l-(3,4-Difluoro ⁇ henyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (0.1 g, 0.471 mmol) was treated with NaH (60% in mineral oil, 38 mg, 0.943 mmol) in dry THF (3 ml) for 30 minutes.
• tetrabutylammoniumfluoride (TBAF 1.0 N in THF 13 uL, 3.3 mg, 0.013 mmol) was added to a mixture of 3-methyl-biphenyl-2-carboxaldehyde (0.25g, 1.27 mmol) and trifluoromethytrimethyl silane (0.25 g, 1.53 mmol), in THF (1.5 ml) at 0 0 C.
• the reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 4 hours.
• HCl (3.0 N, 2.0 ml) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours.
• the mixture was concentrated, dissolved in methylene chloride, filtered through silica gel, and concentrated to give 0.15 g of 2,2,2- trifluoro-l-(3'-methylbiphenyl-2-yl)ethanol.
• reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 190 0 C for 10 minutes with microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml of THF, to which was added 5N.HC1 (5ml). The mixture was refluxed for 2 hours in order to deprotect the benzophone and tert-butyl groups. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated and dissolved in methanol (8ml) and purified with Prep-LC to afford 15mg of2-amino-3-(4(4-amino-6-((R)-l-(naphthalene-2-yl)ethylamino)-l,3,5-trizin-2- yl)phenyl)pro ⁇ anoic acid.
• Aqueous sodium carbonate (2 ml, IM) was added to above solution followed by 10 mol percent dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II).
• the reaction vessel was sealed and heated to 190 0 C for 10 minutes by microwave. After cooling, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 10 ml of THF, to which 5N.HC1 (2ml) was then added. The mixture was refluxed for 2 hours (deprotection of benzophone and tert-butyl groups).
• Adamantyl0ethylamino (adamantyl0ethylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl)phenyl)propanoic acid
• Adamantane (2-yl) ethyl cyanoguanidine was prepared by forming a solution of cyanoguanidine (1 equivalent), (S)-2-amino-3-(4-cyanophenylpropanoic acid (1 equivalent) and potassium tertiary butaoxide (3.5 equivalent, Aldrich) in dry n-BuOH, which was vigorously refluxed at 160 0 C in a sealed tube for 2 days. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and the reaction was quenched with water. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure.
• the crude intermediate (250mg, 0.83mmol) was then dissolved in 6.0ml of MeCN and 6ml OfH 2 O in a 20ml microwave vial. To this solution were added L-p-borono- phenylalanine (173.6mg, 0.83mmol), sodium carbonate (173.6mg, 1.66mmol) and catalytic amount of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium(II) (11.6mg, 0.0166mmol). The reaction vial was then sealed and stirred in the microwave reactor at 150 0 C for 7 minutes.
• the crude intermediate (150mg, 0.497mmol) was then dissolved in 3.0ml of MeCN and 3ml OfH 2 O in a 10 ml microwave vial.
• L-p-borono- phenylalanine (104mg, 0.497mmol)
• sodium carbonate 150mg, 0.994mmol
• catalytic amount of dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium( ⁇ ) (6.9mg, 0.00994mmol).
• the reaction vial was then sealed and stirred in the microwave reactor at 150 0 C for 5 minutes.
• Reaction mixture was cooled, filtered through a syringe filter and then separated by a reverse phase preparative-HPLC using YMC-Pack ODS 100x30 mm ID column (MeOH/H 2 O/TFA solvent system). The pure fractions were concentrated in vacuum. The product was then suspended in 5 ml of water, frozen and lyophilized to give 5 mg of pure product, 2-amino-3-[5-(5-phenyl-thiophen-2-yl)- lH-indol-3-yl]-propionic acid.
• IH-NMR 300 MHz, CD 3 OD: 3.21-3.26 (m, 2H), 4.25 (q, IH), 7.15-7.35 (m, 8H), 7.58 (d, 2H), 7.82 (d, IH).
• Residue was purified by preparative HPLC using MeOH/H 2 O/TFA as solvent system to obtain (S)-2-amino-3-[4-(2- amino-6-phenylethynyl-pyrimidin-4-yl(-phenyl]-propionic acid as a TFA salt.
• 1 H-NMR 400 MHz, CD 3 OD: ⁇ (ppm) 3.20-3.42 (m, 2H), 4.31 (m, IH), 7.40-7.51 (m, 6H), 7.62 (d, 2H), 8.18 (d, 2H).
• TPHl Human TPHl, TPH2, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH) were all generated using genes having the following accession numbers, respectively: X52836, AY098914, X05290, and U49897.
• the full-length coding sequence of human TPHl was cloned into the bacterial expression vector pET24 (Novagen, Madison, WI, USA). A single colony of BL21(DE3) cells harboring the expression vector was inoculated into 50 ml of L broth (LB)- kanamycin media and grown up at 37°C overnight with shaking.
• Expression of TPHl was induced with 15% D-lactose over a period of 10 hours at 25°C. The cells were spun down and washed once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• TPHl was purified by affinity chromatography based on its binding to pterin.
• the cell pellet was resuspended in a lysis buffer (100 ml/20 g) containing 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.6, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, 2 mM EDTA, 5 mM DTT, protease inhibitor mixture (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN, USA) and 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and the cells were lyzed with a microfluidizer.
• a lysis buffer 100 ml/20 g
• PMSF phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride
• the lysate was centrifuged and the supernatant was loaded onto a pterin-coupled sepharose 4B column that was equilibrated with a buffer containing 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 2 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, 0.5 mM EDTA, and 2 mM DTT.
• the column was washed with 50 ml of this buffer and TPHl was eluded with a buffer containing 30 mM NaHCO 3 , pH 10.5, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, 0.5 mM EDTA, 2 mM DTT, and 10% glycerol.
• Eluted enzyme was immediately neutralized with 200 mM KH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.0, 0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM DTT, 0.5mM EDTA, and 10% glycerol, and stored at -80 0 C.
• TPH2 Human tryptophan hydroxylase type II
• TH tyrosine hydroxylase
• PAH phenylalanine hydroxylase
• TPHl and TPH2 activities were measured in a reaction mixture containing 50 mM 4- morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS), pH 7.0, 60 ⁇ M tryptophan, 100 mM ammonium sulfate, 100 ⁇ M ferrous ammonium sulfate, 0.5 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), 0.3 mM 6-methyl tetrahydropterin, 0.05 mg/ml catalase, and 0.9 mM DTT.
• Human TH and PAH activities were determined by measuring the amount Of 3 H 2 O generated using L-[3,4- 3 H]-tyrosine and L-[4- 3 H]-phenylalanine, respectively.
• the enzyme (100 nM) was first incubated with its substrate at 0.1 mM for about 10 minutes, and added to a reaction mixture containing 50 mM MOPS 5 pH 7.2, 100 mM ammonium sulfate, 0.05% Tween-20, 1.5 mM TCEP, 100 ⁇ M ferrous ammonium sulfate, 0.1 mM tyrosine or phenylalanine, 0.2 mM 6-methyl tetrahydropterin, 0.05 mg/ml of catalase, and 2 mM DTT. The reactions were allowed to proceed for 10-15 minutes and stopped by the addition of 2 M HCl. The mixtures were then filtered through activated charcoal and the radioactivity in the filtrate was determined by scintillation counting. Activities of of compounds on TH and PAH were determined using this assay and calculated in the same way as on TPHl and TPH2.
• RBL2H3 is a rat mastocytoma cell line, which contains TPHl and makes 5-hydroxytrypotamine (5HT) spontaneously
• BON is a human carcinoid cell line, which contains TPHl and makes 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP).
• the CBAs were performed in 96-well plate format.
• the mobile phase used in HPLC contained 97% of 100 mM sodium acetate, pH 3.5 and 3% acetonitrile.
• a Waters C18 column (4.6 x 50 mm) was used with Waters HPLC (model 2795).
• a multi-channel fluorometer (model 2475) was used to monitor the flow through by setting at 280 nm as the excitation wavelength and 360 nm as the emission wavelength.
• RBL CBA Cells were grown in complete media (containing 5 % bovine serum) for
• the average of 5HT level in cells without compound treated was used as the maximum value in the IC 50 derivation according to the equation provided above.
• the minimum value of 5HT is either set at 0 or from cells that treated with the highest concentration of compound if a compound is not cytotoxic at that concentration.
• BON CBA Cells were grown in equal volume of DMEM and F12K with 5 % bovine serum for 3-4 hours (2OK cell/well) and compound was added at a concentration range of 0.07 ⁇ M to 50 ⁇ M. The cells were incubated at 37°C overnight. Fifty ⁇ M of the culture supernatant was then taken for 5HTP measurement. The supernatant was mixed with equal volume of IM TCA, then filtered through glass fiber.
• the filtrate was loaded on reverse phase HPLC for 5HTP concentration measurement.
• the cell viability was measured by treating the remaining cells with Promega Celltiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay.
• the compound potency was then calculated in the same way as in the RBL CBA.
• the compound was formulated in different vehicles to provide either a suspension or solution.
• 14-week-old male C57 albino mice were dosed once daily by oral gavage at 5 ml/kg for four consecutive days. Five hours after the last dose, the animals were quickly sacrificed. Various regions of the intestinal tract and whole brain were taken and frozen immediately. 5-HT was extracted from the tissues and measured by HPLC. Blood samples were taken for exposure analysis.
• the potent TPHl inhibitor was found to reduce 5-HT levels in both the small and large intestine, but not in the brain.
• the compound was formulated in H 2 O and administered to mice at four different dose levels: 15, 50, 150, and 500 mg/kg, once daily by oral gavage.
• the compound caused significant reduction of 5-HT in the jejunum and ileum in a dose-dependent fashion.
• the colon statistically significant reduction of 5-HT was seen at the 50, 150, and 500 mg/kg/day dose levels. No significant change of 5-HT levels was observed in the brain at any of the dose levels.

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