WO2000044022A1 - Canon d'électrons et imageur et procédé de fabrication, procédé et dispositif de fabrication de source d'électrons, et appareil de fabrication d'imageur - Google Patents
Canon d'électrons et imageur et procédé de fabrication, procédé et dispositif de fabrication de source d'électrons, et appareil de fabrication d'imageur Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000044022A1 WO2000044022A1 PCT/JP2000/000228 JP0000228W WO0044022A1 WO 2000044022 A1 WO2000044022 A1 WO 2000044022A1 JP 0000228 W JP0000228 W JP 0000228W WO 0044022 A1 WO0044022 A1 WO 0044022A1
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- electrode
- image forming
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J1/00—Details of electrodes, of magnetic control means, of screens, or of the mounting or spacing thereof, common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J1/02—Main electrodes
- H01J1/30—Cold cathodes, e.g. field-emissive cathode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
- H01J9/022—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of cold cathodes
- H01J9/027—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of cold cathodes of thin film cathodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2209/00—Apparatus and processes for manufacture of discharge tubes
- H01J2209/02—Manufacture of cathodes
- H01J2209/022—Cold cathodes
- H01J2209/0223—Field emission cathodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electron beam device in which a plurality of electron-emitting portions are formed on a substrate, an image-forming device in which an image forming member is provided so as to face the electron-emitting portions, and a method of manufacturing these.
- Landscape technology in which a plurality of electron-emitting portions are formed on a substrate, an image-forming device in which an image forming member is provided so as to face the electron-emitting portions, and a method of manufacturing these.
- cold cathode devices include, for example, surface conduction electron-emitting devices, field emission devices (hereinafter, referred to as F1E type), and metal Z insulating layer Z metal-type emission devices (hereinafter, referred to as MIM type).
- F1E type field emission devices
- MIM type metal Z insulating layer Z metal-type emission devices
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device utilizes a phenomenon in which an electron is emitted when a current flows through a small-area thin film formed on a substrate in parallel with the film surface.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device the other also with S i 0 2 thin film by Ellingson etc., A by u film [G. D it tme r: " Th in S olid
- FIG. 93 shows a typical example of the device configuration of these surface conduction electron-emitting devices.
- a plan view of the device according to the above-mentioned M. H art we 11 is shown.
- 8001 is a substrate
- 8004 is a conductive thin film made of metal oxide formed by sputtering.
- the conductive thin film 8004 is formed in an H-shaped planar shape as shown.
- An electron emission portion 8005 is formed by subjecting the conductive thin film 8004 to an energization process called energization forming described below.
- the interval L in the figure is set at 0.5 to 1 (mm), and W is set at 0 to 1 (mm).
- the electron emitting portion 8005 is shown in a rectangular shape in the center of the conductive thin film 8004, but this is a schematic one, and the position and shape of the actual electron emitting portion are faithfully represented. Not ⁇
- the electron emitting portion 8005 is formed by applying an energization process called energization forming to the conductive thin film 8004 before electron emission. It was common to form.
- energization forming means applying a constant DC voltage to both ends of the conductive thin film 8004, or applying a DC voltage that increases at a very slow rate of about 1 VZ, and energizes the conductive thin film. This means that 8004 is locally destroyed or deformed or altered to form an electron emission portion 8005 in a state of high electrical resistance. Note that a crack is generated in a part of the conductive thin film 8004 that is locally broken, deformed, or altered.
- Examples of the FE type include, for example, WP Dyk e & W.W.D o 1 an , "Field em issi on", Advan cein Electr on Phy sics, 8, 89 (1956) or A. Spindt, "Phy sical proxy opertiesofthin— fi lm field em issi on cathodes wi th mo 1 yb de nu mc on es ", J. Ap 1. Phys., 47. 5248 (1 976).
- FIG. 94 shows a cross-sectional view of the element by CA Spindt et al. Described above.
- 8010 is the substrate and 8011 is the conductor.
- Emitter wiring made of an electric material 800 1 2 is an emitter cone, 800 13 is an insulating layer, and 800 is a gate electrode.
- 800 is a gate electrode.
- an appropriate voltage is applied between the emitter cone 8002 and the gate electrode 800 to cause field emission from the front end of the emitter cone 800.
- FIG. 95 A typical example of a MIM-type element configuration is shown in Fig. 95.
- This figure is a cross-sectional view, in which 800 0 20 is a substrate and 800 1 is a metal lower part.
- the electrode, 822 is a thin insulating layer having a thickness of about 10 nm
- 823 is an upper electrode made of a metal having a thickness of about 8 to 30 nm.
- the above-mentioned cold cathode device does not require a heater for heating, because it can obtain electron emission at a lower temperature than the hot cathode device. Therefore, the structure is simpler than that of the hot cathode device, and a fine device can be produced. Further, even if a large number of elements are arranged on the substrate at a high density, problems such as thermal melting of the substrate hardly occur. Also, unlike a hot cathode device, which operates by heating of a heater, which has a low response speed, a cold cathode device has the advantage of a high response speed. For this reason, research for applying cold cathode devices has been actively conducted.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device has the advantage of being able to form a large number of devices over a large area because it has a particularly simple structure and is easy to manufacture among cold cathode devices. Therefore, for example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 64-31332 by the present applicant, a method for arranging and driving a large number of elements has been studied.
- image forming devices such as image display devices and image recording devices, and charged beam sources have been studied.
- an image display device for example, US Pat.
- a surface conduction electron-emitting device and a phosphor that emits light when irradiated with an electron beam are used.
- Image display devices used in combination have been studied.
- An image display device using a combination of a surface conduction electron-emitting device and a phosphor is expected to have better characteristics than other conventional image display devices. For example, it can be said that it is superior to a liquid crystal display device that has become widespread in recent years in that it is a self-luminous type and does not require a backlight or has a wide viewing angle.
- a flat display device having a small depth has attracted attention as a replacement for a Braun tube type display device because of its space saving and light weight. .
- FIG. 96 is a perspective view showing an example of a display panel unit forming a flat-panel image display device, in which a part of the panel is cut away to show the internal structure.
- 811 5 is a rear plate
- 811 is a side wall
- 811 is a ferrite plate
- rear plate 811 is a side wall 811
- fuse plate 811 thus, an envelope (airtight container) for maintaining the inside of the display panel at a vacuum is formed.
- the substrate 811 is fixed to the rear plate 811.
- NxM cold cathode elements 811 are formed (N and M are 2 The above positive integer is set as appropriate according to the target number of display pixels.)
- the NXM cold cathode devices 8 1 1 2 It is wired by 13 and N column direction wirings 8 1 1 4.
- the part composed of the substrate 811, the cold cathode element 8112, the row wiring 8113 and the column wiring 8114 is referred to as a multi-electron beam source.
- an insulating layer (not shown) is formed between at least the intersections of the row wirings 8113 and the column wirings 8114 so that electrical insulation is maintained. I have.
- a fluorescent film 8118 made of a phosphor is formed on the lower surface of the face plate 8117, and phosphors of three primary colors of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) (not shown) ) Are painted separately.
- a black body (not shown) is provided between the phosphors of the respective colors constituting the fluorescent film 8118, and the surface of the fluorescent film 8118 on the rear plate 8115 side has A A metal back 8 1 1 9 made of 1 etc. is formed.
- Dxl to Dxm, Dy1 to Dyn, and HV are electric connection terminals having an airtight structure provided for electrically connecting the display panel to an electric circuit (not shown).
- Dx1 to Dxm are multi-electron beam source row wiring 8 1 1 3;
- Dy 1 to Dyn are multi electron beam source column wiring 8 1 1 4;
- Hv is metal back 8 1 1 9 Electrically connected.
- the interior of the airtight container is held in a vacuum of approximately 1 X 1 0- 4 P a, in accordance with increases display area of images display device, a rear plate due to pressure difference between the air-tight container inside and the outside Means for preventing the deformation and destruction of 811 and the faceplate 811 are required.
- the method of increasing the thickness of the rear plate 811 and the thickness of the face plate 8117 not only increases the weight of the image display device, but also causes image distortion and parallax when viewed from an oblique direction.
- a structural support (called a spacer or a rib) 8120 made of a relatively thin glass plate and supporting the atmospheric pressure is provided.
- the distance between the substrate 811 on which the multi-beam electron source is formed and the face plate 811 on which the fluorescent film 811 8 is formed is usually about a few millimeters.
- the inside of the airtight container is maintained at a high vacuum.
- An electron source to which a strong electric field is applied specifically, a high voltage of several hundred volts or more between the multi-beam electron source and the face plate 811 to accelerate electrons emitted from the cold cathode device 811
- a voltage that is, a high electric field of 1 kVZmm or more
- projections foreign matter such as dust or projections
- conditioning may adversely affect the electron emission characteristics. This is because Joule heat consumed by the device due to discharge during conditioning destroys the conductive thin film. It is thought that.
- FIG. 26 is a diagram showing an equivalent circuit in this step. It is considered that this was caused by the electric charge accumulated in the capacitor formed by the electron source substrate 207 1 for conditioning and the high voltage application electrode 210.
- the conditioning process is performed using the high-voltage application electrode 210 of the same area as the electron source substrate 207 1 and the electron source substrate 207 1 opposing the electron source substrate 207, the There is a problem that the energy consumed by the substrate increases in proportion to the area.
- FIG. 97 schematically shows an outline of the technology disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-106847.
- 9 1 2 1 is a substrate
- 9 1 2 2 is a force source electrode
- 9 1 2 3 is an emitter
- 9 1 2 4 is a force source conductor
- 9 1 2 5 is an insulator
- 9 1 2 6 is The gate
- 9127 is an anode
- 9128 is an inductor
- 9129 is a resistor
- 9130 is a voltage source.
- This technology uses a field emission device as the electron-emitting device, and while an arc discharge occurs between the node 911 and the emitter 912 (cuff), the anode 911 and the emitter are used.
- the current supplied from the voltage source 9130 relating to the arc discharge between 9123 and the current supplied from the voltage source 9130 is substantially limited by providing the inductor 9128. That is, when arc discharge occurs and the potential of the anode decreases, Injection of electric charge from an external power supply is limited in terms of time.
- a secondary abnormal discharge may occur, and it is important to prevent this secondary abnormal discharge. If this secondary abnormal discharge occurs in a chain, even if the first abnormal discharge does not cause any damage, it may result in very large damage, so be sure to prevent it. is necessary.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method which solves the above problems and eliminates factors such as protrusions which cause a discharge phenomenon in an electron beam apparatus represented by an image forming apparatus.
- An object of the present invention is to manufacture an electron beam device (electron source) having high reliability and provide an image forming apparatus free from missing pixels even in long-time image display. Further, an object of the present invention is to suppress damage related to abnormal discharge when performing conditioning, and to minimize abnormal discharge which may occur secondaryly.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method and a manufacturing apparatus of a forming apparatus. Disclosure of the invention
- a method for manufacturing an electron beam device is a method for manufacturing an electron beam device, comprising: an electron emission unit that emits electrons on a substrate; and a wiring that electrically connects the electron emission unit.
- an electric field applying step of applying a predetermined electric field to the substrate on which the wiring is formed is provided.
- the electric field has an electric field strength of 1 kVZmm or more.
- the electric field applying step is a portion existing in the substrate, and includes various steps after the electric field applying step including the electron emitting portion forming step, or This is a step of generating a discharge by applying the electric field to the portion where discharge easily occurs when the electron beam apparatus is used, and changing the portion to a shape in which discharge is unlikely to occur.
- the electron emitting portion forming step includes an electrode forming step of forming a pair of electrodes to which different potentials are applied by the wiring corresponding to the respective electron emitting portions. And performing the electric field applying step before performing the electrode forming step.
- the pair of electrodes is a pair of electrodes constituting a surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- the electrode forming step includes a thin film forming step of forming a conductive thin film on the substrate, wherein a gap is generated in the formed conductive thin film. And forming the pair of electrodes with the conductive thin film existing on both sides of the gap.
- the electric field applying step is performed before the thin film forming step.
- the pair of electrodes are an emitter and a gate of a field emission type electron-emitting device.
- the field emission type electron-emitting device includes: the emitter that emits electrons from an end; and the gate that generates an electric field between the end. It is composed of
- the electric field applying step is performed before forming the emitter.
- the electric field applying step is performed before forming the gate.
- the substrate is configured such that a plurality of the electron emission portions are connected in a ladder shape or a matrix shape on one main surface by the wiring.
- an electrode is provided so as to face a surface of the substrate having the wiring, and a voltage is applied between the electrode and the wiring on the substrate.
- the electric field is applied.
- a voltage applied between the electrode and the wiring is changed during the electric field application step.
- a distance between the electrode and the substrate is changed during the electric field application step.
- a current limiting resistor is connected between the electrode and the power supply for applying a voltage to the electrode.
- the electric field applying step is performed in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus includes: forming a pair of element electrodes formed on a substrate, a conductive thin film electrically connected to each of the element electrodes, and a part of the conductive thin film.
- a plurality of electron source elements each having an electron emission portion formed on the same substrate, and connecting the element electrodes of the respective electron source elements in a ladder-like or matrix-like form by wiring;
- An image arranged to face the electron source A method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus including an image forming member, wherein the wiring is formed after completion of the step of forming the wiring and before completion of the step of forming the electron-emitting portion.
- An electric field application step of applying a predetermined electric field to the substrate is provided.
- the image forming apparatus is combined with a control electrode for controlling an electron beam emitted from each of the electron source elements according to an information signal.
- an electrode for applying the electric field and the substrate are arranged to face each other, and a voltage is applied between the electrode and the wiring.
- the energy stored in the capacitor formed by the electrode and the substrate is performed with an energy equal to or lower than the energy for destroying the conductive thin film.
- the method for manufacturing an electron beam device is a method for manufacturing an electron beam device having a plurality of surface conduction electron-emitting devices, comprising: forming a plurality of pairs of device electrodes on a substrate; Connecting a plurality of row-direction wirings and a plurality of column-direction wirings stacked via the electrodes to respective electrodes of the plurality of pairs of element electrodes to form a common wiring in a matrix; A step of forming a conductive thin film between the electrodes, a forming step of forming an electron emission portion by applying a current to the conductive thin film between each pair of element electrodes, and a step of applying an electric field to a surface having the common wiring. And a conditioning step of applying the electric field by applying a voltage between the electrode and the common wiring, wherein the conditioning step comprises: Is formed by Energy stored in the capacitor is carried out at an energy less than one to break the conductive thin film.
- the area of the electrode and the substrate facing each other is S
- the distance between the electrode and the substrate is He
- the voltage applied between the electrode and the common wiring is V c
- the conditioning step is performed under the following conditions.
- a plurality of electrodes for applying the electric field are used.
- the relative position between the electrode and the substrate is changed.
- the method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus includes: a substrate having a plurality of surface conduction electron-emitting devices formed thereon; and an image forming member disposed on the substrate so as to face the surface conduction electron-emitting devices.
- a method of forming a plurality of pairs of element electrodes on the substrate comprising: forming a plurality of row-direction wirings and a plurality of column-direction wirings stacked via an insulating layer. Forming a common wiring in a matrix by connecting to each electrode of the plurality of pairs of device electrodes; forming a conductive thin film between each pair of device electrodes; and forming the conductive film between each pair of device electrodes.
- the conditioning step the energy stored in the capacitor and the said electrode substrate is formed, is performed in the following energy to destroy the conductive thin film.
- the method for manufacturing an electron beam apparatus is a method for manufacturing an electron beam apparatus including a first plate having an electron beam source for generating an electron beam, wherein the first plate and the first plate are provided. Applying a voltage between the first plate and the electrode facing the first plate, wherein in the step, a precursor current is applied between the first plate and the electrode facing the first plate. Apply a flowing voltage.
- the voltage is a voltage that can maintain a state in which the precursor current flows.
- the method for manufacturing an electron beam device is a method for manufacturing an electron beam device including a first plate having an electron beam source that generates an electron beam made of a conductive film, the method comprising: And a step of applying a voltage between the first plate and the opposing electrode. In the step, a voltage that can affect the conductive film is applied.
- the method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus is a method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus, comprising: a rear plate on which an electron beam source is formed; and a face plate on which a phosphor that emits light by irradiation with an electron beam is formed.
- a vacuum vessel including the nozzle and the face plate Before forming a vacuum vessel including the nozzle and the face plate, apply a high voltage to the substrate on which the electrodes are formed. Have a process.
- the step of applying a high voltage is performed on the rear plate substrate on which the electrodes are formed before the completion of the electron beam source.
- the step of applying a high voltage is performed in a vacuum.
- the step of applying a high voltage is performed in a gas.
- the substrate on which the electrodes are formed is applied with a high voltage between the substrate and the opposing dummy face plate with electrodes.
- the substrate on which the electrodes are formed has a power supply wiring to an electron-emitting device, and the wiring is used as one electrode, and a dummy face plate is provided. A high voltage is applied as one of the electrodes.
- the substrate on which the electrodes are formed includes: a plurality of row-direction wirings and a plurality of column-direction wirings for power supply for matrix wiring of a plurality of electron-emitting devices.
- a high voltage is applied using both the row-direction wiring and the column-direction wiring in common, and using this as one electrode and the dummy face plate as the other electrode.
- the high voltage is a direct current that is gradually increased from a low voltage.
- the high voltage is an alternating current that gradually increases from a low voltage.
- the high voltage is a pulse voltage that gradually increases from a low voltage.
- the electron beam source is a cold cathode device.
- the electron beam source is a surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- the method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to the present invention includes a rear plate for combining an electron beam source, a face plate on which a phosphor that emits light by irradiation with the electron beam is formed, and a gap between the rear plate and the face plate.
- a method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus comprising: a structural support disposed on a surface plate; and assembling a panel with the face plate, the rear plate, and the structural support, and then forming the face plate and the rear plate.
- the method includes a step of applying a high voltage therebetween, and a step of forming an electron source performed after the step of applying the high voltage.
- the step of applying the high voltage is performed in a vacuum.
- the step of applying the high voltage is performed by introducing a gas into the image forming apparatus.
- the electron beam source includes a plurality of electron-emitting devices connected by a plurality of wirings
- the step of applying the high voltage includes the step of applying the plurality of wirings. Are commonly grounded, and the high voltage is applied to the bus plate.
- the structural support has a rectangular shape, and the electron beam source and the plate are arranged such that a longitudinal direction thereof is parallel to the plurality of wirings. And is located between.
- the electron source includes a plurality of electron-emitting devices arranged in a matrix with a plurality of row wirings and a plurality of column wirings, and the high voltage is applied. And grounding the plurality of row wirings and the plurality of column wirings in common, and applying the high voltage to the face plate.
- the structural support is such that a longitudinal direction thereof is parallel to one of the plurality of row wirings or the plurality of column wirings. It is arranged between an electron beam source and the bus plate.
- the high voltage is an alternating current whose peak value gradually increases from a low pressure.
- the high voltage has a peak value Is a pulse voltage that gradually increases from a low pressure.
- the high voltage is a monotonically increasing voltage that gradually increases from a low voltage.
- the electron beam source is a cold cathode device.
- the electron beam source is a surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- the step of forming the electron source includes an energization forming step.
- the step of forming the electron source includes an energization activation step.
- a method for manufacturing an electron beam device is a method for manufacturing an electron beam device, comprising: a first plate having an electron beam source for generating an electron beam; and an electrode facing the first plate. A first step of applying a voltage between the first plate and the electrode; and a step of forming the electron beam source performed after the first step.
- the step of forming the electron beam source performed after the first step includes forming a high-resistance portion in the conductive film by applying a current to the conductive film. This is the step of performing
- the step of forming the electron beam source which is performed after the first step, includes: an electron emitting portion, a vicinity of the electron emitting portion or the electron emitting portion and the electron emitting portion. This is a step of depositing a deposit near the discharge section.
- the first step is performed after wiring is formed on the first plate.
- the first step is performed after forming a conductive thin film on which an electron emitting portion is formed.
- a current flows between the first plate and the electrode by applying a voltage between the first plate and the electrode. In one embodiment of the method for manufacturing an electron beam device according to the present invention, the current flows by a discharge generated between the first plate and the electrode.
- an electrode is disposed at a position facing an electron source substrate forming the electron source in a process of manufacturing an electron source forming the image forming apparatus.
- a method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus comprising: a conditioning step of applying a high voltage between electron source substrates, wherein a plurality of types of conditioning steps, each having a different sheet resistance value of the electrode, are provided.
- a high voltage is applied between the electron source substrate and the electrode while using the electron source substrate as a cathode.
- an electrode is arranged at a position facing an anode substrate forming the anode in a process of manufacturing an anode forming the image forming apparatus.
- a method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus comprising: a conditioning step of applying a high voltage between substrates, wherein a plurality of types of conditioning steps in which the sheet resistance values of the electrodes are different from each other are provided.
- a high voltage is applied between the anode substrate side and the electrode.
- One embodiment of the method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus of the present invention includes a conditioning step in which electric field strengths formed between the substrate and the electrodes are different from each other.
- the electric field strength is varied by changing at least one of a voltage value applied to the electrode or a distance between the substrate and the electrode.
- a method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus is directed to a flat image forming method including: a cuff substrate provided with an electron source; and an image forming anode substrate disposed to face the cuff substrate.
- a method of manufacturing a device wherein during the production of the force sword substrate, The abnormal discharge is suppressed by applying a high voltage to an anode disposed opposite to the cathode substrate using the cathode substrate as a cathode and detecting an abnormal discharge generated by the application of the high voltage.
- a method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus is directed to a flat image having a cathode substrate provided with an electron source, and an image forming anode substrate disposed to face the cathode substrate.
- a method for manufacturing a forming apparatus comprising: applying a high voltage to an anode disposed opposite to the cathode substrate during the production of the force sword substrate; Is detected, and the abnormal discharge is suppressed by bringing the potential of the anode closer to the potential of the cathode.
- the anode and the high-voltage power supply connected to the anode are electrically disconnected by detecting abnormal discharge.
- the force sword substrate includes a plurality of surface conduction electron-emitting devices arranged in a matrix as the electron source. Is a flat panel type image forming apparatus manufacturing apparatus, comprising: a cathode substrate provided with an electron source; and an image forming anode substrate disposed to face the cathode substrate.
- An anode a high-voltage power supply connected to the anode, and detection means for detecting abnormal discharge generated between the anode and a cathode arranged to face the anode by applying a high voltage from the high-voltage power supply.
- a high voltage is applied between the cathode substrate arranged as the cathode and the anode by the high-voltage power supply during the production of the force source substrate, and the abnormal discharge generated is detected by the detection means. hand Suppressing the abnormal discharge.
- a manufacturing apparatus for an image forming apparatus is a flat plate type image forming apparatus including: a cathode substrate provided with an electron source; and an image forming anode substrate disposed to face the cathode substrate.
- an abnormal discharge generated between the anode and a cathode disposed opposite to the anode due to application of a high voltage from the anode, a high-voltage power supply connected to the anode, and the high-voltage power supply is detected. Applying a high voltage from the high-voltage power supply between the cathode substrate disposed as the cathode and the anode during the production of the cathode substrate, and generating the abnormal discharge.
- the abnormal discharge is suppressed by detecting and bringing the potential of the anode closer to the potential of the cathode.
- the image forming apparatus further includes a unit for electrically disconnecting the anode and the high-voltage power supply connected to the anode based on detection of abnormal discharge by the detection unit.
- the force source substrate includes a plurality of surface conduction electron-emitting devices arranged in a matrix as the electron source. Is manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method.
- an image forming apparatus is manufactured by the above manufacturing method.
- an electron source of the present invention comprising: a plurality of electron-emitting devices and a wiring connected to the electron-emitting devices on a substrate; wherein the electron-emitting devices are arranged on the substrate.
- a manufacturing method comprising a deposit having carbon as a main component and having a crack according to 2, comprising the following steps: a step of forming the wiring and the electrode on the substrate; A step of forming a film; a step of forming the first crack in the conductive film (forming step); a step of forming a deposit containing carbon as a main component (activation step); A step of applying an electric field in a direction substantially perpendicular to a surface of the substrate on which the wiring and the electrodes are formed, on which the electron-emitting devices are formed (conditioning step); , Formy The conditioning step is performed prior to the grayed process.
- the conditioning electrode in the conditioning step, is opposed to the surface of the substrate on which the electrode and the wiring are formed at an interval, and the conditioning electrode includes: This is performed by applying a voltage between the substrate and the substrate.
- the conditioning step is performed. Then, a step of forming the conductive film is performed.
- the conditioning step is a first step performed after the step of forming the wiring and the electrode on the substrate and before the conductive film forming step.
- a conditioning step, and a second conditioning step performed before the forming step after the conductive film forming step, wherein the first and second conditioning steps are performed.
- the conditioning electrode is provided between the electrode of the substrate and the surface on which the wiring is formed. And applying a voltage between the conditioning electrode and the substrate to apply an electric field in a substantially vertical direction to a surface of the substrate on which the electron-emitting device is formed. 3 conditioning steps, wherein the sheet resistance R 3 of the conditioning electrode satisfies R 2 ⁇ R 3.
- the conditioning electrode is opposed to the surface of the substrate on which the electrode and the wiring are formed at an interval.
- the conditioning step monitors a precursory phenomenon of discharge between the conditioning electrode and the substrate, and detects the conditioning when the precursory phenomenon is detected. This is performed while controlling the potential of the electrode for use to approach the potential of the substrate.
- a voltage supply unit is connected between the conditioning electrode and the substrate, and a voltage is supplied between the conditioning electrode and the substrate. Monitoring the precursory phenomena of the electric discharge, and when the precursory phenomena is detected, the conditioning electrode and the voltage This is executed while controlling to disconnect the connection with the application unit.
- the conditioning electrode in the conditioning step, has an area facing the substrate that is smaller than an area of a surface of the substrate having the electron emission elements.
- the method is performed by moving the conditioning electrode on the substrate while maintaining a predetermined distance between the conditioning electrode and the substrate.
- the conditioning step is performed while changing a distance between the conditioning electrode and the substrate.
- an electron source having a plurality of electron-emitting devices and a wiring connected to the electron-emitting devices on a substrate, and an electron beam emitted from the electron source.
- An image forming apparatus having an image forming member for forming an image by irradiating the image forming apparatus, wherein the electron source and the image forming member are arranged to face each other in an airtight container-The electron emitting element is arranged on the substrate A pair of electrodes facing each other, including a conductive film connected to the electrodes and having a first crack in a region between the electrodes; and a first crack in the first crack and in the conductive film.
- a carbon-based deposit having a second crack narrower than the first crack disposed in the first crack within the first crack Comprising the steps of: providing the wiring, Forming the conductive film; forming the first crack in the conductive film (forming step); forming the deposit containing carbon as a main component (activity). Wherein the step is performed after the forming step; and applying an electric field in a direction substantially perpendicular to at least the surface of the substrate on which the wiring and the electrodes are formed, on which the electron-emitting devices are formed.
- the conditioning The step monitors a precursory phenomenon of discharge between the image forming member and the substrate, and when the precursory phenomenon is detected, controls to bring the potential of the image forming member closer to the potential of the substrate. Re, executed while.
- a voltage supply unit is connected between the image forming member and the substrate, and a voltage supply unit is connected between the image forming member and the substrate.
- the process is performed while monitoring the precursory phenomenon of the discharge and detecting the precursory phenomenon, while controlling the disconnection between the image forming member and the voltage applying unit.
- the present invention is a manufacturing apparatus for performing the method of manufacturing the electron source, wherein the area of the conditioning electrode facing the substrate is smaller than the area of the surface of the substrate having the electron-emitting device, There is provided a moving means for moving the conditioning electrode while maintaining a predetermined distance between the conditioning electrode and the substrate.
- an interval control unit for controlling an interval between the conditioning electrode and the substrate during the conditioning step.
- the present invention is a manufacturing apparatus for executing the method of manufacturing the electron source, wherein a monitoring unit that monitors a precursory phenomenon of a discharge between the conditioning electrode and the substrate; and the monitoring unit includes the precursory phenomenon.
- Potential changing means for bringing the potential of the conditioning electrode closer to the potential of the substrate based on a signal indicating that the voltage has been detected.
- the potential changing means includes a switch for opening and closing a circuit for short-circuiting between the conditioning electrode and the substrate.
- the present invention is a manufacturing apparatus for performing the method of manufacturing the image forming apparatus, wherein a monitoring unit that monitors a precursory phenomenon of a discharge between the image forming member and the substrate, and the monitoring unit monitors the precursory phenomenon. Potential changing means for bringing the potential of the image forming member closer to the potential of the substrate based on a signal indicating that the detection has been made.
- the potential changing means includes a switch for opening and closing a circuit for short-circuiting between the image forming member and the substrate.
- the present invention is a manufacturing apparatus for executing the method of manufacturing the electron source, wherein the Monitoring means for monitoring a precursory phenomenon of discharge between the conditioning electrode and the substrate; and a monitoring means for monitoring the precursory phenomenon of the discharge based on a signal indicating that the monitoring means has detected the precursory phenomenon.
- Connection disconnecting means for disconnecting the electrical connection.
- the present invention is a manufacturing apparatus for executing the manufacturing method of the image forming apparatus, wherein a monitoring unit that monitors a precursory phenomenon of a discharge between the image forming member and the substrate, and wherein the monitoring means includes the precursory phenomenon
- a connection disconnecting unit that disconnects an electrical connection between the image forming member and the voltage applying device based on a signal indicating that the voltage application is detected.
- FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are schematic diagrams showing a configuration of one embodiment of an electron-emitting device constituting the electron source of the present invention.
- 2A to 2C are process diagrams illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing an electron-emitting device.
- 3A and 3B are diagrams showing an example of a voltage waveform of energization forming used in the method of manufacturing an electron source according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a vacuum processing apparatus having a measurement evaluation function for evaluating the electron emission characteristics of the electron-emitting device constituting the electron source of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the emission current Ie, the device current If, and the device voltage Vf in the electron-emitting device constituting the electron source of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an example of an electron source arranged in a simple matrix, which is one embodiment of the electron source of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A and 7B are views showing the arrangement of the electron source substrate and the electrodes in the electric field application step of the method for manufacturing an electron source according to the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a display panel using an electron source having a simple matrix arrangement, which is an embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of a fluorescent film used for a display panel.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an example of a drive circuit for performing display in accordance with an NTSC television signal in the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a vacuum evacuation apparatus for performing a forming and an activation step according to the method for manufacturing an electron source of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing a wiring method for forming and activating steps according to the method for manufacturing an electron source of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic view showing an example of a ladder-type arrangement of an electron source according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a display panel using a ladder-type arrangement of electron sources according to another embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a partial cross-sectional view of the electron source according to the first embodiment.
- FIGS. 168 to 16D are manufacturing process diagrams of the electron source of the first embodiment.
- 17E to 17G are manufacturing process diagrams of the electron source according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic view of an apparatus used in the electric field application step of the electron source substrate in Example 1.
- FIG. 19 is a characteristic diagram of the applied voltage and the number of discharges in the electron source of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus used in the step of applying an electric field to the electron source substrate of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 21 is a characteristic diagram of the applied voltage and the number of discharges in the electron source of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating an example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram for performing a conditioning step of an electron source substrate to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of a vacuum exhaust device for performing a conditioning step of an electron source substrate to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram showing a wiring method for the image forming apparatus, forming, and activation steps of the present invention.
- FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of an equivalent circuit in the conditioning step.
- FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the area of the high-voltage application electrode and the number of discharge breakdowns in the conditioning step.
- FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram for performing a conditioning step of an electron source substrate to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of a vacuum evacuation apparatus for performing a conditioning step of an electron source substrate to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 30 is a plan view of an electron source to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 31 is a sectional view taken along the line AA ′ of FIG.
- 32A to 32G are process cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing process of FIG.
- FIGS. 33A and 33B are a schematic plan view and a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 34 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied.
- 35A to 35C are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing a surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIGS. 36A and 36B are schematic diagrams showing an example of a voltage waveform in the energization forming process that can be employed in manufacturing a surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 37 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a vacuum processing apparatus having a measurement evaluation function.
- FIG. 38 is a graph showing the relationship between the emission current Ie, the device current If, and the device voltage Vf for the surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 39 is a schematic diagram showing an example of an electron source arranged in a simple matrix to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a display panel of an image forming apparatus to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIGS. 41A and 41B are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of the fluorescent film.
- FIG. 42 is a block diagram showing an example of a drive circuit for performing display on the image forming apparatus in accordance with an NTSC television signal.
- FIG. 43 is a schematic diagram showing an example of an electron source having a ladder arrangement to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a display panel of an image forming apparatus to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. It is a schematic diagram of an exhaust device.
- FIG. 46 is a diagram showing a process flow of the method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 47 is a diagram illustrating the conditioning effect of the present invention.
- FIG. 48 is a schematic view of an apparatus for carrying out the method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 49 is a diagram showing the applied voltage and the number of discharges in the method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 50 is a diagram showing the applied voltage and the number of times of discharge in the method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to the present invention.
- FIG. 51 is a perspective view of the image display device according to the embodiment of the present invention, in which a display panel is partially cut away.
- FIG. 52 is a plan view of a substrate of the multi-electron beam source.
- FIG. 53 is a partial cross-sectional view of the substrate of the multi-electron beam source.
- FIG. 54A to FIG. 54E are cross-sectional views showing the steps of manufacturing the planar type surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- Fig. 55A and Fig. 55B are schematic diagrams of a planar type surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- FIG. 56 is an applied voltage waveform diagram during the energization forming process.
- FIGS. 57A and 57B are diagrams showing changes in the applied voltage waveform and the emission current Ie during the activation process.
- FIG. 58 is a cross-sectional view of a vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- FIG. 59A to FIG. 59F are cross-sectional views showing manufacturing steps of a vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- FIG. 60 is a graph showing typical characteristics of the surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- FIG. 61A to FIG. 61C are plan views illustrating the phosphor arrangement of the face plate of the display panel.
- FIG. 62 is a view showing a process flow of the method for manufacturing the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 63 is a diagram for explaining the conditioning effect according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 64 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for performing the method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 65 is a diagram showing the applied voltage and the number of discharges in the method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 66 is a view showing a process flow of the method for manufacturing the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 67 is a diagram showing the applied old pressure and the number of discharges in the method of manufacturing the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 68 is a cutaway perspective view of a display panel of the image display device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 69 is a plan view of a substrate of a multi-electron beam source according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 70 is a BB ′ cross-sectional view of the multi-electron beam source shown in FIG.
- FIG. 71 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA ′ of the display panel shown in FIG.
- FIG. 72A and FIG. 72B are a plan view and a cross-sectional view of a planar surface conduction electron-emitting device used in the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 73A to 73E are cross-sectional views showing steps of manufacturing the planar surface conduction electron-emitting device shown in FIGS. 72A and 72B.
- FIG. 74 is a diagram showing an applied voltage waveform at the time of the energization forming process in the method of manufacturing the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 75A and 75B are diagrams showing changes in the applied voltage waveform and the emission current Ie during the energization activation process in the method for manufacturing the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 76 is a sectional view of a vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device of the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- 77A to 77F are cross-sectional views showing a manufacturing process of the vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device shown in FIG.
- FIG. 78 is a graph showing typical characteristics of the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 79 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a drive circuit of the image display device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 80 is a block diagram of a multi-function image display device using the image display device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 81A and FIG. 81B are plan views illustrating the phosphor arrangement of the face plate of the display panel of the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 82 is another plan view illustrating the phosphor arrangement of the face plate of the display panel of the image forming apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 83A and 83B are schematic diagrams illustrating a method for manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 84 is a schematic diagram illustrating an image forming apparatus manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 85 is a schematic view of a cathode substrate constituting an image forming apparatus manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 86A and FIG. 86B are schematic views of an anode substrate constituting an image forming apparatus manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 87 is a schematic configuration diagram of an image forming apparatus manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 88 is a schematic perspective view showing a main configuration of the image forming apparatus manufactured according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 89 is a schematic perspective view showing a cathode substrate which is a component of the image forming apparatus.
- 9A and 9B are schematic diagrams showing a surface conduction electron-emitting device which is a component of the force sword substrate.
- FIG. 91 is a schematic diagram of a main configuration of a manufacturing apparatus used in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 92 is a schematic diagram of a main configuration of another example of the manufacturing apparatus used in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 93 is a diagram showing an example of a conventionally known surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- FIG. 94 is a diagram showing an example of a conventionally known FE element.
- FIG. 95 is a diagram showing an example of a conventionally known MIM type device.
- FIG. 96 is a perspective view in which a part of a display panel of an image display device is cut away.
- FIG. 97 is a schematic diagram showing a technique for limiting an arc current of an image forming apparatus according to a conventional technique. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- a surface conduction electron-emitting device As the electron-emitting device constituting the electron source of the present invention, a surface conduction electron-emitting device is preferably used. There are two types of surface conduction electron-emitting devices: a planar type and a vertical type. Hereinafter, as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an electron source and an image forming apparatus constituted by using a planar type surface conduction electron-emitting device will be described. The present invention will be described in detail below.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device used in the present invention is, for example, a device described in JP-A-7-235255.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a planar surface conduction electron-emitting device used in the present invention, and FIGS. 1A and 1B are a plan view and a cross-sectional view thereof.
- 1 is a substrate
- 2 and 3 are device electrodes
- 4 is a conductive film
- 5 is an electron emitting portion.
- quartz glass, glass with reduced impurities if chromatic amount of such N a, blue plate glass, ceramics glass board and alumina or the like formed by laminating S i 0 2 formed by sputtering or the like soda lime glass and An Si substrate or the like can be used.
- a general conductor material can be used as a material for the opposing element electrodes 2 and 3.
- the element electrode interval L, the element electrode length W, the shape of the conductive film 4, and the like are designed in consideration of the applied form and the like.
- the device electrode interval L is preferably in the range of several hundred nm to several hundred // m. It is more preferably in the range of several meters to several tens of meters in consideration of the voltage applied between the device electrodes.
- the element electrode length W is preferably in the range of several to several hundreds / m in consideration of the resistance value of the electrode and the electron emission characteristics, and the film thickness d of the element electrodes 2 and 3 is preferably several tens. nm to a number; m.
- the thickness of the conductive film 4 is appropriately set in consideration of the step coverage to the device electrodes 2 and 3, the resistance value between the device electrodes 2 and 3, a forming condition described later, and the like. It is preferably in the range of several times 1 nm to several hundred nm, and more preferably in the range of 1 nm to 50 nm. Its low drag value is that R s is from 10 to 1
- Materials constituting the conductive film 4 include Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag, Au, Ti, In, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, Sn, Ta, W, and Pd. Metal, P d ⁇ , S n 0 2 ,
- the electron-emitting portion 5 is constituted by a high-resistance crack formed in a part of the conductive film 4 and depends on the thickness, film quality, material, and method of energization forming and the like of the conductive film 4 described later. Becomes In some cases, conductive fine particles having a particle size in the range of several times 0.1 nm to several tens nm are present inside the electron emission portion 5. These conductive fine particles contain some or all of the elements of the material constituting the conductive film 4.
- the electron emitting portion 5 and the conductive film 4 in the vicinity thereof can also contain carbon and a carbon compound.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a basic manufacturing method of the electron-emitting device.
- the same parts as those shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals.
- Substrate 1 is thoroughly washed with detergent, pure water, organic solvent, etc., and device electrode material is deposited by vacuum evaporation, sputtering, etc.
- the device electrodes 2 and 3 are formed on the substrate 1 by using (2A).
- An organic metal solution is applied to the substrate 1 provided with the device electrodes 2 and 3 to form an organic metal thin film.
- the organic metal solution a solution of an organic metal compound containing the metal of the material of the conductive film 4 as a main element can be used.
- the organic metal thin film is heated and baked, and is patterned by lift-off, etching, or the like to form a conductive film 4 (FIG. 2B).
- the method of applying the organometallic solution has been described, but the method of forming the conductive film 4 is not limited to this, but includes vacuum deposition, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and dispersion coating. Method, a diving method, a spinner method, an ink jet method, or the like can also be used.
- the ink-jet method When the ink-jet method is used, small droplets of about 10 ng to several tens ng can be generated with good reproducibility and can be applied to the substrate, and patterning and vacuum processes by photolithography are not required. It is preferable from the viewpoint of productivity.
- a bubble jet type using an electrothermal converter as an energy generating element As a device of the ink jet method, a bubble jet type using an electrothermal converter as an energy generating element, a piezo jet type using a piezoelectric element, or the like can be used.
- the means for firing the droplets means for irradiating electromagnetic waves, means for irradiating heated air, and means for heating the entire substrate are used.
- the electromagnetic wave irradiation means for example, an infrared lamp, an argon ion laser, a semiconductor laser, or the like can be used.
- a forming process is performed.
- a method using an energization process will be described.
- an electron-emitting portion 5 having a changed structure is formed at the conductive film 4 (FIG. 2C).
- a part (generally, often in the form of a crack) of the conductive film 4 having a locally changed structure such as destruction, deformation or alteration is formed.
- the portion constitutes the electron emission section 5.
- Figure 3 shows an example of the voltage waveform during energization forming.
- the voltage waveform is preferably a pulse waveform. This includes the method shown in Fig. 3A, in which a pulse with a constant pulse height is applied as a constant voltage, and the method shown in Fig. 3B, in which a voltage pulse is applied while increasing the pulse height.
- T1 and T2 are the pulse width and pulse interval of the voltage waveform.
- Triangle wave height The value (peak voltage during energization forming) is appropriately selected according to the form of the surface conduction electron-emitting device. Under such conditions, for example, the electric power E is applied for several seconds to several tens of seconds.
- the pulse waveform is not limited to a triangular wave, but may employ a desired waveform such as a rectangular wave.
- T1 and T2 in FIG. 3B are the same as T1 and T2 shown in FIG. 3A.
- the peak value of the triangular wave is increased by, for example, about 0.1 IV.
- the end of the energization forming process can be detected by applying a voltage that does not locally break or deform the conductive film 4 during the pulse interval T2, and measure the current. For example, the current flowing when a voltage of about 0.1 V is applied is measured, and the resistance value is calculated. When the resistance value indicates 1 ⁇ or more, the energization forming is terminated.
- the element after forming is subjected to a process called an activation step.
- the activation process is a process in which the device current I ⁇ and the emission current Ie are significantly changed by this process.
- the activation step can be performed, for example, by repeatedly applying a pulse voltage in an atmosphere containing an organic substance, as in the case of energization forming.
- the preferable gas pressure of the organic substance at this time differs depending on the above-mentioned application form, the shape of the vacuum vessel, the kind of the organic substance, and the like, and is appropriately set according to the case.
- the carbon and the carbon compound include, for example, graphite (so-called HOPG, PG, GC), and HOPG has a crystal structure of almost perfect graphite, and PG has a crystal structure of about 20 nm in crystal grain.
- HOPG graphite
- PG has a crystal structure of about 20 nm in crystal grain.
- a slightly disordered material, GC refers to a material with a crystal grain of about 2 ⁇ m and more disordered crystal structure.
- Amorphous force amorphous force and amorphous force
- the film thickness is preferably in the range of 50 nm or less, more preferably in the range of 30 nm or less.
- Suitable organic substances that can be used in the present invention include alkanes, algens And organic acids such as alkyne aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, phenols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids.
- alkanes, algens And organic acids such as alkyne aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, phenols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids.
- methane, Etan saturated hydrocarbon represented by C n H 2 n + 2 such as propane, ethylene, propylene, acetylene, etc.
- these organic substances may be diluted with other gases that are not organic substances.
- gases that are not organic substances.
- examples of the type of gas that can be used as the diluting gas include an inert gas such as nitrogen, argon, or xenon.
- the voltage value can be changed over time by a method of increasing the voltage value with time or a method of performing the change with a fixed voltage, as in the forming.
- the end of the activation process is determined as appropriate while measuring the device current If and emission current Ie.
- the electron-emitting device obtained through such a step is preferably subjected to a stabilization step.
- This step is a step of exhausting the organic substance in the vacuum vessel. It is preferable to use a vacuum evacuation device that does not use oil so that the oil generated from the device does not affect the characteristics of the element.
- a vacuum pumping device such as a hood pump and an ion pump can be used.
- the partial pressure of the organic component in the vacuum vessel, 1 almost newly deposited city partial pressure above Me carbon and carbon compounds. 3 X 1 0 6 P a or less, and further below chopsticks 3 xi O _ 8 P a Is particularly preferred.
- the heating conditions at this time are preferably from 80 to 250 ° C, more preferably at least 150 ° C, and the treatment is desirably performed for as long as possible. Rather, it is performed under conditions that are appropriately selected according to various conditions such as the size and shape of the vacuum vessel and the structure of the electron emission cable.
- the pressure inside the vacuum vessel must be as low as possible
- the driving atmosphere is preferably the same as the atmosphere at the end of the stabilization treatment, but is not limited to this. If the organic substances are sufficiently removed, the pressure itself may be reduced. Can maintain a sufficiently stable characteristic even if the value slightly increases.
- the deposition of new carbon or a carbon compound can be suppressed, and H 2 ⁇ , O 2 adsorbed on a vacuum vessel or a substrate can be removed. As a result, the device current I f The emission current Ie is stabilized.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a vacuum processing apparatus. This vacuum processing apparatus also has a function as a measurement evaluation apparatus.
- the same parts as those shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those shown in FIG.
- reference numeral 45 denotes a vacuum vessel
- reference numeral 46 denotes an exhaust pump.
- An electron-emitting device is provided in the vacuum vessel 45. That is, 1 is a substrate constituting an electron-emitting device, 2 and 3 are device electrodes, 4 is a conductive film, and 5 is an electron-emitting portion.
- 41 is a power supply for applying a device voltage Vf to the electron-emitting device
- 40 is an ammeter for measuring a device current If flowing through the conductive film 4 between the device electrodes 2 and 3
- 4 Reference numeral 4 denotes an anode electrode for capturing emission current I emitted from the electron emission portion of the device.
- 43 is a high-voltage power supply for applying a voltage to the anode electrode 44
- 42 is an ammeter for measuring the emission current I emitted from the electron emission section 5 of the device.
- the measurement can be performed with the voltage of the anode electrode in the range of 1 kV to 1 OkV and the distance H between the anode electrode and the electron-emitting device in the range of 2 mm to 8 mm.
- the vacuum vessel 45 is provided with equipment necessary for measurement in a vacuum atmosphere, such as a vacuum gauge (not shown), so that measurement and evaluation can be performed in a desired vacuum atmosphere.
- the exhaust pump 46 is composed of a normal high vacuum device system including a turbo pump and a rotary pump, and an ultra-high vacuum device system including an ion pump and the like.
- the entirety of the vacuum processing apparatus provided with the electron source substrate shown here can be heated by the heater shown in FIG. Therefore, by using this vacuum processing apparatus, the steps after the energization forming described above can also be performed.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing the relationship between the emission current Ie, the device current If, and the device voltage Vf measured using the vacuum processing apparatus shown in FIG. In FIG. 5, since the emission current Ie is significantly smaller than the device current If, it is shown in arbitrary units. Note that both the vertical and horizontal axes are linear scales.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device used in the present invention has the following three characteristic properties with respect to the emission current Ie.
- the emitted charge captured by the anode electrode 44 depends on the time during which the device voltage Vf is applied. That is, the amount of charge captured by the anode electrode 44 can be controlled by the time during which the device voltage Vf is applied.
- the electron-emitting device used in the present invention can easily control the electron-emitting characteristics according to the input signal. If this property is used, it can be applied to various fields such as an electron source and an image forming apparatus that are configured by arranging a plurality of electron-emitting devices.
- FIG. 5 shows an example in which the device current If monotonically increases with respect to the device voltage Vi (hereinafter, referred to as “MI characteristics”).
- the device current If indicates a voltage-controlled negative resistance characteristic (hereinafter, referred to as "VCNR characteristic”) with respect to the device voltage Vf (not shown).
- An electron source according to the present invention includes a plurality of the above-described electron-emitting devices arranged on a substrate.
- the image forming apparatus according to the present invention further includes: an electron source configured to irradiate an electron beam from the electron source. It is configured by combining with an image forming member capable of forming an image.
- various arrangements of the electron-emitting devices can be adopted. As an example, a large number of electron-emitting devices arranged in parallel are connected at both ends, a large number of rows of electron-emitting devices are arranged (called a row direction), and a direction perpendicular to the wiring (called a column direction) is used.
- a ladder arrangement in which electrons from the electron-emitting device are controlled and driven by a control electrode (also called a grid) disposed above the electron-emitting device.
- a control electrode also called a grid
- a plurality of electron-emitting devices are arranged in a matrix in the X and Y directions, and one of the electrodes of the plurality of electron-emitting devices arranged in the same row is commonly connected to the wiring in the X direction.
- the other of the electrodes of a plurality of electron-emitting devices arranged in the same column is commonly connected to a wiring in the Y direction.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electron source having a simple matrix arrangement, which is one embodiment of the electron source of the present invention.
- reference numeral 61 denotes an electron source substrate
- 62 denotes an X-direction wiring
- 63 denotes a Y-direction wiring
- Reference numeral 64 denotes a surface conduction electron-emitting device
- 65 denotes a connection.
- the m X-directional wirings 62 are composed of m wirings of Dxl, Dx2,..., Dxm, and are formed of a conductive metal formed by a vacuum deposition method, a printing method, a sputtering method, or the like. And so on. The material, thickness, and width of the wiring are appropriately designed.
- the Y-direction wiring 63 consists of n wirings of Dyl, Dy2, ..., Dyn, and has the same shape as the X-direction wiring 62.
- An inter-layer insulating layer (not shown) is provided between the m X-directional wirings 62 and the n Y-directional wirings 63 to electrically separate them (m, n Are both positive integers.
- the interlayer insulating layer (not shown) is made of SiO 2 or the like formed using a vacuum evaporation method, a printing method, a sputtering method, or the like. For example, it is formed in a desired shape on the entire surface or a part of the substrate 61 on which the X-directional wiring 62 is formed, and in particular, so as to withstand the potential difference at the intersection of the X-directional wiring 62 and the Y-directional wiring 63. The film thickness, material, and manufacturing method are appropriately set.
- the X-direction wiring 62 and the Y-direction wiring 63 are respectively drawn as external terminals.
- a pair of electrodes (not shown) forming the surface conduction electron-emitting device 64 are electrically connected by m X-directional wires 62, n Y-directional wires 63, and a connection 65 made of a conductive metal or the like. It is connected to the.
- Materials for wiring 6 2 and wiring 6 3, connection 6 5 The material to be used and the material constituting the pair of device electrodes may be the same or partly or entirely different from each other. These materials are appropriately selected from, for example, the above-described materials for the device electrodes. When the material forming the element electrode and the wiring material are the same, the wiring connected to the element electrode can also be called an element electrode.
- the electron-emitting device used in the present invention has the following characteristics (i) to (iii). That is, when the electron emission from the electron-emitting device is equal to or higher than the threshold voltage, the electron-emitting device is disposed between the opposed device electrodes. It can be controlled by the peak value and width of the pulsed voltage to be applied. On the other hand, it is hardly emitted below the threshold voltage. According to this characteristic, even when a large number of electron-emitting devices are arranged, if a pulse-like voltage is applied to each device as appropriate, the electron-emitting device is selected according to the input signal and the amount of electron emission is controlled. it can.
- a scanning signal applying unit for applying a scanning signal for selecting a row of the surface conduction electron-emitting devices 64 arranged in the Y direction is connected to the Y-direction wiring 63.
- a modulation signal generating means (not shown) for modulating each column of the surface conduction electron-emitting devices 64 arranged in the X direction according to an input signal is connected to the X-direction wiring 62.
- the drive voltage applied to each electron-emitting device is supplied as a difference voltage between a scanning signal and a modulation signal applied to the device.
- the manufacturing method according to the present invention is characterized in that a high electric field is applied to the electron source substrate having a large number of electron sources thus produced. If a projection or the like that causes a discharge phenomenon in the image forming apparatus is formed on the electron source, it is destroyed by generating a discharge phenomenon in the electric field application step according to the present invention. That is, a projection or the like that causes a discharge phenomenon in the image forming apparatus is provided in advance in a state similar to the driving state of the image forming apparatus, thereby intentionally causing the discharge phenomenon to be destroyed and removed.
- the step of applying an electric field to the electron source substrate according to the present invention is preferably performed before a forming step described later. This is because, after the forming step, the conductive film that has been formed and has cracks is connected to the matrix wiring, so that when an electric field is applied to the electron source substrate, a current flows on the electron source substrate. Matrix wiring This is because a voltage higher than that applied in the forming step is applied to the conductive film due to the potential increase due to the wiring resistance, which may destroy the crack form and make it impossible to manufacture an electron source. On the other hand, before the forming step, the current escapes through the conductive film, so that the potential rise is suppressed and the damage can be reduced.
- the electric field applying step in a state where only the matrix wiring and the bare hand electrode are formed on the substrate because there is no influence on the conductive film.
- FIG. 7 is a conceptual diagram showing an example of a substrate arrangement and an example of an applied electric field applied between the substrate and the electrode when the electron source substrate is opposed to the electrode stem.
- an electrode 72 is provided at a position facing the electron source substrate 71 arranged on the substrate stage 73 connected to GND. Further, the wiring 74 on the electron source substrate 71 is connected in common to the conductive extraction member 75 at the end of the wiring, connected to GND with a cable or the like, and the electrode 72 is connected to the high voltage power supply 76. .
- a sheet or a wire made of a relatively soft metal material gold, indium, etc.
- an electric field E is applied to the electron source substrate by applying a voltage between the electron source substrate 7 1 and the electrode 72.
- matrix wiring drives a large number of electron-emitting devices. Therefore, it is desirable that the wiring resistance is low. Therefore, it is preferable to increase the thickness and width of the wiring as much as possible. It is difficult to make the width of the wiring too large to secure the definition of the image forming apparatus, and the thickness may be increased.
- the deposition time may be long or printing may be repeated.In such a case, the danger of foreign substances adhering to the wiring etc. increases, and a strong electric field is generated. Such protrusions may occur.
- the distance from the phosphor is closest to the upper wiring of the matrix wiring, and the upper wiring is also most likely to intersect the lower wiring via the interlayer insulating layer.
- the distance from the phosphor becomes shorter. Therefore, when a flat electrode as shown in FIG. 7A is used, it is necessary to ensure sufficient parallelism with the electron source substrate and to apply a sufficient electric field over the entire surface of the electron source substrate.
- a resistor for limiting the current to regulate the upper limit of the current.
- the discharge phenomena occurring between the glass source substrates can be evaluated using the Kanon Y ⁇ which measures the current flowing between the electron source substrates.
- the electric field intensity applied in the electric field application step needs to be higher than the electric field intensity applied between the electron source and the phosphor as the image forming apparatus.
- the electric field intensity applied in the electric field application step is about 1 kV / mm or more.
- the time for applying the electric field in the electric field applying step is preferably about the driving time of the image display device, but the electric field applying step takes time. This time can be shortened by making the electric field applied strength larger than the electric field applied strength during actual driving.
- a method of gradually increasing the electric field and maintaining the electric field at a desired electric field for a certain period of time can be considered.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of an example of a display panel of an embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a fluorescent film used for the display panel of FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing an example of a drive path for performing display according to an NTSC television signal.
- reference numeral 61 denotes an electron source substrate on which a plurality of electron-emitting devices are arranged; 81, a rear plate on which the electron source substrate 61 is fixed; 86, a fluorescent film 84 on the inner surface of a glass substrate 83; This is a face plate on which a luvac 85 and the like are formed.
- Reference numeral 82 denotes a support frame. A rear plate 81 and a face plate 86 are joined to the support frame 82 by using low melting point frit glass or the like.
- Reference numeral 64 corresponds to the electron-emitting device shown in FIG. 62 and 63 are an X-direction wiring and a Y-direction wiring connected to a pair of device electrodes of the surface conduction electron-emitting device. The conductive film of each element is omitted for convenience.
- the envelope 88 includes the face plate 86, the support frame 82, and the rear plate 81 as described above. Since the rear plate 81 is provided mainly for the purpose of reinforcing the strength of the substrate 61, if the substrate 71 itself has sufficient strength, the separate rear plate 81 can be unnecessary. That is, the support frame 82 may be directly sealed to the substrate 61, and the envelope 88 may be constituted by the face plate 86, the support frame 82, and the substrate 61.
- an envelope 88 having sufficient strength against atmospheric pressure can be constructed. it can.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a fluorescent film.
- the fluorescent film 84 can be composed of only a phosphor in the case of monochrome.
- a black stripe depending on the arrangement of the fluorescent materials can be composed of a black conductive material 91 and a fluorescent material 92 called a black matrix or the like.
- the purpose of providing the black stripes and the black matrix is to make the color display less inconspicuous by making the painted portions between the three primary color phosphors 9 black in the case of color display black.
- the object of the present invention is to suppress a decrease in contrast caused by reflection of external light in Step 4.
- a material of the black stripe a material having conductivity and low transmission and reflection of light can be used in addition to a commonly used material mainly containing graphite.
- a precipitation method, a printing method, or the like can be adopted regardless of monochrome or color.
- a metal back 85 is provided on the inner surface side of the fluorescent film 84. The purpose of the metal back is to improve the brightness by reflecting the light emitted from the phosphor toward the inner surface side of the phosphor toward the plate 86 side, and to act as an electrode for applying the electron beam acceleration voltage.
- C metal back which is to protect the phosphor from damage caused by the collision of negative ions generated in the envelope, etc., is performed by smoothing the inner surface of the phosphor film after the phosphor film is manufactured (usually, This is called “filming.”), And then A1 is deposited by vacuum evaporation or the like.
- the face plate 86 may be provided with a transparent electrode (not shown) on the outer surface side of the fluorescent film 84 in order to further increase the conductivity of the fluorescent film 84.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing an outline of an apparatus used in this step.
- the display panel 101 is connected to the vacuum chamber 133 via an exhaust pipe 132, It is connected to an exhaust device 135 through a valve 134.
- a pressure gauge 1336, a quadrupole mass analyzer 1337, and the like are attached to the component chamber 133. Since it is difficult to directly measure the pressure inside the envelope 808 of the display panel 101, the pressure inside the vacuum chamber 133 is measured to control the processing conditions.
- a gas introduction line 1338 is connected to the vacuum chamber 13 to control the atmosphere by introducing more necessary gas into the vacuum chamber.
- An introduction substance source 140 is connected to the other end of the gas introduction line 138, and the introduction substance is stored in an ampoule or a cylinder.
- an introduction amount control means 139 for controlling the rate at which the introduced substance is introduced.
- a valve such as a slow leak valve capable of controlling a flow rate to be released, a mass flow controller, or the like can be used depending on the type of the substance to be introduced.
- the inside of the envelope 88 is evacuated by the apparatus shown in FIG. 11 to perform forming.
- the Y-directional wiring 63 is connected to the common electrode 141, and the element connected to one of the X-directional wiring 62 is connected to the power supply 142.
- forming can be performed by applying a voltage pulse at the same time. Conditions such as the shape of the pulse and the determination of the end of the processing may be selected in accordance with the method described above for the forming of the individual elements.
- by sequentially applying (scrolling) a pulse with a phase shifted to a plurality of X-direction wirings it is possible to form elements connected to the plurality of X-direction wirings collectively.
- reference numeral 1443 denotes a resistance for current measurement
- reference numeral 1444 denotes an oscilloscope for current measurement.
- an activation step is performed. After sufficiently exhausting the inside of the envelope 88, the organic substance is introduced from the gas introduction line 1338.
- the voltage is applied by connecting the Y-directional wiring 63 to the common electrode 141 and sequentially applying (scrolling) a pulse having a phase shifted to a plurality of X-directional wirings 62.
- the devices connected to a plurality of X-direction wirings 62 are collectively used. It is also possible to make sex. Conditions such as the shape of the pulse and the judgment of the end of the processing may be selected in accordance with the method described above for activating individual elements.
- the exhaust system 13 5 exhausts the gas through the exhaust pipe 13 2 using an oil-free exhaust pump such as an ion pump or a soap pump. After the atmosphere is low enough for organic substances, heat the exhaust pipe with a burner to dissolve and seal off. In order to maintain the pressure of the envelope 88 after sealing, gettering can also be performed. This is because the getter placed at a predetermined position (not shown) in the envelope 88 by heating using resistance heating or high-frequency heating immediately before or after the shot of the envelope 88 is performed. Is a process of forming a vapor-deposited film by heating. Usually, Ba is mainly composed of Ba or the like, and the atmosphere in the envelope 88 is maintained by the adsorption action of the deposited film.
- FIG. 10 101 is a display panel, 102 is a running circuit, 103 is a control circuit, and 104 is a shift register.
- 105 is a line memory, 106 is a synchronization signal separation circuit, 107 is a modulation signal generator, ⁇
- a is a DC voltage source.
- the display panel 101 is connected to an external electric circuit via terminals Dx1 to Dxm, terminals Dy1 to Dyn, and a high voltage terminal 87.
- Terminals D y1 to D yn are sequentially driven by electron sources provided in the display panel, that is, a group of surface conduction electron-emitting devices arranged in a matrix of m rows and xn columns in a matrix (rows). A scanning signal for moving is applied.
- a modulation signal for controlling the output electron beam of each element of the surface conduction electron-emitting device in one row selected by the scanning signal is applied.
- a high-voltage terminal 87 is supplied with a DC voltage of, for example, 10 kV from a DC voltage source Va, which excites a phosphor into an electron beam emitted from a surface conduction electron-emitting device. It is an accelerating voltage for giving sufficient energy to the target.
- the scanning circuit 102 will be described. The circuit has n switching elements inside (in the figure, S1 to Sm are schematically shown).
- Each switching element is a DC voltage source V Either the output voltage of, or ov (ground level) is selected, and it is electrically connected to the terminals Dy1 to Dyn of the display panel 101.
- Each of the switching elements S1 to Sm operates based on the control signal Tscan output from the control circuit 103, and may be configured by combining switching elements such as FETs, for example. Can be.
- the DC voltage source Vx is such that the drive voltage applied to the unscanned element is equal to or lower than the electron emission threshold voltage based on the characteristics (electron emission threshold voltage) of the surface conduction electron-emitting element. It is set to output such a constant voltage.
- the control circuit 103 has a function of matching the operation of each unit so that appropriate display is performed based on an image signal input from the outside.
- the control circuit 103 generates Ts can, Ts ⁇ t, and Tmry control signals for each unit based on the synchronization signal sy nc sent from the synchronization signal separation circuit 106.
- the synchronizing signal separation circuit 106 is a circuit for separating a synchronizing signal component and a luminance signal component from an NTSC standard television signal input from the outside, and uses a general frequency separation (filter) circuit or the like. Can be configured.
- the synchronizing signal separated by the synchronizing signal separating circuit 106 is composed of a vertical synchronizing signal and a horizontal synchronizing signal, but is shown here as a Tsync signal for convenience of explanation.
- the luminance signal component of the image separated from the television signal is represented as a DATA signal for convenience.
- the DATA signal is input to the shift register 104.
- the shift register 104 is for serially / parallel-converting the DATA signal input serially in time series for each line of an image.
- the shift register 104 converts the DATA signal into a control signal Ts ft sent from the control circuit 103. (In other words, the control signal Tsft can be said to be the shift clock of the shift register 104.)
- the data of the I-line (corresponding to the driving data of the electron-emitting device m-elements) subjected to the serial Z-parallel conversion is output from the shift register 104 as m parallel signals Id1 to Idm as m parallel signals.
- the line memory 105 is a storage device for storing data of one line of an image for a required time only, and appropriately stores the contents of Id1 to Idm according to a control signal Tmry sent from the control circuit 103.
- the stored contents are I d 'l to I d' m
- the output is then output to the modulated signal generator 107 manually 6.
- the modulation signal generator 107 is a signal source for appropriately driving and modulating each of the surface conduction electron-emitting devices in accordance with each of the image data Id'1 to Id'm, and an output signal thereof. Is applied to the surface conduction electron-emitting device in the display panel 101 through the terminals Dx1 to Dxm.
- the electron-emitting device used in the present invention has the following basic characteristics with respect to the emission current Ie. That is, electron emission has a clear threshold voltage V th, and electron emission occurs only when a voltage equal to or higher than V th is applied. For a voltage equal to or higher than the electron emission threshold, the emission current changes according to the change in the voltage applied to the device. Therefore, when a pulse-like voltage is applied to this element, for example, when a voltage lower than the electron emission threshold is applied, electron emission does not occur, but when a voltage higher than the electron emission threshold is applied. Outputs an electron beam. At that time, the intensity of the output electron beam can be controlled by changing the pulse peak value V difference.
- a voltage modulation method, a pulse width modulation method, or the like can be adopted as a method of modulating the electron-emitting device in accordance with an input signal.
- a voltage modulation circuit that generates a voltage pulse of a fixed length and modulates the peak value of the pulse appropriately according to input data is used as a modulation signal generator 107. Can be used.
- the modulation signal generator 107 When implementing the pulse width modulation method, the modulation signal generator 107 generates a pulse pulse with a constant peak value, and modulates the width of the voltage pulse appropriately according to the input data. Circuit can be used.
- the shift register 104 and the line memory 105 can be either digital signal type or analog signal type. This is because the serial / parallel conversion and storage of the image signal need only be performed at a predetermined speed.
- the circuit used for the modulation signal generator 107 differs slightly depending on whether the output signal of the line memory 105 is a digital signal or an analog signal. It will be. That is, in the case of the digital modulation system using digital signals, for example, a DZA conversion circuit is used as the modulation signal generator 107, and an amplification circuit and the like are added as necessary.
- the modulation signal generator 107 includes, for example, a high-speed oscillator, a counter for counting the number of waves output from the oscillator, and a comparison between the output value of the counter and the output value of the memory.
- a circuit that combines a comparator (comparator) is used. If necessary, an amplifier for amplifying the pulse width modulated signal output from the comparator to the driving voltage of the surface conduction electron-emitting device can be added.
- an amplification circuit using, for example, an operational amplifier can be used as the modulation signal generator 107, and a level shift circuit or the like can be added as necessary.
- a voltage-controlled oscillation circuit VOC
- an amplifier for amplifying the voltage up to the drive voltage of the surface-conduction electron-emitting device can be added if necessary.
- electron emission is generated by applying a voltage to each electron-emitting device via the external terminals D xl to D xm and D yl to D yn. Cheating. A high voltage is applied to the metal back 85 or the transparent electrode (not shown) via the high voltage terminal 87 to accelerate the electron beam. The accelerated electrons collide with the fluorescent film 84 and emit light to form an image.
- the configuration of the image forming apparatus described here is an example of the image forming apparatus of the present invention, and various modifications are possible based on the technical idea of the present invention.
- the input signal the NTSC system was mentioned, but the input signal is not limited to this, and in addition to the PAL and SECAM systems, TV signals consisting of a larger number of scanning lines (such as the MUSE system, etc.) High-definition TV) system can also be adopted.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic view showing an example of a ladder-type arrangement of an electron source according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- reference numeral 110 denotes an electron source substrate
- 111 denotes an electron-emitting device.
- Numeral 112 denotes a common wiring composed of D1 to D10 for connecting the electron-emitting devices 111.
- a plurality of electron-emitting devices 111 are arranged in parallel in the X direction on the substrate I10 (this is called an element row).
- a plurality of these element rows are arranged to form an electron source.
- a voltage equal to or higher than the electron emission threshold is applied to an element row that wants to emit an electron beam
- a voltage equal to or lower than the electron emission threshold is applied to an element row that does not emit an electron beam.
- D2 and D3 can be the same wiring.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a display panel structure of an embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention including a ladder-type arrangement of electron sources.
- Reference numeral 120 denotes a grid electrode
- reference numeral 121 denotes a hole through which electrons pass
- reference numeral 122 denotes a terminal outside the container composed of 0 and D 2,..., D m.
- Reference numeral 123 denotes an external terminal composed of G 1, G 2,..., And G n connected to the grid electrode 120.
- FIG. 14 the same portions as those shown in FIGS. 8 and 13 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those shown in FIG.
- the major difference between the display panel shown here and the display panel with the simple matrix arrangement shown in Fig. 8 is that a grid electrode 120 is provided between the electron source substrate 110 and the plate 86. It is or not.
- the grid electrode 120 modulates the electron beam emitted from the surface conduction electron-emitting device, and the electron beam is applied to a stripe-shaped electrode provided orthogonally to the ladder-type element row.
- one circular mosquito L122 is provided for each element.
- the shape and installation position of the grid are not limited to those shown in FIG. For example, a large number of passage openings may be provided in the form of a mesh as holes, and the grid may be provided around or near the surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- the container outer terminals 122 and the grid container terminals 123 are electrically connected to a control circuit (not shown).
- a modulation signal for one line of an image is simultaneously applied to the grid electrode rows in synchronization with sequentially driving (scanning) the element rows one by one. This makes it possible to control the irradiation of each electron beam to the phosphor and display an image one line at a time.
- the image forming apparatus of the present invention can be used as a display device for television broadcasting, a display device such as a video conference system or a computer, and an image forming device as an optical printer configured using a photosensitive drum or the like. Can also be used.
- Fig. 22 shows various image information sources such as television broadcasts.
- 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus of the present invention configured to display image information to be displayed.
- 1700 is a display panel
- 1701 is a display panel driving circuit
- 1702 is a display controller
- 1703 is a multiplexer
- 1704 is a decoder
- 1705 is an input.
- Output interface circuit, 1 706? 11, 1707 is an image generation circuit
- 1708 to 1710 is an image memory interface circuit
- 1711 is an image input interface circuit
- 1712 and 1713 are A TV signal receiving circuit
- 174 is an input unit.
- the image forming apparatus When receiving a signal including both video information and audio information, such as a television signal, the image forming apparatus naturally reproduces the audio simultaneously with the display of the video. Descriptions of circuits related to reception, separation, reproduction, processing, storage, and the like of audio information that are not directly related to the features of the present invention, a speaker, and the like are omitted.
- the TV signal receiving circuit 1713 is a circuit for receiving a TV signal transmitted using a wireless transmission system such as radio waves or spatial optical communication.
- the format of the TV signal to be received is not particularly limited, and may be any of the NTSC, PAL, and SECAM systems. Further, a TV signal composed of a larger number of scanning lines than these, for example, a so-called high-definition TV signal such as the MUSE method is suitable for taking advantage of the display panel suitable for a large area and a large number of pixels. Signal source.
- the TV signal received by the TV signal receiving circuit 17 13 is output to the decoder 17 04.
- the TV signal receiving circuit 1712 is a circuit for receiving a TV signal transmitted using a wired transmission system such as a coaxial cable or an optical fiber. Like the TV signal receiving circuit 17 13, the type of the TV signal to be received is not particularly limited, and the TV signal received by the circuit is also output to the decoder 1704.
- the circuit 1711 is a circuit for capturing an image signal supplied from an image input device such as a TV camera or an image reading scanner. The captured image signal is output to the decoder 1704.
- the image memory interface circuit 17010 is a circuit for capturing an image signal stored in a video tape recorder (hereinafter referred to as “VTR”).
- VTR video tape recorder
- the captured image signal is a decoder 1704 Is output to
- the image memory interface circuit 1709 is a circuit for taking in an image signal stored in the video disk, and the taken-in image signal is output to the decoder 1704.
- the image memory interface circuit 1708 is a circuit for capturing image signals from a device that stores still image data, such as a still image disk.
- the captured still image data is input to the decoder 1704 Is done.
- the input / output interface circuit 1705 is a circuit for connecting the image display device to an output device such as an external computer, a computer network or a printer. It is also possible to input and output image data, character and graphic information, and in some cases, input and output control signals and numerical data between the CPU 176 provided in the image forming apparatus and the outside.
- the image generation circuit 1707 outputs image data, character / graphic information input from the outside via the input / output interface circuit 1705, or output from the CPU 1706.
- This circuit generates display image data based on image data and character / graphic information.
- a rewritable memory for storing image data and character / graphic information
- a read-only memory for storing image patterns corresponding to character codes
- a processor for performing image processing
- the necessary circuits for image generation are incorporated.
- the display image data generated by this circuit is output to the decoder 1704.
- the image data for display is supplied to an external computer network or printer via the input / output interface circuit 1705. Can also be output to
- the CPU 176 mainly performs operations related to operation control of the image display device and generation, selection, and editing of a display image.
- a control signal is output to the multiplexer 1703, and an image signal to be displayed on the display panel is appropriately selected or combined.
- a control signal is generated to the display panel controller 1702 in accordance with the image signal, and the display device is controlled by the screen display frequency, scanning method (for example, interlaced or non-interlaced), and the number of scanning lines on one screen. The operation is appropriately controlled.
- image data or character / graphic information is directly output to the image generation circuit 1707, or an external input / output interface circuit 1705 via the input / output interface circuit 1705. Access a computer or memory and enter image data and text / graphic information.
- the CPU 176 may be related to work for other purposes. For example, it may be directly related to a function of generating and processing information, such as a personal computer or a word processor. Alternatively, as described above, the computer may be connected to an external computer network via the input / output interface circuit 1705, and work such as numerical calculation may be performed jointly as an external device.
- the input unit 1714 is used by the user to input a command, a program, data, or the like to the CPU 1706.
- a command for example, in addition to a keyboard and a mouse, a joystick and a barcode reader are used. It is possible to use various input devices such as a voice recognition device.
- the decoder 1704 is a circuit for inversely converting various image signals input from the above 1707-1713 into three primary color signals or a luminance signal and an I signal and a Q signal. As shown by a dotted line in the figure, it is desirable that the decoder 1704 has an image memory therein. This is to handle television signals that require image memory when performing inverse conversion, such as the MUSE method. In addition, the provision of the image memory facilitates the display of a still image. Alternatively, in cooperation with the self-image generation circuit 1707 and the CPU 1706, there is an advantage that image processing and editing including image thinning, complementing, enlarging, reducing, compositing, etc. are facilitated.
- the multiplexer 1703 selects a display image appropriately based on a control signal input from the CPU 1706. That is, the multiplexer 1703 selects a desired image signal from the inversely converted image signals input from the decoder 1704 and outputs it to the drive circuit 1701. In this case, by switching and selecting the image signal within one screen display time, it is possible to divide one screen into a plurality of areas and display different images depending on the area, as in a so-called multi-screen television. .
- the display panel controller 102 is a circuit for controlling the operation of the drive circuit 1701, based on a control signal input from the PU 176 described above.
- a signal related to the basic operation of the display panel for example, a signal for controlling an operation sequence of a display panel driving power supply (not shown) is output to the driving circuit 1701.
- a signal for controlling the screen display frequency and the scanning method for example, interlaced or non-interlaced
- a control signal relating to image quality adjustment such as luminance / contrast / tone and sharpness of a display image may be output to the drive circuit 1701.
- the drive circuit 1701 is a circuit for generating a drive signal to be applied to the display panel 1700, and includes an image signal input from the multiplexer 1703 and the display panel controller 170. It operates based on a control signal input from 02.
- image information input from various image information sources can be displayed on the display panel 170. It is possible. That is, various image signals including television broadcasts are inversely converted by the decoder 1704, appropriately selected by the multiplexer 1703, and input to the drive circuit 1701.
- the display controller 1702 generates a control signal for controlling the operation of the drive circuit 1701 according to an image signal to be displayed.
- the drive circuit 1701 applies a drive signal to the display panel 1700 based on the image signal and the control signal. As a result, an image is displayed on the display panel 170. A series of these operations are totally controlled by the CPU 176.
- the image forming apparatus not only the image memory stored in the decoder 1704, the image generation circuit 1707 and the information selected from the information are displayed, but also the image information to be displayed is displayed.
- image processing such as enlargement, reduction, rotation, movement, edge emphasis, thinning out, interpolation, color conversion, image aspect ratio conversion, etc., and images including synthesis, deletion, connection, replacement, insertion, etc. Editing is also possible .
- a dedicated circuit for processing and editing audio information may be provided.
- the present image forming apparatus can be used as a display device for television broadcasting, a terminal device for video conference, an image editing device for handling still images and moving images, a computer terminal device, an office terminal device including a code processor, and a game device. It is possible to combine the functions of a container and the like with one unit, and it has an extremely wide range of applications for industrial or consumer use.
- FIG. 22 merely shows an example of the configuration of an image forming apparatus using a display panel using an electron-emitting device as an electron beam source, and the image forming apparatus of the present invention is not limited to this. It goes without saying that it is not something that is done.
- circuits related to functions that are unnecessary for the purpose of use may be omitted.
- additional components may be added depending on the purpose of use.
- a transmission / reception circuit including a television camera, an audio microphone, an illuminator, and a modem to the components.
- the electron emission element is used as the electron source, so that the depth of the image forming apparatus can be reduced.
- display panels that use electron-emitting devices as electron beam sources can easily be enlarged, have high brightness, and have excellent viewing angle characteristics. Can be displayed with good visibility.
- an electron source with stable and efficient electron emission characteristics a long-life, bright, high-quality color flat-screen TV can be realized.
- FIG. 15 is a partial sectional view of the electron source.
- 61 is a substrate
- 62 is an X-direction wiring (also referred to as a lower wiring) corresponding to 0111 in FIG. 8
- 63 is a Y-direction wiring (also referred to as an upper wiring) corresponding to Dyn in FIG. 4 is a conductive film including an electron emitting portion (not shown)
- 2 and 3 are device electrodes
- 151 is an interlayer insulating layer
- 152 is a contact hole.
- the electron source in this example has 300 electrons on the X-direction wiring and 100 electrons on the Y-direction wiring. An emission element is formed.
- an interlayer insulating layer 151 consisting of a silicon oxide film with a thickness of 1.0 ⁇ m was deposited by RF sputtering (Fig. 16B).
- a photoresist pattern for forming a contact hole 152 was formed on the silicon oxide film deposited in step b, and the interlayer insulating layer 151 was etched using the photoresist pattern as a mask to form a contact hole 152 (FIG. 16).
- a photoresist (RD_2H0ON—41) manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. is formed with a pattern to be a gap L between the device electrodes 2 and 3, and a 511111-thick layer i is formed by vacuum evaporation. Ni having a thickness of 100 n ⁇ was sequentially deposited. The photoresist pattern was dissolved with an organic solvent, and the Ni / Ti deposited film was lifted off to form device electrodes 2 and 3 with a device electrode spacing L of 5 ⁇ m and a device electrode width W of 300 / m (Fig. 16 D). Process 1 e
- a Cr film with a thickness of 100 nm is deposited and patterned by vacuum evaporation, and an organic Pd-containing solution (“cpp 4230” manufactured by Okuno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) is spin-coated with a spinner on the Cr film.
- a heating and baking treatment was performed at 00 ° C for 10 minutes.
- the conductive film 4 made of Pd0 as the main element thus formed had a thickness of 10 nm and a sheet resistance value of 5 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ / port.
- a pattern was formed such that a resist was applied to portions other than the contact hole 152, and a Ti having a thickness of 5 nm and a Au having a thickness of 500 nm were sequentially deposited by vacuum evaporation. Unnecessary parts were removed by lift-off to embed contact holes 152 (Fig. 17G).
- the lower wiring 62, the interlayer insulating layer 151, the upper wiring 63, the device electrodes 2, 3, the conductive film 4, etc. were formed on the substrate 6i.
- the end sheet of the upper and lower wiring has a thickness of 500 mm and a width of 5 mm. 5 was crimped so that all wiring was the same as the stage board 17 2. Further, an A1 electrode 174 fixed by an insulating support member (blue glass) 176 was arranged at a position facing the electron source substrate 171. Here, the facing distance between the electron source substrate 17 1 and the electrode 17 4 was 3 mm.
- the indium sheet 1775 sharing the wiring of the electron source substrate 171 and the stage substrate 172 is connected to GND, and the electrode 174 is divided by a 100 k ⁇ resistor 1777. Then, it was connected to a high voltage power supply 178. Further, the voltage across the resistor 177 was measured with a voltmeter 179, and the current flowing through the resistor 177 was measured. Then, as shown in FIG. 19, a voltage (line graph in FIG. 19) was applied between the electron source substrate 171 and the electrode 174, and the voltage was maintained at 15 kV for 4 hours. At that time, the current flowing through the resistor 1 77 7 Fig. 19 shows the number of times of charging. As is evident from Fig.
- the discharge started at ⁇ kV, and a total of 18 discharges (bar graph in Fig. 19) were measured up to holding at 15 kV for 2 hours.
- the high voltage power supply 178 was set to OFF, the electron source substrate was removed from the device, and the indium sheet was removed from the electron source substrate.
- an image forming apparatus having the configuration shown in FIG. 8 was prepared as follows.
- a face plate 86 (the fluorescent film 84 on the inner surface of the glass substrate 83).
- a metal back 85 is formed via a support frame 82, and frit glass is applied to the joint of the face plate 86, the support frame 82, and the rear plate 81. Sealing was performed by baking at 0 ° C. for 10 minutes or more to form an envelope 88.
- fixing of the substrate 61 to the rear plate 81 was also performed using flat glass.
- the fluorescent film 84 a color fluorescent film having a black stripe arrangement and composed of a black conductive material 91 and a phosphor 92 was used. First, a black stripe was formed, and phosphors of each color were applied to the gaps, thereby producing a phosphor film 84. The slurry method was used to apply the phosphor onto the glass substrate. Further, a metal back 85 was provided on the inner surface side of the fluorescent film 84. The metal back 85 was prepared by performing a smoothing process (usually called filming) on the inner surface of the phosphor film after the phosphor film was formed, and then vacuum-vaporizing A1. When performing the above-described sealing, sufficient alignment was performed because the phosphors of each color and the electron-emitting devices had to correspond to each other in the case of color filters.
- a smoothing process usually called filming
- the envelope 88 completed as described above was connected via an exhaust pipe (not shown) to a vacuum device evacuated by a magnetically levitated turbomolecular bomb.
- the electron-emitting portion 5 thus created is composed of fine particles containing palladium as a main component. Were dispersed and arranged, and the average particle size of the fine particles was 3 nm.
- benzonitrile was introduced into the envelope 88 at 6.6 ⁇ 10 ′′ 4 Pa via a vacuum device.
- the sudden discharge phenomenon is defined as the number of times the current flowing through the high voltage terminal exceeds 5 mA.
- the individual characteristics (Ie) of each electron emission device before and after the image display were measured, the variation remained at 8%.
- the variation is a value obtained by dividing the variance value by the average value of the Ie values of the respective elements.
- An image forming apparatus was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the electric field application step using the apparatus in FIG. 18 was not performed.
- the same static withstand voltage measurement as in Example 1 was performed for 6 hours with the obtained image forming apparatus, a sudden discharge phenomenon was observed eight times. The electron source was damaged by this discharge phenomenon.
- reference numeral 196 denotes a support member for fixing a back glass having electrodes, and has a variable mechanism so that the distance between the electrode 174 and the electron source substrate 171 can be changed.
- the voltage applied from a high voltage is kept constant at 15 kV, and the distance between the electrode and the electron source substrate (the line graph in Fig. 21) is changed. Hold for hours.
- Example 2 Using the obtained image forming apparatus, a static breakdown voltage measurement in the same manner as in Example 1 was performed for 6 hours. As a result, no sudden discharge phenomenon was observed. Therefore, no damage to the electron source due to the discharge was observed.
- the basic configuration of the surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied is roughly classified into a planar type and a vertical type.
- FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a flat surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 23A is a plan view, and FIG.
- 201 is a substrate
- 2002 and 2003 are device electrodes
- 2004 is a conductive thin film
- 2005 is an electron-emitting portion.
- the substrate 20 0 quartz glass, glass with a reduced content of impurities such as Na, soda lime glass, glass substrate laminated with the S i 0 2 formed by sputtering or the like soda lime glass, such as alumina ceramic box and An Si substrate or the like can be used.
- a material for the opposing device electrodes 2002 and 2003 a general conductor material can be used.
- the element electrode interval L, the element electrode length W, the shape of the conductive thin film 2004, and the like are designed in consideration of the applied form and the like.
- the element electrode interval L can be preferably in the range of several hundred nm to several hundred m, and more preferably in the range of several m to several tens / m.
- the length W of the device electrode can be in the range of several meters to several hundreds of micrometers in consideration of the resistance value of the electrode and the electron emission characteristics.
- the film thickness d of the device electrodes 2002 and 2003 can be in the range of several tens nm to several ⁇ m.
- a fine particle film composed of fine particles is preferably used in order to obtain good electron emission characteristics.
- the film thickness is appropriately set in consideration of a step force varage to the device electrodes 2002 and 2003, a resistance value between the device electrodes 2002 and 2003, a forming condition described later, and the like. It is preferably in the range of several times nm to several hundred nm, more preferably in the range of 50 nm to 1 nm.
- the resistance value is a value of continuous three 1 0 2 ⁇ 1 0 7 ⁇ / mouth.
- the forming process will be described using an energizing process as an example.However, the forming process is not limited to this, and the process of forming a high resistance state by forming a crack in a film is described. Includes.
- Materials forming the conductive thin film 2004 include metals such as Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag, Au, Ti, In, Cu, Fe, Zn, Sn, Ta, W, Pd, and Pd ⁇ , Sn0. 2, I n 2 Os, PbO , Sb 2 0 3 oxide such, Hf B 2, Zr B 2 , L a B 6, C e Be, YB 4, G d B 4 , etc. borides, T i C , ZrC, HfC, Ta, C, SiC, WC, etc., nitrides such as TiN, ZrN, HfN, semiconductors such as Si, Ge, carbon etc. Selected.
- metals such as Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag, Au, Ti, In, Cu, Fe, Zn, Sn, Ta, W, Pd, and Pd ⁇ , Sn0. 2, I n 2 Os, PbO , Sb 2 0 3 oxide such, Hf B 2, Zr B 2 ,
- the fine particle film is a film in which a plurality of fine particles are aggregated, and has a fine structure in a state in which the fine particles are individually dispersed or arranged, or in a state in which the fine particles are adjacent to each other or overlapped (some fine particles). Gather together to form an island-like structure as a whole).
- the particle size of the fine particles is in the range of several times 0.1 nm to several hundred nm, preferably in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm.
- fine particles is frequently used, and its meaning will be described.
- Small particles are called “fine particles” and smaller ones are called “ultra fine particles”. It is widely used to refer to particles that are even smaller than “ultrafine particles” and have a few hundred atoms or less as “class Yuichi”.
- fine particles and “ultrafine particles” may be collectively referred to as “fine particles”, and the description in this specification is in line with this.
- the diameter is about 2 to 3 zm to about 1 O nm, and especially when we say ultrafine particles, we mean the particle size is about 1 O nm to about 2 to 3 nm. It is not a strict one because both are sometimes simply written as fine particles, but it is a rough guideline. If the number of atoms constituting a particle is from 2 to several tens to several hundreds, one cluster (Page 1995, lines 22-26).
- the “Ultra-fine particle project” (1981 to 19886) which promotes the creation of science and technology, refers to ultrafine particles whose particle size (diameter) is in the range of approximately 1 to 10 O nm. It was called (ultrafineparticle). then in one of the ultra-fine particles is approximately 1 0 0-1 0 it comes to eight about atomic aggregate of. if you look at the scale of atoms ultra-fine particles are large - huge particle (“Ultra Fine Particles.
- fine particles in this specification is an aggregate of a large number of atoms and molecules, and the lower limit of the particle size is from several times 0.1 nm to about 1 nm. The upper limit is about several / m.
- the electron-emitting portion 2005 is constituted by a high-resistance crack formed in a part of the conductive thin film 204.
- conductive fine particles having a particle diameter in the range of several times 0.1 nm to several tens nm are present inside the electron emitting portion 205. These conductive fine particles contain some or all of the elements of the material constituting the conductive thin film 204.
- the electron-emitting portion 2005 and the conductive thin film 204 near the electron-emitting portion may also contain carbon and a carbon compound.
- FIG. 34 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the present invention can be applied.
- FIG. 34 the same portions as those shown in FIG. 33 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those denoted in FIG. Reference numeral 2201 denotes a step forming portion.
- Substrate 200, device electrodes 200, 200, conductive thin film 204, and electron emission section 205 are the same as in the case of the flat surface conduction electron emission device described above.
- the step forming portion 2021 can be made of an insulating material such as Si02 formed by a vacuum evaporation method, a printing method, a sputtering method, or the like.
- the film thickness of the step forming portion 2021 corresponds to the device electrode interval L of the flat surface conduction electron-emitting device described above, and can be in the range of several hundred nm to several tens // m. This film thickness is set in consideration of the manufacturing method of the step forming portion and the voltage applied between the device electrodes, and is preferably in the range of several tens nm to several / m.
- the conductive thin film 4 is laminated on the device electrodes 200 2, 203 after the device electrodes 200 2, 203 and the step forming portion 202 1 are formed.
- the electron-emitting portion 205 is formed in the step-forming portion 2021 in FIG. 234, the shape and position are limited to this depending on manufacturing conditions, forming conditions, and the like. It is not something that can be done.
- FIG. 35 schematically shows an example.
- FIG. 35 As well, the same portions as those shown in FIG. 33 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those denoted in FIG. 33.
- Substrate 1 is sufficiently washed with a detergent, pure water, an organic solvent, etc., and element electrode materials are deposited by a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, etc., and then, for example, on the substrate 201 using a photolithography technique. Then, device electrodes 200, 203 are formed (FIG. 35A).
- An organic metal solution is applied to the substrate 200 1 provided with the device electrodes 200 2 and 203 to form an organic metal thin film.
- a solution of an organic metal compound containing the metal of the material of the conductive film 204 as a main element can be used.
- the organic metal thin film is heated and baked, and patterned by lift-off, etching, etc., to form a conductive thin film 204 (FIG. 35B).
- the method of applying an organometallic solution has been described, but the method of forming the conductive thin film 204 is not limited to this, but includes vacuum deposition, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and dispersion.
- a coating method, a diving method, a spinner method, or the like can also be used.
- a forming step is performed.
- a method by an energization process will be described.
- the electron-emitting portion 200 having a changed structure is formed at the conductive thin-film 204 portion. 5 is formed (Fig. 35C).
- a portion of the conductive thin film 204 having a locally changed structure such as destruction, deformation or alteration is formed.
- the portion constitutes the electron emission portion 205.
- Figure 36 shows an example of the voltage waveform during energization forming.
- the voltage waveform is preferably a pulse waveform.
- the method shown in Fig. 26A in which a pulse with a constant pulse peak value is applied continuously and the method shown in Fig. 36B in which a voltage pulse is applied while increasing the pulse peak value are used. is there.
- T1 and T2 are the pulse width and pulse interval of the voltage waveform.
- T1 is l ⁇ sec. ⁇ 10msec
- T2 is 10 ⁇ sec. ⁇ 10mse. c Set in the range of.
- the peak value of the triangular wave (peak voltage during energization forming) is appropriately selected according to the surface conduction electron-emitting device configuration. Under such conditions, for example, a voltage is applied for several seconds to several tens minutes.
- the pulse waveform is not limited to a triangular wave, and a desired waveform such as a rectangular wave can be adopted.
- T 1 and T 2 in FIG. 26B can be similar to those shown in FIG. 36A.
- the peak value of the triangular wave can be increased, for example, by about 0.1 IV step.
- the end of the energization forming process can be detected by applying a voltage that does not locally destroy or deform the conductive thin film 2 during the pulse interval T2, and measuring one current. For example, the device current flowing when a voltage of about 0.1 V is applied is measured, and the resistance value is calculated. When the resistance value is 1 ⁇ or more, the energization forming is terminated.
- the activation step is a step in which the device current If and the emission current ⁇ e force are significantly changed by this step.
- the activation step can be performed, for example, by repeatedly applying a pulse in an atmosphere containing an organic substance gas, similarly to the energization forming.
- This atmosphere can be formed by using an organic gas remaining in the atmosphere when the inside of the vacuum vessel is evacuated using, for example, an oil diffusion pump or a rotary pump, or once sufficiently by an ion pump or the like. It can also be obtained by introducing a suitable organic substance gas into the evacuated vacuum.
- the preferable gas pressure of the organic substance at this time varies depending on the above-described application form, the shape of the vacuum vessel, the type of the organic substance, and the like, and is appropriately set according to the case.
- Suitable organic substances include organic acids such as aliphatic hydrocarbons of alkane, argen, alkyne, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, phenols, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, etc. etc.
- the end of the activation step is determined as appropriate while measuring the device current If and the emission current Ie.
- the pulse width, pulse interval, pulse crest value, etc. are set as appropriate.
- Carbon and carbon compounds include, for example, graphite (so-called HOPG ', PG (, GC).
- HOPG has a crystal structure of almost complete graphite
- PG has a crystal structure with crystal grains of about 20 nm.
- GC refers to those with crystal grains of about 2 nm and more disordered crystal structure.
- Amorphous carbon amorphous carbon and amorphous carbon and microcrystals of the above graphite
- the film thickness is preferably in the range of 50 nm or less, and more preferably in the range of 30 nm or less.
- the electron-emitting device obtained through such a step is preferably subjected to a stabilization step.
- This step is a step of exhausting organic substances in the vacuum vessel. It is preferable to use a vacuum evacuation device that does not use oil so that the oil generated from the device does not affect the characteristics of the element.
- vacuum pumping devices such as a sorption pump and an ion pump can be mentioned.
- the partial pressure of this component needs to be kept as low as possible.
- the partial pressure of the organic component in the vacuum vessel at a partial pressure of carbon and carbon compounds described above do not substantially newly deposited 1. 3 X 1 0- 6 P a less rather preferably, more 1. 3 X 1 0 — 8 Pa or less is particularly preferred.
- the heating conditions at this time are preferably from 80 to 250 ° C., preferably 150 ° C. or more, and it is desirable that the treatment be performed as long as possible. This is performed under conditions appropriately selected according to various conditions such as the shape and the configuration of the electron-emitting device.
- the pressure in the vacuum vessel must be as low as possible, preferably less 1 X 1 0- 5 P a, further 1. 3 X 1 0 one 6 P a less is particularly preferred.
- the atmosphere during driving is the atmosphere at the end of the above stabilization process. It is preferable, but not limited to, that if the organic material is sufficiently removed, it is possible to maintain sufficiently stable characteristics even if the degree of vacuum itself is slightly reduced. by employing, can suppress the deposition of new carbon or carbon compound, H 2 0 adsorbed such as the vacuum container and the substrate, 0 2, etc. can also be removed, resulting in the device current I I, the emission current I e is stable I do.
- FIG. 37 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a vacuum processing apparatus. This vacuum processing apparatus also has a function as a measurement and evaluation apparatus.
- reference numeral 205 denotes a vacuum vessel
- reference numeral 205 denotes an exhaust pump.
- An electron-emitting device is arranged in the vacuum vessel 205. That is, reference numeral 2001 denotes a base constituting an electron-emitting device, reference numeral 200, 203 denotes an element electrode, reference numeral 204 denotes a conductive thin film, and reference numeral 205 denotes an electron-emitting portion. .
- Reference numeral 205 denotes a power supply for applying the device voltage Vf to the electron-emitting device
- 25050 denotes a device flowing through the conductive thin film 204 between the device electrodes 200 and 203.
- An ammeter for measuring the current I f and reference numeral 2054 is a cathode electrode for capturing the emission current I e emitted from the electron-emitting portion of the device.
- 2053 is a high-voltage power supply for applying a voltage to the anode electrode 2054, and 2052 is for measuring the emission current Ie emitted from the electron emission section 205 of the element. It is an ammeter.
- the measurement can be performed with the voltage of the anode electrode in the range of 1 kV to 10 kV and the distance H between the anode electrode and the electron-emitting device in the range of 2 mm to 8 mm.
- equipment necessary for measurement in a vacuum atmosphere such as a vacuum gauge (not shown) is provided so that measurement and evaluation can be performed in a desired vacuum atmosphere.
- the exhaust pump 20556 is composed of a normal high vacuum system including a turbo pump and a rotary pump, and an ultrahigh vacuum system including an ion pump.
- the entire vacuum processing apparatus provided with the electron source substrate shown here can be heated up to 250 by heat (not shown). Therefore, if you use a vacuum processing device, The steps after the energization forming described above can also be performed.
- FIG. 38 is a diagram schematically showing the relationship between the emission current Ie, the device current If, and the device voltage Vf measured using the vacuum processing apparatus shown in FIG. In FIG. 38, since the emission current Ie is significantly smaller than the device current If, it is shown in arbitrary units.
- the vertical and horizontal axes are linear scales.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied has three characteristic properties with respect to the emission current Ie.
- the emission charge captured by the anode electrode 205 depends on the time during which the device voltage Vf is applied. That is, the amount of charge captured by the anode electrode 204 can be controlled by the time during which the device voltage V f is applied.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied can easily control the electron emission characteristics according to the input signal. Utilizing this property, it can be applied to various fields such as an electron source and an image forming apparatus having a plurality of electron-emitting devices.
- a solid line shows an example in which the device current I ⁇ monotonically increases with the bare hand voltage V ((hereinafter, referred to as “ ⁇ ⁇ characteristic”).
- the element current If indicates a voltage-controlled negative resistance characteristic (hereinafter, referred to as “VCNR characteristic”) with respect to the element voltage Vi (not shown).
- VCNR characteristic voltage-controlled negative resistance characteristic
- each of a large number of electron emission lines 10 arranged in parallel is connected by a thin end, a large number of rows of electron emission elements are arranged (called a row direction), and a direction orthogonal to this wiring (called a column direction).
- a control electrode also referred to as a grid
- a plurality of electron-emitting devices are arranged in a matrix in the X and Y directions, and one of the electrodes of the electron-emitting devices arranged in the same row is commonly connected to a wiring in the X direction.
- the other of the electrodes of a plurality of electron-emitting devices arranged in the same column is commonly connected to a wiring in the Y direction.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device to which the present invention can be applied i
- the emission electrons from the surface conduction electron-emitting device can be controlled by the peak value and the width of the pulse-like voltage applied between the opposing device electrodes when the threshold voltage is exceeded. On the other hand, it is hardly emitted below the threshold voltage. According to this characteristic, even when a large number of electron-emitting devices are arranged, a surface conduction electron-emitting device can be selected in accordance with an input signal by appropriately applying a pulse voltage to each device. To control the amount of electron emission.
- reference numeral 207 1 denotes an electron source substrate
- reference numeral 207 denotes an X-direction wiring
- reference numeral 207 denotes a Y-direction wiring
- reference numeral 207 denotes a surface conduction electron-emitting device
- reference numeral 207 denotes a connection.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device 274 may be either the above-mentioned flat type or the vertical type.
- the m X-direction wires 20072 are composed of Dx1, Dx2, ..., Dxm, and are made of conductive metal formed by vacuum evaporation, printing, sputtering, etc. It can be composed of The material, thickness, and width of the wiring are appropriately designed.
- the Y-direction wiring 207 3 is composed of n wirings Dy 1, Dy 2,..., Dyn, and is formed in the same manner as the X-direction wiring 207 2.
- An interlayer insulating layer (not shown) is provided between the m X-direction wirings 207 2 and the n Y-direction wirings 207 3 to electrically separate them from each other ( m and n are both positive integers).
- the interlayer insulating layer (not shown) is made of SiO 2 or the like formed by a vacuum evaporation method, a printing method, a sputtering method, or the like. For example, a desired shape is formed on the entire surface or a part of the substrate 207 on which the X-direction wiring 207 is formed.
- the intersection of the X-direction wiring 207 and the Y-direction wiring 207 3 The film thickness, material, and manufacturing method are appropriately set so as to withstand the potential difference between the parts.
- the X-direction wiring 207 and the Y-direction wiring 207 3 are respectively drawn out as external terminals.
- the pair of electrodes (not shown) constituting the surface conduction electron-emitting device 204 consist of m X-direction wirings 200, n Y-direction wirings 200, conductive metal, and the like. They are electrically connected by connection 2 0 7 5.
- the materials constituting the wirings 2 0 7 2 and the wirings 2 0 7 3, the materials constituting the wirings 2 0 7 5, and the materials constituting the pair of element electrodes have some or all of the same constituent elements. May also be different. These materials are appropriately selected, for example, from the above-mentioned materials for the device electrodes.
- the wiring connected to the device electrode can also be called a device electrode.
- a scanning signal applying unit for applying a scanning signal for selecting a row of the surface conduction electron-emitting devices 204 arranged in the X direction is connected to the X-direction wiring 207 2.
- the Y-direction wiring 207 3 has a modulation signal generation means (not shown) for modulating each column of the surface conduction electron-emitting devices 204 arranged in the Y direction according to an input signal. Is connected.
- the drive voltage applied to each electron-emitting device is supplied as a difference voltage between a scanning signal and a modulation signal applied to the device.
- the conditioning step according to the present invention is performed on the electron source substrate having a large number of electron sources manufactured in this manner.
- FIG. 23 and FIG. 24 are schematic diagrams of the configuration of the apparatus when performing the conditioning step.
- reference numeral 207 denotes an electron source substrate
- reference numeral 210 denotes a high-voltage supply electrode
- reference numeral 205 denotes a high-voltage power supply.
- the wiring connected to each element is commonly grounded.
- a limiting resistor 210 is inserted between the high voltage applying electrode 210 and the high voltage power supply 201 to prevent overcurrent due to discharge.
- 20 55 is a vacuum vessel
- 20 56 is an exhaust bomb. Inside the vacuum vessel 2055, there is a mechanical stage 2013 movable in the XYZ directions, and a high-voltage application electrode 2010 is installed above the mechanical stage 2013.
- the electron source substrate 2071 is fixed on a mechanical stage 2013.
- the X- and Y-direction wirings are shared by the conductive extraction members 20 and 14 at the ends of the wirings, and are grounded.
- the high voltage application electrode 20 10 is connected to a high voltage power supply 20 15 via a limiting resistor 20 12.
- 2052 is an ammeter.
- the distance He between the electron source substrate and the high-voltage application electrode can be determined.
- the voltage Vc applied to the high voltage application electrode is determined as follows.
- the electron source substrate is used by applying a voltage Va to electrodes facing each other at a distance of H.
- the voltage Vc of the high-voltage power supply and the distance He between the electron source substrate and the high-voltage application electrode are determined so as to satisfy VcZHc> VaZH.
- VcZHc electric field strength Ec
- VaZH electric field strength Ea
- the present electron source substrate when used as an image forming apparatus, it is necessary to apply an electric field intensity higher than the electric field applied between the electron source substrate and the phosphor later as the image forming apparatus in this step.
- the above-mentioned electron source it is about 1 to 8 kVZmm.
- the presence or absence of discharge in this step can be determined by measuring the current flowing between the high voltage application electrode and the electron source substrate. For example, the current flowing through the above-described limiting resistor can be confirmed by monitoring the voltage across the limiting resistor.
- the conditioning step may destroy electron sources or members of the image forming apparatus, such as wiring, electrodes, and conductive films, depending on conditions.
- Destruction of the device due to discharge in this process is evaluated by changes in device characteristics before and after this process. It can be confirmed by the change in the resistance of each element when this step is performed before the forming, and by the change in the electron emission characteristics of each element when the step is performed after the forming.
- the element has a high resistance before forming, sufficient electron emission characteristics cannot be obtained when forming is performed later. Also, after forming, If the emission characteristics deteriorate, sufficient characteristics cannot be obtained even if an activation step is performed later. For this reason, the non-uniformity of the electron source substrate causes a problem of yield, etc.
- the resistance of each element before performing this step is R 1
- the resistance of each element after performing this step is Is R 2. Assume that N discharges are observed in this process.
- the ratio R 2 ZR 1 of the element resistance before and after this step exceeds, for example, 2, it is determined that the element was destroyed in this step because sufficient electron emission characteristics cannot be obtained when forming is performed later.
- k ZN is considered to be the average number of elements destroyed by one discharge, and is called the discharge breakdown number.
- the emission current of each element before performing this step is I1
- the emission current of each element after performing this step is I2.
- the ratio I 1 ZI 2 exceeds 2
- the number of discharge breakdowns can be defined by the number N.
- the electron source and the capacitor configured by the high-voltage application electrode are accumulated. Energy should be reduced. Specifically, if the area of the high-voltage application electrode is set to a value smaller than the area of the electron source substrate, and the distance between the electrode and the electron source substrate is kept at a predetermined value, the two can be relatively moved. good.
- the breakdown of the member as described above has a threshold with respect to the energy, that is, with respect to the area of the high-voltage application electrode, and the energy, that is, the area, exceeds a certain value Eth, Sth.
- Eth the energy
- Sth the energy
- the conditioning step should be performed using a high-voltage application electrode having an area smaller than S th so that the energy does not exceed this value. Good.
- This discharge breakdown number can take a value from 0 to the number mxn of elements on the electron source substrate, but all elements are rarely destroyed by a single discharge, and elements at most in the X or Y direction The number was about the same as the number.
- Sn is the area of the electron source substrate.
- Curve (a) in Fig. 27 plots the number of discharge breakdowns in the contaminating step of the electron source substrate before the forming step with respect to the area S of the high-voltage application electrode.
- Curve (b) in FIG. 27 is a plot of the electron source substrate after the forming step. In each case, it can be seen that the number of discharge breakdowns increases above a certain threshold value S th due to an increase in the area of the high voltage application electrode.
- the conductive thin film using a P d shown in FIG. 27 A the energy stored in the capacitor electrode and the electron source substrate for high pressure mark addition of S th forms is almost 1 X 1 0- 2 J is there.
- the value of S th that is, E th
- E th is extremely smaller than before the forming process.
- the conditioning process In order for the conditioning process to be performed without damaging the member in this lying down state, it is necessary to use a high-voltage application electrode with a very small area, which is not practically preferable, but the conditioning process must be performed before the forming process. In the case where a new discharge factor is generated for some reason during the forming process, the conditioning process can be performed again using a very small electrode.
- conditioning is performed by hitting the high-voltage application electrode having an area of Sth or more, the energy is consumed on the electron source substrate at the time of discharge, and destruction occurs. Also, l E t h> It is clear from Fig. 5A that conditioning does not cause destruction if E con is used.
- the facing area of the substrate such as the electrode and the insulating property is S
- the distance between the electrode and the substrate is He
- the voltage applied between the electrode and the common wiring is Vc
- the vacuum dielectric constant is £ and the energy at which the conductive thin film is destroyed is E th
- the conditioning step can be performed without destroying the conductive thin film and the electron-emitting device.
- the energy consumed by the conductive thin film at the time of discharge is set to be equal to or less than the energy Eth at which the conductive thin film is destroyed at the time of discharge. This can prevent the conductive thin film from being destroyed at the time.
- the method of reducing the energy stored in the capacitor to the energy Eth or less, at which the conductive thin film is destroyed at the time of discharge not only reduces the area of the high voltage application electrode but also reduces the electric field applied to the electron source substrate It can also be realized by reducing the applied voltage Vc while maintaining c.
- the present process can be applied to the electron source substrate after forming without destruction.
- the moving speed of the stage can be arbitrarily selected as long as the purpose of this step can be achieved.
- a plurality of high voltage application electrodes can be shared via a limiting resistor to provide a high voltage power supply. It is also possible to connect.
- FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a display panel of the image forming apparatus
- FIG. 41 is a schematic diagram of a fluorescent film used in the image forming apparatus of FIG.
- FIG. 42 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a drive circuit for performing display according to an NTSC television signal.
- reference numeral 71 denotes an electron source substrate on which a plurality of electron-emitting devices are arranged
- reference numeral 2081 denotes a rear plate on which the electron source substrate 207 is fixed
- reference numeral 2086 denotes a fluorescent light on the inner surface of the glass substrate 2083. This is a face plate on which a film 208 and a metal back 205 are formed.
- Reference numeral 2082 denotes a supporting frame, and a rear plate 2081 and a face plate 2086 are joined to the supporting frame 2082 using low melting point frit glass or the like.
- Reference numerals 207 and 207 denote X-direction wiring and Y-direction wiring connected to a pair of device electrodes of the surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- the envelope 208 is composed of the surface plate 208, the support frame 208, and the rear plate 208. Since the rear plate 2081 is provided mainly to reinforce the strength of the substrate 2071, if the substrate 207 itself has sufficient strength, the separate rear plate 2081 It can be unnecessary.
- the supporting frame 2082 is directly sealed to the substrate 2071, and the envelope 2082 is constituted by the face plate 2086, the supporting frame 2082 and the substrate 2071. Is also good.
- a support not shown
- An envelope 208 may also be constructed.
- FIG. 41 is a schematic diagram showing a fluorescent film.
- the fluorescent film 2084 can be composed of only a phosphor in the case of monochrome.
- a color fluorescent film it can be composed of a black conductive material 2091, called a black stripe or a black matrix, and a fluorescent material 292 depending on the arrangement of the fluorescent materials.
- the purpose of providing a black stripe and a black matrix is that, in the case of a color display, the color separation, etc., of the necessary three primary color phosphors is made inconspicuous by making the painted portions between the phosphors 292 black.
- Another object of the present invention is to reduce the contrast caused by external light reflection on the fluorescent film 284.
- As a material for the black stripe besides a commonly used material containing graphite as a main component, a material having conductivity and low transmission and reflection of light can be used.
- a precipitation method, a printing method, etc. can be adopted irrespective of monochrome or color.
- a metal back 2085 is provided on the inner surface side of the phosphor film 2084.
- the purpose of the metal back is to improve the brightness by reflecting the light emitted from the phosphor toward the inner surface side to the plate plate 286 side, thereby improving the brightness and applying the electron beam acceleration voltage. And to protect the phosphor from damage caused by the collision of negative ions generated in the envelope.
- the metal back can be manufactured by performing a smoothing process (usually called “filming”) on the inner surface of the fluorescent film after the fluorescent film is manufactured, and then depositing A1 using vacuum evaporation or the like. .
- a transparent electrode (not shown) may be provided on the outer surface side of the fluorescent film 2084 in order to further enhance the conductivity of the fluorescent film 2084.
- FIG. 43 is a schematic view showing an outline of an apparatus used in this step.
- the image forming apparatus 2 1 3 1 is connected to the vacuum chamber 2 1 3 3 via the exhaust pipe 2 1 3 2, and further connected to the exhaust apparatus 2 1 3 5 via the gate valve 2 1 3 4.
- Vacuum chamber-2 1 3 3 is equipped with a pressure gauge 2 1 3 6 and a quadrupole mass analyzer 2 1 3 7 etc. to measure the internal pressure and the partial pressure of each component in the atmosphere. ing.
- the pressure inside the vacuum chamber 1 2 3 3 is measured to control the processing conditions I do.
- a gas introduction line 218 is connected to the vacuum chamber 213 to further control the atmosphere by introducing necessary gas into the vacuum chamber 213.
- the other end of the gas introduction line 2 1 3 8 is connected to an introduction substance source 2 140, and the introduction substance is It is stored in ambles and cylinders.
- an introduction control means 213 is provided for controlling the rate of introduction of the introduced substance.
- a valve such as a slow leak valve, which can control the flow rate to be released, and a mass opening / controlling opening / closing port can be used according to the type of the introduced substance.
- the inside of the envelope 208 is evacuated by the apparatus shown in FIG. 45 to perform forming.
- the Y-direction wiring 207 3 is connected to the common electrode 211, and the element connected to one of the X-direction wirings 207 2 is connected to the element.
- the voltage can be applied at the same time by the power supply 214 to perform the forming.
- the conditions such as the shape of the pulse and the determination of the end of the processing may be selected according to the method described above for the forming of the individual elements.
- by sequentially applying (scrolling) a pulse with a phase shift to a plurality of X-direction wirings it is possible to form elements connected to the plurality of X-direction wirings collectively.
- reference numeral 2144 denotes a resistance for current measurement
- reference numeral 2144 denotes an oscilloscope for current measurement.
- an activation step is performed. After sufficiently exhausting the inside of the envelope 208, organic substances are introduced from the gas introduction line 218.
- an organic substance remaining in a vacuum atmosphere may be used by evacuating with an oil diffusion pump or a rotary pump, and if necessary, an organic substance may be used. Substances other than substances may be introduced.
- a voltage By applying a voltage to each electron-emitting device in an atmosphere containing an organic substance formed in this manner, carbon or a carbon compound, or a mixture of both, is deposited on the electron-emitting portion, and the amount of emitted electrons is increased. Rises drastically, as in the case of individual elements. At this time, the voltage may be applied by applying the same voltage pulse to the elements connected to one direction wiring by the same connection as in the above-described forming.
- the activation step it is preferable to perform a stabilization step as in the case of an individual device.
- the exhaust pipe 2 1 3 2 is provided by an exhaust system 2 1 3 5 that does not use oil, such as an ion pump and a sorption pump.
- Exhaust gas through an atmosphere that is low on organic matter Heat to dissolve and seal completely.
- a gettering process can also be performed to maintain the I-strength of the envelope 208. This is done by heating using resistance heating or high-frequency heating, etc., immediately before or after stopping the enclosure 208, at a predetermined position (not shown) in the enclosure 2088. This is a process of heating the getters to form a deposited film.
- Ba is mainly composed of Ba or the like, and the atmosphere in the envelope 208 is maintained by the adsorption action of the deposited film.
- 2101 is an image display panel
- 2102 is a scanning circuit
- 2103 is a control circuit
- 2104 is a shift register.
- Reference numeral 210 denotes a line memory
- reference numeral 210 denotes a synchronization signal separation circuit
- reference numeral 210 denotes a modulation signal generator
- Vx and Va a DC voltage source.
- the display panel 2101 is connected to an external electric circuit via terminals Dox1 to Doxm, terminals Doy1 to Doyn, and a high-voltage terminal Hv.
- Terminals D 0 X1 to Do xm are provided with an electron source provided in the display panel, that is, a group of surface conduction electron-emitting devices in which a matrix is wired in a matrix of M rows and N columns (N elements). A scanning signal for sequentially driving each is applied.
- a modulation signal for controlling an output electron beam of each element of the one row of surface conduction electron-emitting devices selected by the scanning signal is applied.
- the high-voltage terminal Hv is supplied with a DC voltage of, for example, 10 kV from the DC voltage source Va, which is sufficient to excite the phosphor into an electron beam emitted from the surface conduction electron-emitting device. It is an accelerating voltage for applying energy.
- the scanning circuit 210 will be described.
- This circuit has M switching elements inside (in the figure, S1 to Sm are schematically shown). Each switching element selects one of the output voltage of the DC voltage source Vx and 0 V (ground level), and is electrically connected to the terminals Dx1 to Dxm of the display panel 211.
- Each of the switching elements S1 to Sm operates based on the control signal Tscan output by the control circuit 210, and can be configured by combining switching elements such as FETs, for example.
- the DC voltage source Vx is such that the drive voltage applied to the non-scanned element is equal to or lower than the electron emission threshold voltage based on the characteristics (electron emission threshold voltage) of the surface conduction type electron emission element. It is set to output a constant voltage such that
- the control circuit 2103 has a function of matching the operation of each unit so that appropriate display is performed based on an image signal input from the outside.
- the control circuit 2103 generates Tscan, Tsft, and Tmry control signals for each unit based on the synchronization signal Tsync sent from the synchronization signal separation circuit 2106.
- the synchronization signal separation circuit 210 is a circuit for separating a synchronization signal component and a luminance signal component from an NTSC television signal input from the outside, and uses a general frequency separation (filter 1) circuit or the like. Can be configured.
- the synchronizing signal separated by the synchronizing signal separating circuit 210 consists of a vertical synchronizing signal and a horizontal synchronizing signal, but is shown here as a Tsync signal for convenience of explanation.
- the brightness signal component of the image separated from the television signal is referred to as a DATA signal for convenience.
- the DATA signal is input to the shift register 210.
- the shift register 2104 is for serial-Z-parallel conversion of the DAT A signal input serially in time series for each line of an image, and a control signal sent from the control circuit 2103. It operates based on Tsft (that is, the control signal Tsft can be a shift clock of the shift register 2104).
- Tsft that is, the control signal Tsft can be a shift clock of the shift register 2104.
- the data of one line (corresponding to the drive data for the N-electron emitting elements) of the serial-Z-parallel-converted image is output from the shift register 2104 as N parallel signals Id1 to Idn.
- the line memory 210 is a storage device for storing data for one line of an image for a required time only, and appropriately stores Id 1 to Id 1 according to a control signal Tmry sent from the control circuit 210. Stores the contents of I dn. The stored contents are output as I ′ d1 to I ′ dn and input to the modulation signal generator 210.
- the modulation signal generator 210 is a signal source for appropriately driving and modulating each of the surface conduction electron-emitting devices according to each of the image data I'dl to I'dn, and the output signal is The voltage is applied to the surface conduction electron-emitting devices in the display panel 2101 through the terminals Doy1 to Dyn.
- the electron emission element to which the present invention can be applied has the following basic characteristics with respect to the emission current Ie. That is, electron emission has a clear threshold voltage V th, and electron emission occurs only when a voltage higher than V th is applied. For a voltage equal to or higher than the electron emission threshold, the emission current changes according to the change in the voltage applied to the device.
- a voltage modulation method As a method of modulating the electron-emitting device in accordance with the input signal, a voltage modulation method, a pulse width modulation method, or the like can be adopted.
- the modulation signal generator 211 When implementing the voltage modulation method, the modulation signal generator 211 generates a voltage pulse of a fixed length, and modulates the pulse peak value appropriately according to the input data.
- a circuit of the type can be used.
- the modulation signal generator 211 When implementing the pulse width modulation method, the modulation signal generator 211 generates a constant peak voltage pulse, and modulates the width of the voltage pulse appropriately according to input data.
- a width modulation type circuit can be used.
- either a digital signal type or an analog signal type can be used. This is because serial Z-parallel conversion and storage of the image signal may be performed at a predetermined speed.
- the circuit used for the modulation signal generator 210 differs slightly depending on whether the output signal of the line memory 210 is a digital signal or an analog signal. That is, in the case of a voltage modulation method using a digital signal, for example, a DZA conversion circuit is used as the modulation signal generator 210, and an amplification circuit and the like are added as necessary.
- the modulation signal generator 210 includes, for example, a high-speed oscillator and a counter (counter) for counting the number of waves output from the oscillator and a counter.
- a circuit is used that combines a comparator (comparator) that compares the output value of the multiplier with the output value of the memory. If necessary, an amplifier for voltage-amplifying the pulse-width-modulated signal output from the comparator to the drive voltage of the surface-conduction electron-emitting device can be added.
- an amplification circuit using, for example, an operational amplifier can be used as the modulation signal generator 210, and a level shift circuit or the like can be added as necessary.
- a voltage-controlled oscillation circuit VOC
- an amplifier for amplifying the voltage up to the drive voltage of the surface conduction electron-emitting device can be added. it can.
- a voltage can be applied to each electron-emitting device via the external terminals D Ox1 to Doxm and Doy1 to Dyn. As a result, electron emission occurs.
- a high voltage is applied to the metal backing 205 or a transparent electrode (not shown) via the high voltage terminal Hv to accelerate the electron beam. The accelerated electrons collide with the phosphor film 2084, and emit light to form an image.
- the configuration of the image forming apparatus described here is an example of an image forming apparatus to which the present invention can be applied, and various modifications can be made based on the technical idea of the present invention.
- the input signal the NTSC system has been mentioned, but the input signal is not limited to this.
- a PAL, SECAM system, etc. and a TV signal composed of a larger number of scanning lines (for example, MUSE system, etc.) High-definition TV) system.
- FIG. 43 the ladder-type arrangement of the electron source and the image forming apparatus will be described with reference to FIGS. 43 and 44.
- FIG. 43 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an electron source having a ladder-type arrangement.
- 2110 is an electron source substrate
- 2111 is an electron-emitting device.
- Reference numerals 2111 and Dx1 to Dx10 are common wirings for connecting the electron-emitting devices 2111.
- a plurality of electron-emitting devices 211 are arranged in parallel in the X direction on the substrate 210 (this is called an element row).
- a plurality of the element rows are arranged to form an electron source.
- each element row can be driven independently.
- the element row that wants to emit an electron beam has an electron emission threshold or higher.
- a voltage less than the electron emission threshold is applied to the element rows that do not emit an electron beam.
- Dx2 to Dx9 between the element rows for example, Dx2 and Dx3 can be the same wiring.
- FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a panel structure in an image forming apparatus including a ladder-type electron source.
- 2 1 2 0 is a grid electrode
- 2 1 2 is a hole for electrons to pass through
- 2 1 2 2 is an outer terminal composed of D oxl
- D 0 X 2 ...
- 2 1 2 3 is an outer terminal composed of G 1, G 2,...,
- G n connected to the grid electrode 2 1 2 0, and 1 1 0 is a common wiring between each element row and the same wiring.
- This is the electron source substrate.
- the same portions as those shown in FIGS. 40 and 43 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those shown in these drawings.
- the major difference between the image forming apparatus shown here and the image forming apparatus having the simple matrix arrangement shown in FIG. 40 is that the grid electrode 2 is located between the electron source substrate 211 and the face plate 208. It is whether or not 120 is provided.
- a grid electrode 210 is provided between the substrate 211 and the face plate 208.
- the grid electrode 210 is for modulating the electron beam emitted from the surface conduction electron-emitting device, and the electron beam is applied to a stripe-shaped electrode provided orthogonally to the ladder-type arrangement element row.
- one circular opening 211 is provided for each element.
- the shape and installation position of the grid are not limited to those shown in Fig. 44. For example, a large number of passage openings may be provided in the form of a mesh as openings, and the grid may be provided around or near the surface conduction type emission element.
- the outer container terminal 2 122 and the grid outer terminal 2 123 are electrically connected to a control circuit (not shown).
- a modulation signal for one line of an image is simultaneously applied to the grid electrode rows while the element rows are sequentially driven (scanned) one column at a time. In this way, it is possible to control the irradiation of each electron beam to the phosphor and display an image one line at a time.
- the image forming apparatus includes a display device for a television broadcast, a video conference system, a display device such as a computer, and an optical printer configured using a photosensitive drum or the like. It can also be used as an image forming apparatus or the like for the first time.
- This embodiment is an example in which an electron source substrate is manufactured by the conditioning step according to the present invention.
- FIG. 40 is a basic configuration diagram of the image forming apparatus
- FIG. 41 is a fluorescent film.
- FIG. 30 shows a plan view of a part of the electron source.
- FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line AA ′ in the figure.
- 207 1 is a substrate
- 207 2 is an X-direction wiring (also referred to as a lower wiring) corresponding to D 0 xm in FIG.
- 207 3 is a Y corresponding to D 0 yn in FIG.
- Direction wiring (also called upper wiring), 204 is a thin film including an electron emission part, 200, 2003 is an element electrode, 215 is an interlayer insulating layer, and 215 is an element This is a contact hole for electrical connection between the electrode 2002 and the lower wiring 2072.
- the electron source substrate of the present example 20000 electron-emitting devices were formed on the X-direction wiring and 1100 electron-emitting devices were formed on the Y-direction wiring.
- the size of the electron source substrate is 900 mm in the X direction and 500 mm in the Y direction.
- a 0.5-nm thick silicon oxide film was formed on the cleaned backing glass by sputtering, and a 5-nm thick Cr and 600 nm thick
- a photoresist (AZ133, manufactured by Hoechst) is rotated, coated, and baked by a spinner, and then the photomask image is exposed and developed to form a lower wiring.
- the resist pattern is formed, and the AuZCr deposited film is formed by etching to form a lower wiring 272 having a desired shape.
- an interlayer insulating layer 215 made of a silicon oxide film having a thickness of 1.0 m is deposited by an RF sputtering method.
- a photoresist pattern for forming a contact hole 215 is formed on the silicon oxide film deposited in step b, and using this as a mask, the interlayer insulating layer 215 is etched to form a contact hole 215.
- RIE Reacti Ve Ion Etching
- a photoresist (RD-200 ON-41 manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.) is formed to form a gap G between the device electrode 2 and the device electrode 3 and a 5 nm thick Ti is formed by vacuum evaporation. Ni having a thickness of 100 nm was sequentially deposited. The photoresist pattern was dissolved in an organic solvent, and the NiZTi deposited film was lifted off. The device electrodes 2002 and 2003 having the device electrode interval L 1 of 5 ⁇ m and the device electrode width W 1 of 300 ⁇ m were formed.
- a 5 nm thick Ti and a 500 nm thick Au are sequentially deposited by vacuum evaporation, and unnecessary portions are removed by lift-off.
- a 5 nm thick Ti and a 500 nm thick Au are sequentially deposited by vacuum evaporation, and unnecessary portions are removed by lift-off.
- a Cr film with a thickness of 100 nm is deposited and patterned by vacuum evaporation, and organic Pd (ccp 4230 manufactured by Okuno Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) is spin-coated with a spinner on it and spin-coated at 300 ° C for 10 minutes. A heating and firing treatment was performed.
- the conductive thin film 2004 formed of fine particles of PdO as the main element thus formed had a thickness of 1 O nm and a sheet resistance of 5 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ / cm2.
- the Cr film and the fired conductive thin film 2004 were etched by an acid etchant to form a desired pattern.
- a pattern for resist coating was formed on the area other than the contact hole 2152, and a 5 nm-thick Ti and a 500 nm-thick Au were sequentially deposited by vacuum evaporation. By removing unnecessary parts by lift-off, contact holes 2 1 52 Embedded.
- the lower wiring 20072 the interlayer insulating layer 215, the upper wiring 2073, the device electrodes 200, 2003, and the conductive thin film are formed on the insulating substrate 207 2 004 mag was formed.
- the resistances of the lower wiring, the upper wiring, and the conductive thin film thus formed were about 5 ⁇ , 3 ⁇ , and 300 ⁇ , respectively.
- an indium sheet (conductive take-out member) of thickness of 500 microns and width of 5 mm is crimped on the electron source substrate 207 1 at the ends of the upper and lower wiring, and all wiring Were grounded in common, and fixed on the mechanical stage 201.
- the high-voltage application electrode Since the area of the electron source substrate in this example is larger than the Sth described above, an electrode smaller than Sth was used as the high-voltage application electrode. That is, a high-voltage application electrode having an X direction of 100 mm and a Y direction of 500 mm was used. In this case, the area facing the electron source substrate is 0. 0 5 m 2.
- the high-voltage application electrode was connected to a high-voltage power supply via a 5 ⁇ limiting resistor.
- the mechanical stage 201 was moved in the Z direction so that the distance from the high-voltage application electrode was 2 mm.
- a DC voltage of 10 kV was applied to the high voltage application electrode by a high voltage power supply.
- the energy E con stored in the capacitor to form the electrodes and the electron source substrate for high pressure applied is 1. 1 X 1 0- 2 J . This is less than the energy E th at which the conductive thin film is destroyed during discharge.
- the mechanical stage moved in the X direction by 1 OmmZmin, and passed below the high voltage application electrode. At this time, the time required for the electron source substrate to pass under the high voltage application electrode was 100 minutes.
- the current flowing between the high voltage application electrode and the electron source substrate was measured by the voltage across the limiting resistor. In this process, a discharge phenomenon of 10 A or more flowing between the electron source substrates was observed four times.
- the resistance of each element was about 300 ⁇ , but no significant difference was measured in the resistance of each element after this step.
- an image forming apparatus having the configuration shown in FIG. 40 was prepared as follows.
- the face plate 200 was placed 3 mm above the substrate 200.
- reference numeral 207 denotes an electron-emitting device
- reference numerals 207 and 207 denote wirings in the X and Y directions, respectively.
- the phosphor film 2084 is made of a black conductive material 2091 and a phosphor 2010 as shown in FIG. 41A.
- a color phosphor film having a black stripe arrangement and composed of 92 was used. First, a black stripe was formed, and phosphors of each color were applied to the gaps, thereby producing a phosphor film 2084. A slurry method was used as a method of applying a phosphor on a glass substrate. In addition, a metal back 205 was provided on the inner surface side of the fluorescent film 2084. The metal backing 285 was prepared by performing a smoothing process (usually called filming) on the inner surface of the phosphor film after producing the phosphor film, and then vacuum-depositing A1. When the above-mentioned sealing was performed, in the case of color, the phosphors of each color had to correspond to the electron-emitting devices, so that sufficient alignment was performed.
- a smoothing process usually called filming
- the envelope 208 completed as described above was connected to a vacuum device evacuated by a magnetically levitated turbomolecular bomb via an exhaust pipe (not shown).
- FIG 36B shows the voltage waveform of the forming process.
- T1 and T2 are the pulse width and pulse interval of the voltage waveform.
- T1 is 1 msec
- T2 is 10 msec
- the peak value (peak voltage during forming). was boosted in a 0.1 V step and formed.
- a resistance measurement pulse was inserted between T2 at a voltage of 0.1 V at the same time to measure the resistance.
- the forming process was terminated when the measured value of the resistance measurement pulse was about 1 ⁇ or more, and at the same time, the application of voltage to the device was terminated.
- the forming voltage VF of each device was 10.0 V.
- the electron-emitting portion 5 thus prepared was in a state in which fine particles containing a palladium element as a main component were dispersed and arranged, and the fine particles had an average particle diameter of 3 nm.
- the activation process was performed by applying a voltage between the electrodes 200 and 203 of the emitting element 204.
- the voltage applied in the activation process was a triangular wave with a peak value of 10 V, a pulse width of 0.1 ms e c, and a pulse interval of 5 m sec (Fig. 36B). After that, the peak value was gradually increased at 3.3 mV / sec from ⁇ 10 V to ⁇ 16 V, and the voltage application was stopped when the voltage reached 16 V on Saturday,
- An image was displayed by applying a high voltage of 10 kV to the crystal layer 285, accelerating the electron beam, colliding with the fluorescent film 284, and causing excitation to emit light.
- the variation (dispersion / average R) of the emission current (1 e) of each electron-emitting device during image display was 8%.
- the conditioning step can be performed without damaging the electron-emitting device, and the discharge during the image formation is suppressed, and the electron source has uniform characteristics.
- a substrate could be provided.
- the present embodiment is an example in which the conditioning step according to the present invention is performed after forming to produce an electron source substrate.
- This embodiment is also an example in which an image forming apparatus is manufactured.
- the electron source substrate of this example 720 electron emission elements were formed on the X-direction wiring and 240 electron emission elements were formed on the Y-direction wiring.
- the size of the electron source substrate is 20 Omm in the X direction and 150 mm in the Y direction.
- the configuration and manufacturing method of the electron source substrate were the same as in Example 1 up to the conditioning step.
- a first conditioning step was performed on the electron source substrate in this example.
- the electrode for applying high pressure used was 20 Omm in the X direction and 15 Omm in the Y direction. In this step, the electrode for high voltage application and the electronic substrate were held at a position facing each other for 30 minutes. In other respects, the same method as in Example 1 was used, such as the limiting resistance ( ⁇ ), the voltage applied to the high voltage application electrode (1 OkV), and the distance between the high voltage application electrode and the electron source substrate (2 mm).
- the energy V con stored in the capacitor to form the electrodes and the electron source substrate for high pressure applied is 6 a 6 x 1 0- 3 J. This is less than the energy E th at which the conductive thin film is destroyed during discharge.
- the Y-direction wiring 207 3 is connected to the common electrode 2 141, and the element connected to one of the X-direction wirings 207 2 is connected to the element.
- the voltage was simultaneously applied by the power supply 2 1 4 2 to activate the device.
- a triangular wave with a peak value of 5 V on earth, a pulse width of 0.1 msec, and a pulse interval of 5 msec (Fig. 36B) was used. Thereafter, the peak value was gradually increased by 3.3 mVZsec from 5 V to 14 V on the soil, and the voltage application was stopped when the voltage reached ⁇ 14 V.
- the same operation was sequentially performed on each of the X-direction wirings 207 2 to activate all the elements.
- a voltage of 1 kV from a high-voltage power supply was applied to the anode electrode 2054 placed 3 mm above the electron source substrate manufactured as described above to drive the elements on the electron source substrate.
- the anode electrode used was a glass substrate on which a transparent electrode was formed, on which a monochromatic fluorescent film and a metal back were provided on the entire surface.
- the Y-direction wiring 207 3 is connected to the common electrode 2 141, and the element connected to one of the X-direction wirings 207 2 is connected to the element.
- a voltage pulse was simultaneously applied by the power supply 2 12 to drive the device.
- the waveform is shown in Figure 36A.
- T1 and T2 are the pulse width and pulse of the voltage waveform.
- T 1 is set to 16.7 msec.′ ⁇ 2 is set to 1 msec, and the peak value is set to 15 V.
- This conditioning step was performed using an electric field applying apparatus having a configuration as shown in FIGS. 28 and 29.
- an electron sheet 204 with a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a width of 5 mm is crimped to the end of the above-mentioned wire against the electron source substrate 207 1, and all the wires are grounded in common. Then, it was fixed on a mechanical stage 201-3.
- the high voltage application electrode 201 used in both X and Y directions was 1 mm. In this case, the area facing the electron source substrate is 1 X 1 0- 6 m 2.
- the high voltage application electrode 201 was connected to a high voltage power supply via a 5 5 ⁇ limiting resistor 201. Thereafter, the mechanical stage 201 was moved in the Z direction so that the distance from the high voltage application electrode 201 was 2 mm.
- the mechanical stage 200 13 moved in the X direction at 1 O mm / min, and the high-voltage application electrode 201 moved back and forth repeatedly at 10 O mm / min in the Y direction with a width of 10 mm. . At this time, the region where the above-mentioned minute light emission was observed was moved so as to pass below the high-voltage application electrode 11.
- the current flowing between the high-voltage applying electrode 201 and the electron source substrate 207 1 was measured by the voltage across the limiting resistor 210 2. In this process, a discharge phenomenon flowing more than 1 O A between the electron source substrates was observed once.
- the high-voltage power supply was turned off, the electron source substrate 207 was removed from the apparatus, and the electron sheet 210 was removed from the electron cancer substrate 71.
- the present embodiment is an example in which a conditioning step is performed using a plurality of high-voltage application electrodes.
- the configuration and manufacturing method of the electron source substrate were the same as in Example 1 up to the conditioning step.
- As electrodes for applying a high voltage used in the conditioning step 10 electrodes having the same shape as that used in Example 1 were used. Each electrode was arranged at an interval of 1 Omm in the X direction. Each electrode was connected to a high-voltage power supply through a limiting resistor (5 ⁇ ), and the voltage (1 OkV) applied to each high-voltage application electrode and the distance between each high-voltage application electrode and the electron source substrate (2 mm), etc. in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the mechanical stage was moved in the same manner as in Example 1, but the time required for any point on the electron source substrate to pass under at least one of the high voltage application electrodes was reduced. It took about 10 minutes. In this step, three discharges were observed, and the same effect as in Example 1 was obtained.
- the conditioning step could be performed in a short time by using a plurality of high-voltage application electrodes.
- the voltage was controlled so that a precursor current flowed between the electron source substrate and the electrode facing the electron source substrate.
- a rear plate (a substrate on which electrodes are formed) is set in a vacuum chamber, and after evacuation, a step of applying a high voltage to the rear plate, which is a feature of the present invention, is performed (step S101).
- step S101 a step of applying a high voltage to the rear plate, which is a feature of the present invention.
- Device electrodes and wiring are formed on this rear plate, but no electron-emitting devices are formed.
- this step is a step of applying a high voltage to the cathode plate as a pre-treatment in the pre-sealing (paneling) process, and is performed on the rear plate substrate on which the electrodes before the completion of the electron beam source are formed. It is what you do. Details will be described later.
- This step can be performed in a vacuum or gas.
- a high voltage is applied to the substrate on which the electrodes are formed between the dummy with the electrodes and the face plate, and that the power supply wiring to the electron-emitting device is provided. It is preferable to apply a high voltage using the wiring as one electrode and the dummy face plate as the other electrode.
- a substrate on which electrodes are formed has a plurality of row wirings and a plurality of column wirings for power supply for matrix wiring of a plurality of electron-emitting devices, and all the row wirings and the column wirings are common. In such a case, a high voltage is applied using this as one electrode and the dummy plate as the other electrode.
- the high voltage a DC voltage gradually increasing from a low voltage, an AC voltage gradually increasing from a low voltage, and a pulse voltage gradually increasing from a low voltage are used.
- an electron-emitting device is formed on the rear plate (Step S102).
- a surface conduction electron-emitting device was used as the electron-emitting device of this example. Details will be described later.
- an airtight container including the rear plate, the side walls, the face plate including the phosphor, the spacer for the anti-atmospheric pressure structure, and the like is assembled (step S103). Details of the assembly method will be described later.
- Step S104 the airtight container tooth 3 X 1 0 through the exhaust pipe - be evacuated to 4 P a degree of vacuum.
- the exhaust method will be described later.
- Step S105 Specifically, there are an energization forming step for forming an electronic pattern and an energization activation step for improving electron emission characteristics. These will be described later in detail.
- the purpose of the step of applying a high voltage to the rear plate which is a feature of the present invention, is as follows.
- the first is to find critical defective crystals quickly and improve product yield.
- the so-called conditioning effect removes the discharge power caused by the rear plate, and improves the dielectric strength and discharge withstand voltage.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of discharges
- the vertical axis represents the discharge voltage at that time. It can be seen that the discharge voltage increases with the number of discharges and the breakdown voltage increases.
- conditioning effect The improvement of the withstand voltage due to the repeated discharge is generally called a conditioning effect.
- Factors that cause conditioning effects include
- conventional methods could not be implemented because of the problem that the surface-conduction emission device was greatly damaged by the discharge and the device around the discharge location was significantly deteriorated.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a method in which the discharge withstand voltage is improved by the conditioning effect, and there is no element damage, that is, there is no influence on the display image.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device has not been formed, and the damage caused by the discharge accompanying the conditioning is limited to one wiring and the device electrode. Since the damage does not affect the electrical characteristics, there is no effect on the subsequently formed surface-conduction emission device, and thus there is no effect on the displayed image. In fact, when the inventors observed the rear plate after the conditioning process, it was found that the wiring and element electrodes near the discharge location had some deformation or chipping. However, electrical characteristic defects (disconnection, short circuit, etc.) was not found.
- An object of the present invention is to apply a high voltage to a rear plate before forming a vacuum vessel, that is, before forming an electron source element, to improve a discharge withstand voltage of an image forming apparatus without affecting the electron source characteristics.
- the step of applying a high voltage to the rear plate which is a feature of the present invention, will be specifically described.
- Figure 48 shows the schematic configuration of this example.
- the rear plate 310, the dummy face plate 3104 as the counter electrode, and the dummy frame 3305 for holding the gap are set in a jig 33106 as shown in Fig. 48. I do.
- the dummy surface plate 3304 used in this example is a glass plate (plate thickness 6 mm) having the same area as the actual face plate, and ITO transparent electrodes 3108 having the same size as the display screen. It is coated, and a lead-out wiring (not shown) for applying a high voltage is provided.
- the dummy frame 3305 is arranged at the position of the frame when assembling the actual image forming apparatus, and has a thickness between the rear plate 310 and the dummy face plate 3304. Determine the gap (2 mm in this example).
- the plurality of row-direction wirings 3 0 1 3 and the plurality of column-direction wirings 3 0 1 4 on the rear plate 3 0 1 5 are formed by a leaf spring structure of a metal jig 3 3 To GND potential.
- This jig is set in the vacuum chamber 133, and after evacuation, a process of applying a high voltage to the rear plate is performed.
- Device electrodes and wiring are formed on this rear plate, but no electron-emitting devices are formed. The method for forming the device electrodes, wiring, and electron-emitting devices will be described later.
- the high-voltage DC power supply device 3301 includes a current-limiting resistor 3302, a current introduction terminal (not shown) attached to the chamber, and a high-voltage wiring (not shown) on the dummy plate plate 3304. Connected to the ITO transparent electrode 3308 via
- FIG. 49 is a schematic diagram showing the applied voltage and the number of discharges with respect to time.
- the applied voltage was a DC voltage. As shown in the figure, the voltage was raised from 4 kV to 12 kV at a rate of 500 VZ for 5 minutes, and the voltage was maintained at 12 V for 15 minutes. Although the voltage is raised at a constant rate in this example, the voltage may be raised stepwise.
- Discharge begins to be observed slightly above 4 kV and increases to around 1 O kV, but then begins to decrease, and when it is kept at 12 kV, it soon becomes zero. This is due to the conditioning effect described above.
- the above-mentioned voltage, boosting rate, holding time, and the like are values suitable for the image display device of the present invention, and it is desirable to appropriately change the conditions if the design changes. However, even in such a case, it is necessary to maintain the voltage at a voltage higher than the acceleration voltage required for image display until a sufficient time has passed since no discharge is observed.
- FIG. 51 is a perspective view of a display panel used in the embodiment, with a part of the panel cut away to show the internal structure.
- reference numeral 301 denotes a rear plate
- reference numeral 310 denotes a side wall
- reference numeral 301 denotes a face plate
- reference numerals 310 to 310 are used to maintain the inside of the display panel at a vacuum.
- the inside of the airtight container 1. 3 X 1 0- 4 since it is held in P a degree of vacuum, purposes prevent destruction of the airtight container caused by the impact of atmospheric pressure and unexpected, atmospheric pressure resistant structure
- a spacer 320 is provided as a body.
- the spacers 3 0 2 0 include the row-direction wiring 3 0 1 3 and the column-direction wiring 3 0 1 4 on the substrate 3 0 1 1 and the metal plate 3 0 1 9 on the inner surface of the face plate 3 0 1 9 It must have enough insulation to withstand the high voltage applied between it and. In some cases, a semiconductive film may be provided on the vacuum exposed portion for the purpose of preventing the surface of the spacer 320 from being charged.
- the shape of the spacer 320 is a thin plate and is arranged in parallel with the row wiring 301, and for example, frit glass is applied to the joint portion, and the spacer is formed in the air or It was fixed by baking at 400 to 500 ° C for 10 minutes or more in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the NXM cold cathode devices are arranged in a simple matrix by M row wirings 301 and N column wirings 304.
- the part composed of 301 to 304 is referred to as a multi-electron beam source.
- the structure of a matrix wiring Malte electron beam source will be described.
- FIG. 52 is a plan view of the multi-electron beam source used for the display panel of FIG.
- surface-conduction emission devices similar to those shown in FIG. 55 described later are arranged, and these devices are provided by row-direction wiring 310 and column-direction wiring 3104.
- row-direction wiring 310 and column-direction wiring 3104. Are arranged in a simple matrix.
- An insulating layer (not shown) is formed between the electrodes at the intersections of the row direction wirings 301 and the column direction wirings 304 to maintain electrical insulation.
- FIG. 53 shows a cross section along BB ′ in FIG.
- the multi-electron source having such a structure includes a row-directional wiring electrode 301, a column-directional wiring electrode 310, an interelectrode insulating layer (not shown), and a surface conduction type emission element. After forming the element electrodes and the conductive thin film, power is supplied to each element through the row wiring electrodes 310 and the column wiring electrodes 310 to carry out the energization forming process and the energization activation process. Manufactured.
- the substrate 301 of the multi-electron beam source is fixed to the rear plate 301 of the hermetic container, but the substrate 301 of the multi-electron beam source has a sufficient strength.
- the substrate 301 of the multi-electron beam source itself may be used as the rear plate of the airtight container.
- a fluorescent film 310 is formed on the lower surface of the face plate 310.
- this example is a color display device
- phosphors of three primary colors of red, green, and blue used in the field of CRT are separately applied to a portion of the phosphor film 310.
- the phosphors of each color are separately applied in stripes as shown in FIG. 61A, for example, and black conductors 310 are provided between the stripes of the phosphors.
- the purpose of providing the black conductor 31010 is to prevent the display color from shifting even if there is a slight shift in the electron beam irradiation position, and to prevent the reflection of external light to reduce the display contrast. This is to prevent the drop of the antenna and to prevent charge-up of the fluorescent film by the electron beam.
- graphite is used as a main component for the black conductor 310, any other material may be used as long as it is suitable for the above purpose.
- the method of applying the phosphors of the three primary colors is the stripe arrangement shown in FIG. 61A.
- the arrangement is not limited to the columns, and may be, for example, a delta arrangement as shown in FIG. 61B, or another arrangement (for example, FIG. 61C).
- a single-color phosphor material may be used for the phosphor film 310, and a black conductive material may not necessarily be used.
- a metal bag 310 known in the field of CRT is provided on the surface of the fluorescent film 310 18 on the rear plate side. The purpose of providing the metal back 310 is to improve the light utilization rate by mirror-reflecting a part of the light emitted from the fluorescent film 310, and to reduce the fluorescent film 310 from the negative ion collision.
- the protective film 8 serves as an electrode for applying an electron beam acceleration voltage, and serves as a conductive path for the excited electrons of the fluorescent film 310.
- the metal back 301 was formed by forming a phosphor film 310 on a face plate substrate 310, smoothing the phosphor film surface, and then vacuum-depositing A1 on the phosphor film surface. .
- the metal back 310 is not used.
- ITO is used as a material between the face plate substrate 301 and the fluorescent film 310. May be provided.
- Dx1 to Dxm and Dy1 to Dyn and Hv are electric connection terminals having an airtight structure provided for electrically connecting the display panel to an air circuit (not shown).
- Dx1 to Dxm are the row-directional wiring of the multi-electron beam source 301
- Dy1 to Dyn are the column-directional wiring of the multi-electron beam source 3104
- Hv is the faceplate mail-back. It is electrically connected to 310.
- the airtight container 1. about 3 X 1 0- 5 P a vacuum Exhaust to a degree. Thereafter, the exhaust pipe is stopped, but a getter film (not shown) is formed at a predetermined position in the airtight container immediately before sealing or after the stop to maintain the degree of vacuum in the airtight container.
- the getter film is, for example, a film formed by heating and depositing a getter material mainly composed of Ba with a heater or high-frequency heating, and the inside of the airtight container is 1.3 ⁇ 1 due to the adsorbing action of the getter film.
- 0- 3 P a ⁇ l 3 X 1 0 -. 5 P a Is maintained at a vacuum degree.
- the image display device using the above-described display panel when a voltage is applied to each of the cold cathode devices 310 through the external terminals D x1 to D xm and D y1 to D yn, Electrons are emitted from 12. At the same time, a high voltage of several hundreds (V) or several (kV) is applied to the metal back 301 through the outer terminal Hv of the container to accelerate the emitted electrons, and the inner surface of the phase plate 310 Collision. As a result, the phosphors of each color forming the fluorescent film 310 18 are excited and emit light, and an image is displayed.
- V several hundreds
- kV kV
- the voltage applied to 301 to the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the present invention is about 12 to 16 V
- the metal back 310 19 and the cold cathode device 310 Is about 0.1 mm to 8 mm
- the voltage between the metal back 310 19 and the cold cathode element 310 12 is about 0.1 kV to 10 kV.
- the material, shape, and manufacturing method of the cold cathode device are not limited as long as the multi-electron beam source used in the image display device of the present invention is an electron source in which cold cathode devices are arranged in a simple matrix. Therefore, for example, a cold cathode device such as a surface conduction type emission device, an FE type, or an MIM type can be used.
- a surface conduction type emission device is particularly preferable.
- the FE type since the relative position and shape of the emitter cone and the gate electrode greatly affect the electron emission characteristics, extremely high-precision manufacturing technology is required, but this requires a large area and a reduction in manufacturing cost. A disadvantageous factor to achieve.
- the thickness of the insulating layer and the upper electrode must be thin and uniform, which is also a disadvantage in achieving a large area and a reduction in manufacturing cost.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device since the surface conduction electron-emitting device has a relatively simple manufacturing method, it is easy to increase the area and reduce the manufacturing cost.
- the present inventors have found that among the surface conduction electron-emitting devices, In addition, it has been found that a material in which the peripheral portion is formed of a fine particle film has particularly excellent fire emission characteristics and can be easily manufactured. Therefore, it can be said that it is most suitable for use in a multi-electron beam source of a high-luminance, large-screen image display device. Therefore, in the display panel of the above example, a surface conduction electron-emitting device in which the electron-emitting portion or its peripheral portion is formed of a fine particle film was used. Therefore, the basic configuration, manufacturing method, and characteristics of a suitable surface conduction electron-emitting device are described first, and then the structure of a multi-electron and beam source in which a large number of devices are simply matrix-wired is described.
- FIG. 55 shows a plan view for explaining the configuration of the planar type surface conduction electron-emitting device (55A). ) And a cross-sectional view (55 B).
- 310 is a substrate
- 310 and 310 are device electrodes
- 310 is a conductive thin film
- 310 is an electron-emitting portion formed by an energization forming process
- 311 is a thin film formed by the activation process.
- each seed glass substrates such as quartz glass or tone plates glass, and various ceramic substrate or the above-described various substrates e.g. S i 0 2 materials, including alumina A substrate or the like on which an insulating layer is stacked can be used.
- the element electrodes 3102 and 3103 provided on the substrate 3101 so as to face the substrate in parallel with each other are formed of a conductive material.
- a conductive material For example, metals such as Ni, Cr, Au, Mo, W, Pt, Ti, Cu, Pd, Ag, or alloys of these metals. 2 0 3 - S N_ ⁇ 2 including metallic oxides, are used to select the appropriate material from such a semiconductor, such as polysilicon Bayoi.
- An electrode can be easily formed by using a combination of film forming technology such as vacuum deposition and patterning technology such as photolithography and etching. It can be formed by other methods (for example, printing technology).
- the shapes of the device electrodes 3102 and 3103 are appropriately designed according to the application purpose of the electron-emitting device.
- the electrode spacing L is usually designed by selecting an appropriate numerical value from the range of tens of nm to several hundreds of meters; however, the number / The range is from zm to several tens // m.
- an appropriate numerical value is usually selected from the range of several tens of nm to several;
- a fine particle film is used for the conductive thin film 310.
- the fine particle film mentioned here refers to a film containing a large number of fine particles as constituent elements (including an island-shaped aggregate).
- a fine particle film is microscopically examined, a structure in which individual fine particles are spaced apart from each other, a structure in which fine particles are adjacent to each other, or a structure in which fine particles overlap with each other is usually observed.
- the particle size of the fine particles used for the fine particle film is in the range of several nm to several hundred nm, and more preferably, in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm.
- the thickness of the fine particle film is appropriately set in consideration of the following conditions. In other words, the conditions necessary for good electrical connection with the device electrode 3102 or 3103, the conditions necessary for good energization forming described later, and the electrical resistance of the fine particle film itself are as follows. Conditions necessary for setting appropriate values described later, and the like. Specifically, it is set in the range of several nm to several hundred nm, and the most preferable is 1 nm to 50 nm.
- Materials that can be used to form the fine particle film include, for example, Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag, Au, Ti, In, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, Sn, Ta, W, a metal typified by Pb, and the like, PdO, Sn0 2, 1 n 2 0 3, PbO, and oxides, including such S b 2 0 3, Hf B 2, Z r B 2, L aB 6, C e B 6, YB 4, G d borides and-including B 4 and T i C, Z r C, H f C, Ta C, S i C, Ya carbides and other like WC , TiN, ZrN, HfN, etc., nitrides, Si, Ge, etc., semiconductors, carbon, etc., and are appropriately selected from these. .
- the conductive thin film 3 1 0 4 was formed of a fine particle film, for its sheet resistance was set to be included in the scope of 1 0 3 ⁇ 1 0 7 ⁇
- the conductive thin film 3104 and the device electrodes 3102 and 3103 are electrically connected well, so that a structure in which a part of each of them overlaps with each other is adopted. I have.
- the layers are stacked in the order of the substrate, the device electrode, and the conductive thin film from the bottom, but in some cases, the substrate, the conductive thin film, and the device electrode are stacked in the order of the bottom. I can't wait.
- the electron-emitting portion 3105 is a crack-like portion formed in a part of the conductive thin film 310 and has an electrically higher resistance property than the surrounding conductive thin film. ing.
- the crack is formed by subjecting the conductive thin film 3104 to a later-described energization forming process. Fine particles having a particle diameter of several nm to several tens may be arranged in the crack. Since it is difficult to accurately and accurately illustrate the actual position and shape of the electron-emitting portion, they are schematically shown in FIG.
- the thin film 3113 is a thin film made of carbon or a carbon compound, and covers the electron-emitting portion 3105 and its vicinity.
- the thin film 3113 is formed by performing an energization activation process described later after the energization forming process.
- the thin film 311 13 is a single crystal graphite, polycrystal graphite, amorphous carbon, or a mixture thereof, and has a thickness of 50 nm or less. More preferably,
- FIG. 55A Since it is difficult to accurately show the actual position and shape of the thin film 311 13, it is schematically shown in FIG. 55.
- FIG. 55A an element in which a part of the thin film 3113 is removed is shown.
- FIG. 54A to FIG. 54D are cross-sectional views for explaining a manufacturing process of the surface conduction electron-emitting device. The notation of each member is the same as that of FIG.
- element electrodes 3102 and 3103 are formed on a substrate 3101.
- the substrate 3101 is thoroughly washed in advance with a detergent, pure water, and an organic solvent, and then the material for the device electrode is deposited (for example, a deposition method or a sputtering method). Vacuum membrane technology such as may be used. Thereafter, the deposited electrode material is patterned using photolithography and etching techniques to form a pair of device electrodes 3102 and 3103 shown in FIG. 54A.
- an organic metal solution is applied to the substrate of FIG. 54A, dried, heated and baked to form a fine particle film, and then patterned into a predetermined shape by photolithography and etching.
- the organic metal solution is a solution of an organic metal compound whose main element is a material of fine particles used for the conductive thin film (specifically, Pd was used as the main element in this example.
- a diving method is used as a coating method, but other methods such as a spinner method and a spray method may be used.
- a method of forming a conductive thin film made of a fine particle film other than the method of applying an organic metal solution used in this example, for example, a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, or a chemical vapor deposition method is used. Sometimes used.
- the energization forming process energizes the conductive thin film 310 made of a fine particle film, and appropriately destroys, deforms, or alters a part of the conductive thin film to change the structure into a structure suitable for emitting electrons. This is the process that causes In a portion of the conductive thin film made of the fine particle film which has changed to a structure suitable for emitting electrons (that is, the electron emitting portion 3105), an appropriate crack is formed in the thin film. Note that the electron emission section 3 1 0 Compared to before the formation of 5, the electrical resistance measured between the element electrodes 3102 and 3103 increases significantly after the formation.
- FIG. 56 shows an example of an appropriate voltage waveform applied from the forming power supply 3110.
- a pulse-like voltage is preferable.
- a triangular wave pulse having a pulse width T 1 is continuously applied at a pulse interval T 2 as shown in FIG. was applied.
- the peak value V pf of the triangular wave pulse was sequentially increased.
- a monitor pulse Pm for monitoring the formation state of the electron-emitting section 3105 was inserted between triangular-wave pulses at appropriate intervals, and the current flowing at that time was measured with an ammeter 311. .
- the pulse width T 1 is 1 msec
- the pulse interval 2 is 1 O msec
- the peak value V p 1 is 1
- the voltage was increased by 0.1 V for each pulse.
- each time five pulses of the triangular wave were applied, one pulse P m of the monitor was introduced at a rate of once.
- the monitor pulse voltage V pm was set to 0.4 so as not to adversely affect the forming process.
- the device electrode 3 1 0 2 3 1 0 3 electrical resistance 1 X 1 0 6 Omega to Do ivy stage during, i.e. current 1 X 1 measured by the ammeter 3 1 1 1 during application of monitor pulse 0- 7 A or less, the power supply for the forming process was terminated.
- the above method is a preferable method for the surface conduction electron-emitting device of this example.
- the design of the surface conduction electron-emitting device is changed, for example, the material and film thickness of the fine particle film or the device electrode interval L, it is desirable to appropriately change the energization conditions accordingly.
- the energization activation process is a process of energizing the electron-emitting portion 310 formed by the energization forming process under appropriate conditions and depositing carbon or a carbon compound in the vicinity thereof. (In the figure, a deposit made of carbon or a carbon compound is schematically shown as a member 3113.) Perform the activation process As a result, the emission current at the same applied voltage can be increased by a factor of typically 100 or more, as compared to before the operation.
- the sediment 3 1 1 3 is any of single crystal graphite, polycrystal graphite, amorphous carbon, or a mixture thereof, and has a thickness of 50 nm or less, more preferably 3 nm or less. 0 nm or less ⁇
- FIG. 57A shows an example of an appropriate voltage waveform applied from the activation power supply 3112.
- the energization activation process was performed by applying a rectangular wave of a constant voltage periodically.
- the voltage V ac of the rectangular wave was 14 V
- the pulse width T 3 was 1 msec
- the pulse interval T4 was set to 10 msec.
- the above-mentioned energization conditions are preferable conditions for the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the present example, and when the design of the surface conduction electron-emitting device is changed, it is desirable to appropriately change the conditions accordingly.
- Reference numeral 3114 shown in Fig. 55D denotes an anode electrode for capturing the emission current Ie emitted from the surface conduction electron-emitting device, and the DC high-voltage power supply 3115 and the ammeter 3116 are (If the activation process is performed after the substrate 3101 is incorporated into the display panel, the fluorescent screen of the display panel is used as the anode electrode 3114.) While applying voltage from the activation power supply 3 1 1 2, the emission current I e is measured by the ammeter 3 1 1 6 to monitor the progress of the energization activation process, and the activation power supply 3 1 1 2 Control behavior. An example of the emission current Ie measured by the ammeter 3 1 16 is shown in Fig.
- the above-described energization conditions are preferable conditions for the surface conduction electron-emitting device of this example, and when the design of the surface conduction electron-emitting device is changed, it is desirable to appropriately change the conditions accordingly.
- the plane type surface conduction electron-emitting device shown in FIG. 54E was manufactured.
- FIG. 58 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the basic configuration of the vertical type, in which 3201 is a substrate, 3202 and 3203 are element electrodes, and 3206 , A step forming member; 124, a conductive thin film using a fine particle film; 325, an electron emitting portion formed by energization forming; and 321, a thin film formed by energization activation.
- the difference between the vertical type and the flat type described above is that one of the element electrodes (3202) is provided on the step forming member 3206, and the conductive thin film 3204 is The point is that it covers the side surface of the forming member 3206. Therefore, the element electrode interval L in the planar type in FIG.
- step height Ls of the step forming member 126 is set as the step height Ls of the step forming member 126 in the vertical type.
- the materials listed in the description of the flat type are used in the same manner. Is possible.
- the step-forming member 3 2 0 6 for example, an electrically insulating material such as S i 0 2.
- FIG. 59A to FIG. 59F are cross-sectional views for explaining the manufacturing process, and the notation of each member is the same as FIG.
- an element electrode 3203 is formed on a substrate 3201.
- an insulating layer for forming a step forming member is laminated.
- the insulating layer may be formed by stacking SiO 2 by a sputtering method, for example, but may be formed by another deposition method such as a vacuum evaporation method or a printing method.
- the element electrode 3202 is formed on the insulating layer.
- a conductive thin film 320 using a fine particle film is formed.
- a film forming technique such as a coating method may be used.
- the energization forming process is performed to form an electron emission portion. (If the same process as the planar type energization forming process described with reference to FIG. 54C is performed, Good.)
- a current activation process is performed to deposit carbon or a carbon compound near the electron emission portion. (The same process as the planar activation process described with reference to Fig. 54D may be performed.)
- the vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device shown in FIG. 59F was manufactured.
- the device configuration and manufacturing method of the planar and vertical surface conduction electron-emitting devices have been described above. Next, the characteristics of the devices used in the display device will be described.
- Figure 60 shows typical examples of (emission current Ie) vs. (device applied voltage Vf) characteristics and (device current If) vs. (device applied voltage Vf) characteristics of the devices used in the display device.
- emission current Ie is significantly smaller than the device current I ⁇ , and it is difficult to draw them on the same scale.
- these characteristics can be changed by changing design parameters such as the size and shape of the device. Since they change, the two graphs are shown in arbitrary units.
- the element used for the display device has the following three characteristics regarding the emission current Ie.
- the threshold voltage Vth a voltage higher than a certain voltage (this is called the threshold voltage Vth)
- the emission current Ie sharply increases.
- the threshold voltage Vth a voltage higher than a certain voltage
- the emission current Ie increases.
- Current Ie is hardly detected. That is, it is a non-linear element having a clear threshold voltage V th with respect to the emission current I e.
- the emission current Ie changes depending on the voltage Vf applied to the device
- the magnitude of the emission current Ie can be controlled by the voltage Vf.
- the response speed of the current Ie emitted from the device with respect to the voltage Vf applied to the device is fast, the amount of charge of the electrons emitted from the device depends on the length of time for applying the voltage Vf. Can be controlled.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device can be suitably used for a display device.
- a display device provided with a large number of elements corresponding to the pixels of the display screen, if the first characteristic is used, it is possible to sequentially scan and display the display screen.
- a voltage equal to or higher than the threshold voltage Vth is appropriately applied to the driven element according to the desired light emission luminance, and a voltage lower than the threshold voltage Vth is applied to the non-selected element.
- the emission luminance can be controlled by using the second characteristic or the third characteristic, gradation display can be performed.
- the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that an alternating current is used for an applied waveform.
- an alternating current is used for an applied waveform.
- a sine wave high voltage of 60 Hz was applied by gradually increasing the voltage so that the one-sided peak value was the same as in FIG.
- AC is used as the applied waveform, but DC of positive and negative polarities may be applied alternately or separately.
- a pulse voltage more preferably an impulse voltage may be used for the applied waveform.
- an impulse voltage may be used for the applied waveform.
- the third embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the atmosphere when a high voltage is applied.
- the process is performed in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the process is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere. Specifically, after evacuation of the vacuum apparatus, dry nitrogen gas is introduced so as to have a pressure of about 400 Pa. Thereafter, the process proceeds to a step of applying a high voltage.
- FIG. 50 is a schematic diagram showing the applied voltage and the number of discharges with respect to time.
- the applied voltage was increased from 100 V to 300 V at a rate of 50 V / 20 minutes as shown in the figure, and was maintained at 300 V for 15 minutes.
- the pressure is raised at a constant rate, but the pressure may be raised stepwise.
- the discharge begins to be observed from a little over 150 V, and the force that increases to around 250 V gradually decreases, and when it is kept at 300 V, it will soon become zero.
- the discharge starts at a very low voltage in a nitrogen-introduced atmosphere as compared to the case where a high voltage is applied in a vacuum atmosphere.
- a high pressure of up to 300 V in the nitrogen atmosphere of this example can provide the same conditioning effect as in the case of 100 kV in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the element damage can be further reduced, and the device can be downsized.
- the introduced gas can be appropriately selected from nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, air, and the like.
- the pressure is a value suitable for the image display device of the present invention, and it is desirable to appropriately change the design if the design changes.
- the pressure is several tens Pa to several thousand Pa.
- a DC was used as in the first embodiment, but an AC, a pulse, or the like may be used as in the second embodiment.
- the image display device manufactured in this manner was able to obtain a good display image without discharge.
- an airtight container composed of a rear plate including an electron source, side walls, a face flat including a phosphor, a spacer, and the like is assembled (step S101). Details of the assembling method will be described later.
- Step S 1 0 2 you evacuate the inside of the airtight container 3 x 1 0 '4 P a degree of vacuum through the exhaust pipe (Step S 1 0 2), it will be described in detail later how to exhaust.
- step S 103 baking at 120 ° C. is performed (step S 103), and then a step of applying a high voltage between the face plate and the rear plate, which is a feature of the present invention, is performed (step S 101). 0 4).
- an electron source process necessary for operating the surface conduction electron-emitting device is performed. Specifically, there are an energization forming step (step S105) for forming an electron emission portion, and an energization activation step (step S106) for improving electron emission characteristics. These will be described later in detail.
- step S104 The purpose of the step of applying a high voltage between the face plate and the rear plate (step S104), which is a feature of the present invention, is as follows.
- the first is to find critical defective crystals quickly and improve product yield.
- the application of a high voltage equivalent to image display was at the final stage after the electron source process.
- the step of applying a high voltage earlier it is possible to find a defective product to which high voltage cannot be applied and to interrupt the subsequent process. It is conceivable that the high voltage cannot be applied when the resistance between the plate and the rear plate is reduced due to the adhesion of dust or the like, and the discharge frequently occurs continuously due to a shape defect or the like.
- the insulation withstand voltage and discharge withstand voltage between the face plate and the rear plate should be improved by the so-called conditioning effect.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of discharges
- the vertical axis represents the discharge voltage at that time.
- the improvement of the withstand voltage due to the repeated discharge is generally called a conditioning effect.
- Factors that bring about the conditioning effect include removal of adsorbed gas and deposits, reduction of field emission electron current due to smoothing of fine projections, improvement of surface shape by thermal melting, etc., but details are still unknown at present.
- This conditioning effect is also observed in an image forming apparatus using a surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- conventional methods could not be implemented because of the problem that the surface-conduction emission device was greatly damaged by the discharge and the device around the discharge location was significantly deteriorated.
- a high voltage is applied between the face plate and the rear plate to cause a discharge, the discharge withstand voltage is improved by the conditioning effect, and there is no damage to the surface conduction type emission element (display image Method has no effect).
- the conditioning is performed in a state where the interelectrode resistance of the surface-conduction emission device is low, and therefore, the discharge charge is reduced to GND. That is, it is mentioned that an abnormal voltage is hardly applied to the surface conduction electron-emitting device due to discharge.
- the conditioning is performed in a state where the element surface conduction type emission element is not formed.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device is somewhat damaged by the discharge, it is repaired in the activation process.
- the greatest feature of the present invention lies in the order of the steps. That is, a high voltage is applied before the electron source process (before the electron source element is completely formed) to improve the discharge withstand voltage without affecting the electron source characteristics.
- baking is performed at about 120 ° C. for about 2 hours after evacuation. This is done for the purpose of removing surface adsorbed gas and improving the degree of vacuum. There is an effect that conditioning can be performed more effectively in a short time.
- a vacuum chamber is maintained at 1. 3 X 1 0- 5 P a degree of vacuum.
- FIG. 64 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of the present embodiment.
- the high-voltage DC power generator 440 1 is connected to the base plate 410 17 via a current limiting resistor 44 02, and a DC voltage is imprinted on the base plate 410. Be added. Actually, the voltage is applied to a metal back (not shown) on the face plate 410.
- each surface conduction type emission wire 4 0 12 is matrix-wired by a row direction wire 4 13 and a column direction wire 4 1 4 on the rear plate 4 15.
- the row direction wiring 401 and the column direction wiring 401 are GND potentials.
- FIG. 65 is a schematic diagram showing the applied voltage and the number of discharges with respect to time.
- the applied voltage was raised from 4 kV to 10 kV at a rate of 500 VZ for 5 minutes as shown in the figure, and was maintained at 10 kV for about 5 minutes.
- the pressure is raised at a constant rate, but the pressure may be raised stepwise.
- the discharge starts to be observed from a little over 4 kV and increases to around 1 O kV, but decreases to 10 at 0 kV and soon becomes zero. This is due to the conditioning effect described above. Observed discharges include surface discharges on the surface of the spacers and side walls, and vacuum discharges between the rear bleed and the plate, including electron sources, row-direction wiring, and column-direction wiring. Are both. The spacer will be described later in detail.
- the voltage, the boosting rate, the holding time, and the like are suitable values for the image display device of the present invention, and it is desirable to appropriately change the conditions if the design changes. However, even in such a case, it is necessary to hold the voltage at a voltage higher than the acceleration voltage required for image display until a sufficient time elapses after no discharge is observed.
- FIG. 68 is a perspective view of a display panel used in the embodiment, in which a part of the panel is cut away to show the internal structure.
- reference numeral 401 denotes a rear plate
- reference numeral 4016 denotes a side wall
- reference numeral 4017 denotes a face plate
- reference numerals 410 to 4017 are used to maintain the inside of the display panel at a vacuum.
- Forming an airtight container When assembling an airtight container, it is necessary to seal the joints of each member to maintain sufficient strength and airtightness.For example, frit glass is applied to the joints and the joints are placed in the air or in a nitrogen atmosphere. Sealing was achieved by firing at 100 to 500 ° C. for 10 minutes or more. The method of evacuating the inside of the airtight container will be described later. Further, the inside of the airtight container 1. 3 X 1 0- 4 since it is held in P a extent of vacuum, in order to prevent the destruction of the airtight container caused by the impact of atmospheric pressure and unexpected, atmospheric pressure resistant
- a spacer 102 is provided as a structure.
- the N X M cold cathode elements are wired in a simple matrix by M row wirings 410 and N column wirings 410.
- the portion constituted by the above-mentioned 4101 to 4104 is called a multi-electron beam source.
- FIG. 69 is a plan view of the multi-electron beam source used for the display panel of FIG.
- surface-conduction-type emission probes similar to those shown in FIG. 72 described later are arranged, and these elements are arranged in row-direction wirings 410 and column-direction wirings 410. They are wired in a simpler matrix.
- An insulating layer (not shown) is formed between the electrodes at a portion where the row wirings 410 and the column wirings 410 are different from each other, so that electrical insulation is maintained.
- FIG. 70 shows a cross section taken along the line BB ′ in FIG.
- the multi-electron source having such a structure includes a row-direction wiring 410, a column-direction wiring 410, an approximately cloudy layer between electrodes (not shown), and a surface conduction type emission element on an S plate in advance.
- each device is connected to each device via the row-direction wiring 410 and the column-direction wiring 410. It was manufactured by supplying power and performing energization forming (described later) and energization activation (described below).
- the configuration is such that the substrate 4101 of the multi-electron beam source is fixed to the rear plate 410 of the hermetic container, but the substrate 4101 of the multi-electron beam source has a sufficient strength.
- the substrate 401 of the multi-electron beam source itself may be used as the rear plate of the airtight container.
- a fluorescent film 410 is formed on the lower surface of the face plate 410. Since the present embodiment is a color display device, three primary color phosphors of red, green, and blue used in the field of CRT are separately applied to a portion of the phosphor film 410. The phosphors of each color are separately applied in stripes as shown in FIG. 81A, for example, and black conductors 410 are provided between the stripes of the phosphors.
- the purpose of providing the black conductor 41010 is to prevent the display color from shifting even if the electron beam irradiation position is slightly shifted, and to prevent the reflection of external light to improve the display contrast. It is necessary to prevent the deterioration and prevent the fluorescent film from being charged by the electron beam. Although graphite was used as the main component for the black conductor 410, any other material may be used as long as it is suitable for the above purpose.
- the method of applying the phosphors of the three primary colors is not limited to the stripe arrangement shown in FIG. 81A.
- the delta arrangement shown in FIG. 81B or the other arrangement For example, FIG.
- a monochromatic phosphor material may be used for the phosphor film 418, and a black conductive material is not necessarily used.
- a mail bag 410 known in the field of CRTs is provided on the surface of the phosphor film 410 18 on the rear plate side. The purpose of providing the metal back 410 is to improve the light utilization rate by mirror-reflecting a part of the light emitted from the fluorescent film 410, Protecting the phosphor film 410 from ON collision, acting as an electrode for applying an electron beam acceleration voltage, and acting as a conductive path for the excited electrons of the phosphor film 410 And so on.
- the metal back 410 is formed by forming the fluorescent film 410 on the faceplate substrate 410, smoothing the surface of the fluorescent film, and then vacuum-depositing A1 on the surface. did. When a fluorescent material for low voltage is used for the fluorescent film 410, the metal back 410 is not used.
- an ITO film is placed between the face plate substrate 410 and the fluorescent film 410. May be provided as a transparent electrode.
- FIG. 71 is a schematic cross-sectional view taken along the line AA ′ of FIG. 68, and the numbers of the respective parts correspond to FIG.
- the spacer 420 is formed by depositing a high-resistance film 4301 on the surface of the insulating member 4301 to prevent static electricity, and the inside of the face plate 4107 (metal back 4100). 19 9) and the surface of the substrate facing the surface of the substrate 4101 (rowwise wiring 4 13 or columnwise wiring 4 0 1 4) 4 3 0 3 and the side 4 3 0 5 is made of a member having a low resistance film 4 3 2 1 formed thereon, and is arranged by a necessary number and at a necessary interval to achieve the above-mentioned object.
- the high-resistance film 431 1 is formed on at least the surface of the insulating member 4301 that is exposed to the vacuum in the airtight container, and the spacer 4002 is formed.
- the low-resistance film 4 3 2 1 and the bonding material 4 0 4 on the inside of the face plate 4 0 17 (metal back 4 0 1 9 etc.) and the surface of the substrate 4 0 1 1 (line It is electrically connected to the direction wiring 4 0 13 or the column direction wiring 4 0 1 4).
- the shape of the spacers 420 is a thin plate, is arranged in parallel with the row wirings 401, and is electrically connected to the row wirings 410. Have been.
- the spacer 420 As the spacer 420, the wiring in the row direction 410 and the wiring in the column direction 410 on the substrate 410 and the metal back 4 0 19 on the inner surface of the face plate 410 are used. It is necessary to have an insulating property enough to withstand a high voltage applied therebetween, and to have a conductivity enough to prevent the surface of the spacer 420 from being charged.
- Examples of the insulating member 1 of the spacer 420 include impurities such as quartz glass and Na. Ceramic materials such as glass, soda-lime glass, and alumina having a reduced content. It is preferable that the insulating member 4301 has a coefficient of thermal expansion close to that of the member forming the airtight container and the substrate 4101.
- the accelerating voltage Va applied to the high-potential side plate 410 (metal back 410, etc.) is applied to the high resistance film 4311 constituting the spacer 420.
- the sheet resistance is preferably equal to or less than 10 12 ⁇ 12 from the viewpoint of antistatic. In order to obtain a sufficient antistatic effect, the number is preferably 1 O HQZ or less.
- the lower limit of the sheet resistance is influenced by the voltage applied between the scan Bae colonel shape and spacer, is preferably 1 0 5 ⁇ opening more.
- the thickness t of the high resistance film formed on the insulating material is preferably in the range of 1 O nm to l / m. Although it depends on the surface energy of the material, the adhesion to the substrate, and the substrate temperature, thin films of 10 nm or less are generally formed in islands, with unstable resistance and poor reproducibility. On the other hand, when the film thickness t is 1 / m or more, the risk of film peeling increases with an increase in the film stress, and the productivity is poor because the film formation time is prolonged. Therefore, the film thickness is desirably 50 to 50 O nm.
- the sheet resistance) is ozt, the preferable range of the sheet resistance and the film thickness t as described above, the specific resistance of the antistatic film;. 0 0.1 (111 to 1 0 8 Omega cm is preferred further one DOO to achieve a resistance and film more preferable range of the thickness is, [rho is preferably set to 1 0 2 ⁇ 1 0 s Q cm.
- the temperature of the spacer rises when a current flows through the high-resistance film, which is an antistatic film formed thereon, or when the entire display generates heat during operation. If the resistance temperature coefficient of the high resistance film is a large negative value, the resistance value decreases when the temperature rises, the current flowing through the spacer increases, and the temperature rises further. And the current continues to increase until the power supply limit is exceeded.
- the value of the temperature coefficient of resistance at which such current runaway occurs is empirically negative and the absolute value is 1% or more. That is, the temperature coefficient of resistance of the high resistance film is desirably less than 11%.
- a material of the high resistance film 4311 having antistatic properties for example, a metal oxide can be used.
- oxides of chromium, nickel and copper are preferred. It is a good material. The reason is that these oxides have a relatively low secondary electron emission efficiency, and are difficult to be charged even when electrons emitted from the cold cathode device 402 hit the spacer 420. it is conceivable that.
- carbon is a preferable material having a low secondary electron emission efficiency. In particular, since amorphous carbon has high resistance, it is easy to control the spacer resistance to a desired value.
- nitrides of aluminum and transition metal alloys adjust the composition of transition metal to provide a wide range of resistance values from good conductors to insulators. It is a suitable material because it can be controlled. Further, it is a stable material with little change in resistance value in a manufacturing process of a display device described later. The material has a temperature coefficient of resistance of less than -1% and is practically easy to use. Transition metal elements include Ti, Cr, and Ta.
- the alloy nitride film is formed on the insulating member by thin film forming means such as sputtering, reactive sputtering in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, electron beam evaporation, ion plating, and ion-assisted evaporation.
- a metal oxide film can also be formed by a similar thin film formation method. In this case, an oxygen gas is used instead of a chamber gas.
- a metal oxide film can be formed by a CVD method or an alkoxide coating method. Carbon films are produced by vapor deposition, sputtering, CVD, or plasma CVD.Especially when producing amorphous carbon, make sure that hydrogen is contained in the atmosphere during littering or that the deposition gas is used. Use hydrocarbon gas.
- the low-resistance film 4321 which constitutes the spacer 420, is formed by changing the high-resistance film 431 1 to the high-potential side plate 410,7 (metal back 4,019). It is provided for electrical connection to the substrate 4101 (wiring 41013, 41014, etc.) on the low potential side, and is hereinafter referred to as an intermediate electrode layer (intermediate layer). Is also used.
- the intermediate electrode layer (intermediate layer) can have a plurality of functions listed below.
- the high-resistance film 4 3 1 1 is electrically connected to the plate 4 and the substrate 4!
- the high-resistance film 431 1 is provided for the purpose of preventing electrification on the surface of the spacer 420 0, but the high-resistance film 431 1 Plate 4 0 17 (metal back 4 0 19 etc.) and substrate 4 0 1 1 (wiring 4 0 3, 4 0 1 4 ) Directly or via the contact material 4401, a large contact resistance may be generated at the interface of the connection, and it may not be possible to quickly remove the charge generated on the spacer surface. In order to avoid this, the contact surface 3 or the side surface 5 of the spacer 400, which comes into contact with the plate 410, the substrate 410, and the contact material 410, is low. An intermediate layer of resistance was provided.
- the electrons emitted from the cold cathode device 410 form electron orbits in accordance with the potential distribution formed between the plate 410 and the substrate 410.
- High resistance film 4 3 1 1 is directly or in contact with French plate 4 0 7 (metal back 4 0 1 9 etc.) and substrate 4 0 1 1 (wiring 4 0 3 1, 4 0 1 4 etc.)
- the connection resistance may be uneven due to the contact resistance at the connection interface, and the potential distribution of the high-resistance film 431 may deviate from a desired value.
- the spacer 420 is in contact with the spacer plate 410 and the substrate end of the substrate (the contact surface 3 or the side surface 4 3 0 5). ), A low-resistance intermediate layer is provided in the entire length region, and a desired potential is applied to this intermediate layer to control the entire potential of the high-resistance film 4 3 1 1.
- Electrons emitted from the cold cathode element 402 form electron orbits in accordance with the potential distribution formed on the base plate 410 and the substrate 410.
- the potential distribution in the vicinity of the spacer 420 has desired characteristics. And control the trajectory of the emitted electrons.
- the low-resistance film 4 3 2 i is a material that has a sufficiently lower resistance value than the high-resistance film 4 3 1 1 May be selected, N i, C r, ⁇ , Mo, W, P t, T i, A 1, Cu, metals such as P d or alloy, and Pd, Ag, Au, Ru0 2 , Pd- Ag or the like metal or metal oxide and formed printed conductors of glass or the like, or is suitably selected from I n 2 0 3, S n0 2 semiconductor materials such as transparent conductors and polysilicon con such.
- the bonding material 4041 needs to have conductivity so that the spacer 4020 is electrically connected to the row wiring 4013 and the metal back 410. In other words, conductive adhesives or frit glass to which metal particles or conductive fillers are added are suitable.
- Dx1 to Dxm, Dy1 to Dyn, and Hv are electric connection terminals having an airtight structure provided for electrically connecting the display panel to an electric circuit (not shown).
- Dx1 to Dxm are the multi-electron beam source row wiring 40 13 and Dy 1 to Dyn are the multi-electron beam source column wiring 40 14 and Hv is the metal plate of the ferrite plate 40 1 9 and electrically connected.
- the airtight container 1. about 3 X 1 0- 5 P a vacuum Exhaust to a degree. Thereafter, the exhaust pipe is stopped, but a getter film (not shown) is formed at a predetermined position in the airtight container immediately before sealing or after the stop to maintain the degree of vacuum in the airtight container.
- the getter film is, for example, a film formed by heating and depositing a getter material mainly composed of Ba with a heater or high-frequency heating, and the inside of the airtight container is 1.3 due to the adsorbing action of the getter film. xl 0_ 3 ⁇ l. 3 X 1 0— maintained at a vacuum of 5 Pa.
- the image display device using the display panel described above when a voltage is applied to each of the cold cathode devices 40 12 through terminals Dx 1 to D xm and Dy 1 to D yn outside the container, electrons are emitted from each cold cathode device 40 12. Is released. At the same time, a high voltage of several hundred V to several kV is applied to the metal back 40 19 through the external terminal Hv to accelerate the emitted electrons and collide with the inner surface of the phase plate 40 17. As a result, the phosphor of each color forming the phosphor film 4018 is excited and emits light, and an image is displayed.
- the voltage applied to the surface conduction electron-emitting device 40 12 of the present invention is about 12 to 16 V, and the distance d between the metal back 40 19 and the cold cathode device 40 12 is 0.
- the voltage between the metal back 410 and the cold cathode element 410 is about 0.1 to 10 kV.
- the material, shape, and manufacturing method of the cold cathode device are not limited as long as the multi-electron beam source used in the image display device of the present invention is an electron source in which cold cathode devices are arranged in a simple matrix. Therefore, for example, a cold cathode device such as a surface conduction type emission device, an FE type, or a MIM type can be used.
- a surface conduction type emission device is particularly preferable.
- the relative position and shape of the emitter cone and the gate electrode greatly affect the electron emission characteristics, and therefore require extremely high-precision manufacturing technology, but this has achieved an increase in area and reduction in manufacturing costs. To do so is a disadvantageous factor.
- the thickness of the insulating layer and the upper electrode must be thin and uniform, which is also a disadvantageous factor in achieving a large area and a reduction in manufacturing cost.
- the surface conduction type emission cable has a relatively simple manufacturing method, so it is easy to increase the area and reduce the manufacturing cost.
- the inventors have found that among the surface conduction electron-emitting devices, those in which the electron-emitting portion or its peripheral portion is formed of a fine particle film have particularly excellent electron-emitting characteristics and can be easily manufactured. Therefore, it can be said that it is most suitable for use in a multi-electron beam source of a high-brightness, large-screen image display device. Therefore, in the display panel of the embodiment, a surface conduction electron-emitting device in which the electron-emitting portion or its peripheral portion is formed of a fine particle film is used. Therefore, the basic configuration, manufacturing method, and characteristics of a suitable surface conduction electron-emitting device are described first, and then the structure of a multi-electron beam source in which a large number of devices are arranged in a simple matrix is described.
- FIG. 72 shows a plan view (FIG. 72A) and a cross-sectional view (FIG. 72B) for explaining the configuration of the planar surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- 40 1 1 is the substrate, 4 1 0
- Reference numerals 2 and 4103 denote device electrodes, 4104 denotes a conductive thin film, 4105 denotes an electron-emitting portion formed by an energization forming process, and 4113 denotes a thin film formed by an activation process.
- each seed glass substrates such as quartz glass and back plate glass, and various ceramic substrates including alumina, or S i 0 2 if example that's above-described various substrate materials
- a substrate on which an insulating layer is stacked can be used.
- the device electrodes 4102 and 4103 provided on the substrate 4011 in parallel with the substrate surface are formed of a conductive material.
- a conductive material For example, N i, Cr, Au, Mo, W, P t, T i, Cu, Pd, metals including A g etc. or alloys of these metals, is Les, the I n 2 0 3 -S metallic oxides including n 0 2, may be used to select a suitable material from among a semiconductor such as polysilicon.
- An electrode can be easily formed by combining a film forming technique such as vacuum deposition with a patterning technique such as photolithography and etching, but is formed using other methods (eg, printing technique). It does not matter.
- the shapes of the device electrodes 4102 and 4103 are appropriately designed according to the application purpose of the electron-emitting device.
- the electrode spacing L is usually designed by selecting an appropriate value from the range of several tens nm to several hundreds; zm, but among them, several tens of nm are preferable for application to a display device. m to several tens / m.
- the thickness d of the device electrode is usually selected from a range of several tens nm to several / zm.
- a fine particle film is used for the conductive thin film 410.
- the fine particle film described here refers to a film (including an island-shaped aggregate) containing many fine particles as constituent elements. Microscopic examination of the particle film usually shows that the individual particles are spaced apart The observed structure, the structure where the fine particles are adjacent to each other, or the structure where the fine particles overlap each other are observed.
- the particle size of the fine particles used for the fine particle film is in the range of several nm to several hundred nm, but is more preferably in the range of 1 nm to 20 nm.
- the thickness of the fine particle film is appropriately set in consideration of the following conditions. That is, the conditions necessary for good electrical connection with the device electrode 4102 or 4103, the conditions necessary for good energization forming described later, and the electrical resistance of the fine particle film itself will be described later. Conditions necessary for obtaining an appropriate value are included. Specifically, it is set within a range from several nm to several hundred nm, and particularly preferably, it is between 1 nm and 50 nm.
- Materials that can be used to form the fine particle film include, for example, Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag, Au, Ti, In, Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, Sn, Ta , metals and, PdO, Sn0 2, ln 2 0 3, PbO, oxides typified and Sb 2 0 3, Hf R 2 , Zr B 2, L a B 6 , including W, Pb and the like, C e B e, and borides, including such YB 4, GdB 4, T i C, Zr C, H f C, TaC, S i C, and carbides, including such WC, T i N, Z Examples include nitrides such as rN, HiN, etc., semiconductors such as Si, Ge, etc., and carbon, and are appropriately selected from these.
- a conductive thin film 4 1 04 was formed of a fine particle film, for its sheet resistance value, included in a range of 1 0 3 ⁇ 1 0 7 ⁇
- the conductive thin film 4104 and the device electrodes 4102 and 4103 are desirably electrically connected favorably, and therefore have a structure in which a part of each overlaps.
- the layers are stacked from the bottom in the order of the substrate, the device electrode, and the conductive thin film, but in some cases, the substrate, the conductive thin film, and the device electrode are stacked in the order from the bottom. No problem,
- the electron emitting portion 4105 is a crack-like portion formed in a part of the conductive poison gland 4104, and has an electrically higher resistance property than the surrounding conductive thin film. .
- the cracks are subjected to an energization forming process to be described later on the conductive thin film 4 104. It forms by doing. Fine particles with a particle size of several nm to several tens of nm may be placed in the crack. Since it is difficult to accurately and accurately illustrate the actual position and shape of the electron-emitting portion, they are schematically shown in FIG.
- the thin film 4113 is a thin film made of carbon or a carbon compound, and covers the electron emitting portion 4105 and its vicinity.
- the thin film 111 is formed by performing an energization activation process described later after the energization forming process.
- the thin film 4 11 13 is a single crystal graphite, a polycrystal graphite, or a crystalline carbon, or a mixture thereof, and has a thickness of 50 nm or less, and a force of 30 nm or less. Is more preferred. Since it is difficult to accurately illustrate the actual position and shape of the thin film 4113, they are schematically shown in FIG. FIG. 72A shows a device in which a part of the thin film 411 near the electron emitting portion 405 is removed.
- a back glass was used for the substrate 4101, and a Ni thin film was used for the element electrodes 4102 and 4103.
- the thickness d of the device electrode was 100 nm, and the electrode interval L was 2 zm.
- Pd or PdO is used as the main material of the fine particle film, and the thickness of the fine particle film is about 1
- the width W was 100 nm, and the width W was 100 nm.
- FIG. 73A to FIG. 73D are cross-sectional views for explaining the manufacturing process of the surface conduction electron-emitting device, and the notation of each member is the same as FIG.
- the substrate 4101 is thoroughly washed with a detergent, pure water, and an organic solvent in advance, and then the material for the device electrode is deposited (for example, evaporation method or sputtering method). Vacuum membrane technology may be used. Thereafter, the deposited electrode material is patterned using photolithography and etching techniques to form a pair of device electrodes 4102 and 4103 shown in FIG. 73A. 2) Next, as shown in FIG. 73B, a conductive thin film 410 is formed.
- an organic metal solution is applied to the substrate shown in FIG. 73A, dried, heated and baked to form a fine particle film, and then patterned into a predetermined shape by photolithography and etching.
- the organometallic solution is a solution of an organometallic compound whose main element is a material of fine particles used for the conductive thin film (specifically, Pd was used as the main element in the present embodiment.
- the dipping method is used as a coating method, but other methods such as a spinner method and a spray method may be used.
- a method of forming a conductive thin film made of a fine particle film a method other than the method of applying the organometallic solution used in the present embodiment, for example, a vacuum evaporation method ⁇ sputtering method, or a chemical vapor deposition method In some cases, such as is used.
- the energization forming process energizes the conductive thin film 410 made of a fine particle film, and appropriately breaks, deforms, or alters a part of the conductive thin film to change into a structure suitable for emitting electrons. This is the process that causes In a portion of the conductive thin film made of the fine particle film which has been changed to a structure suitable for emitting electrons (that is, the electron emitting portion 4105), an appropriate crack is formed in the thin film. It should be noted that the electrical resistance measured between the device electrodes 4102 and 4103 increases significantly after the formation of the electron-emitting portions 4105 before and after the formation.
- FIG. 74 shows an example of an appropriate voltage waveform applied from the forming power supply 4110.
- a pulsed voltage is preferable.
- a triangular wave pulse having a pulse width T 1 is applied at a pulse interval T 2 as shown in FIG. Applied continuously.
- the peak value V pf of the triangular wave pulse was sequentially increased.
- a monitor pulse Pm for monitoring the state of formation of the electron emission section 4105 was inserted between triangular wave pulses at appropriate intervals, and the current flowing at that time was measured with an ammeter 4111. .
- a degree of vacuum atmosphere smell for example, a pulse width T 1 of 1 msec, the pulse interval T 2 and 1 0 m sec, 1 pulse peak value Vp I
- the pressure was increased by 0.4 IV each time.
- a monitor pulse Pm was introduced at a rate of once.
- the monitor pulse voltage Vpm was set to 0.4 to avoid any adverse effect on the forming process.
- the device electrode 4 1 0 2 4 1 0 3 phase electric resistance becomes 1 X 1 0 6 Omega during, i.e. application of monitor pulse during the ammeter 4 1 1 1 current 1 XI 0 measured by — When the current became 7 A or less, the power supply for the forming process was terminated.
- the above method is a preferable method for the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the present embodiment.
- the design of the surface conduction electron-emitting device is changed, such as the material and film thickness of the fine particle film or the element electrode interval L, However, it is desirable to appropriately change the energization conditions accordingly.
- the energization activation process is a process of energizing the electron-emitting portion 410 formed by the energization forming process under appropriate conditions and depositing carbon or a carbon compound in the vicinity thereof (see FIG. In the above, a deposit made of carbon or a carbon compound is schematically shown as a member 411.)
- the emission current at the same applied voltage can be typically increased to 100 times or more as compared with before the activation.
- the sediment 4 1 1 3 is any of single crystal graphite, polycrystalline graphite, amorphous carbon, or a mixture thereof, and has a film thickness of 50 nm or less, more preferably 30 nm or less. It is.
- Figure 75A shows the activation power supply 4 1 1 2
- the energization activation process is performed by periodically applying a rectangular wave having a constant voltage.
- V ac was 14 V
- pulse width T 3 was 1 msec
- pulse interval T4 was 10 msec.
- the above-mentioned energization conditions are preferable conditions for the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the present embodiment, and when the design of the surface conduction electron-emitting device is changed, it is desirable to appropriately change the conditions accordingly.
- FIG. 7 3D is an anode electrode for capturing the emission current I e emitted from the surface conduction electron-emitting device, and the DC high-voltage power supply 11 15 and the ammeter 4 11 (If the activation process is performed after the substrate 410 is incorporated into the display panel, the phosphor screen of the display panel is used as the anode electrode 411.) While the voltage is applied from the activation power supply 4 1 1 2, the emission current I e is measured by the ammeter 4 1 1 6 to monitor the progress of the energization activation process, and the activation power supply 4 1 1 2 Control behavior. An example of the emission current Ie measured by the ammeter 4 1 16 is shown in Fig.
- the above-mentioned energization conditions are preferable conditions for the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the present embodiment, and when the design of the surface conduction electron-emitting device is changed, it is desirable to appropriately change the conditions accordingly.
- the plane type surface conduction electron-emitting device shown in FIG. 73E was manufactured.
- FIG. 76 is a schematic cross-sectional view for explaining the basic configuration of the vertical type.
- 410 1 1 is a substrate
- 4 2 0 2 and 4 2 0 3 are device electrodes
- 4 2 6 Is a step forming member
- 424 is a conductive thin film using a fine particle film
- 410 is a conductive forming process.
- the formed electron-emitting portion, 4 2 13, is a thin film formed by the activation process.
- the difference between the vertical type and the flat type described above is that one of the element electrodes (4202) is provided on the step forming member 4206, and the conductive thin film 1204 The point is that the side surface of the forming member 420 is covered. Therefore, the element electrode interval L in the planar type shown in FIG.
- the step height Ls of the step forming member 126 in the vertical type is set as the step height Ls of the step forming member 126 in the vertical type.
- the materials listed in the description of the planar type should be used in the same manner. Is possible.
- FIG. 77A to FIG. 77F are cross-sectional views for explaining the manufacturing process, and the notation of each member is the same as FIG.
- an element electrode 4203 is formed on a substrate 4101.
- an insulating layer for forming a step forming member is laminated.
- the insulating layer may be formed by laminating SiO 2 by a shatter method, for example, but may be formed by another method such as a vacuum deposition method or a printing method.
- an element electrode 4202 is formed on the insulating layer.
- a part of the insulating layer is removed using, for example, an etching method to expose the device electrode 4203.
- a conductive thin film 4204 using a fine particle film is formed.
- a forming technique such as a coating method may be used.
- the energization forming process is performed to form an electron emission portion (the same process as the planar type energization forming process described with reference to FIG. 73C may be performed). .
- the same processing as the activation processing may be performed. ).
- the vertical surface conduction electron-emitting device shown in FIG. 77F was manufactured.
- the device configuration and manufacturing method of the planar and vertical surface conduction electron-emitting devices have been described above. Next, the characteristics of the devices using the display device will be described.
- Figure 78 shows typical examples of (emission current Ie) vs. (device applied voltage Vf) and (device current If) vs. (device applied voltage Vf) characteristics of the devices used in the display device.
- emission current Ie is significantly smaller than the device current If, and it is difficult to draw them on the same scale.
- these characteristics can be changed by changing design parameters such as the size and shape of the device. Since they change, the two graphs are shown in arbitrary units.
- the element used for the display device has the following three characteristics regarding the emission current Ie.
- the emission current Ie increases sharply.
- the voltage is less than the threshold voltage Vth, The emission current Ie is hardly detected.
- the magnitude of the emission current Ie can be controlled by the voltage Vf.
- the charge of the electrons emitted from the device depends on the length of time the voltage Vf is applied. You can control the amount.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device can be suitably used for a display device.
- a display device provided with a large number of elements corresponding to the pixels of the display screen
- the first characteristic it is possible to sequentially scan and display the display screen. That is, a voltage equal to or higher than the threshold voltage Vth is appropriately applied to the element being driven according to the desired light emission luminance, and a voltage lower than the threshold voltage Vth is applied to the element in a non-selected state.
- the emission luminance can be controlled by using the second characteristic or the third characteristic, gradation display can be performed.
- Fig. 69 is a plan view of the multi-electron beam source used for the display panel of Fig. 68.
- surface conduction type emission probes similar to those shown in Fig. 72 are arranged. These elements are wired in a simple matrix by row-direction wiring electrodes 400 and column-direction wirings 400.
- An insulating layer (not shown) is formed between the electrodes at the intersections of the row direction wiring electrodes 4003 and the column direction wiring electrodes 4004 to keep electrical insulation.
- FIG. 70 shows a cross section taken along the line BB ′ in FIG.
- the multi-electron source having such a structure includes a row-direction wiring electrode 410, a column-direction wiring electrode 410, an interelectrode insulating layer (not shown), and a surface conduction type emission element.
- a row-direction wiring electrode 410 After forming the device electrodes and the conductive thin film, power is supplied to each device via the row wiring electrodes 410 and the column wiring electrodes 410 to carry out the energization forming process and the energization activation process.
- FIG. 79 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of a drive circuit for performing television display based on an NTSC television signal.
- a display panel 4701 corresponds to the above-described display panel, and is manufactured and operates as described above.
- the scanning circuit 470 2 scans a display line, and the control circuit 470 3 generates a signal to be input to the scanning circuit.
- the shift register 4704 shifts data for each line, and the line memory 4705 inputs one line of data from the shift register 4704 to the modulation signal generator 4707.
- the synchronization signal separation circuit 4706 separates the synchronization signal from the NTSC signal.
- the display panel 4701 is connected to an external electric circuit through terminals Dx1 to Dxm, terminals Dy1 to Dyn, and a high-voltage terminal Hv.
- the terminals Dx1 to Dxm are connected to a multi-electron beam source provided in the display panel 4701, that is, a cold cathode element arranged in a matrix of m rows and n columns in one row (n-wire).
- a scanning signal for driving sequentially one by one is applied.
- a modulation signal for controlling the output electron beam of each of the n elements for one row selected by the scanning signal is applied.
- the high voltage terminal Hv is supplied with a DC voltage of, for example, 5 kV from the DC voltage source Va, which is sufficient to excite the phosphor into an electron beam output from the multi-electron beam source. It is an accelerating voltage for providing energy.
- This circuit has m switching elements (schematically indicated by S1 to Sm in the figure) inside, and each switching element is connected to the output voltage of the DC voltage source Vx or 0 V ( Ground level), and electrically connect to terminals Dx1 to Dxm of the display panel 4701.
- Each of the switching elements S1 to Sm operates based on the control signal Tscan output from the control circuit 4703, but is actually easily configured by combining switching elements such as FETs, for example. It is possible.
- the DC voltage source Vx outputs a constant voltage based on the characteristics of the electron-emitting device illustrated in FIG. 78 so that the drive voltage applied to the unscanned device is equal to or lower than the electron-emission threshold voltage Vth. It is set as follows.
- control circuit 470 3 has a function of matching the operation of each part so that appropriate display is performed based on an image signal input from the outside.
- the synchronizing signal separation circuit 4706 is a circuit for separating a synchronizing signal component and a luminance signal component from an NTSC television signal input from the outside.
- the synchronization signal separated by the synchronization signal separation circuit 470 consists of a vertical synchronization signal and a horizontal synchronization signal.
- Tsync signal the luminance signal component of the image separated from the television signal
- DATA the luminance signal component of the image separated from the television signal
- this signal is input to the shift register 4704.
- the shift register 47004 converts the DATA signal input serially in time series. This is for performing serial-to-parallel conversion for each line of an image, and operates based on a control signal Tsft sent from a control circuit 4703. That is, the control signal Tsft can be rephrased as a shift clock of the shift register 474.
- the data for one line of the serial / parallel-converted image (corresponding to the drive data for n electron-emitting devices) is output from the shift register 4704 as n signals Id1 to Idn. Is done.
- the line memory 470 5 is a storage device for storing data for one line of an image for a required time only. According to the control signal Tm ry sent from the control circuit 470 3, the line memory 470 is appropriately set to I d 1 Or memorize the contents of I dn. The stored contents are output as I ′ d1 to 'dn and input to the modulation signal generator 4707.
- the modulation signal generator 470 7 is a signal source for appropriately driving and modulating each of the electron-emitting devices 410 5 according to each of the image data ⁇ (31 1 1 1 dn). The output signal is applied to the electron-emitting devices 410 in the display panel 4701 through terminals Dy1 to Dyn.
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device has the following basic characteristics with respect to the emission current Ie. That is, electron emission has a clear threshold voltage V th (8 V in the surface conduction electron-emitting device of the embodiment described later), and electron emission occurs only when a voltage equal to or higher than the threshold V th is applied. For a voltage equal to or higher than the electron emission threshold V th, the emission current I e also changes according to the change in the voltage as shown in the graph of FIG. For this reason, when a pulse-like voltage is applied to the device, for example, when a voltage lower than the electron emission threshold Vth is applied, electron emission does not occur, but a voltage higher than the electron emission threshold Vth is applied.
- an electron beam is output from the surface conduction type emission probe.
- the intensity of the output electron beam can be controlled by changing the pulse peak value Vm.
- the pulse width Pw it is possible to control the total amount of charges of the output electron beam. Therefore, as a method of modulating the electron-emitting device in accordance with the input signal, a voltage modulation method, a pulse width modulation method, or the like can be adopted.
- the modulation signal generator 470 7 When implementing the voltage modulation method, the modulation signal generator 470 7 generates a voltage pulse of a fixed length, and modulates the peak value of the pulse appropriately according to the input data. Using the method it can.
- a modulation signal generator 470 7 When implementing the pulse width modulation method, a modulation signal generator 470 7 generates a voltage pulse having a constant peak value, and modulates the width of the voltage pulse appropriately according to input data.
- a pulse width modulation type circuit can be used.o
- the shift register 470 and the line memory 470 can be either digital signal type or analog signal type. That is, the serial / parallel conversion and storage of the image signal may be performed at a predetermined speed.
- the circuit used for the modulation signal generator is slightly different. That is, in the case of a voltage modulation method using a digital signal, for example, a DZA conversion circuit is used as the modulation signal generator 407, and an amplification circuit or the like is added as necessary.
- the modulation signal generator 470 7 includes, for example, a high-speed oscillator, a counter (counter) for counting the number of waves output from the oscillator, and the output value of the counter and the output value of the memory. Use a circuit that combines comparators for comparison. If necessary, an amplifier for amplifying the pulse width modulated signal output from the comparator to the drive voltage of the electron-emitting device can be added.
- a voltage modulation method using an analog signal for example, an amplification circuit using an operational amplifier or the like can be used as the modulation signal generator 407, and a shift level circuit or the like can be added as necessary.
- a voltage-controlled oscillation circuit VCO
- an amplifier for amplifying the voltage up to the drive voltage of the electron-emitting device can be added as necessary.
- a voltage is applied to each of the electron emission cables via the external terminals Dx1 to Dxm and Dy1 to Dyn. As a result, electron emission occurs.
- a high voltage is applied to the metal back 410 or a transparent electrode (not shown) via the high voltage terminal Hv to accelerate the electron beam. The accelerated electrons collide with the phosphor film 418, and emit light to form an image.
- the configuration of the image display device described here is an example of an image forming apparatus to which the present invention can be applied, and various modifications can be made based on the concept of the present invention.
- the input signal is not limited to this, and a TV signal (for example, high-definition TV) comprising a larger number of scanning lines, such as the PAL and SECAM systems, can also be adopted.
- a TV signal for example, high-definition TV
- PAL and SECAM systems can also be adopted.
- FIG. 80 shows a display panel using the surface conduction electron-emitting device described above as an electron beam source so that image information provided from various image information sources such as television broadcasting can be displayed.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example of a multifunction display device configured.
- 5100 is a display panel
- 5101 is a drive circuit of the display panel
- 5102 is a display controller
- 5103 is a multiplexer
- 5104 is a decoder
- 5105 is a decoder.
- 510 is a CPU
- 510 is an image generation circuit
- 510, 510, and 510 are image memory pins.
- Circuit 5 11 1 is an image input interface circuit
- 5 11 2 and 5 11 3 are TV signal receiving circuits
- 5 11 14 is an input unit.
- the present display device When the present display device receives a signal containing both video information and audio information, such as a television signal, it naturally reproduces the audio simultaneously with the display of the video. Descriptions of circuits and speakers related to the reception, separation, reproduction, processing, and storage of audio information that is not directly related to features are omitted.
- the TV signal receiving circuit 5113 is a circuit for receiving a TV image signal transmitted using a wireless transmission system such as radio waves or spatial optical communication.
- the format of the received TV signal is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, various formats such as the NTSC format, the PAL format, and the SECAM format.
- a TV signal (for example, high-definition TV) composed of a larger number of scanning lines is a suitable signal source to take advantage of a display panel suitable for a large area and a large number of pixels.
- the TV signal received by the TV signal receiving circuit 5113 is output to the decoder 5104.
- the TV signal receiving circuit 5 1 1 2 is, for example, a coaxial cable or an optical fiber. This is a circuit for receiving TV image signals transmitted using any wired transmission system. Similarly to the TV signal receiving circuit 5113, the method of the received TV signal is not particularly limited, and the TV signal received by this circuit is also output to the decoder 5104.
- the image input interface circuit 5111 is a circuit for capturing an image signal supplied from an image input device such as a TV camera or an image reading scanner. Is output to an image input device.
- the image memory interface circuit 5110 is a circuit for capturing an image signal stored in a video tape recorder 1 (hereinafter abbreviated as VTR), and the captured image signal is supplied to a decoder 5104. Is output.
- VTR video tape recorder 1
- the image memory interface circuit 5109 is a circuit for taking in an image signal stored in a video disk. The taken image signal is output to the decoder 5104.
- the image memory interface circuit 508 is a circuit for taking in an image signal from a device storing the still image data, such as a so-called still image disk. The data is output to the decoder 5104.
- the input / output interface circuit 5105 is a circuit for connecting the present display device to an output device such as an external combination or a computer network or a printer.
- an output device such as an external combination or a computer network or a printer.
- image data, character and graphic information, control signals and numerical data can also be input and output between the CPU 510 of this display device and the outside in some cases. It is possible.
- the image generation circuit 510 is configured to output image data, character / graphic information input from the outside via the input / output interface circuit 510, or image data output from the CPU 516.
- This is a circuit for generating display image data based on text and graphic / graphic information.
- a rewritable memory for storing image data, character and graphic information
- a read-only memory for storing image patterns corresponding to character codes
- image processing It contains the necessary circuits for generating images, including a processor for processing.
- the display image data generated by this circuit is output to the decoder 5104 It is also possible to output the data to an external combination network or printer via an input / output interface circuit 5105 in some cases.
- the CPU 516 mainly performs operations related to operation control of the display device and generation, selection, and editing of a display image.
- a control signal is output to the multiplexer 5103, and an image signal to be displayed on the display panel is appropriately selected or combined.
- a control signal is generated to the display panel controller 5102 in accordance with the image signal to be displayed, and the image display frequency, the scanning method (for example, interlaced or non-interlaced) and the scanning line of one screen are determined.
- the operation of the display device such as the number of devices, is appropriately controlled.
- image data, character and graphic information can be directly output to the image generation circuit 510, or an external computer or memory can be accessed via the input / output interface circuit 510. Input image data and character / graphic information.
- CPU 5106 may be of course involved in work for other purposes. For example, they may be directly involved in the functions that generate and process information, such as personal computers and word processors.
- the input / output interface circuit 5105 may be connected to an external computer network via the input / output interface circuit 5105 as described above, and work such as numerical calculation may be performed in cooperation with an external device.
- the input section 5114 is used by the user to input a command, a program, or a program to the CPU 5106, such as a keyboard / mouse input, a joystick.
- Various input devices such as tick, barcode reader, and voice recognition device can be used.
- the decoder 5104 is a circuit for inversely converting various image signals input from 5107 to 5113 into three primary color signals, or luminance signals and I signals and Q signals. . It is preferable that the decoder 5104 has an internal image memory as shown by a broken line in FIG. This is to handle television signals that require image memory for inverse conversion, such as the MUSE method. In addition, the provision of an image memory facilitates the display of a still image, or the thinning, interpolation, enlargement, and reduction of an image in cooperation with the image generation circuit 511 and the CPU 506. This is because there is an advantage that image processing and editing including composition can be easily performed.
- the multiplexer 5103 selects a display image appropriately based on a control signal input from the CPU 5106. That is, the multiplexer 5103 selects a desired image signal from the inversely converted image signals input from the decoder 5104 and outputs the selected image signal to the drive circuit 5101. In such a case, by switching and selecting image signals within one screen display time, it is also possible to divide one screen into a plurality of areas and display different images depending on the areas, as in a so-called multi-screen TV.
- the display panel controller 5102 is a circuit for controlling the operation of the drive circuit 5101 based on a control signal input from the CPU 5106. First, the basic operation of the display panel is performed. For example, a signal for controlling an operation sequence of a drive power supply (not shown) for the display panel is output to the drive circuit 5101.
- a signal for controlling a screen display frequency and a scanning method (for example, interlaced or non-interlaced) is output to the driving circuit 5101.
- a control signal related to image quality adjustment such as luminance / contrast, color tone, and sharpness of a display image may be output to the drive circuit 5101.
- the drive circuit 5101 is a circuit for generating a drive signal to be applied to the display panel 5100, and the image signal input from the multiplexer 5103 and the display panel controller 5102 It operates based on an input control signal.
- the present display device can display image information input from various image information sources on the display panel 5100. It is.
- various image signals including television broadcasting are supplied to the decoder 510 After the inverse conversion in 4, the signal is appropriately selected in the multiplexer 5103 and input to the driving circuit 5101.
- the display panel controller 5102 generates a control signal for controlling the operation of the drive circuit 5101 in accordance with an image signal to be displayed.
- the drive circuit 5101 applies a drive signal to the display panel 5100 based on the image signal and the control signal.
- the image memory incorporated in the decoder 5104 and the image generation circuit 5107 and the CPU 5106 are involved, the image data is simply selected from a plurality of pieces of image information.
- image processing such as enlargement, reduction, rotation, movement, edge enhancement, thinning, interpolation, color conversion, image aspect ratio conversion, etc.
- image editing such as, erasing, connecting, exchanging, and fitting.
- a dedicated circuit for processing and editing audio information may be provided as in image processing and image editing.
- the present display device can be used for television broadcast display devices, video conference terminal devices, image editing devices that handle still images and moving images, computer terminal devices, office terminals including a code processor, and game machines.
- Such functions can be provided as a single unit, and the range of applications is extremely wide for industrial or consumer use.
- FIG. 80 merely shows an example of a configuration of a display device using a display panel using a surface conduction electron-emitting device as an electron beam source, and it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to this.
- circuits relating to functions that are unnecessary for the intended use may be omitted.
- additional components may be added depending on the purpose of use.
- a transmission / reception circuit including a television camera, an audio microphone, an illuminator, and a modem to the components.
- the display panel using a surface conduction electron-emitting device as an electron beam source can be easily made thinner, so that the depth of the entire display device can be reduced.
- a surface conduction electron-emitting device is used as an electron beam source. Since the display panel is easy to enlarge the screen, has high brightness, and has excellent viewing angle characteristics, the present display device can display a powerful and full-bodied image with good visibility.
- the image display device according to the present invention will be described only with respect to differences from the first embodiment.
- the difference from the first embodiment is that an alternating current is used for the applied waveform.
- a sine wave high voltage of 60 Hz was applied by gradually increasing the voltage so that the one-sided peak value was the same as in FIG.
- the alternating current is used as the applied waveform.
- the positive and negative direct currents may be applied alternately or twice.
- a pulse voltage more preferably an impulse voltage may be used for the applied waveform.
- an impulse voltage may be used for the applied waveform.
- the order of the steps of applying the high voltage between the ferrite plate and the rear plate is before the energization forming step as in the first embodiment.
- the difference from the first embodiment is the atmosphere when a high voltage is applied.
- the process is performed in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the process is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- FIG. 66 shows a process flow of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 67 is a schematic diagram showing the applied voltage and the number of discharges with respect to time.
- the applied voltage was raised from 100 V to 250 V at a rate of 50 VZ 20 minutes as shown in FIG. 67, and was maintained at 250 V for 15 minutes.
- the pressure is raised at a constant rate, but the pressure may be raised stepwise.
- Discharge starts to be observed from a little over 150 V, and increases to around 250 V, but when it is kept at 250 V, it starts to decrease and becomes 0 soon.
- the discharge starts at a very low voltage in a nitrogen-introduced atmosphere as compared to the case where a high voltage is applied in a vacuum atmosphere. Also, it has been experimentally confirmed that the application of a high voltage of up to 250 V in a nitrogen atmosphere according to the present embodiment can provide the same conditioning effect as in the case of 1 OkV in a vacuum atmosphere.
- device damage can be further reduced, and the device can be downsized.
- the introduced gas can be appropriately selected from nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, air, and the like.
- the pressure is a value suitable for the image display device of the present invention, and it is desirable to appropriately change the pressure if the design changes.
- the pressure is several Pa to several thousand Pa.
- a DC was used as in the first embodiment, but an AC, a pulse, or the like may be used as in the second embodiment.
- the order of the steps of applying the high voltage is before the energization forming step as in the first embodiment, but may be before the energization activation step.
- the image display device manufactured in this manner was able to obtain a good display image without discharge.
- FIG. 83 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method of manufacturing an image forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 83A illustrates a first conditioning process
- FIG. 83B illustrates a second conditioning process. The process is shown.
- reference numeral 6001 denotes a substrate to be subjected to a conditioning step (anode substrate or force source substrate), and reference numeral 6002 denotes an electrode arranged to face the substrate 6001 in the first conditioning step.
- Reference numeral 6003 denotes an electrode arranged to face the substrate 6001 in the second conditioning step, and reference numeral 6004 denotes a high-voltage power supply. Note that the sheet resistance value of the electrode 6002 used in the first conditioning step is different from the sheet resistance value of the electrode 6003 used in the second conditioning step.
- the sheet resistance is R s that appears when the resistance R of a thin film having a width of w and a length of 1 is represented by R 2 R s (1 / w).
- the amount of charge accumulated between the electrodes facing the electron source substrate or the anode substrate 6001 when an abnormal discharge occurs is controlled by the sheet resistance value of the electrode used in the conditioning step, when the abnormal discharge occurs. be able to.
- the higher the resistance value the more the movement of the charge in the electrode portion can be suppressed, so that the movement of the charge in the discharge path can be suppressed.
- FIG. 84 is a schematic diagram illustrating an image forming apparatus manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- reference numeral 6005 denotes a power source substrate
- 6006 denotes an anode substrate
- 6007 denotes a high voltage power supply.
- a plurality of electron-emitting devices are formed on the force source substrate 605, and a light-emitting means such as a phosphor is provided on the anode substrate 605.
- the anode substrate 600 is applied to the cuff substrate 6005 by the high voltage power supply 7.
- a positive potential of several kV to several tens kV is applied.
- the electron emission device formed on the force source substrate 605 controls The controlled electrons are emitted, causing the phosphor formed on the anode substrate 600 to emit light.
- the anode substrate 600 and the cuff substrate 600 are usually kept in a vacuum, and the distance between the cathode substrate 600 and the anode substrate 600 is It is smaller than the mean free path of the emitted electrons.
- the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment is applied.
- a step of applying an electric field to the surface of the anode substrate or the force source substrate 600 is provided at a desired stage of the process of manufacturing the anode substrate or the cuff substrate.
- the purpose of applying an electric field to the cathode substrate or the cathode substrate 6001 in advance is to check the withstand voltage of the substrate and to increase the withstand voltage of the substrate.
- the electric field applied to the surface of the substrate in this step is preferably equal to or higher than the electric field applied later when used as an image forming apparatus.
- the electric field applied to the substrate surface includes the voltage (voltage of the high-voltage power supply 6004) applied between the electrodes 6002, 603 disposed opposite the substrate and the substrate 6001, It can be determined by the distance between the substrate 6001 and the electrodes 6002 and 6003.
- the voltage may be applied in any manner such as a direct current or a pulse, and may be applied while gradually increasing the applied voltage.
- the conditioning step when an electrode having a high sheet resistance is used, as described above, when an abnormal discharge occurs, the charge accumulated between the electrode facing the substrate 6001 and the electrode is suppressed from flowing through the discharge path. Can do things.
- the conditioning step is performed after a step in which a foreign substance or the like that may cause discharge is introduced.
- the higher the sheet resistance of the electrode the more the discharge current in this step can be suppressed.
- the sheet resistance of the electrode used in this step is appropriately selected depending on the configuration of the substrate, the type of assumed foreign matter, and the like. As described above, different types of conditioning performed by electrodes having different sheet resistance values are used. The steps, that is, the first conditioning step and the second conditioning step are appropriately selected and performed.
- a cathode substrate constituted by an electron source in which surface conduction electron-emitting devices were arranged in a matrix was manufactured.
- FIG. 85 shows a schematic view of the cathode substrate on which the electron source is formed.
- reference numeral 6001 denotes an X-direction wiring
- reference numeral 6001 denotes a y-direction wiring
- reference numeral 6001 denotes a surface conduction electron-emitting device.
- the 720 elements in the y direction (n 720) and the 240 elements in the x direction (
- the surface conduction electron-emitting device 613 is provided with opposing device electrodes, and a conductive thin film is formed between the device electrodes.
- an electron emitting portion (not shown) is formed on the conductive thin film.
- the surface forming the electron emitting portion of the force sword substrate is arranged so as to face the conditioning electrode.
- the wiring on the force sword substrate is grounded, and the conditioning electrode is connected to a high voltage power supply.
- the distance between the cathode substrate and the conditioning electrode is supported by an insulator so as to be 2 mm.
- an X-direction wiring, a Y-direction wiring, and an interlayer insulating layer (not shown) provided at a place where they intersect were formed by a printing method on a force source substrate by photolithography.
- the sheet resistance is applied to the electrodes a positive high voltage from a high voltage power supply using the electrodes of 1 0 3 Omega Zeta mouth, you start the first conditioning process.
- a rectangular wave having a pulse width of 200 ms and 1 Hz was applied to the electrode, and the peak value was raised to 30 kV at a rate of 10 VZ seconds.
- a conductive thin film was formed between the device electrodes by the BJ method (a method performed by a bubble jet method (a type of ink jet method)).
- the DC voltage was increased to 25 kV at a rate of 10 V Z seconds.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2000595364A JP3530823B2 (ja) | 1999-01-19 | 2000-01-19 | 画像形成装置の製造方法 |
DE60045812T DE60045812D1 (de) | 1999-01-19 | 2000-01-19 | Herstellungsverfahren einer elektronenstrahlvorrichtung, mit selben verfahren hergestellter bilderzeugungsvorrichtung, verfahren und gerät zur herstellung einer elektronenquelle, und gerät zur herstellung einer bilderzeugungsvorrichtung |
EP00900820A EP1148532B1 (en) | 1999-01-19 | 2000-01-19 | Method for manufacturing electron beam device, and image creating device manufactured by these manufacturing methods, method for manufacturing electron source, and apparatus for manufacturing electron source, and apparatus for manufacturing image creating device |
US09/722,454 US6802753B1 (en) | 1999-01-19 | 2000-11-28 | Method for manufacturing electron beam device, method for manufacturing image forming apparatus, electron beam device and image forming apparatus manufactured those manufacturing methods, method and apparatus for manufacturing electron source, and apparatus for manufacturing image forming apparatus |
Applications Claiming Priority (12)
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JP11/11108 | 1999-01-19 | ||
JP1110899 | 1999-01-19 | ||
JP11/24249 | 1999-02-01 | ||
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US09/722,454 Continuation US6802753B1 (en) | 1999-01-19 | 2000-11-28 | Method for manufacturing electron beam device, method for manufacturing image forming apparatus, electron beam device and image forming apparatus manufactured those manufacturing methods, method and apparatus for manufacturing electron source, and apparatus for manufacturing image forming apparatus |
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US (1) | US6802753B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1148532B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3530823B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100472888B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1222975C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE60045812D1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2000044022A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1148532B1 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
US6802753B1 (en) | 2004-10-12 |
EP1148532A1 (en) | 2001-10-24 |
KR20010089266A (ko) | 2001-09-29 |
CN1222975C (zh) | 2005-10-12 |
JP3530823B2 (ja) | 2004-05-24 |
CN1335999A (zh) | 2002-02-13 |
EP1148532A4 (en) | 2008-07-09 |
DE60045812D1 (de) | 2011-05-19 |
KR100472888B1 (ko) | 2005-03-08 |
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