NO152964B - Fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av mikrokapsler - Google Patents
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- NO152964B NO152964B NO812977A NO812977A NO152964B NO 152964 B NO152964 B NO 152964B NO 812977 A NO812977 A NO 812977A NO 812977 A NO812977 A NO 812977A NO 152964 B NO152964 B NO 152964B
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- solvent
- microcapsules
- active agent
- wall
- forming material
- Prior art date
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- IMCGHZIGRANKHV-AJNGGQMLSA-N tert-butyl (3s,5s)-2-oxo-5-[(2s,4s)-5-oxo-4-propan-2-yloxolan-2-yl]-3-propan-2-ylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound O1C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)C[C@H]1[C@H]1N(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)C1 IMCGHZIGRANKHV-AJNGGQMLSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/12—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation removing solvent from the wall-forming material solution
- B01J13/125—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation removing solvent from the wall-forming material solution by evaporation of the solvent
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1682—Processes
- A61K9/1694—Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
- Y10S424/14—Topical contraceptives and spermacides
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte
for fremstilling av mikrokapsler. Mer spesielt angår oppfinnelsen en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av mikrokapsler inneholdende et biologisk aktivt middel.
Det er kjent en rekke forskjellige fremgangsmåter ved hjelp av hvilke enhver type forbindelser kan innkapsles i form av mikrokapsler. I slike fremgangsmåter blir det materialet som skal innkapsles, vanligvis dispergert i et oppløsningsmiddel inneholdende et veggdannende materiale.
På et trinn av denne fremgangsmåten blir oppløsningsmidlet fjernet fra mikrokapslene, hvoretter man oppnår mikrokapselproduktet. Et eksempel på en vanlig tidligere kjent mikro-innkapslingsprosess er vist i US patent nr. 3.737.337, hvor man har fremstilt en oppløsning av et vegg- eller skalldannende polymert materiale i et oppløsningsmiddel. Dette oppløs-ningsmiddel er bare delvis oppløselig i vann. Et fast kjerne-materiale blir så oppløst eller dispergert i den polymerhol-dige oppløsningen, hvoretter man i et enkelt trinn dispergerer den kjernematerialholdige oppløsningen i en vandig væske som er ublandbar med det organiske oppløsningsmiddel, hvorved man fjerner oppløsningsmidlet fra mikrokapslene. Et annet eksempel på en fremgangsmåte hvor oppløsningsmidlet fjernes fra mikrokapsler inneholdende et stoff i et enkelt trinn, er vist i US patent nr. 3.523.906. I denne fremgangsmåten blir det materiale som skal innkapsles, emulgert i en oppløsning av et polymert materiale i et oppløsningsmiddel, som er ublandbart med vann, hvoretter emulsjonen emulgeres i en vandig oppløsning inneholdende et hydrofilt kolloid. Fjerning av oppløsningsmidlet fra mikrokapslene utføres deretter i et enkelt trinn ved en fordampning, hvoretter man oppnår produktet. En annen fremgangsmåte er videre vist i US patent nr. 3.691.090, hvor et organisk oppløsningsmiddel blir fordampet fra en dispersjon av mikrokapsler i et vandig medium i et enkelt trinn, fortrinnsvis under redusert trykk. På
samme måte så beskriver US patent nr. 3.891.570 en fremgangsmåte hvor oppløsningsmidlet fra en dispersjon av mikrokapsler i en polyalkohol blir fordampet fra nevnte kapsler ved at man
påfører varme eller ved å sette mikrokapslene under redusert trykk. Et annet eksempel på en en-trinnsprosess for fjerning av oppløsningsmiddel er vist i US patent nr. 3.960.757.
Et problem i vanlig kjente innkapslingsmetoder
er at når de skal brukes for å mikroinnkapsle et farmasøytisk middel, såsom progesteron eller norgestimat, så vil man ha en begrensning med hensyn til hvor mye aktiv ingrediens som kan føres inn i kapslene. Avhengig av de fysikalske og kjemiske 1 egenskaper på fortynningsmidlet og det middel som skal mikro-innkapsles, så vil et forsøk på å fremstille mikrokapsler med høyt innhold av aktiv ingrediens, resultere i en ufullstendig innkapsling, f.eks. så vil krystaller av det aktive middel stikke ut av mikrokapslene eller det blir en vekst av krystal-
ler i prosessmediet. Det er derfor vært et behov for en
teknikk for fremstilling av mikropartikler med forbedrede egenskaper og av høy kvalitet.
Det er følgelig en hensikt ved foreliggende oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe en teknikk for fremstilling av mikrokapsler inneholdende større mengder av et aktivt middel sam-tidig som man forbedrer kvaliteten på mikrokapslene.
Ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse er det således til-veiebragt en fremganqsmåte for fremstilling av mikrokapsler inneholdende et aktivt middel hvorved man
(a) oppløser eller dispergerer et aktivt middel i et oppløsningsmiddel og i dette oppløser et veggdannende materiale; (b) dispergerer nevnte oppløsningsmiddel inneholdende det aktive middel og det veggdannende materiale i et kontinuerlig faseprosessmedium;
og denne fremgangsmåte er kjennetegnet ved at man (c) fordamper 10-90 vekt-% av oppløsningsmiddelet fra dispergeringen, hvorved det dannes mikrokapsler inneholdende det aktive middel i suspensjon; og (d) ekstraherer den gjenværende del av oppløsningsmiddelet fra mikrokapslene.
Det sentrale trekk ved foreliggende fremgangsmåte ligger i det faktum at man under fremstillingen fjerner opp-løsningsmiddelet fra mikrokapsler suspendert i et flytende medium i' to distinkte trinn istedenfor 1 et enkelt trinn. En teknikk hvor man fjerner oppløsningsmidlet i to trinn resulterer i et mikrokapselprodukt med bedret kvalitet og med et høyere innhold av aktivt middel. Fordelen ved foreliggende fremgangsmåte fremfor vanlige tidligere kjente fremgangsmåter er at nevnte teknikk hvor man fjerner oppløsningsmidlet i to trinn resulterer i et mikrokapselprodukt med uventet høyt innhold av aktivt middel og med uventet høy kvalitet, noe som står i motsetning til de vanlige kjente mikrokapsler man får fremstilt ved en teknikk hvor oppløsningsmidlet fjernes i et enkelt trinn.
Et stoff som skal inkorporeres i mikrokapslene blir oppløst i et oppløsningsmiddel. Egnede aktive midler som kan inkorporeres i de fremstilte mikrokapsler innbefatter jordbrukskjemikalier, parfymer, herdemidler, fargestoffer, oksydasjonsmidler og biologisk aktive midler. Den mengde aktivt middel som oppløses eller dispergeres i oppløsnings-midlet er ikke spesielt kritisk, skjønt forholdet mellom aktivt middel til veggdannende middel må ikke være så høyt at man ikke får dannet mikrokapsler. I praksis kan den mengde aktivt middel som skal kombineres med det veggdannende materialet være opptil 80 vektdeler aktivt middel til 20 vektdeler veggdannende materiale. Det er ingen grense nedad for hvor lite aktivt middel som kan kombineres med det veggdannende materialet, skjønt man med meget lavt innhold av aktivt middel i mikrokapslene ville få et nesten verdiløst produkt. Det er imidlertid innlysende at jo mer fortynnet oppløsningen er, jo større mengder oppløsningsmiddel må fjernes for fremstilling av mikrokapselproduktet inneholdende en gitt mengde aktivt middel. Vanligvis vil 5-30 vekt-% av det aktive middel være oppløst eller suspendert i oppløsningsmidlet.
Det oppløsningsmiddel som brukes for fremstilling av oppløsningen inneholdende det aktive middel, kan velges fra en rekke kjente organiske oppløsningsmidler såsom halogenerte alifatiske hydrokarboner som kloroform, metylenklorid, metyl-kloroform og lignende; aromatiske hydrokarbonforbindelser; halogenerte aromatiske hydrokarbonforbindelser; cykliske etere såsom tetrahydrofuran og lignende; alkoholer, vann, aceton og lignende. Oppløsningsmidlet må være et som vil oppløse det veggdannende materialet, og det må være kjemisk inert i forhold til det aktive middel, videre må det være ublandbart med det kontinuerlige faseprosessmediet og bør ha et kokepunkt som ligger under det man har for det kontinuerlige faseprosessmediet. Mengden av veggdannende materiale som oppløses i oppløsningsmidlet vil være avhengig av polymerens oppløselig-het i oppløsningsmidlet og den polymere oppløsningens resul-terende viskositet. Viskositeten står i forhold til den endelige størrelse på mikrokapslene. Man kan også bruke blandinger av de ovennevnte oppløsningsmidler som et passende oppløsnings-middel for det aktive middel. Ved å bruke oppløsningsmidler med lavt kokepunkt oppnår man den fordel at de lettere kan fjernes ved enkel fordampningsteknikk.
Oppløsningen inneholdende det aktive middel tilsettes det veggdannende materialet som skal omgi og begrense det aktive middel i mikrokapslene. Den mengde veggdannende materiale som tilsettes oppløsningen bør være så stor at mikrokapslene lett dannes, når oppløsningen dispergeres i nevnte kontinuerlige faseprosessmedium. Før man dispergerer oppløsningsmidlet i det kontinuerlige faseprosessmediet, så bør både det aktive middel og veggmaterialet være oppløst i oppløsningsmidlet. Vanligvis vil oppløsningen inneholde 5-35 vekt-% av det veggdannende materialet.
Egnede veggdannende materialer innbefatter poly-styren, etylcellulose, celluloseacetat, hydroksypropylmetyl-celluloseftalat, celluloseacetat, dibutylaminohydroksypropyl-eter, polyvinylbutyral, polyvinylformal, poly(met)akrylsyre-ester, polyvinylacetal-dietylaminoacetat, 2-metyl-5-vinyl-pyridinmetakrylat-metakrylsyre-sampolymer, polykarbonat, polyestere, polypropylen, vinylklorid-vinylacetatsampolymer, polysakkarider, glyceroldistearat og lignende. En foretrukken gruppe polymere veggdannende materialer innbefatter de som er bionedbrytbare, såsom alifatiske polyestere såsom polylaktid, polyglykolid, polykaprolakton og deres kopoly-merer.
Etter at man har fremstilt oppløsningsmiddelfasen inneholdende det aktive middel og det veggdannende materialet, så fremstiller man mikrodråper av det veggdannende materialet inneholdende det aktive middel ved å dispergere nevnte opp-løsning i et kontinuerlig faseprosessmedium. Sistnevnte medium må være ublandbart med og ha et høyere kokepunkt enn nevnte oppløsningsmiddel. Skjønt nevnte prosessmedium i mange tilfeller er vann, så kan eksempler på ikke-vandige kontinuerlige faseprosessmedier innbefatte organiske væsker såsom xylen eller toluen, syntetiske oljer såsom silikonolje, for-uten naturlige oljer såsom en vegetabilsk olje f.eks. jord-nøttolje. Vanligvis blir et overflateaktivt middel (emulger-ingsmiddel) tilsatt det kontinuerlige faseprosessmediet for å hindre at mikrokapslene agglomererer og for å kontrollere størrelsen av oppløsningsmiddelmikrodråpene i emulsjonen. Et godt overflateaktivt middel når f.eks. vann brukes som det kontinuerlige faseprosessmediet, er poly(vinylalkohol) (PVA) ved en konsentrasjon på 1-10%. Dispersjonen kan fremstilles ved at man mekanisk rører det kontinuerlige prosessmediet i en anordning såsom kolloidmølle, en homogenisator eller lignende. Man kan også fremstille en emulsjon ved å tilsette små dråper av oppløsningen inneholdende det aktive middel og det veggdannende materialet til det kontinuerlige faseprosessmediet. I en foretrukken utførelse av dispergeringstrinnet blir den organiske oppløsningen dispergert i en vandig opp-løsning inneholdende polyvinylalkohol. Temperaturen som brukes under dannelsen av emulsjonen er ikke spesielt kritisk, men kan påvirke størrelse og kvalitet på mikrokapslene. Avhengig av oppløsningsmidlet og det kontinuerlige faseprosessmedium som brukes, så må temperaturen imidlertid ikke være for høy eller for lav, fordi prosessmediet ellers vil stivne, eller det blir for viskøst til at det kan brukes i praksis, og er tempraturen for høy vil mediet kunne fordampe eller ikke lenger opprettholdes i væskeform. Hvis temperaturen videre blir for høy, så kan dette bety at man mister stabilitet og akti-vitet på et aktivt middel som skal inkorporeres i mikrokapslene. Følgelig vil-dispergeringen utføres ved en temperatur hvor " man har stabile driftsbetingelser.
Den dispersjon som dannes er en stabil emulsjon, og fra denne kan det organiske oppløsningsmiddel delvis fjernes i et første trinn av en prosess for fjerning av oppløsningsmiddel. Oppløsningsmidlet kan lettes fjernes på vanlig kjent måte ved f.eks. oppvarming, påsetting av redusert trykk eller en kombinasjon av disse. Den temperatur som brukes for å fjerne oppløsningsmidlet fra mikrodråpene er ikke kritisk, men må ikke være så høy at den svekker aktivi-teten på det aktive middel som brukes for fremstilling av mikrokapslene, videre må heller ikke oppløsningsmidlet fordampe for raskt, fordi dette kan frembringe defekter i det veggdannende materialet. Vanligvis blir 10-90% fortrinnsvis 40-60% av oppløsningsmidlet fjernet under første trinn.
Etter at første trinn for fjerning av oppløsnings-middel er fullført, så blir de dispergerte mikrokapslene som befinner seg i et prosessmedium hvori oppløsningsmidlet er ublandbart, isolert fra mediet på vanlig" kjent måte. F.eks. kan væsken helles av mikrokapslené eller de kan frafUtreres. Videre kan man bruke andre kombinasjoner av separasjonstek-nikker hvis dette er ønskelig.
Etter at man har isolert mikrokapslene blir den gjenværende del av oppløsningsmidlet i mikrokapslene fjernet ved ekstraksjon. I dette annet trinn blir mikrokapslene suspendert i det sanime f aseprosessmedium som blir brukt i trinn en, med eller uten overflateaktivt middel, eller i en annen væske. Ekstraksjonsmediet vil så ekstrahere oppløsningsmidlet fra mikrokapslene uten at disse derved oppløses. Under ekstrak-sjonen må ekstraksjonsmediet med oppløst oppløsningsmiddel fjernes og erstattes med frisk ekstraksjonsmedium. - Dette gjøres best kontinuerlig hvor tilførselshastighet og tilførsels-mengde av ekstraksjonsmediet er kritisk. Hvis den er for lang-som, så vil krystaller av det aktive middel stikke ut av mikrokapslene eller starte en utkrystallisering i ekstraksjonsmediet. Tilførselsmengde og -hastighet av ekstraksjonsmedium i en gitt prosess er en variabel som lett kan bestemmes når fremgangsmåten gjennomføres, og det er derfor ingen presise grenser for de mengder og de hastigheter som kan brukes. Etter at den gjenværende del av oppløsningsmidlet er fjernet fra mikrokapslene, så kan disse tørkes i luft eller på annen kjent måte, f.eks. ved vakuumtørking, tørking over et tørke-middel eller lignende.
Mikrokapselproduktet sam fremstilles ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse, består vanligvis av partikkel av kuleform, skjønt man i visse tilfeller får fremstilt mikrokapsler med en mer uregel-messig form. Mikrokapslene kan variere i størrelse varierende fra submikron til en diameter på et par millimeter. Vanligvis er det ønskelig med en størrelse fra submikron til en diameter på 250 ym når man fremstiller farmasøytiske prepara-ter, fordi dette gjør at mikrokapslene kan tilføres ved hjelp av en standardnål i en sprøyte. De fremstilte mikrokapsler kan anvendes for en rekke forskjellige formål avhengig av den type aktiv ingrediens som forefinnes inne i kapslene....De foreliggende mikrokapsler er spesielt anvendbare for tilførsel av en rekke biologiske aktive midler både til mennesker og dyr. Når f.eks. mikrokapslene inneholder et befruktningshindrende middel, så kan de tilføres ved injeksjon eller direkte i livmorhalsen i de hunnlige reproduksjonsorganer for fødselskontroll. Egnede befruktningshindrende midler innbefatter estrogener, såsom dietylstilbestrol, 17-p-estradiol, estron, etinylestradiol, mestranol og lignende; progestiner såsom noretindron, norgestryl, etynodioldiacetat, lynestrenol, medfoksyprogesteronacetat, dimetisteron, megestrolacetat, klormadinonacetat, norgestimat, noretisteron, etisteron, melengestrol, noretynodrel .og lignende, sæddrepende forbindelser såsom nonylfenoksypolyoksyetylenglykol, benzetonium-klorid, klorindanol og lignende. Andre biologisk aktive midler som kan inkorporeres i de foreliggende mikrokapsler er terapeutiske midler for fordøyelsessystemet, såsom alumi-niumhydroksyd, kalsiumkarbonat, magnesiumkarbonat, natrium-karbonat og lignende, ikke-steroide befruktningshindrende midler; parasympatomimetiske midler, psykoterapeutiske midler ,. forsk jellige .typer . beroligende midler såsom klorprpma-zin-HCl, klozapin, mesoridazin, metiapin, reserpin, tiorida-zin og.lignende; andre typer beroligende midler såsom klor-. diazepoksyd, diazepam, meprobamat, temazepam og lignende; rhinologiske midler, sedative-hypnotiske midler som kodein, fenobarbital, natriumpentobarbital, natriumsekobarbital og lignende, andre steroider såsom testosteron og testosteron-propionat; sulfonamider; sympatomimetiske midler, vaksiner, vitaminer og forskjellige typer næringsstoffer såsom viktige aminosyrer, forskjellige typer fett og lignende, antimalaria-midler såsom 4-aminokinoliner, 8-aminokinoliner, pyrimetamin og lignende; antimigrenemidler såsom mazindol, fentermin og lignende, midler mot Parkinsons sykdom såsom L-dopa, anti-midler mot kramper såsom atropin, metskopolaminbromid og lignende, midler mot kramper og midler mot cholinergin f.eks.
i forbindelse med terapi for lever, forskjellige fordøyelses-midler, enzymer og lignende, midler mot kikhoste såsom dekstro-metorfan, noskapin og lignende, bronkodilatorer, kardiovasku-lære midler såsom anti-hypertensive forbindelser, Rauwolfia-alkaloider, hjertevasodilatorer, nitroglycerin, organiske nitrater, pentaerytritotetranitrat og lignende; elektrolytt-er statninger såsom kaliumklorid, ergotalkaloider såsom ergot-amin med eller uten kaffein, hydrogenerte ergotalkaloider, dihydroergokristinmetansulfat, dihydroergokorninmetansulfonat, dihydroergokryoptinmetansulfat og kombinasjoner av disse, alkaloider såsom atropinsulfat, Belladonna, hyoskinhydrobromid og lignende, smertestillende midler, narkotika såsom kodein, dihydrokodeinon, merepidin, morfin og lignende, ikke-narko-tiske stoffer såsom salicylater, aspirin, acetaminofen, d-propoksyfen og lignende, antibiotika såsom cefalosporiner, kloranfenikal, gentamicin, Kanamycin A, Kanamycin B, penicil-liner, ampicillin, streptomycin A, antimycin A, kloropamteniol, metromidazol, oksytetracyklinpenicillin G, tetracykliner og lignende, midler mot kreft, midler mot kramper såsom mefeny-toin, fenobarbital, trimetandion, anti-emetika såsom tietyl-perazin, antihistaminer såsom klorfinazin, dimenhydrinat, difenhydramin, perfenazin, tripelennamin og lignende; anti-inflammatoriske midler såsom hormonelle midler, hydrokortison, prednisolon, prednison, ikke-hormonelle midler, allopurinol, aspirin, indometacin, fenylbutazon og lignende, prostaglan-diner, cytotoksiske virksomme forbindelser såsom tiotepa, klorambucil, cyklofosfamid, melfalan, nitrogensennep, meto-
treksat og lignende; antigener fra slike mikroorganismer som: Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Herpes virus (humonis, type 1 og 2), Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Trichomonas caginalis, Haemophilus vaginalis, gruppe B streptococcus ecoli, Microplasma hominis,. Hemophilus ducreyi, Granuloma inguinale, Lymphopathia cenereum, Trepo-nema pallidum, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter fetus intestinalis, Leptospira pomona, Listeria mono-cytogenes, Brucella ovis, Equine herpes virus 1, Equine arte-ritis virus, IBR-IBP virus, BVD-MB virus, Chlamydia psittaci, Trichomonas foetus, Toxoplasma gondii, Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus equuli, Salmonella abortus ovis, Salmonella abortus equi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Actinobaccilus seminis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Aspergillus fumigatus, Absidia ramosa, Trypa-nosoma equiperdum, Babesia caballi, Clostridium tetani og lignende; antistoffer som motvirker ovennevnte mikroorganismer; enzymer såsom ribonuklease, neuramidinase, trypsin, glykogenfosforylase, sædmelkesyredehydrogenase, sædhyaluroni-dase, adenossintrifosfatase, alkalisk fosfatase, alkalisk fosfatase-esterase, aminopeptidase, trypsinchymotrypsin,
amylase, muramidase, akrosomal proteinase, diesterase, gluta-minsyredehydrogenase, ravsyredehydrogenase, (3-glykofosfatase, lipase, ATP-ase, a-peptat, y-glutamylotranspeptidase, sterol-3-3-ol-dehydrogenase, DPN-di-aprorase.
De følgende eksempler illustrerer oppfinnelsen.
EKSEMPEL 1
2,5 g progesteron og 10 g poly(DL-laktid) ble oppløst i 38 g metylenklorid. Den organiske oppløsningen ble dispergert som mikrodråper i 120 g 5% vandig poly(vinyl-alkohol). Dispersjonen ble fremstilt ved å tilsette den organiske oppløsningen til en rørt vandig poly(vinylalkohol)-oppløsning i et 200 ml beger av plast. Man brukte en teflon-turbinrører for å røre emulsjonen.
Etter at man hadde fremstilt, en stabil olje-i-vann-emulsjon, ble trykket over emulsjonen kontinuerlig redusert og holdt like over det punkt hvor man fikk skumdannelse. Dette oppløsningsmiddelfordampningstrinn fortsatte inntil fra 4 0-60% av metylenkloridet var fjernet. Mikrokapselsuspen-sjonen ble så sentrifugert ved 41G i 10 minutter. Den overliggende væske ble så helt av, mikrokapslene ble så resuspen-dert i 50-100 ml deionisert vann, hvoretter halvparten av suspensjonen ble helt over a en filtreringstrakt med et fint glassfilter (4-5,5 ym). Sug ble påsatt, og mikrokapslene ble langsomt filtrert. Under filtreringen ble mikrokapslene holdt i suspensjon ved forsiktig røring og kontinuerlig tilsetning av mer deionisert vann. Mikrokapslene ble vasket på denne måten inntil man hadde brukt mellom 400 og 500 ml deionisert vann. Dette vasketrinn ekstraherer den gjenværende del av metylenklorid i mikrokapslene og herdner disse.
Man lot mikrokapslene sedimentere seg, mens de siste 10 ml vann ble fjernet. Etter at vann var tatt ut av mikrokapselkaken i ca. ett minutt, så ble kaken raskt brutt opp i mindre stykker med en spatel. Mens suget ble opprett-holdt i filtreringstrakten, ble mikrokapslene kontinuerlig rørt i denne i 3 0 minutter. Kapslene var deretter rimelig tørre og ble umiddelbart siktet gjennom en sikt av rustfritt stål med åpninger på 250 ym idet man brukte en kamelhårs-børste. Selve siktingen ga også en viss tørkning av mikrokapslene. Etter denne siktingen kunne mikrokapslene lett siktes gjennom mindre sikter og ble så hensatt over natten for tørking. Det endelige produkt besto av frittflytende runde partikler som inneholdt 20 vekt-% progesteron i poly-(DL-laktid).
EKSEMPEL 2
3 g norgestimat og 3 g poly(laktid-sam-glykolid) ble oppløst i 18 g metylenklorid. Den organiske oppløsningen ble dispergert som mikrodråper i 58 g av en 5 vekt-% vandig poly(vinylalkohol). Emulsjonen ble oppnådd ved å tilsette den organiske oppløsningen til den rørte vandige poly(vinyl-alkohol) oppløsningen i en plastflaske. Man brukte en teflon-rører for å røre emulsjonen.
Etter at man hadde fremstilt en stabil olje-i-vann-emulsjon, ble trykket over emulsjonen kontinuerlig redusert til et punkt like før man fikk skumdannelse. For-dampningen av oppløsningsmidlet fortsatte inntil man hadde fjernet mellom 40 og 60% av metylenkloridet. Mikrokapsel-suspensjonen ble så sentrifugert ved 27G i 3 minutter. Den overliggende væske ble så helt av, og mikrokapslene ble re-suspendert i 50-100 ml deionisert vann og så helt over i en filtreringstrakt med et fint glassfilter (4-5,5 pm).
Sug ble påsatt, og mikrokapslene ble langsomt filtrert.
Under filtrering ble de holdt i suspensjon med forsiktig røring og kontinuerlig tilsetning av mer vann. Mikrokapslene ble vasket på denne måten inntil man hadde brukt 2000 ml deionisert vann. Denne vaskingen fjerner gjenværende rester av metylenklorid i mikrokapslene og herdner disse.
Mikrokapslene ble hensatt for sedimentasjon, mens de siste 10 ml vann ble fjernet. Etter at vann var suget ut av mikrokapselkaken i ett minutt, ble den raskt brutt opp i mindre stykker med en spatel. Mens man stadig hadde trykk på filtreringstrakten, ble mikrokapslene kontinuerlig rørt i 3 0 minutter. De var deretter noenlunde tørre, og ble umiddelbart siktet gjennom en fin sikt av rustfritt stål idet man brukte en kamelhårsbørste. Det endelige produkt besto av frittflytende, runde partikler inneholdende 50 vekt-% norge-'< stimat i poly(laktid-sam-glykplid).
Claims (12)
1. Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av mikrokapsler inneholdende et aktivt middel hvorved man (a) oppløser eller dispergerer et aktivt middel i et oppløsningsmiddel og i dette oppløser et veggdannende materiale; (b) dispergerer nevnte oppløsningsmiddel inneholdende det aktive middel og det veggdannende materiale i et kontinuerlig faseprosessmedium;
karakterisert ved at man (c) fordamper 10-90 vekt-% av oppløsningsmiddelet fra dispergeringen, hvorved det dannes mikrokapsler inneholdende det aktive middel i suspensjon; og (d) ekstraherer den gjenværende del av oppløsningsmiddelet fra mikrokapslene.
2. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at mikrokapslene oppnådd under trinn (c) skilles fra det kontinuerlige faseprosessmedium før det utføres en fullstendig fjerning av oppløsningsmiddelet i trinn (d) .
3. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at det som kontinuerlig faseprosessmedium anvendes vann og eventuelt et overflateaktivt middel.
4. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at det som kontinuerlig faseprosessmedium anvendes vann inneholdende 1-10% polyvinylalkohol.
5. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at dispergeringen i trinn (b) omfatter dannelse av en stabil vann-i-olje eller olje-i-vann-emulsjon.
6. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at det som oppløsningsmiddel anvendes metylenklorid.
7. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at oppløsningsmiddelet fordampes fra^ nevnte dispersjon ved at man reduserer trykket over nevnte dispersjon.
8. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at den gjenværende delen av oppløsnings-middelet fjernes fra mikrokapslene i trinn (d) ved at man vasker disse med vann inneholdende et overflateaktivt middel ved hjelp av vakuumfiltrering.
9. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 8, karakterisert ved at de vaskede mikrokapsler tørkes ved at disse påsettes vakuum fulgt av en sikting av mikrokapslene.
10. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at man oppløser eller dispergerer 5-30% av det aktive middel i nevnte oppløsningsmiddel.
11. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at man oppløser 5-35 vekt-% av det veggdannende materiale i oppløsningsmiddelet.
12. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at det anvendes et vektforhold mellom det aktive middel og det veggdannende middel i oppløsnings-middelet på opp til 80 vekt-% aktivt middel til 20 vekt-% veggdannende materiale.
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US06/194,127 US4389330A (en) | 1980-10-06 | 1980-10-06 | Microencapsulation process |
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NO812977L NO812977L (no) | 1982-04-07 |
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NO152964C NO152964C (no) | 1985-12-27 |
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- 1981-09-16 AT AT0399481A patent/AT384557B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-09-17 CA CA000386136A patent/CA1142810A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-09-18 HU HU812707A patent/HU184884B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-09-23 ES ES505709A patent/ES8301663A1/es not_active Expired
- 1981-09-24 FR FR8118058A patent/FR2491351A1/fr active Granted
- 1981-10-01 GB GB8129694A patent/GB2088314B/en not_active Expired
- 1981-10-01 AU AU75942/81A patent/AU543059B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1981-10-03 NL NL8104507A patent/NL8104507A/nl unknown
- 1981-10-05 IT IT8124303A patent/IT1215625B/it active
- 1981-10-05 IE IE2327/81A patent/IE51822B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-10-05 NZ NZ198554A patent/NZ198554A/en unknown
- 1981-10-05 CH CH6384/81A patent/CH648494A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-10-05 KR KR1019810003746A patent/KR880001765B1/ko active
- 1981-10-05 FI FI813077A patent/FI76493C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-10-05 BE BE0/206176A patent/BE890638A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-10-05 JP JP56158593A patent/JPS5793912A/ja active Granted
- 1981-10-06 SE SE8105897A patent/SE453798B/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
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