JP6633032B2 - Tigitに対する抗体 - Google Patents
Tigitに対する抗体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6633032B2 JP6633032B2 JP2017138861A JP2017138861A JP6633032B2 JP 6633032 B2 JP6633032 B2 JP 6633032B2 JP 2017138861 A JP2017138861 A JP 2017138861A JP 2017138861 A JP2017138861 A JP 2017138861A JP 6633032 B2 JP6633032 B2 JP 6633032B2
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Description
本明細書において説明がより容易に理解され得るために、特定の用語をまず定義する。さらなる定義は詳細な説明を通じて示されている。
本願は、癌などの疾患の治療において治療薬として使用するための所望の特性を有する、完全ヒト抗huTIGIT抗体を開示する。これらの特性として、ヒトTIGITと高親和性で結合する能力、カニクイザルTIGITと結合する能力、PVR結合(したがって、シグナル伝達)を遮断する能力および抗体の化学安定性を低減し得る配列傾向がないこと、のうち1種または複数が挙げられる。
15A6および22G2などのhuTIGITとの結合について本発明の抗体と競合する抗huTIGIT抗体は、本明細書に記載されるもの(実施例1)と同様の免疫処置プロトコールを使用して作製され得る。本明細書に記載される抗huTIGIT抗体との結合について競合する抗体はまた、ヒトTIGITもしくはその細胞外ドメイン(配列番号1の残基22〜141;NP_776160.2)を含むコンストラクトを用いてマウスを免疫処置することによって、または本明細書において開示される抗huTIGIT抗体(例えば、15A6、22G2および11G11)によって結合されるエピトープを含有するヒトTIGITの断片を用いて免疫処置することによって作製され得る。得られた抗体は、当技術分野で周知の方法、例えば、ELISAにおけるTIGITの細胞外ドメインおよび免疫グロブリンFcドメインの融合タンパク質との結合の遮断、または例えば、FACSによる、その表面上にhuTIGITを発現する細胞と結合する能力の遮断によって、15A6または22G2のヒトTIGITとの結合を遮断する能力についてスクリーニングされ得る。種々の実施形態では、試験抗体は、15A6または22G2の添加に先立って、それと同時に、またはその後に、TIGIT−Fc融合タンパク質と(またはその表面上にhuTIGITを発現する細胞と)接触される。例えば、「ビニング」実験を実施して、抗体が抗体15A6または22G2と同一「ビン」内に入るか否かを調べてもよく(実施例3)、この実験では、抗体15A6または22G2は、「参照」抗体と呼ばれ、試験されるべき抗体は、「試験」抗体と呼ばれる。15A6および/または22G2のTIGIT(Fc融合物としてかまたは細胞上のいずれか)との結合を、特に、およそ化学量論濃度で低減する抗体は、同一の、重複する、または隣接するエピトープと結合する可能性が高く、したがって、15A6および22G2の.望ましい機能的特性を共有し得る。
本明細書に開示される抗体と同一または同様のエピトープと結合する抗huTIGIT抗体は、本明細書に記載されるもの(実施例1)と同様の免疫処置プロトコールを使用して作製され得る。得られた抗体は、ヒトTIGITとの高親和性結合についてスクリーニングされ得る(実施例2)。選択された抗体は、次いで、抗体によって結合される正確なエピトープを調べるために、huTIGITの配列変異体が酵母細胞の表面上に提示される酵母ディスプレイアッセイにおいて研究され得る(実施例4)。
いくつかの実施形態では、本発明の抗huTIGIT抗体は、本明細書に開示される抗huTIGIT抗体のように、huTIGITと高親和性で結合し、有効な治療薬である可能性を高める。種々の実施形態では、本発明の抗huTIGIT抗体は、huTIGITと10nM、5nM、2nM、1nM、300pM、100pMまたは60pM未満のKDで結合する。その他の実施形態では、本発明の抗huTIGIT抗体は、2nMから60pMの間のKDでhuTIGITと結合する。抗体の、huTIGITに向けた結合能力を評価するための標準アッセイとして、ELISA、RIA、ウエスタンブロット、バイオレイヤー干渉法(BLI)およびBIACORE(登録商標)SPR分析(実施例2を参照のこと)が挙げられる。
本明細書に開示される抗体配列のいくつかの可変性は、許容され、抗体の望ましい特性を依然として維持し得る。CDR領域は、カバットシステム(Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242)を使用して描写される。したがって、本発明は、本明細書において開示される抗体(例えば、15A6、22G2および11G11)のCDR配列と少なくとも70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%または99%同一であるCDR配列を含む抗huTIGIT抗体をさらに提供する。本発明はまた、本明細書において開示される抗体(例えば、15A6、22G2および11G11)の重鎖および/または軽鎖可変ドメイン配列と少なくとも70%、75%、80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%または99%同一である重鎖および/または軽鎖可変ドメイン配列を含む抗huTIGIT抗体も提供する。
抗原結合特異性は、主にCDRによって決定されることを考えると、本明細書において開示される抗体(例えば、15A6、22G2および11G11)とCDR配列を共有する抗体は、その望ましい特性を共有する可能性が高い。さらに、本明細書において開示される選択された抗体(15A6、22G2および11G11)は、huTIGITの一次配列に沿って同様の領域と結合し、一部の重鎖および軽鎖は、同一の生殖系列配列に由来する。したがって、15A6、22G2および11G11を有する抗体に由来するCDR領域を組み合わせる(混合するおよび対応させる)抗体もまた、huTIGITと結合し、その望ましい特性を保持すると予測され得る。本明細書において開示される特定の抗体と同等またはそれより優れた、結合親和性、生理活性 および/またはその他の特性を有する「混合および対応させた」抗体が、本発明の方法において使用するために選択され得る。
VHおよびVL領域
修飾された抗体を遺伝子操作するために、出発材料として本明細書において開示されるVHおよび/またはVL配列のうち1種または複数を有する抗体を使用して調製され得る、遺伝子操作された、および修飾された抗体もまた提供され、この修飾された抗体は、出発抗体から変更された特性を有し得る。抗体は、一方または両方の可変領域(すなわち、VHおよび/またはVL)内の、例えば、1つまたは複数のCDR領域内の、および/または1つまたは複数のフレームワーク領域内の1個または複数の残基を修飾することによって、遺伝子操作され得る。さらに、またはあるいは、抗体は、例えば、抗体のエフェクター機能(単数または複数)を変更するために、定常領域(単数または複数)内の残基を修飾することによって遺伝子操作され得る。
種々の実施形態では、本発明の抗体は、抗原結合が有害である組織および環境において抗原結合を選択的に遮断するが、有益である抗原結合を可能にするよう修飾される。一実施形態では、抗体の抗原結合表面と特異的に結合し、抗原結合を干渉する遮断ペプチド「マスク」が生じ、このマスクは、ペプチダーゼ切断可能リンカーによって抗体の結合アームの各々と連結している。例えば、CytomXの米国特許第8,518,404号を参照のこと。このようなコンストラクトは、非腫瘍組織と比較して、腫瘍微小環境においてプロテアーゼレベルが大幅に増大されている癌の治療にとって有用である。腫瘍微小環境における切断可能なリンカーの選択的切断によって、マスキング/遮断ペプチドの解離が可能となり、これが、抗原結合が不要な副作用を引き起こし得る末梢組織においてではなく腫瘍における抗原結合選択性を可能にする。
抗原結合ドメインの抗原との結合(例えば、アンタゴニスト抗体の場合には、同族リガンドもしくは受容体タンパク質またはアゴニスト抗体の場合には、誘導されるシグナル伝達の遮断)に起因する治療用抗体の活性に加えて、抗体のFc部分は、複雑な方法で全体的に免疫系と相互作用して、任意の数の生物学的効果を誘発する。免疫グロブリンのFc領域などのエフェクター機能は、抗原依存性細胞性細胞傷害性(ADCC)、補体依存性細胞傷害性(CDC)および抗体依存性細胞媒介性食作用(ADCP)などの多数の重要な抗体機能に関与しており、異なる機序によってではあるが、標的細胞の死滅をもたらす。重鎖定常領域の5種の主要なクラスまたはアイソタイプ(IgA、IgG、IgD、IgE、IgM)があり、各々は、特徴的なエフェクター機能を有する。これらのアイソタイプは、サブクラスにさらに細分され得、例えば、IgGは、IgG1、IgG2、IgG3およびIgG4として知られる4つのサブクラスに分けられる。IgG分子は、抗体のIgGクラスに対して特異的な3つのクラスのFcγ受容体(FcγR)、すなわち、FcγRI、FcγRIIおよびFcγRIIIと相互作用する。IgGのFcγR受容体との結合にとって重要な配列は、CH2およびCH3ドメイン中に位置すると報告されている。抗体の血清半減期は、その抗体の新生児Fc受容体(FcRn)と結合する能力によって影響を受ける。
ADCC活性は、Fc領域を修飾することによって低減され得る。特定の実施形態では、Fc受容体との結合に影響を及ぼす部位、好ましくは、サルベージ受容体結合部位以外の部位が除去され得る。その他の実施形態では、Fc領域は、ADCC部位を除去するよう修飾され得る。ADCC部位は、当技術分野で公知である、例えば、IgG1中のADCC部位に関しては、Sarmay et al. (1992) Molec. Immunol. 29 (5): 633-9を参照のこと。一実施形態では、ヒトIgG1のG236RおよびL328R変異体は、FcγR結合を効率的に排除する。Horton et al. (2011) J. Immunol. 186:4223およびChu et al. (2008) Mol. Immunol. 45:3926。その他の実施形態では、FcγRとの結合が低減されているFcは、アミノ酸置換L234A、L235EおよびG237Aを含んでいた。Gross et al. (2001) Immunity 15:289。
あるいは、Fc領域を修飾することによって、ADCC活性は増大され得る。ADCC活性に関して、ヒトIgG1≧IgG3>>IgG4≧IgG2であり、そのため、ADCCが望まれる薬物における使用のためには、IgG2またはIgG4ではなく、IgG1定常ドメインが選択され得る。あるいは、Fc領域は、以下の位置:234、235、236、238、239、240、241、243、244、245、247、248、249、252、254、255、256、258、262、263、264、265、267、268、269、270、272、276、278、280、283、285、286、289、290、292、293、294、295、296、298、299、301、303、305、307、309、312、313、315、320、322、324、325、326、327、329、330、331、332、333、334、335、337、338、340、360、373、376、378、382、388、389、398、414、416、419、430、433、434、435、436、437、438または439で1個または複数のアミノ酸を修飾することによって、抗体依存性細胞性細胞傷害性(ADCC)を増大するよう、および/またはFcγ受容体に対する親和性を増大するよう修飾され得る。WO2012/142515を参照のこと;WO00/42072も参照のこと。例示的置換として、236A、239D、239E、268D、267E、268E、268F、324T、332Dおよび332Eが挙げられる。例示的変異体として、239D−332E、236A−332E、236A−239D−332E、268F−324T、267E−268F、267E−324Tおよび267E−268F−324Tが挙げられる。例えば、任意選択で、I332Eと組み合わされ得る、G236A変異体を含むヒトIgG1Fcは、FcγRIIA/FcγRIIB結合親和性比をおよそ15倍増大するとわかった。Richards et al. (2008) Mol. Cancer Therap. 7:2517; Moore et al. (2010) mAbs 2:181。FcyRおよび補体相互作用を増強するためのその他の修飾として、それだけには限らないが、置換298A、333A、334A、326A、247I、339D、339Q、280H、290S、298D、298V、243L、292P、300L、396L、305Iおよび396Lが挙げられる。これらおよびその他の修飾は、Strohl (2009) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 20:685-691に概説されている。具体的には、ADCCおよびCDCの両方は、IgG1の位置E333の変更、例えば、E333Aによって増強され得る。Shields et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276:6591。IgG1においてエフェクター機能を増強するためのP247IおよびA339D/Q突然変異の使用は、WO2006/020114に開示されており、D280H、K290S±S298D/Vは、WO2004/074455に開示されている。ヒトIgG1におけるK326A/WおよびE333A/S変異体およびIgG2におけるE333Sは、エフェクター機能を増大するとわかっている。Idusogie et al. (2001) J. Immunol. 166:2571。
特定の実施形態では、抗体は、その生物学的半減期を増大するよう修飾される。種々のアプローチが可能である。例えば、これは、Fc領域のFcRnに対する結合親和性を増大することによって行うことができる。一実施形態では、抗体は、Presta et alによって米国特許第5,869,046号および同6,121,022号に記載されるようにIgGのFc領域のCH2ドメインの2つのループからとられるサルベージ受容体結合エピトープを含有するようCH1またはCL領域内で変更される。FcRnとの結合を増大し、および/または薬物動態特性を改善するその他の例示的Fc変異体は、位置259、308および434での置換を含み、例えば、259I、308F、428L、428M、434S、434H、434F、434Yおよび434Mが挙げられる。FcRnとのFc結合を増大するその他の変異体として、250E、250Q、428L、428F、250Q/428L(Hinton et al., 2004、J. Biol. Chem. 279(8): 6213-6216、Hinton et al. 2006 Journal of Immunology 176:346-356)、256A、272A、305A、307A、311A、312A、378Q、380A、382A、434A(Shields et al, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2001, 276(9):6591-6604)、252F、252Y、252W、254T、256Q、256E、256D、433R、434F、434Y、252Y/254T/256E、433K/434F/436H(Dall'Acqua et al. Journal of Immunology, 2002, 169:5171-5180, Dall'Acqua et al., 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry 281:23514-23524)が挙げられる。米国特許第8,367,805号を参照のこと。
IgG4定常ドメインを使用する場合には、普通、IgG1中のヒンジ配列を模倣し、それによって、例えば、治療されている患者において、治療用抗体と内因性IgG4の間のFabアーム交換を低減しながら、IgG4分子を安定化する置換S228Pを含むことが好ましい。Labrijn et al. (2009) Nat. Biotechnol. 27:767;Reddy et al. (2000) J. Immunol. 164:1925。
本明細書に記載される抗体は、軽鎖または重鎖可変領域のいずれかに1つまたは複数のグリコシル化部位を含有し得る。このようなグリコシル化部位は、抗体の免疫原性の増大または変更された抗原結合による抗体のpKの変更をもたらし得る(Marshall et al. (1972) Ann. Rev. Biochem. 41:673-702;Gala and Morrison (2004) J. Immunol. 172:5489-94;Wallick et al. (1988) J. Exp. Med. 168:1099-109; Spiro (2002) Glycobiology 12:43R-56R; Parekh et al. (1985) Nature 316:452-7;Mimura et al. (2000) Mol. Immunol. 37:697-706)。グリコシル化は、N−X−S/T配列を含有するモチーフで起こると知られている。いくつかの場合には、可変領域グリコシル化を含有しない抗TIGIT抗体を有することが好ましい。これは、可変領域中にグリコシル化モチーフを含有しない抗体を選択することによってか、またはグリコシル化領域内の残基を突然変異させることによって達成され得る。
本明細書に記載される別の態様は、本明細書に記載される抗体をコードする核酸分子に関係する。核酸は、アルカリ/SDS処理、CsClバンド形成、カラムクロマトグラフィー、制限酵素、アガロースゲル電気泳動および当技術分野で周知のその他のものを含めた標準技術によって、その他の細胞成分またはその他の夾雑物、例えば、その他の細胞性核酸(例えば、その他の染色体DNA、例えば、自然界では単離されたDNAと連結している染色体DNA)またはタンパク質から精製された場合に、全細胞中に、細胞溶解物中に、または部分精製されたかもしくは実質的に純粋な形態で存在し得る。核酸は、「単離される」かまたは「実質的に純粋にされる」。F. Ausubel, et al., ed. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New Yorkを参照のこと。本明細書に記載される核酸は、例えば、DNAまたはRNAであり得、イントロン配列を含有する場合も、含有しない場合もある。特定の実施形態では、核酸は、cDNA分子である。
本発明の種々の抗体、例えば、本明細書に開示される抗ヒトTIGIT抗体と同一エピトープと競合するものまたはそれと結合するものは、Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256: 495 (1975)によって記載される標準体細胞ハイブリダイゼーション技術などの種々の公知の技術を使用して産生できる。体細胞ハイブリダイゼーション手順は好ましいが、原理上、モノクローナル抗体を産生するためのその他の技術、例えば、Bリンパ球のウイルス性または発癌性形質転換、ヒト抗体遺伝子のライブラリーを使用するファージディスプレイ技術も使用できる。
ヒトTIGITに対する完全ヒト抗体を作製するために、例えば、Lonberg et al. (1994) Nature 368(6474): 856−859;Fishwild et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14: 845-851およびWO98/24884によって、その他の抗原について記載されるように、ヒト免疫グロブリン遺伝子を含有するトランスジェニックまたはトランスクロモソーマルマウス(例えば、HCo12、HCo7またはKMマウス)を、TIGIT抗原および/またはTIGITを発現する細胞の精製または濃縮された調製物を用いて免疫処置できる。あるいは、マウスをヒトTIGITをコードするDNAを用いて免疫処置できる。好ましくは、マウスは、第1の注入の際に6〜16週齢とする。例えば、HuMAbマウスを腹膜内に免疫処置するために、組換えTIGIT抗原の精製または濃縮された調製物(5〜50μg)を使用できる。TIGIT抗原の精製または濃縮された調製物を使用する免疫処置が抗体をもたらさない事象では、TIGITを発現する細胞、例えば、細胞系統を用いてマウスを免疫処置して、免疫応答を促進することもできる。例示的細胞系統として、TIGIT過剰発現性安定CHOおよびRaji細胞系統が挙げられる。
本明細書に記載されるモノクローナル抗体を産生するハイブリドーマを作製するために、免疫処置されたマウスから脾細胞および/またはリンパ節細胞を単離し、マウス骨髄腫細胞系統などの適当な不死化細胞系統と融合できる。得られたハイブリドーマを抗原特異的抗体の産生についてスクリーニングできる。例えば、50% PEGを用いて、免疫処置マウス由来の脾臓リンパ球の単細胞懸濁液を、Sp2/0非分泌性マウス骨髄腫細胞(ATCC、CRL 1581)と融合できる。細胞を、およそ2×105で平底マイクロタイタープレートにプレーティングし、続いて、10%胎児クローン血清、18%「653」コンディショニング培地、5%オリゲン(origen)(IGEN)、4mM L−グルタミン、1mM ピルビン酸ナトリウム、5mM HEPES、0.055mM 2−メルカプトエタノール、50ユニット/mlペニシリン、50mg/mlストレプトマイシン、50mg/mlゲンタマイシンおよび1X HAT(Sigma)を含有する選択培地で2週間インキュベートする。およそ2週間後、細胞をHATがHTと置換されている培地で培養できる。次いで、個々のウェルを、ヒトモノクローナルIgMおよびIgG抗体についてELISAによってスクリーニングできる。広範なハイブリドーマ成長が起こると、10〜14日後に普通に培地を観察できる。抗体を分泌するハイブリドーマを再プレーティングし、再度スクリーニングでき、ヒトIgGについて依然として陽性である場合に、制限希釈によってモノクローナル抗体を少なくとも2回サブクローニングできる。次いで、安定なサブクローンをインビトロで培養して、特性決定のために組織培養培地において少量の抗体を作製できる。
TIGITに対するモノクローナル抗体を産生するトランスフェクトーマの作製
配列が提供される特異的抗体およびその他の関連抗TIGIT抗体の両方を含めた、本発明の抗体を、当技術分野で周知であるように、例えば、組換えDNA技術および遺伝子トランスフェクション法の組合せを使用して宿主細胞トランスフェクトーマにおいて産生できる(Morrison, S. (1985) Science 229:1202)。
本明細書に記載される抗体は、TIGITとの結合について、例えば、標準ELISAによって試験できる。手短には、マイクロタイタープレートを精製されたTIGITを、PBS中1〜2μg/mLで用いてコーティングし、次いで、PBS中5%ウシ血清アルブミンを用いてブロッキングする。各ウェルに抗体の希釈物(例えば、TIGIT免疫処置マウスから得た血漿の希釈物)を添加し、37℃で1〜2時間インキュベートする。プレートをPBS/Tweenを用いて洗浄し、次いで、例えば、ヒト抗体またはそうでなければヒト重鎖定常領域を有する抗体の二次試薬、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)とコンジュゲートしているヤギ抗ヒトIgG Fc特異的ポリクローナル試薬とともに37℃で1時間インキュベートする。洗浄した後、プレートをABTS基質(Moss Inc、product:ABTS-1000)を用いて発色させ、OD415〜495で分光光度計によって分析する。次いで、免疫処置されたマウスから得た血清を、TIGITを発現しない対照細胞株とではなく、ヒトTIGITを発現する細胞株との結合についてフローサイトメトリーによってさらにスクリーニングする。手短には、抗TIGIT抗体の結合を、TIGIT発現性CHO細胞を1:20希釈の抗TIGIT抗体とともにインキュベートすることによって評価する。細胞を洗浄し、結合を、PE標識された抗ヒトIgG Abを用いて検出する。FACScanフローサイトメトリー(Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA)を使用してフローサイトメトリー分析を実施する。最高の力価を発生するマウスが、融合に使用されることが好ましい。マウス抗huTIGIT抗体が検出されるべきである場合には、抗マウス検出抗体を使用して類似の実験を実施してもよい。
本明細書に記載される抗体は、二重特異性分子の形成のために使用され得る。抗TIGIT抗体またはその抗原結合断片は、誘導体化されるか、または別の機能的分子、例えば、別のペプチドまたはタンパク質(例えば、別の抗体または受容体のリガンド)と連結されて、少なくとも2つの異なる結合部位または標的分子と結合する二重特異性分子を生成し得る。本明細書に記載される抗体は、実際、誘導体化されるか、2種以上のその他の機能的分子と連結されて、2種以上の異なる結合部位および/または標的分子と結合する多重特異性分子を生成し得;このような多重特異性分子もまた、本明細書において、用語「二重特異性分子」に包含されるものとする。本明細書に記載される二重特異性分子を作製するために、本明細書に記載される抗体を、二重特異性分子が結果として生じるような別の抗体、抗体断片、ペプチドまたは結合模倣物などの1種または複数のその他の結合分子と機能的に連結することができる(例えば、化学的カップリング、遺伝子融合、非共有結合による結合または別の方法で)。
医薬上許容される担体と一緒に製剤化された、本明細書に記載される抗TIGIT抗体またはその抗原結合断片(単数または複数)を含有する組成物、例えば、医薬組成物がさらに提供される。このような組成物は、(例えば、2種以上の異なる)本明細書に記載される抗体またはイムノコンジュゲートまたは二重特異性分子のうち1種または組合せを含み得る。例えば、本明細書に記載される医薬組成物は、標的抗原上の異なるエピトープと結合するか、または補完的活性を有する抗体(またはイムノコンジュゲートまたは二重特異性)の組合せを含み得る。
本明細書に記載される抗体、抗体組成物および方法は、例えば、TIGITシグナル伝達を遮断することによる免疫応答の増強またはTIGITの検出に絡む多数のインビトロおよびインビボ有用性を有する。好ましい実施形態では、本明細書に記載される抗体は、ヒトまたはヒト化抗体である。例えば、本明細書に記載される抗TIGIT抗体は、インビトロもしくはエキソビボで培養細胞に、または種々の疾患において免疫性を増強するために、例えば、インビボでヒト対象に投与できる。したがって、対象において免疫応答が増強され、刺激され、上方制御されるように、対象に、本明細書に記載される抗体またはその抗原結合断片を投与することを含む、対象において免疫応答を修飾する方法が、本明細書において提供される。
抗TIGIT抗体によるTIGITを介したPVR/ネクチン−2シグナル伝達の遮断は、患者における癌性細胞に対する免疫応答を増強し得る。対象が治療される、例えば、その結果、癌性腫瘍の成長が阻害もしくは低減される、および/または腫瘍が退縮するように、対象に、本明細書に記載される抗TIGIT抗体を投与することを含む、癌を有する対象を治療するための方法が、本明細書において提供される。抗TIGIT抗体は、癌性腫瘍の成長を阻害するために単独で使用できる。あるいは、抗TIGIT抗体は、別の薬剤、例えば、以下に記載されるような、その他の免疫原、標準癌治療またはその他の抗体とともに使用できる。抗PD−1または抗PD−L1抗体などのPD−1の阻害剤との組合せも提供される。
別の態様では、本明細書に記載される本発明は、対象が感染性疾患について治療されるように、対象に抗TIGIT抗体またはその抗原結合断片を投与することを含む、対象において感染性疾患を治療する方法を提供する。
抗TIGIT抗体の、対象の抗原(例えば、ワクチン)との同時投与によって、本明細書に記載される抗TIGIT抗体を使用して抗原特異的免疫応答を増強できる。したがって、対象における抗原に対する免疫応答が増強されるように、対象に、(i)抗原、(ii)抗TIGIT抗体またはその抗原結合断片を投与することを含む、対象において抗原に対する免疫応答を増強する方法が、本明細書に提供される。抗原は、例えば、腫瘍抗原、ウイルス抗原、細菌抗原または病原体に由来する抗原であり得る。このような抗原の限定されない例として、上記で論じられた腫瘍抗原(または腫瘍ワクチン)または上記のウイルス、細菌もしくはその他の病原体に由来する抗原などの上記の節において論じられたものが挙げられる。
上記で提供された併用療法に加えて、本明細書に記載される抗TIGIT抗体はまた、例えば、以下に記載されるように癌を治療するための併用療法において使用できる。
本発明の種々の実施形態では、患者は、本発明の抗TIGIT抗体を用いて治療される前に、抗TIGIT療法に対して応答する可能性が高いか否かを調べるために試験され、治療的応答と関連する形質を示すもののみが治療される。TIGIT、DNAM、PVR、ネクチン−2、可溶性PVR(sPVR)および可溶性ネクチン−2(sネクチン−2)またはそれらの組合せを含めた、TIGIT経路と関連するタンパク質の発現を測定してもよい。PVRおよびネクチン−2 mRNAは両方とも、ヒト腫瘍の大部分において高度に発現される。実施例9および図6Aを参照のこと。一実施形態では、例えば、ELISAによって、ヒト血清においてsPVRおよび/またはsネクチン−2が検出され、これでは、sPVRおよび/またはsネクチン−2レベルの上昇が、本発明の抗TIGIT抗体を用いる治療に応答する可能性が高い癌を有する対象を示す。
抗huTIGIT抗体の作製
以下の通りに、ヒト抗体遺伝子を発現するトランスジェニックマウスを使用して、ヒト抗huTIGITモノクローナル抗体を作製した。
huTIGIT可溶性組換えタンパク質を、免疫処置のための抗原として使用した。可溶性融合タンパク質は、40.7kDのMWを有し、そのC末端でマウスIgG2a Fcと連結しているhuTIGITの細胞外部分からなる。この融合タンパク質は、本明細書において、「huTIGIT−muFc融合タンパク質」と呼ばれる。融合タンパク質は、標準組換えDNA法によって作製し、トランスフェクトされたCHO細胞において発現させた、トランスフェクトされたCHO細胞は、可溶性融合タンパク質を培養上清中に分泌した。トランスフェクションに使用されるCHO宿主細胞は、Invitrogen(カタログ番号11619−012)から入手した。分泌された可溶性融合タンパク質を、免疫原として使用するために精製した。シグナル配列を含む全長ヒトTIGITの配列は、配列番号1に提供されている。
ヒトTIGITに対する完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体を、CHD**;CKD2**;CMD++;JKD++;KCo5(9272)+^;SC20+遺伝型からマウスを使用して調製した(以下、KM(登録商標)マウスと呼ばれる)。個々の導入遺伝子指定は、括弧内にあり。それに無作為に組み込まれた導入遺伝子の系統番号が続く。記号++および+は、同形接合性またはヘミ接合性を示すが、マウスは、無作為に組み込まれたヒトIg導入遺伝子について異型接合性および同型接合性間を区別することを可能にしないPCRベースのアッセイを使用して日常的にスクリーニングされるので、+指定は、これらの要素について実際に同形接合性であるマウスに与えられ得る。この株では、Chen et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12:811-820に記載されるように、内因性マウスκ軽鎖遺伝子は、同型接合的に破壊されており、内因性マウス重鎖遺伝子は、WO2001/09187の実施例1に記載されるように同型接合的に破壊されている。さらに、このマウス株は、Fishwild et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:845-851に記載されるようなヒトκ軽鎖導入遺伝子、KCo5、WO2000/026373に記載されるようなヒトκ軽鎖遺伝子座のほとんどを保持する酵母人工染色体(YAC)を保持する。
ヒトTIGITに対する完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体を作製するために、KMマウスを、精製されたhuTIGIT−muFc融合タンパク質を用いて免疫処置した。一般的な免疫処置スキームは、Lonberg, N. et al (1994) Nature 368(6474): 856-859;Fishwild, D. et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14: 845-851およびWO98/24884に記載されている。マウスは、抗原の第1の注入の際に、およそ4ヶ月齢であった。精製された組換えhuTIGIT−muFc抗原調製物(融合タンパク質を発現するトランスフェクトされた哺乳動物細胞から精製された10μg)またはヒトTIGITを用いてトランスフェクトされた300−19細胞のいずれかを使用して、マウスを腹膜内および皮下に免疫処置した。免疫原は、RIBIアジュバント(Sigmaカタログ番号M6536)と1:1混合した。
高力価KMマウスから単離されたマウス脾細胞およびマウス骨髄腫融合パートナーを、Cyto Pulse大型チャンバー細胞融合エレクトロポレーター(Cyto Pulse Sciences, Inc., Glen Burnie, MD)を使用して電場ベースの電気融合を用いて融合した。免疫処置したマウスから得た脾臓リンパ球の単細胞懸濁液を、同数のP3X63 Ag8.6.53(ATCC CRL 1580)非分泌性マウス骨髄腫細胞(融合数:2541)と融合した。得られた細胞を、β−メルカプトエタノール(1000X、Gibco番号21985−023)、7mM HEPES(Cellgro 25-060-Cl)、追加の2mM L−グルタミン(Cellgro 25-005-Cl)、HAT(50X、Sigma番号H−0262)、5%ハイブリドーマクローニング因子(BioVeris番号210001)、10% P388DI(ATCC番号CRL TIB−63)コンディショニング培地およびペニシリン−ストレプトマイシン(100x、Cellgro番号30−002−CI)を補給した、高グルコース(Cellgro番号10−013−CM)および10%ウシ胎児血清(Hyclone番号SH30071.03)を含有する選択DMEM培地において、平底マイクロタイタープレート中に2.0×104個細胞/ウェルでプレーティングした。約7日後、HATを含有する培地の一部を、HT(Cellgro番号25−047−CI)を含有する培地と交換した。
抗huTIGIT抗体の可溶性ヒトTIGITとの結合
抗huTIGIT抗体の可溶性ヒトTIGITとの結合をBIACORE(登録商標)表面プラズモン共鳴(SPR)分析によって調べた。抗huTIGIT抗体をヒトκでコーティングされたチップ(約5KRU;Southernbiotechカタログ番号2060−01)上に捕獲し、組換えヒトTIGIT(rhTIGIT/Fc)を、500nM、250nM、125nM、62nMおよび31nMの濃度でチップ全体に流した。mAb/容量の捕獲濃度は、2〜40μg/mL(10μL/分で5μL)であった。抗原会合時間は15μL/分で5分とし、抗原解離時間は、6分とし、50mM HCl/50mM NaOH(100μL/分で各12μL)を用いて再生を実施した。結果は、表3に示されている。
抗TIGIT抗体は、複数の群へビニングする
どの抗ヒトTIGIT抗体が、huTIGITとの結合について、どのその他のものと競合し、したがって、同様のエピトープと結合するかを調べるために、抗体ビニング実験を実施した。抗体14B2、13E6、6F9、11G11、10C9、16F6、11C9、27A9、10D7、20G6、24E8、24G1、27F1、15A6、4E4、13D1、9B11、10B8、22G2、19H2、8C8、17G4、25E7、26D8および16A8を調べた。
酵母ディスプレイによるエピトープマッピング
本発明の選択された抗huTIGIT抗体(クローン22G2、11G11および15A6)のエピトープを、無作為に突然変異されたhuTIGIT細胞外領域変異体を酵母上にディスプレイし、これらの酵母を、それらが特定の抗体と結合できないことに基づいて選別することによって決定した。結合できなかった選択された酵母細胞を増幅し、それらが本発明の特定の抗体と結合できないことに基づく、さらなる選択ラウンドに付した。例えば、Chao et al. (2004) J. Mol. Biol. 342:539を参照のこと。得られた酵母についてhuTIGIT変異体の配列を決定し、抗体結合に対する各残基の効果について分析した。単一アミノ酸突然変異が本発明の抗huTIGIT抗体との結合を破壊するhuTIGIT配列内の遺伝子座として、本発明の抗体の結合エピトープを決定した。
抗TIGIT抗体を用いて処理されたNK細胞によるPVR+細胞の溶解の増強
インビトロでのPVR+細胞のNK細胞媒介性溶解に対する抗ヒトTIGIT抗体22G2の効果を評価した。野生型およびヒトPVRを発現するよう遺伝子操作されたP815細胞(マウスマスト細胞腫細胞株)の両方を、抗huTIGIT mAb 22G2−IgG1、22G2−IgG1.1またはアイソタイプ対照の存在下でヒトNK細胞に曝露した。
抗TIGIT抗体によるCD8+T細胞の活性化
単独のおよび抗ヒトPD−1抗体と組み合わせた、抗ヒトTIGIT抗体の、抗原ペプチドを用いて刺激されたヒトT細胞に対する効果を調べるために実験を実施した。予備的問題として、PD−1+/TIGIT+ CD8+T細胞が、抗原ペプチドのカクテル(CMV、EBV、インフルエンザおよびテタヌスから)に曝露された健常なヒトドナーから得た血液中に、曝露されていない血液よりも広がっていることが観察された。図4Aを参照のこと。CEFTを用いて処理した血液において、IFNγ産生が測定された。図4Bを参照のこと。抗TIGITmAb 22G2は、単剤治療としては無効であるが、抗原ペプチドのカクテルに対して曝露されたヒトT細胞からのIFNγ産生を刺激する抗PD−1の能力を増強した。抗ヒトTIGIT抗体10D7の、ヒト腫瘍特異的CD8+T細胞の効果が、抗huPD−1抗体の同時投与を伴うか、または伴わない、NY−ESO−1ペプチドに対して曝露された黒色腫患者からの末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)において決定されたChauvin et al. (2015) J. Clin. Invest. 125:2046も参照のこと。
マウスCT26腫瘍モデルにおける抗TIGIT抗体の抗腫瘍活性
抗マウスTIGIT抗体を、単独で、および抗マウスPD−1抗体と組み合わせて、同一遺伝子CT26結腸腺癌モデルにおいて抗腫瘍活性について試験した。これらの実験において使用される抗muTIGIT抗体は、本発明の抗huTIGIT抗体のマウスサロゲートである。
抗huTIGIT抗体15A6、22G2、11G11および10D7のその他の特性
種々のその他のインビトロアッセイを実施して、本発明の選択された抗体の特性を調べた。抗huTIGIT mAb 15A6、22G2、11G11および10D7は、huTIGITを発現するジャーカット細胞と結合するとわかった。ジャーカット/hTIGIT細胞の生物検定法は、抗体15A6、11G11および10D7はすべて、PVRシグナル伝達を、およそ同等の有効性で遮断し、抗体22G2は、約2倍良好である(IC50=0.21nM)と実証した。抗体15A6および22G2は、CHO細胞上に発現された場合には、カニクイザル由来のTIGITとヒトTIGITと実質的に同一の親和性で結合すると示されるが、11G11および10D7はそうではなかった。例えば、抗体22G2 IgG1.1fは、ヒトおよびサルTIGITと、それぞれ、0.09nMおよび0.07nMのKDで結合し、またCD8+T細胞との結合についてそれぞれ、0.55nMおよび0.28〜0.58nMのEC50を有していたが、ラットまたはマウスTIGITと結合しなかった。しかし、初代細胞を用いるその後の実験は、15A6は、その関連ではcyno TIGITとは十分に結合しないことを実証した。抗体22G2および15A6は、ヒトリンパ球を染色したが、22種のその他のヒト組織は、10μg/mlの濃度まで染色しなかった(大脳、小脳、心臓、肝臓、肺、腎臓、脾臓、扁桃腺、胸腺、結腸、小腸、胃、膵臓、皮膚、骨格筋、副腎、甲状腺、末梢神経、前立腺、胎盤、精巣および子宮)。抗体22G2は、10μg/mlで20時間インキュベートした場合に、8人のドナーから得たヒト全血に由来する75種の異なるサイトカインおよびケモカイン(GM−CSF、IL−10、IL−12、IL−13、IL−2、IFNγ、IP−10を含む)の発現を増大せず、サイトカイン放出症候群のリスクが低いことを示唆した。
TIGIT、DNAM、PVRおよびネクチン−2の発現に基づく患者選択
本発明の抗TIGIT抗体を用いる治療を導くために、TIGIT経路と関連するタンパク質(TIGIT、PVR/CD155、ネクチン−2/CD112、DNAM/CD226)の発現レベルを使用してもよい。PVRおよびネクチン−2の可溶性形態(sPVRおよびsネクチン−2)は、例えば、ELISAまたはその他の従来手段によって血清中で検出してもよい。TIGIT、PVR、ネクチン−2およびDNAMは、例えば、免疫組織化学(IHC)、フローサイトメトリー(FACS)または液体クロマトグラフィー質量分析(LC−MS)を含めた質量分析法によって、腫瘍細胞、CD8+T細胞、調節T細胞、NK細胞または腫瘍浸潤骨髄系細胞などの細胞の表面上で検出してもよい。
当業者ならば、本明細書において開示される具体的な実施形態の多くの等価物を認識するであろうし、または単に慣例的な実験を使用すれば確かめることができる。このような等価物は、以下の特許請求の範囲によって包含されるものとする。
Claims (20)
- i)配列番号14の配列を含むCDRH1、
ii)配列番号15の配列を含むCDRH2および
iii)配列番号16の配列を含むCDRH3
を含むa)重鎖可変ドメインと、
i)配列番号17の配列を含むCDRL1、
ii)配列番号18の配列を含むCDRL2および
iii)配列番号19の配列を含むCDRL3
を含むb)軽鎖可変ドメインと
を含む、TIGIT(IgおよびITIMドメインを有するヒトT細胞免疫受容体)と結合する、単離された抗体またはその抗原結合断片。 - 1種または複数の重鎖および1種または複数の軽鎖を含み、ここで、
a)重鎖が配列番号2の配列と少なくとも80%の配列同一性を有する重鎖可変領域を含み、
b)軽鎖が配列番号6の配列と少なくとも80%の配列同一性を有する軽鎖可変領域を含む、請求項1に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合断片。 - 1種または複数の重鎖および1種または複数の軽鎖を含み、ここで、
a)重鎖が配列番号2の重鎖可変領域を含み、
b)軽鎖が配列番号6の軽鎖可変領域を含む、請求項2に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合断片。 - エフェクター機能が増大したヒトIgG1抗体またはその変異体である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の単離された抗体。
- エフェクター機能が低減または排除されたヒトIgG1 Fc変異体である、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の単離された抗体。
- EU番号付けによる以下の突然変異:L234A、L235E、G237A、A330SおよびP331S(配列番号48)を含む、請求項5に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合断片。
- 請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の抗体またはその抗原結合断片の重鎖および軽鎖可変領域をコードする核酸。
- 請求項7に記載の核酸を含む発現ベクター。
- (i)請求項8に記載の発現ベクター;または
(ii)請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の抗体またはその抗原結合断片の重鎖可変領域をコードする核酸を含む第一の発現ベクターおよび
請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の抗体またはその抗原結合断片の軽鎖可変領域をコードする核酸を含む第二の発現ベクター
で形質転換された宿主細胞。 - 抗体またはその抗原結合断片の産生を可能にする条件下で請求項9に記載の宿主細胞を培養することと、細胞から抗体を精製することとを含む、抗TIGIT抗体またはその抗原結合断片を産生する方法。
- 請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合断片を含む、対象において抗原特異的T細胞応答を増強するための医薬。
- 対象が腫瘍または慢性ウイルス感染を有し、腫瘍またはウイルス感染に対する免疫応答が増強される、請求項11に記載の医薬。
- 請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合断片を含む、対象の腫瘍において調節T細胞を低減または枯渇させるための医薬。
- 請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合断片を含む、癌を治療するための医薬。
- 抗PD−1抗体、抗LAG−3抗体、抗CTLA−4抗体または抗PD−L1抗体からなる群から選択される1種または複数のさらなる治療薬と併用することを特徴とする、請求項11から14のいずれか一項に記載の医薬。
- さらなる治療薬が抗PD−1抗体である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- さらなる治療薬が抗PD−L1抗体である、請求項15に記載の医薬。
- 第1の抗原結合ドメインと、第2の抗原結合ドメインとを含む二重特異性抗体であって、
a)第1の抗原結合ドメインが、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の抗huTIGIT抗体に由来し、
b)第2の抗原結合ドメインが、抗PD−1抗体、抗LAG−3抗体、抗CTLA−4抗体および抗PD−L1抗体からなる群から選択される抗体に由来する、二重特異性抗体。 - 第2の結合ドメインが抗PD−1抗体に由来する、請求項18に記載の二重特異性抗体。
- 第2の結合ドメインが抗PD−L1抗体に由来する、請求項18に記載の二重特異性抗体。
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WO2015143343A2 (en) * | 2014-03-21 | 2015-09-24 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Methods and compositions for treatment of immune-related diseases or disorders and/or therapy monitoring |
EA201790195A1 (ru) | 2014-07-16 | 2017-09-29 | Дженентек, Инк. | Способы лечения рака с применением ингибиторов tigit и противораковых агентов |
CN113583131B (zh) | 2014-08-19 | 2024-09-03 | 默沙东有限责任公司 | 抗tigit抗体 |
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TWI811892B (zh) | 2015-09-25 | 2023-08-11 | 美商建南德克公司 | 抗tigit抗體及使用方法 |
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