DK156374B - Fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af mikrokapsler indeholdende et aktivt middel - Google Patents
Fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af mikrokapsler indeholdende et aktivt middel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK156374B DK156374B DK376381A DK376381A DK156374B DK 156374 B DK156374 B DK 156374B DK 376381 A DK376381 A DK 376381A DK 376381 A DK376381 A DK 376381A DK 156374 B DK156374 B DK 156374B
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- microcapsules
- solvent
- active agent
- wall
- forming material
- Prior art date
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- IWVCMVBTMGNXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N terramycin dehydrate Natural products C1=CC=C2C(O)(C)C3C(O)C4C(N(C)C)C(O)=C(C(N)=O)C(=O)C4(O)C(O)=C3C(=O)C2=C1O IWVCMVBTMGNXQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMCGHZIGRANKHV-AJNGGQMLSA-N tert-butyl (3s,5s)-2-oxo-5-[(2s,4s)-5-oxo-4-propan-2-yloxolan-2-yl]-3-propan-2-ylpyrrolidine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound O1C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)C[C@H]1[C@H]1N(C(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)C1 IMCGHZIGRANKHV-AJNGGQMLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003604 testosterone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001712 testosterone propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940040944 tetracyclines Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XCTYLCDETUVOIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiethylperazine Chemical compound C12=CC(SCC)=CC=C2SC2=CC=CC=C2N1CCCN1CCN(C)CC1 XCTYLCDETUVOIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004869 thiethylperazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002784 thioridazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960001196 thiotepa Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003204 tranquilizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002936 tranquilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IRYJRGCIQBGHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethadione Chemical compound CN1C(=O)OC(C)(C)C1=O IRYJRGCIQBGHIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004453 trimethadione Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003223 tripelennamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/12—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation removing solvent from the wall-forming material solution
- B01J13/125—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation removing solvent from the wall-forming material solution by evaporation of the solvent
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
- A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
- A61K9/1682—Processes
- A61K9/1694—Processes resulting in granules or microspheres of the matrix type containing more than 5% of excipient
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
- Y10S424/14—Topical contraceptives and spermacides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
Description
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Den foreliggende opfindelse angâr en fremgangsmâde til frem-stilling af mikrokapsler. Specielt angâr opfindelsen en fremgangsmâde til fremstilling af mikrokapsler indeholdende et bio-logisk aktivt middel.
5 Der kendes forskellige mâder, hvorved enhver type forbin- delse kan indkapsles i form af mikrokapsler. Ved fremgangs-mâderne bliver materialet, soin skal indkapsles, i alminde-lighed dispergeret i et opl0sningsmiddel indeholdende et vægdannende materiale. I et enkelt trin i fremgangsmâden 10 fjernes opl0sningsmiddel fra mikrokapslerne, og derefter fâs mikrokapselproduktet. Et eksempel pâ en sædvanlig kendt mikro-indkapslingsproces er vist i US patentskrift nr. 3.737.337, ved hvilken en opl0sning af et vægdannende eller skaldannende polymert materiale i et opl0sningsmiddel fremstilles. Opl0s-15 ningsmidlet er kun delvis opl0seligt i vand. Et fast materiale eller kernemateriale opl0ses eller dispergeres i den polymer-holdige opl0sning, og derefter bliver i et enkelt trin den kernematerialeholdige opl0sning dispergeret i en vandig væske, som er ublandbar med det organiske opl0sningsmiddel/ for at fjer-20 ne opl0sningsmiddel fra mikrokapslerne. Et andet eksempel pâ en fremgangsmâde, ved hvilken opl0sningsmiddel fjernes fra mikrokapsler indeholdende et stof i et enkelt trin, er vist i US patentskrift nr. 3.523.906. Ved denne fremgangsmâde bliver et materiale, som skal indkapsles, emulgeret i en opl0sning af 25 et polymert materiale i et opl0sningsmiddel, som er ublandbart med vand, og derefter emulgeres emulsionen i en vandig opl0s-ning indeholdende et hydrofilt kolloid. Fjernelse af opl0snings-middel fra mikrokapslerne opnâs sâ i et enkelt trin ved inddamp-ning, og produktet fâs. Ved endnu en fremgangsmâde, der er vist 30 i ÜS patentskrift nr. 3.691.090, bliver organisk opl0snings- middel fordampet fra en dispersion af mikrokapsler i et vandigt medium i et enkelt trin, fortrinsvis under reduceret tryk.
Pâ lignende mâde viser beskrivelsen til amerikansk patent nr. 3.891.570 en fremgangsmâde, ved hvilken opl0snxngsmiddel fra en dispersion af mikrokapsler i et medium af polyvalent alkohol fordampes fra mikrokapslerne ved tilf0rsel af varme eller ved 2
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at bringe mikrokapslerne under reduceret tryk. Et andet eksem-pel pâ en fremgangsmâde til fjernelse af opl0sningsmiddel i êt trin er vist i US patentskriffc c. nr. 3.960.757.
5 Problemet ved de kendte indkapslingsmetoder er, at især nâr de anvendes til at mikroindkapsle et farmaceutisk middel, sâsom progesteron eller norgestimat, er fyldning med lægemiddel en begrænsende faktor. Afhængende af de fysiske og kemiske egen-skaber af hjælpestoffet og midlet, som skal indkapsles, resul-1° terer et fors0g pâ at fremstille mikrokapsler med en for h0j fyldning i ufuldstændig indkapsling, d.v.s. at krystaller af midlet stikker ud af mikrokapslerne eller vokser i forarbejd-ningsmediet. Der har derfor stadig eksisteret et behov for en teknik til fremstilling af mikropartikler med forbedrede egen-15 skaber og af h0j kvalitet.
Formâlet med opfindelsen er derfor at angive en teknik til fremstilling af mikrokapsler indeholdende storre mængder af et 20 aktivt middel, samtidig med at man forbedrer kvaliteten af mi krokapslerne .
Opfindelsen angiver sâledes en fremgangsmâde til fremstilling af mikrokapsler indeholdende et aktivt middel ved hvilken man 25 (a) oploser en eller dispergerer et aktivt middel i et oplos-ningsmiddel og i dette oploser et vægdannende materiale, (b) dispergerer dette oplosningsmiddel indeholdende det aktive 30 middel og det vægdannende materiale i en kontinuerlig fase af forarbejdningsmedium, og fremgangsmâden er ejendommelig ved, at man (c) fordamper 10-90 vægt% af oplosningsmidlet fra dispersio- 35 nen, hvorved der dannes mikrokapsler indeholdende det aktive middel i suspension, og (d) ekstraherer resten af oplosningsmidlet fra mikrokapslerne.
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Et centrait træk ved den foreliggende frimgângsmâde til frem-stilling af mikrokapsler med forbedrede egenskaber ligger i, at under fremstillingen fjernes opl0sningsmiddel fra mikrokapsler-ne suspenderet i et flydende medium i to adskilte trin i stedet 5 for i et enkelt procestrin. Teknikken til fjernelse af opl0s- ningsmiddel i to trin resulterer i et mikrokapselprodukt med forbedret kvalitet og indeholdende en h0jere mængde aktivt middel. Fordelen ved den foreliggende fremgangsmâde sammenlignet med de kendte fremgangsmâder er, at den foreliggende teknik til fjernelse af opl0sningsmiddel i to trin resulterer i et mikrokapselprodukt med uventet h0jere fyldning af aktivt middel og uventet h0jere kvalitet i modsætning til sædvanlige mikrokapsel-produkter fremstillet ved en teknik, ved hvilken opl0sningsmid- del fjernes i et enkelt trin.
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Et stof, der skal inkorporeres i mikrokapslerne, opl0ses i et opl0sningsmiddel. Egnede aktive midler, der kan inkorporeres i de foreliggende mikrokapsler, indbefatter landbrugskemikalier, parfumer, hærdemidler, farvestoffer, oxidationsmidler og biologisk 20 aktive midler. Mængden af aktivt middel opl0st eller disperge- ret i opl0sningsmidlet er ikke af særlig afg0rende betydning, omend forholdet mellem aktivt middel og vægdannende materiale er vigtigt, for sa vidt som at der med en for h0j mængde aktivt middel i forhold til vægdannende materiale ikke vil dannes mikro-25 kapsler. I praksis kan mængden af aktivt middel i kombination med vægdannende materiale ligge sâ h0jt som ca. 80 vægtdele aktivt middel til 20 vægtdele vægdannende materiale. Der er in-gen grænse for de nedre forhold, i hvilke det aktive middel kan kombineres med det vægdannende materiale, med undtagelse af, at 30 med meget lave fyldninger af aktivt middel i mikrokapslerne vil le mikrokapslerne ikke være særligt nyttige. Det er dog klart, at jo mere fortyndet opl0sningen er, des st0rre er den tilstede-værende mængde opl0sningsmiddel, som til slut skal fjernes for at danne mikrokapselproduktet indeholdende en given mængde ak-35 tivt middel. I reglen bliver fra 5 til 30 vægt% aktivt middel opl0st eller suspenderet i opl0sningsmidlet.
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Opl0sningsmidlet, der anvendes til fremstilling af opl0sningen indeholdende det aktive middel, kan vælges blandt forskellige almindelige organiske opl0sningsmidler indbefattende halogene-rede alifatiske hydrocarboner sâsom chloroform, methylenchlorid, 5 methylchloroform og lignende, aromatiske hydrocarbonforbindel- ser, halogenerede aromatiske hydrocarbonforbindelser, cykliske ethere sâsom tetrahydrofuran og lignende, alkoholer, vand, acetone og lignende. Opl0sningsmidlet skal være et materiale, som opl0ser vægmaterialet, der skal være kemisk indifferent over 10 for det aktive middel, som mâ være ublandbart med den kontinuer- lige fase af forarbejdningsmedium, og som skal hâve et kogepunkt under kogepunktet for den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmedium. Mængden af vægmateriale, der skal opl0ses i opl0snings-midlet, afhænger af opl0seligheden af den polymère i opl0snings-15 midlet og den fremkomne viskositet af den polymère opl0sning.
Viskositeten stâr i relation til den endelige st0rrelse af mikro-kapslerne. Blandinger af de ovennævnte opl0sningsmidler kan ogsâ anvendes som et passende opl0sningsmiddel for det aktive middel. Der er en fordel ved at anvende opl0sningsmidler med 20 lavere kogepunkt, fordi de er lettere at fjerne til slut ved simpel fordampningsteknik.
Til opl0sningen indeholdende det aktive middel sættes det væg-dannende materiale, som omgiver og indeslutter det aktive mid-25 del i mikrokapslerne. Mængden af vægdannende materiale, som sættes til opl0sningen, er sâledes, at mikrokapslerne let vil dannes, nâr opl0sningen dispergeres i den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmedium. F0r spredningen af opl0sningsmidlet i den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmedium skal bâde det 30 aktive middel og det vægdannende materiale være i opl0snings- midlet. Normalt opl0ses fra 5 til 35 vægt% af det vægdannende materiale i opl0sningsmidlet.
Egnede vægdannende materialer indbefatter polystyren, ethyl-35 cellulose, celluloseacetat, hydroxypropylmethylcellulosephtha- lat, celluloseacetat, dibutylaminohydroxypropylether, polyvi-nylbutyral, polyvinylformal, poly(meth)acrylsyreester, polyvinyl- 5
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acetal-diethylaminoacetat, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridin methacrylat-methacrylsyrecopolymer, polycarbonat, polyestere, polypropylen, vinylchlorid-vinylacetatcopolymer, polysaccharider, glycerin-distearat og lignende. En foretrukken gruppe polymère vægdan-® nende materialer indbefatter de, som er bionedbrydelige, sâsom alifatiske polyestere, herunder polylactid, polyglycolid, poly-caprolacton og copolymere deraf.
Efter fremstillingen af opl0sningsmiddelfasen indeholdende det 10 aktive middel og det vægdannende materiale dannes mikrodrâber af det vægdannende materiale indeholdende det aktive middel ved at dispergere opl0sningen indeholdende det aktive middel og væg- materialet i en kontinuerlig fase af forarbejdningsmedium. Den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmediet skal vaere ublandbar 15 med og hâve et h0jere kogepunkt end opl0sningsmidlet. Forarbejdningsmediet er i mange tilfælde vand, men eksempler pâ ikke vandige kontinuerlige faser som forarbejdningsmedier indbefatter organiske væsker sâsom xylen eller toluen, syntetiske olier sâsom siliconeolie og naturlige olier sâsom en vegetabilsk olie, 2 0 herunder jordn0ddeolie. I reglen sættes et overfladeaktivt middel (emulgeringsmiddel) til den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmediet for at forhindre mikrokapslerne i at agglomerere og for at regulere st0rrelsen af mikrodrâberne af opl0sningsmiddel i emulsionen. Et godt overfladeaktivt middel, f.eks. nâr der 25 anvendes vand som kontinuerlig fase af forarbejdningsmedium, er poly(vinylalkohol) (PVA) i en koncentration pâ 1 til 10%. Di-spersionen kan dannes ved mekanisk omr0ring af den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmedium med et apparat sâsom en kolloid-m0lle, en homogenisator eller lignende. En émulsion kan ogsâ Ο Λ dannes ved at sætte smâ drâber af opl0sningen af aktivt middel og vægdannende materiale til den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmedium. I en foretrukken udf0relsesform for dispersions-trinet bliver opl0sningen i det organiske opl0sningsmiddel disper geret i en vandig opl0sning indeholdende polyvinylalkohol. Tem-35 peraturen under dannelsen af emulsionen er ikke af særlig afg0- rende betydning, men kan hâve indvirkning pâ st0rrelsen og kva-liteten af mikrokapslerne. Afhængende af opl0sningsmidlet og den anvendte kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmedium mâ tem- 6
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peraturen endvidere ikke være for lav, da opl0sningsmidlet og forarbejdningsmediet ellers vil st0rkne eller forarbejdningsme-diet blive for viskost til praktiske formai eller være for h0j, sâledes at forarbejdningsmediet fordamper, eller sâledes at det 5 flydende forarbejdningsmedium ikke vil blive bevaret. Endvidere kan temperaturen af mediet ikke være for h0j, sâledes at stabili-teten af det givne aktive middel, soin inkorporeres i mikrokap-slerne, pâvirkes skadeligt. Dispersionsprocessen kan derfor udf0res ved enhver temperatur, som opretholder stabile arbejds-1° betingelser.
Dispersionen, som dannes, er en stabil émulsion, og af denne dispersion fjernes det organiske opl0sningsmiddel i mikrodrâber-ne i den med det organiske opl0sningsmiddel ublandbare væske 15 delvis i det f0rste trin i fremgangsmâden til fjernelse af op- l0sningsmiddel. Opl0sningsmidlet kan let fjernes ved alminde-lig teknik sâsom opvarmning, pâf0ring af reduceret tryk eller en kombination af begge. Temperaturen, der anvendes til at for-dampe opl0sningsmiddel fra mikrodrâberne, er ikke af afg0rende 20 betydning, men skal ikke være sâ h0j, at den nedbryder eventuelt temperaturf01somt materiale anvendt til fremstilling af en given mikrokapsel, og den skal heller ikke være sâ h0j, at opl0snings-middel fordampes med en sâ stor hastighed, at der forârsages defekter i det vægdannende materiale. I almindelighed bliver 25 fra 10 til 90%, fortrinsvis 40 til 60%,af opl0sningsmidlet fjer- net i det f0rste trin til fjernelse af opl0sningsmiddel.
Efter det f0rste trin til fjernelse af opl0sningsmiddel bliver de dispergerede mikrokapsler i det med opl0sningsmiddel ubland-30 bare flydende medium isoleret fra det flydende medium pâ enhver bekvem fraskillelsesmède. Sâledes kan væsken f.eks. dekanteres fra mikrokapslerne, eller suspensionen af mikrokapsler i væsken kan filtreres. André forskellige kombinationer af adskillelses-teknik kan anvendes, hvis det 0nskes.
Efter isolering af mikrokapslerne af den kontinuerlige fase af forarbejdningsmedium bliver resten af opl0sningsmidlet i mikrokapslerne fjernet ved ekstraktion. I dette andet trin kan mi- 35
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7 krokapslerne suspenderes i sairane kontinuerlige fase af forar-bejdningsmedium, som er anvendt i trin 1, med eller uden over-fladeaktivt middel eller i en anden væske. Ekstraktionsmediet ekstraherer opl0sningsmidlet fra mikrokapslerne og opl0ser al-5 ligevel ikke mikrokapslerne. ünder ekstraktionen ma ekstrak tionsmediet med opl0st opl0sningsmiddel fjernes og erstattes med frisk ekstraktionsmedium. Dette g0res bedst pâ kontinuer-lig basis, hvor hastigheden af kompletteringen af ekstraktionsmedium er af afg0rende betydning. Hvis hastigheden er for lav, 10 vil krystaller af middel rage ud fra mikrokapslerne og vokse i ekstraktionsmediet. Hastigheden af komplettering af ekstraktionsmedium for en given procès er 0jensynlig en variabel, der let kan bestemmes pâ det tidspunkt, processen udf0res, og der skal derfor ikke forudbestemmes nogen n0jagtige grænser for I5 hastigheden. Efter at resten af opl0sningsmidlet er blevet fjer- net fra mikrokapslerne, t0rres mikrokapslerne i luft eller ved anden sædvanlig t0rreteknik sâsom vakuumt0rring, t0rring over et t0rremiddel eller lignende.
20 Mikrokapselproduktet fremstillet ved fremgangsmâden ifolge op- findelsen udgÿres i reglen af partikler med kugleform, omend mikrokapslerne sommetider kan være uregelmæssigt formede. Mikrokapslerne kan variere i st0rrelse liggende fra submikron til millimeter i diameter. Fortrinsvis 0nskes diamètre fra sub-25 mikron til 250 pm til farmaceutiske præparater, hvilket tilla- der administration af mikrokapslerne ved standard injektions-spr0jte. Mikrokapslerne finder anvendelighed inden for mange forskellige formai afhængende af typen af det stof, som er in-korporeret' deri. De foreliggende mikrokapsler er især nyttige 30 til administration af forskellige biologisk aktive midler til mennesker og dyr. Nâr de foreliggende mikrokapsler indeholder et kontraceptivt middel, kan de f.eks. administreres til et individ ved injektion eller ved transcervikal vandring og transport til de indre hunlige reproduktionsorganer med hen-35 blik pâ fodselskontrol. Egnede kontraceptive midler indbefat- ter ostrogener, sâsom diethylstilbestrol, 1 7-beta-0stradiol, 0stron, ethinyl0stradiol, mestranol og lignende, progestiner, sâsom norethindron, norgestryl, ethynodioldiacetat, lynestre- 8
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nol, medroxyprogesteronacetat, dimethisteron, megestrolace-tat, chlormadinonacetat, norgestiraat, norethisteron, ethi-steron, melengestrol, norethynodrel og lignende og spermi-cide forbindelser, sàsom nonylphenoxypolyoxyethylenglycol, 5 benzethoniumchlorid, chlorindanol og lignende. André biologisk aktive midler, der kan inkorpoeres i de foreliggende mikrokap-sler, indbefatter gastrointestinale terapeutiske midler sâsom aluminiumhydroxid, calciumcarbonat, magniumcarbonat, natrium-carbonat og lignende, ikke steroide antifertilitetsmidler, parait) sympathomimetiske midler, psykoterapeutiske midler, beroligende midler sâsom chlorpromazin HCl, clozapin, mesoridazin, metiapin, reserpin, thioridazin og lignende, andre beroligende midler sâsom chlordiazepoxid, diazepam, meprobamat, temazepam og lignende, rhinologiske midler til forhindring af for stærk blodtilstr0m-15 ning, sédative hypnotika sâsom codein, phénobarbital, natrium- pentobarbital, natriumsecobarbital og lignende, andre steroider sâsom testosteron og testosteronpropionat, suifonamider, sympathomimetiske midler, vacciner, vitaminer og næringsstoffer sâsom de essentielle aminosyrer, essentielle fedtstoffer og lignende, 20 antimalariamidler sâsom 4-aminoquinoliner, 8-aminoquinoliner, pyrimethamin og lignende, antimigrænemidler sâsom mazindol, phentermin og lignende,anti-Parkinson-midler sâsom L-dopa, anti-spasmodika sâsom atropin, methscopolaminbromid og lignende, antispasmodika og anticholinergiske midler,.f.eks. til galde-25 terapi, ford0jelsesfremmende midler, enzymer og lignende, mid ler moa hoste sâsom dextromethrophan, noscapin og lignende, bronchodilatorer, cardiovaskulære midler sâsom antihypertensive forbindelser, Rauwolfia alkaloider, coronare vasodilatorer, nitroglycerin, organiske nitrater, pentaerythrittetranitrat og 30 lignende, elektrolyterstatninger sâsom kaliumchlorid, ergotalkalo- ider sâsom ergotamin med og uden koffein, hydrogenerede ergot-alkaloider, dihydroergocristinmethansulfat, dihydroergocornin-methansulfonat, dihydroergokroyptinmethansulfat og kombinationer deraf, alkaloider sâsom atropinsulfat, Belladonna, hyoscin-35 hydrobromid og lignende, analgetika, narkotika sâsom codein, dihydrocodienon, meperidin, morfin og lignende, ikke-narkotiske stoffer sâsom salicylater, aspirin, acetaminophen, d-propoxy- 9
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phen og lignende, antibiotika sâsom cephalosporinerne, chloran-phenical, gentamicin, Kanamycin A, Kanamycin B, penicillinerne, ampicillin, streptomycin A, antimycin A, chlorpamtheniol, metro-midazol, oxytetracyklin, penicillin G, tetracyklinerne og lig-® nende, midler mod kræft, midler mod kramper sâsom mephenytoin, phénobarbital, trimethadion, antiemetika sâsom thiethylperazin, antihistaminer sâsom chlorphinazin, dimenhydrinat, diphenhydra-min, perphenazin, tripelennamin og lignende, antiinflammatorisk midler sâsom hormonale midler, hydrocortison , prednisolin, pred nison, ikke hormonale midler, allopurinol, aspirin, indomethacin phenylbutazon og lignende, prostaglandiner., cytotoksiske læge-midler sâsom thiotepa, chlorambucil, cyklophosphamid, melphalan, nitrogensennep, methotrexat og lignende, antigener af sâdanne mikroorganismer som Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycobacterium tuber-culosis, Herpes virus (humonis, type 1 og 2), Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Haemophilus vaginalis Group B streptococcus ecoli, Microplasma hominis, Hemophelus ducreyl, Granuloma inguinale, Lymphopathia venereum, Treponema pallidum, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis, Brucella canis, Campylobacter fétus, Campylobacter fétus inte-stinalis, Leptospira pomona, Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella ovis, Equine herpes virus 1, Equine arteritis virus, IBR-IBP virus, BVD-MB virus, Chlamydia psittaci, Trichomonas foetus, Toxoplasma gondii, Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus equuli, 25 Salmonelle abortus ovis, Salmonella abortus equi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium equi, Corynebaeterium pyogenes, Actinobaccilus seminis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Aspergillus fumigatus, Absidia ramosa, Trypanosoma equiperdum, Babesia caballi, Clostridium tetani og lignende, antistoffer, som mod-30 virker de ovennævnte mikroorganismer, og enzymer sâsom ribo nucléase, neuramidinase, trypsin, glycogenphosphorylase, sperma-mælkesyredehydrogenase, spermahyaluronidase, adenosintriphos- phatase, alkalisk phosphatase, alkalisk phosphataseesterase, aminopeptidase, trypsinchomytrypsin, amylase, muramidase, acro-35 somalproteinase, diesterase, glutaminsyredehydrogenase, ravsyre- dehydrogenase, β-glycophosphatase, lipase, ΆΤΡ-ase, a-peptat γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, sterol-3-ol-dehydrogenase, DPN-di-aprorase.
10 DK 156374 B
De folgende eksempler illustrerer opfindelsen.
Eksempel 1
En inængde pâ 2,5 g progesteron og 10 g poly(DL-lactid) blev opl0st i 38 g methylenchlorid. Den organiske opl0sning blev dispergeret som mikrodrâber i 120 g 5S vandig poly(vinylalkohol). 5 Dispersionen fremkom ved tilsætningen af den organiske opl0sning til en omr0rt vandig poly(vinylalkohol)opl0sning indeholdt i en 200 ml harpikskedel. En Teflon turbinepropel drevet af en Fisher motor med konstant hastighed blev anvendt til at omr0re emulsionen.
10 Efter at der var fremstillet en stabil olie-i-vand émulsion, blev trykket over emulsionen kontinuerligt reduceret og holdt lige over det punkt, hvor der skete skumning. Fordampningen af opl0sningsmidlet fortsatte, indtil 40-60% af methylenchloridet var blevet fjernet. Mikrokapselsuspensionen blev centrifugeret 15 ved 41G i 10 minutter. Den overliggende væske blev sâ dekante-ret, mikrokapslerne blev gensuspenderet med 50-100 ml afionise-ret vand, og halvdelen af denne suspension blev hældt i en fin (4-5,5 μη) glasfiltertragt. Der blev suget, og mikrokapslerne blev langsomt filtreret. ünder filtreringen blev mikrokapslerne 20 holdt i suspension ved forsigtig omr0ring af dem og ved kontinuerligt at tilsætte mere afioniseret vand. Mikrokapslerne blev vasket pâ denne mâde, indtil der var anvendt ca. 400-500 ml afioniseret vand. Dette vasketrin ekstraherede resterende methylenchlorid, som blev tilbage i mikrokapslerne, og hærdede mikro-25 kapslerne.
Mikrokapslerne fik lov at udfælde, medens de sidste 10 ml vand blev fjernet. Efter at vandet var l0bet fra mikrokapselkagen i ca. 1 minut, blev kagen hurtigt brudt op i mindre stykker med en spatel. Medens der stadig blev opretholdt sugning pâ filter-30 tragten, blev mikrokapslerne kontinuerligt omr0rt i tragten i 30 minutter. Mikrokapslerne var sâ rimeligt t0rre og blev straks sigtet gennem en 250 pm rustfri stâlsigte under anven-delse af en kamelhârsb0rste. Sigtevirkningen bidrog til at t0r-re mikrokapslerne. Efter sigtningen pâ 250 pm sigten kunne
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11 mikrokapslerne sigtes let gennem mindre sigtest0rrelser, eller de kunne henstilles natten over for at t0rre. Slutproduktet bestod af fritstr0mmende kugleformede partikler omfattende 20% progesteron (efter vægt) i poly (Dlrlactid) .
5 Eksempel 2
En mængde pâ 3 g norgestimat og 3 g poly(lactid-co-glycolid) bl opl0st i 18 g methylenchlorid. Den organiske opl0sning blev di spergeret som mikrodrâber i 58 g 5 vægt% vandig poly(vinylalkoh Emulsionen fremkom ved at sætte den organiske opl0sning til en 10 omr0rt vandig poly(vinylalkohol)opl0sning indeholdt i en harpik kedel. En Teflon turbinepropel drevet af en Fisher motor med konstant hastighed blev anvendt til at omr0re emulsionen.
Efter”at der var fremstillet en stabil olie-i-vand émulsion, blev trykket over emulsionen kontinuerligt reduceret og holdt 15 lige over' det-punkt, hvor der skete skumning. Afdampning af op I0sningsmidlet fortsatte, indtil 40-60% af methylenchloridet va fjernet. Mikrokapselsuspensionen blev centrifugeret ved 27G i 3 minutter. Den overliggende væske blev sâ dekanteret. Mikrokapslerne blev gensuspenderet med 50-100 ml afioniseret vand og 20 blev hældt i en fin (4-5,5 μια) glasfiltertragt. Der blev suget og mikrokapslerne blev langsomt filtreret. Under filtreringen blev mikrokapslerne holdt i suspension ved forsigtig omr0ring af dem og ved kontinuerligt at tilsætte mere afioniseret vand. Mikrokapslerne blev vasket pâ denne mâde, indtil der var anvend 25 ca. 2000 ml afioniseret vand. Dette vasketrin ekstraherede re-sterende methylenchlorid, som var tilbage i mikrokapslerne, og hærdede mikrokapslerne.
Mikrokapslerne fik lov at udfælde, medens de sidste 10 ml vand blev fjernet. Efter at vandet var l0bet fra kagen af mikrokap-30 sler i ca. 1 minut blev kagen hurtigt brudt i mindre stykker me en spatel. Medens der stadig blev opretholdt sugning pâ filter tragten, blev mikrokapslerne kontinuerligt omr0rt i tragten i 30 minutter. Mikrokapslerne var sâ rimeligt t0rre og blev stra
Claims (11)
1. Fremgangsmâde til fremstilling af mikrokapsler indeholden-10 de et aktivt middel ved hvilken man (a) oploser eller dispergerer et aktivt middel i et oples-ningsmiddel og i dette oploser et vægdannende materiale, 15 (b) dispergerer dette oplasningsmiddel indeholdende det aktive middel og det vægdannende materiale i en kontinuerlig fase af forarbejdningsmedium, kendetegnet ved, at man (c) fordamper 10-90 vægt% af oplesningsmidlet fra dispersio- 20 nen, hvorved der dannes mikrokapsler indeholdende det aktive middel i suspension, og (d) ekstraherer resten af oplosningsmidlet fra mikrokapslerne.
2. Fremgangsmâde ifelge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at mikrokapslerne dannet i trin (c) skilles fra den kontinuer-lige fase af forarbejdningsmedium fer fuldstændig fjernelse af oplesningsningsmiddel i trin (d).
3. Fremgangsmâde ifelge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at der som kontinuerlig fase af forarbejdningsmedium anvendes vand og eventuelt et overfladeaktivt middel.
4. Fremgangsmâde ifolge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, 35 at der sosn kontinuerlig fase af forarbejdningsmedium anvendes vand indeholdende fra 1-10% polyvinylalkohol. DK 156374 B
5. Fremgangsmâde ifalge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at dispergeringen i trin (a) omfatter dannelse af en stabil vand-i-olie eller olie-i-vand émulsion.
6. Fremgangsmâde if0lge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at der sont oplesningsmiddel anvendes methylenchlorid.
7. Fremgangsmâde ifelge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at oplesningsmidlet afdampes fra dispersionen ved at reducere 10 trykket over dispersionen.
8. Fremgangsmâde ifelge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at resterende oplosningsmiddel fjernes fra mikrokapslerne i trin (d) ved at man vasker disse med vand indeholdende et 15 overfladeaktivt middel ved hjælp af vakuumfiItrering.
9. Fremgangsmâde ifolge krav 8, kendetegnet ved, at de vaskede mikrokapsler terres ved at underkaste mikrokapslerne et vakuum efterfulgt af sigtning af mikrokapslerne. 20
10. Fremgangsmâde ifelge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at man opleser eller dispergerer 5-30 vægt% af det aktive middel i oplosningsmidlet. 25 il. Fremgangsmâde ifelge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at man opleser 5-35 vægt% af det vægdannende materiale i op-lesningsmidlet.
12. Fremgangsmâde ifolge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, 30 at der anvendes et vægtforhold mellem det aktive middel og det vægdannende materiale i oplesningsmidlet pâ op til 80 vægt% aktivt middel til 20 vægt% vægdannende materiale. 35
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US19412780 | 1980-10-06 | ||
US06/194,127 US4389330A (en) | 1980-10-06 | 1980-10-06 | Microencapsulation process |
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DK376381A DK376381A (da) | 1982-04-07 |
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1980
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