JP2017502029A - ネオ抗原ワクチンによる併用療法 - Google Patents
ネオ抗原ワクチンによる併用療法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2013年12月20日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/919,576号明細書、及び2014年4月7日に出願された同第61/976,274号明細書の利益及びそれに対する優先権を主張する。
本発明は、NIH/NCIによって付与されたR01 CA155010−03号に基づく連邦政府の支援を受けて行われた。連邦政府は本発明に一定の権利を有する。
本願における任意の文献の引用又は特定は、かかる文献が本発明に対する先行技術として利用可能であることを認めるものではない。
(i)非腫瘍試料には存在しない複数の少なくとも4つの腫瘍特異的非サイレント突然変異を、
対象の腫瘍の試料の核酸配列決定及び
対象の非腫瘍試料の核酸配列決定
によることを含め、同定するステップと;
(ii)同定された非サイレント突然変異から、対象の腫瘍に特異的なエピトープである異なる腫瘍ネオエピトープを各々が有する複数の少なくとも4つの対象特異的ペプチドを、同定された複数の腫瘍特異的突然変異から選択するステップであって
各ネオエピトープは非腫瘍試料に存在しない腫瘍特異的非サイレント突然変異の発現産物であり、各ネオエピトープは対象のHLAタンパク質に結合し、
対象特異的ペプチドとHLAタンパク質の結合を決定するステップ
を含む、選択するステップと
(iii)投与時に複数の少なくとも4つの対象特異的ペプチドが対象の免疫系に提示されるように対象特異的免疫原性組成物を対象への投与用に製剤化するステップと
を含み、
選択するステップ又は製剤化するステップは、
対象特異的免疫原性組成物に、同定されたネオORFの発現産物を含む対象特異的ペプチドを含めるステップであって、ネオORFが、新規オープンリーディングフレームを作り出す非腫瘍試料に存在しない腫瘍特異的非サイレント突然変異である、ステップ、及び
対象特異的免疫原性組成物に、同定された点突然変異の発現産物を含み且つ対象のHLAタンパク質との結合性が500nM未満のIC50と決定される対象特異的ペプチドを含めるステップ
の少なくとも1つを含み、
それにより、複数の少なくとも4つの対象特異的ペプチドが同定され、及び投与時に対象の免疫系に複数の少なくとも4つの対象特異的ペプチドを提示する対象特異的免疫原性組成物(対象特異的ペプチドは対象及び対象の腫瘍に特異的である)が調製される、方法;又はネオ抗原の同定方法であって、
a.癌を有する対象の発現遺伝子における腫瘍特異的突然変異を同定するステップ;
b.ステップ(a)で同定された前記突然変異が点突然変異である場合:
i.ステップ(a)で同定された突然変異を有する変異ペプチドを同定するステップであって、前記変異ペプチドは野生型ペプチドより高い親和性でクラスI HLAタンパク質に結合し;及び500nm未満のIC50を有する、ステップ;
c.ステップ(a)で同定された前記突然変異がスプライス部位、フレームシフト、リードスルー又は遺伝子融合突然変異である場合:
i.ステップ(a)で同定された突然変異によってコードされる変異ポリペプチドを同定するステップであって、前記変異ポリペプチドはクラスI HLAタンパク質に結合する、ステップを含む方法;又は対象において腫瘍特異的免疫応答を誘導する方法であって、同定された1つ以上のペプチド又はポリペプチドとアジュバントとを投与するステップを含む方法;又は癌に関して対象をワクチン接種するか又は治療する方法であって、
a.対象の発現遺伝子における複数の腫瘍特異的突然変異を同定するステップであって、前記同定された突然変異が:
i.点突然変異であるとき、その点突然変異を有する変異ペプチドをさらに同定するステップ;及び/又は
ii.スプライス部位、フレームシフト、リードスルー又は遺伝子融合突然変異であるとき、その突然変異によってコードされる変異ポリペプチドをさらに同定するステップ;
b.クラスI HLAタンパク質に結合するステップ(a)で同定された1つ以上の変異ペプチド又はポリペプチドを選択するステップ;
c.抗腫瘍CD8 T細胞を活性化させる能力を有するステップ(b)で同定された1つ以上の変異ペプチド又はポリペプチドを選択するステップ;及び
d.ステップ(c)で選択された1つ以上のペプチド又はポリペプチド、1つ以上のペプチド又はポリペプチドでパルスした自家樹状細胞又は抗原提示細胞を対象に投与するステップ;又はある1つ又は複数の同定されたペプチドを含む医薬組成物を調製するステップを含む方法を実施すること、及び本明細書で考察するとおりの1つ又は複数の方法を実施することを含む。従って、本明細書における新生物ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物は、米国特許出願公開第20110293637号明細書にあるとおりであってもよい。
本発明の理解を助けるため、本明細書にいくつかの用語及び語句を定義する。
・各患者の対応する生殖系列試料に対する腫瘍の全ゲノム、全エクソーム(例えば、捕捉されたエクソンのみ)、又はRNAシーケンシングを用いてDNAレベルで新生物/腫瘍における全ての又はほぼ全ての突然変異を同定すること;
・同定された突然変異を1つ以上のペプチド−MHC結合予測アルゴリズムで解析し、新生物/腫瘍内で発現する、且つ患者HLA対立遺伝子と結合し得る複数の候補ネオ抗原T細胞エピトープを作成すること;及び
・一組の全ネオORFペプチド及び予測結合ペプチドから選択された複数の候補ネオ抗原ペプチドを、癌ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物に使用するため合成すること。
本発明は、少なくとも一部には、患者の免疫系に腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原のプールを提示する能力に基づく。当業者は、本開示及び当該技術分野における知識から、かかる腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原を作製する種々の方法があることを理解するであろう。一般に、かかる腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原はインビトロ又はインビボのいずれでも作製し得る。腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原はインビトロでペプチド又はポリペプチドとして作製されてもよく、次にそれが個別化された新生物ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物に製剤化され、対象に投与されてもよい。本明細書にさらに詳細に記載するとおり、かかるインビトロ作製は、例えば、ペプチド合成又は種々の細菌、真核生物、若しくはウイルス組換え発現系のいずれかにおけるDNA若しくはRNA分子からのペプチド/ポリペプチドの発現と、続く発現したペプチド/ポリペプチドの精製など、当業者に公知の種々の方法によって行われ得る。或いは、腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原は、腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原をコードする分子(例えば、DNA、RNA、ウイルス発現系など)を対象に導入し、導入後にコードされた腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原が発現することによりインビボで作製されてもよい。ネオ抗原のインビトロ及びインビボ作製方法はまた、本明細書において、それが医薬組成物及び併用療法の送達方法に関するときさらに記載される。
タンパク質又はペプチドは、標準的な分子生物学的技法によるタンパク質、ポリペプチド又はペプチドの発現、天然供給源からのタンパク質、インビトロ翻訳、又はペプチドの単離、又はタンパク質又はペプチドの化学合成を含め、当業者に公知の任意の技法によって作製することができる。様々な遺伝子に対応するヌクレオチド及びタンパク質、ポリペプチド及びペプチド配列は既に開示されており、当業者に公知のコンピュータ化されたデータベースを参照することができる。一つのかかるデータベースは、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)ウェブサイトにある国立バイオテクノロジー情報センター(National Center for Biotechnology Information)のGenbank及びGenPeptデータベースである。既知の遺伝子のコード領域は、本明細書に開示される技法を用いて、又は当業者に公知であろうとおりに増幅し及び/又は発現させることができる。或いは、様々な市販のタンパク質、ポリペプチド及びペプチド調製物が当業者に公知である。
本発明はまた、ネオ抗原ペプチド/ポリペプチドをそれを必要としている対象に例えばDNA/RNAワクチンの形態でインビボで送達するための媒体としての核酸分子の使用も企図する(例えば、本明細書によって全体として参照により援用される国際公開第2012/159643号パンフレット、及び国際公開第2012/159754号パンフレットを参照)。
有効なワクチン又は免疫原性組成物は、有利には、免疫応答を惹起するため強力なアジュバントを含む。本明細書に記載されるとおり、TLR3並びにMDA5及びRIG3のRNAヘリカーゼドメインのアゴニストであるポリICLCが、ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物アジュバントに望ましい幾つかの特性を示している。それらの特性には、インビボでの免疫細胞の局所及び全身活性化の誘導、刺激ケモカイン及びサイトカインの産生、並びにDCによる抗原提示の刺激が含まれる。さらに、ポリICLCは、ヒトにおいて持続的なCD4+及びCD8+応答を誘導することができる。重要なことに、ポリICLCをワクチン接種した対象と、極めて有効性の高い複製コンピテント黄熱病ワクチンの投与を受けたことがあるボランティアとにおいて、転写経路及びシグナル伝達経路の上方制御の点で顕著な類似性が認められた。さらに、最近の第1相試験では、(Montanideに加えて)NY−ESO−1ペプチドワクチンと組み合わせてポリICLCで免疫した卵巣癌患者の90%超がCD4+及びCD8+ T細胞の誘導並びにペプチドに対する抗体応答を示した。同時に、ポリICLCは現在までに25件を上回る臨床試験で広範に試験されており、比較的安全な毒性プロファイルを呈している。強力且つ特異的な免疫原に加え、ネオ抗原ペプチドはアジュバント(例えばポリICLC)又は別の抗新生物剤と併用し得る。理論によって拘束されるものではないが、これらのネオ抗原は中枢性胸腺トレランスを回避し(従ってより強力な抗腫瘍T細胞応答が可能となる)、一方で自己免疫の可能性を(例えば、正常な自己抗原の標的化を回避することにより)低下させるものと予想される。有効な免疫応答は、有利には免疫系を活性化させるため強力なアジュバントを含む(Speiser and Romero,「癌免疫療法のための分子的に定義されたワクチン、及び防御T細胞免疫(Molecularly defined vaccines for cancer immunotherapy,and protective T cell immunity)」 Seminars in Immunol 22:144(2010))。例えば、Toll様受容体(TLR)が、自然免疫系、次には適応免疫系を有効に誘導する、微生物性及びウイルス性病原体「危険シグナル」の強力なセンサーとして登場している(Bhardwaj and Gnjatic,「TLRアゴニスト:それは優れたアジュバントか?(TLR AGONISTS:Are They Good Adjuvants?)」 Cancer J.16:382−391(2010))。TLRアゴニストの中でも、ポリICLC(合成二本鎖RNA模倣体)は、骨髄由来樹状細胞の最も強力なアクチベータの一つである。ヒトボランティア試験において、ポリICLCは安全で、且つ末梢血細胞において、最も強力な弱毒生ウイルスワクチンの一つである黄熱病ワクチンYF−17Dによって誘導されるものと同等の遺伝子発現プロファイルを誘導することが示されている(Caskey et al,「合成二本鎖RNAはヒトにおいて生菌ウイルスワクチンと同様の自然免疫応答を誘導する(Synthetic double−stranded RNA induces innate immune responses similar to a live viral vaccine in humans)」 J Exp Med 208:2357(2011))。好ましい実施形態において、Oncovir,Incにより調製されるポリICLCのGMP製剤であるHiltonol(登録商標)がアジュバントとして利用される。他の実施形態では、本明細書に記載される他のアジュバントが想定される。例えば、水中油、油中水又は多相W/O/W;例えば、米国特許第7,608,279号明細書及びAucouturier et al,Vaccine 19(2001),2666−2672、及びそれらの引用文献を参照のこと。
本発明は、本明細書に記載されるとおりの新生物ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物と、少なくとも1つのチェックポイント阻害薬とを対象に投与するステップを含む、新生物の治療又は予防方法を特徴とする。従って、1、2、3、4、5つ、又はそれ以上のチェックポイント阻害薬が投与され得る。特定の例示的実施形態では、1つのチェックポイント阻害薬が投与される。他の例示的実施形態では、2つのチェックポイント阻害薬が投与される。
CD152としても知られる細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連抗原(CTLA−4)は、T細胞活性化を調節する働きをする共阻害分子である。
CTLA−4は初期T細胞活性化を調節する働きをするが、一方、プログラム死1(PD−1)シグナル伝達は、一部には、末梢組織におけるT細胞活性化を調節する機能を果たす。PD−1受容体は、CD28ファミリーに属する免疫抑制受容体を指す。PD−1は、T reg、活性化B細胞、及びナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞を含めた幾つもの細胞型で発現し、主にインビボで以前活性化したT細胞で発現し、及び2つのリガンド、PD−L1及びPD−L2に結合する。PD1の内因性リガンド、PD−L1及びPD−L2は、活性化した免疫細胞並びに腫瘍細胞を含めた非造血細胞において発現する。PD−1は、本明細書で使用されるとき、ヒトPD−1(hPD−1)、hPD−1の変異体、アイソフォーム、及び種相同体、及びhPD−1との少なくとも1つの共通エピトープを有する類似体を含むことが意図される。完全なhPD−1配列は、GENBANK受託番号U64863に基づき見出すことができる。プログラム死リガンド−1(PD−L1”は、PD−1との結合時にT細胞活性化及びサイトカイン分泌を下方制御するPD−1に対する2つの細胞表面糖タンパク質リガンドのうちの一方である(他方はPD−L2である)。PD−L1は、本明細書で使用されるとき、ヒトPD−L1(hPD−L1)、hPD−L1の変異体、アイソフォーム、及び種相同体、及びhPD−L1との少なくとも1つの共通エピトープを有する類似体を含む。完全なhPD−L1配列は、GENBANK受託番号Q9NZQ7に基づき見出すことができる。腫瘍は、PD−L1/L2を発現して、それによりPD−1/PD−L1、2相互作用を介して腫瘍浸潤リンパ球を抑制することによって免疫監視機構を逃れることが実証されている(Dong et al.Nat.Med.8:793−800.2002)。治療用抗体によるこれらの相互作用の阻害は、T細胞応答を増強し、且つ抗腫瘍活性を刺激することが示されている(Freeman et al.J.Exp.Med.192:1027−34.2000)。
本明細書の併用療法によって治療し得る癌及び癌病態の例としては、限定はされないが、癌である、又は癌の発症リスクがあると診断された、それを必要としている患者が挙げられる。対象は、固形腫瘍、例えば、乳房、卵巣、前立腺、肺、腎臓、胃、結腸、精巣、頭頸部、膵臓、脳、メラノーマ、及び他の組織臓器腫瘍、並びに血液腫瘍、例えば、急性骨髄性白血病、慢性骨髄性白血病、慢性リンパ性白血病、T細胞リンパ性白血病、及びB細胞リンパ腫を含めたリンパ腫及び白血病、脳及び中枢神経系の腫瘍(例えば、髄膜、脳、脊髄、脳神経及び他のCNS部位の腫瘍、例えば、膠芽腫又は髄芽細胞腫);頭部及び/又は頸部癌、乳房腫瘍、循環系の腫瘍(例えば、心臓、縦隔及び胸膜、及び他の胸腔内臓器、血管腫瘍、及び腫瘍関連血管組織);血液及びリンパ系の腫瘍(例えば、ホジキン病、非ホジキン病リンパ腫、バーキットリンパ腫、AIDS関連リンパ腫、悪性免疫増殖性疾患、多発性骨髄腫、及び悪性形質細胞新生物、リンパ性白血病、骨髄性白血病、急性又は慢性リンパ性白血病、単球性白血病、特定の細胞型の他の白血病、不特定細胞型の白血病、リンパ組織、造血組織及び関連組織の不特定の悪性新生物、例えばびまん性大細胞型リンパ腫、T細胞リンパ腫又は皮膚T細胞リンパ腫);排泄系(例えば、腎臓、腎盂、尿管、膀胱、及び他の泌尿器)の腫瘍;胃腸管(例えば、食道、胃、小腸、結腸、結腸直腸、直腸S状結腸移行部、直腸、肛門、及び肛門管)の腫瘍;肝臓及び肝内胆管、胆嚢、及び他の胆道部位、膵臓、及び他の消化器に関わる腫瘍;口腔(例えば、口唇、舌、歯肉、口腔底、口蓋、耳下腺、唾液腺、扁桃腺、中咽頭、鼻咽頭、梨状窩(puriform sinus)、下咽頭、及び他の口腔部位)の腫瘍;生殖器系(例えば、外陰部、腟、子宮頸、子宮、卵巣、及び他の女性生殖器関連部位、胎盤、陰茎、前立腺、精巣、及び他の男性生殖器関連部位)の腫瘍;気道(例えば、鼻腔、中耳、副鼻腔、喉頭、気管、気管支及び肺、例えば小細胞肺癌及び非小細胞肺癌)の腫瘍;骨格系(例えば、体肢、骨関節軟骨及び他の部位の骨及び関節軟骨)の腫瘍;皮膚の腫瘍(例えば、皮膚悪性メラノーマ、非メラノーマ皮膚癌、皮膚基底細胞癌、皮膚扁平上皮癌、中皮腫、カポジ肉腫);及び末梢神経及び自律神経系を含む他の組織、結合組織及び軟部組織、後腹膜(retroperitoneoum)及び腹膜、眼、甲状腺、副腎、並びに他の内分泌腺及び関連構造が関わる腫瘍、リンパ節の二次性及び不特定悪性新生物、呼吸器系及び消化器系の二次性悪性新生物及び他の部位の二次性悪性新生物を有し得る。
本発明はまた、本発明に係る1つ以上の化合物(その薬学的に許容可能な塩を含む)の有効量を、場合により薬学的に許容可能な担体、賦形剤又は添加剤との組み合わせで含む医薬組成物にも関する。
本明細書に記載される薬剤を医薬品としてヒト又は動物に投与するとき、薬剤はそれ自体で投与することも、又は薬学的に許容可能な担体、賦形剤、若しくは希釈剤と組み合わせた活性成分を含有する医薬組成物として投与することもできる。
本発明は、併用治療方法に関する。併用治療は、少なくとも免疫原性組成物、例えば、特異的T細胞応答を生じさせることが可能な新生物ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物を含む。新生物ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物は、本明細書に記載される方法によって同定される腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原に対応するネオ抗原ペプチド及び/又はネオ抗原ポリペプチドを含む。併用治療はまた、少なくとも1つのチェックポイント阻害薬も含む。詳細には、本発明は、(a)新生物ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物、及び(b)少なくとも1つのチェックポイント阻害薬を対象に投与するステップを含む新生物の治療又は予防方法に関する。
米国特許第4,603,112号明細書、同第4,769,330号明細書、同第5,110,587号明細書、同第5,174,993号明細書、同第5,364,773号明細書、同第5,762,938号明細書、同第5,494,807号明細書、同第5,766,597号明細書、同第7,767,449号明細書、同第6,780,407号明細書、同第6,537,594号明細書、同第6,265,189号明細書、同第6,214,353号明細書、同第6,130,066号明細書、同第6,004,777号明細書、同第5,990,091号明細書、同第5,942,235号明細書、同第5,833,975号明細書、同第5,766,597号明細書、同第5,756,101号明細書、同第7,045,313号明細書、同第6,780,417号明細書、同第8,470,598号明細書、同第8,372,622号明細書、同第8,268,329号明細書、同第8,268,325号明細書、同第8,236,560号明細書、同第8,163,293号明細書、同第7,964,398号明細書、同第7,964,396号明細書、同第7,964,395号明細書、同第7,939,086号明細書、同第7,923,017号明細書、同第7,897,156号明細書、同第7,892,533号明細書、同第7,628,980号明細書、同第7,459,270号明細書、同第7,445,924号明細書、同第7,384,644号明細書、同第7,335,364号明細書、同第7,189,536号明細書、同第7,097,842号明細書、同第6,913,752号明細書、同第6,761,893号明細書、同第6,682,743号明細書、同第5,770,212号明細書、同第5,766,882号明細書、及び同5,989,562号明細書、及び
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(この各々が参照により本明細書に援用される)。
本発明は、本発明の新生物ワクチン又はネオ抗原ペプチド若しくは組成物及び少なくとも1つのチェックポイント阻害薬を対象に投与することによって、対象において新生物/腫瘍特異的免疫応答を誘導する方法、新生物/腫瘍に対するワクチンを接種する方法、対象における癌の症状を治療及び/又は軽減する方法を提供する。
本明細書に記載される腫瘍特異的ネオ抗原ペプチド及び医薬組成物はまた、別の薬剤、例えば療法剤とさらに併用して投与されてもよい。特定の実施形態において、追加の薬剤は、限定はされないが、化学療法剤、抗血管新生剤及び免疫抑制を低減する薬剤であり得る。
別の態様において、本明細書に記載される併用療法は、それを必要としている患者に関する治療下の癌についての標準治療に対する、且つその範囲内での併用療法の投与に適切な時点を選択することを提供する。本明細書に記載される研究は、手術、放射線、又は化学療法を含めた標準治療の範囲内であっても本併用療法を有効に投与し得ることを示す。最も一般的な癌に対する標準治療については、国立癌研究所(National Cancer Institute)のウェブサイト(http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics)で見ることができる。標準治療は、医療関係者によって特定の種類の疾患に適切な治療として認められており、且つ医療従事者によって広く用いられている現行の治療である。標準治療(standard or care)は、ベストプラクティス、標準医療ケア、及び標準療法とも称される。癌の標準治療には、概して、手術、リンパ節除去、放射線、化学療法、標的療法、腫瘍を標的化する抗体、及び免疫療法が含まれる。免疫療法には、チェックポイントブロッカー(CBP)、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)、及び養子T細胞療法が含まれ得る。本明細書に記載される併用療法は、標準治療内に組み込むことができる。本明細書に記載される併用療法はまた、標準治療が医学の進歩によって変化した場合にも投与し得る。
1.タモキシフェンを伴う又は伴わない乳房温存手術及び放射線療法。
2.タモキシフェンを伴う又は伴わない乳房全切除術。
3.放射線療法を伴わない乳房温存手術。
1.局所的−局部的治療:
・乳房温存療法(乳腺腫瘍摘出術、乳房放射線照射、及び腋窩の外科的病期判定)。
・乳房再建術を伴う又は伴わない非定型的乳房切除術(レベルI〜II腋窩切開を伴う乳房全体の除去)。
・センチネルリンパ節生検。
2.腋窩リンパ節陽性腫瘍における乳房切除術後アジュバント放射線療法:
・1〜3個のリンパ節に対して:局部放射線照射(鎖骨下/鎖骨上リンパ節、内胸リンパ節、腋窩リンパ節、及び胸壁)の役割不明。
・4個以上のリンパ節又は節外性病変に対して:局部放射線照射が推奨される。
3.アジュバント全身療法
1.治癒目的で施されるマルチモダリティ療法が、臨床的ステージIIIB疾患の患者に対する標準治療である。
2.初期手術は、概して、組織学、エストロゲン受容体(ER)及びプロゲステロン受容体(PR)レベル、及びヒト上皮成長因子受容体2(HER2/neu)過剰発現の決定を可能にする生検に限られている。アントラサイクリン系化学療法及び/又はタキサン系療法による初期治療が標準である。ネオアジュバント化学療法に応答する患者については、局所療法は、腋窩リンパ節郭清を伴う乳房全切除術と、続く胸壁及び局所リンパ管に対する術後放射線療法からなり得る。ネオアジュバント化学療法に対して良好な部分寛解又は完全寛解が得られた患者においては、乳房温存療法を考えることができる。続く全身療法は、さらなる化学療法からなり得る。腫瘍がER陽性又は不明である患者には、ホルモン療法を投与するべきである。全ての患者を臨床試験候補と見なし、マルチモダリティレジメンの様々な構成要素を投与する最適な方式を評価しなければならない。
別の実施形態において、ステージI、II、III、及びIV慢性リンパ性白血病と診断された患者が、本明細書に記載されるとおりの併用療法で治療される。この癌タイプに対する標準治療は以下である:
1.無症候性又は罹患程度が最小限の患者における観察
2.リツキシマブ
3.オファツムマブ(ofatumomab)
4.コルチコステロイド類を伴う又は伴わない経口アルキル化剤
5.フルダラビン、2−クロロデオキシアデノシン、又はペントスタチン
6.ベンダムスチン
7.レナリドマイド
8.併用化学療法
併用化学療法レジメンには、以下が含まれる:
○フルダラビン+シクロホスファミド+リツキシマブ
○CLB−9712及びCLB−9011試験で見られるとおりのフルダラビン+リツキシマブ
○フルダラビン+シクロホスファミド対フルダラビン+シクロホスファミド+リツキシマブ
○例えばMAYO−MC0183試験に見られるとおりのペントスタチン+シクロホスファミド+リツキシマブ
○オファツムマブ+フルダラビン+シクロホスファミド
○CVP:シクロホスファミド+ビンクリスチン+プレドニゾン
○CHOP:シクロホスファミド+ドキソルビシン+ビンクリスチン+プレドニゾン
○例えばE2997試験[NCT00003764]及びLRF−CLL4試験に見られるとおりのフルダラビン+シクロホスファミド対フルダラビン
○例えばCLB−9011試験に見られるとおりのフルダラビン+クロラムブシル
9.浸潤領域放射線療法
10.アレムツズマブ
11.骨髄及び末梢血幹細胞移植は臨床評価段階にある
12.イブルチニブ
ある態様において、本発明は、併用療法の投与を可能にするため本明細書で考察される要素の任意の1つ以上を含むキットを提供する。要素は、個々に又は組み合わせで提供されてもよく、及び任意の好適な容器、例えば、バイアル、ボトル、又はチューブに提供されてもよい。一部の実施形態において、キットは、1つ以上の言語、例えば2つ以上の言語による説明書を含む。一部の実施形態において、キットは、本明細書に記載される要素の1つ以上を利用するプロセスで使用される1つ以上の試薬を含む。試薬は任意の好適な容器中に提供されてもよい。例えば、キットは1つ以上の送達又は保存緩衝液を提供し得る。試薬は、特定のプロセスで使用可能な形態で提供されてもよく、又は使用前に1つ以上の他の構成成分の添加が必要な形態(例えば濃縮形態又は凍結乾燥形態)で提供されてもよい。緩衝液は、限定はされないが、炭酸ナトリウム緩衝液、重炭酸ナトリウム緩衝液、ホウ酸塩緩衝液、トリス緩衝液、MOPS緩衝液、HEPES緩衝液、及びそれらの組み合わせを含めた任意の緩衝液であり得る。一部の実施形態において、緩衝液はアルカリ性である。一部の実施形態において、緩衝液はpHが約7〜約10である。一部の実施形態において、キットは、本明細書に記載されるベクター、タンパク質の1つ以上及び/又はポリヌクレオチドの1つ以上を含む。キットは、有利には、本発明のシステムの全ての要素の提供を可能にし得る。キットは、動物、哺乳動物、霊長類、げっ歯類等に投与される1〜50又はそれ以上のネオ抗原突然変異の1つ又は複数のRNAを含むか又はそれをコードする1つ又は複数のベクター及び/又は1つ又は複数の粒子及び/又は1つ又は複数のナノ粒子を含むことができ、かかるキットは、かかる真核生物に対する投与についての説明書を含み;及びかかるキットは、任意選択で、本明細書に記載される抗癌剤のいずれかを含むことができる。キットは、上記の構成要素(例えば1〜50又はそれ以上のネオ抗原突然変異の1つ又は複数のRNAを含有するか又はそれをコードする1つ又は複数のベクター及び/又は1つ又は複数の粒子及び/又は1つ又は複数のナノ粒子、ネオ抗原タンパク質又はペプチド、チェックポイント阻害薬)のいずれか、並びに本発明の方法のいずれかでの使用に関する説明書を含み得る。
癌ワクチン試験プロトコル
本明細書に記載される組成物及び方法は、図2に示す一般的なフロープロセスに従い高リスクメラノーマ(完全切除後のステージIIIB、IIIC及びIVM1a、b)の15人の患者で試験し得る。患者は、個別化された腫瘍特異的ペプチドの混合物及びポリICLCによる一連のプライミングワクチン接種を4週間の期間にわたり受け、続いて維持期の間に2回のブーストを受け得る。ワクチン接種は全て皮下送達する。ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物は、患者における安全性、忍容性、免疫応答及び臨床効果に関して、並びにワクチン又は免疫原性組成物の作製及び適切な時間フレーム内におけるワクチン接種開始の成功の実現可能性に関して評価し得る。第1コホートは5人の患者からなってもよく、安全性が十分に実証された後、10人の患者のさらなるコホートを登録し得る。ペプチド特異的T細胞応答に関して末梢血を広範にモニタし、疾患再発を評価するため患者は最長2年間にわたり追跡する。
標的患者集団
ステージIIIB、IIIC及びIVM1a,bのメラノーマを有する患者は、疾患を完全に外科的に切除したとしても、疾患再発及び死亡のリスクが著しく高い((Balch et al,「2009年AJCCメラノーマ病期診断及び分類の最終版(Final Version of 2009 AJCC Melanoma Staging and Classification)」J Clin Oncol 27:6199−6206(2009))。この患者集団に利用可能な全身アジュバント療法はインターフェロン−α(IFNα)であり、これは測定可能な、しかし最低限度の利益を提供し、顕著な、多くの場合に用量制限となる毒性を伴う(Kirkwood et al,「高リスク切除皮膚メラノーマのインターフェロンα−2bアジュバント療法:米国東海岸癌臨床試験グループ試験EST 1684(Interferon alfa−2b Adjuvant Therapy of High−Risk Resected Cutaneous Melanoma:The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684)」J Clin Oncol 14:7−17(1996);Kirkwood et al,「高リスクメラノーマにおける高用量及び低用量インターフェロンα−2b:群間比較試験E1690/S9111/C9190の初回分析(High− and Low−dose Interferon Alpha−2b in High−Risk Melanoma:First Analysis of Intergroup Trial E1690/S9111/C9190)」J Clin Oncol 18:2444−2458(2000))。これらの患者は、過去の癌を標的化した治療法によるか又は活動中の癌により免疫無防備状態ではなく、従ってワクチンの安全性及び免疫学的影響を評価するための優れた患者集団に相当する。最後に、これらの患者に対する現行の標準治療は、手術後にいかなる治療も指示しないため、ワクチン製剤について8〜10週間のウィンドウが可能となる。
用量及びスケジュール
全ての治療前基準を満たした患者について、試験薬が到着し、受入規格に適合した後、可能な限り速やかにワクチン投与を開始し得る。各患者につき4つの別個の試験薬があり、各々が20個の患者特異的ペプチドのうちの5個を含有する。免疫化は、概して図3に示すスケジュールに従い進め得る。
5個の患者特異的ペプチドを各300μgずつ含有する0.75ml試験薬
0.25ml(0.5mg)の2mg/mlポリICLC(Hiltonol(登録商標))
免疫モニタリング
免疫戦略は、免疫応答を誘導するための初期の一連の密な間隔の免疫化と、続く記憶T細胞を樹立させるための休止期間とを含む「プライム−ブースト」手法である。これにブースター免疫化が続き、このブーストの4週間後のT細胞応答が最も強い応答を生じるものと予想され、一次免疫学的エンドポイントとなる。初めに大域的免疫応答が末梢血単核細胞を使用してこの時点から18時間エキソビボELISPOTアッセイにおいて、全ての免疫エピトープを含むオーバーラップ15merペプチド(11aaオーバーラップ)のプールで刺激してモニタされる。このペプチドプールに対するベースライン応答を確立するため、ワクチン接種前試料を評価する。必要に応じてさらなるPBMC試料を評価し、全ペプチド混合物に対する免疫応答の動態を調べる。ベースラインを有意に上回る応答を示す患者については、全15merのプールをデコンボリューションして、どの特定の免疫ペプチドが免疫原性であったかを決定する。加えて、適切な試料に関して個別の場合に応じていくつかのさらなるアッセイを行う:
・全15merプール又はサブプールを細胞内サイトカイン染色アッセイの刺激ペプチドとして使用して、抗原特異的CD4+、CD8+、中枢記憶及びエフェクター記憶集団を同定及び定量化する
・同様に、これらのプールを使用してこれらの細胞により分泌されるサイトカインのパターンを評価し、TH1対TH2表現型を決定する
・未刺激細胞の細胞外サイトカイン染色及びフローサイトメトリーを使用してTreg及び骨髄由来サプレッサー細胞(MDSC)を定量化する。
・応答した患者からのメラノーマ細胞系の樹立に成功し、且つ活性化エピトープを同定することができた場合、突然変異ペプチド及び対応する野生型ペプチドを使用してT細胞の細胞傷害性アッセイを行う
・一次免疫学的エンドポイントのPBMCを、図4に示されるとおり、既知のメラノーマ腫瘍関連抗原を刺激剤として使用し、且つ免疫原の中には選択されなかったいくつかのさらなる同定済みの突然変異エピトープを使用することにより、「エピトープの広がり」に関して評価する。
転移性疾患患者における臨床的有効性
転移性疾患患者のワクチン治療は、活動中の癌に有効な治療法が必要であること、及び結果としてワクチン調製のための治療休止時間ウィンドウがなくなることによって複雑化する。さらに、これらの癌治療は、患者の免疫系を損ない、場合により免疫応答の誘導を妨げ得る。これらの考慮点を念頭に置き、ワクチン調製のタイミングが時間的に特定の患者集団に対する他の標準治療手法と適合するセッティング及び/又はかかる標準治療が確実に免疫療法手法と両立し得るセッティングが選択され得る。探究され得るセッティングには2つのタイプがある:
1.チェックポイント遮断との併用:転移性メラノーマの有効な免疫療法としてチェックポイント遮断抗体が登場しており(Hodi et al,「転移性メラノーマ患者におけるイピリムマブによる生存率の改善(Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma)」NEJM 363:711−723(2010))、非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)及び腎細胞癌(Topalian et al,「癌における抗PD−1抗体の安全性、活性、及び免疫関連要因(Safety,Activity,and Immune Correlates of Anti−PD−1 Antibody in Cancer)」NEJM 366:2443−2454(2012);Brahmer et al,「進行癌患者における抗PD−L1抗体の安全性及び活性(Safety and Activity of Anti−PD−L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer)」NEJM 366:2455−2465(2012))を含めた他の疾患セッティングにおいて積極的に探究されている。作用機序は明らかになっていないが、局所免疫抑制の解除の逆転及び免疫応答の増強の両方ともに、可能な説明である。強力なワクチンを統合してチェックポイント遮断抗体による免疫応答を惹起すると、複数の動物試験で観察されているとおり、相乗作用がもたらされ得る(van Elsas et al 「抗細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連抗原4(CTLA−4)及び顆粒球/マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM−CSF)産生ワクチンを使用したB16メラノーマの併用免疫療法は、自己免疫性色素脱失を伴う皮下腫瘍及び転移性腫瘍の拒絶を誘導する」J Exp Med 190:35−366(1999);Li et al,「抗プログラム死1は、樹立腫瘍を有するマウスに治療利益を提供する顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子分泌腫瘍細胞免疫療法と相乗作用を及ぼす(Anti−programmed death−1 synergizes with granulocyte macrophage colony−stimulating factor−secreting tumor cell immunotherapy providing therapeutic benefit to mice with established tumors)」Clin Cancer Res 15:1623−1634(2009);Pardoll,D.M.「癌免疫療法における免疫チェックポイントの遮断(The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy)」Nature Reviews Cancer 12:252−264(2012);Curran et al.「PD−1及びCTLA−4併用遮断はB16メラノーマ腫瘍内の浸潤性T細胞を拡大し、調節性T細胞及び骨髄性細胞を減少させる(PD−1 and CTLA−4 combination blockade expands infiltrating T cells and reduces regulatory T and myeloid cells within B16 melanoma tumors)」.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2010 Mar 2;107(9):4275−80;Curran et al.「flt3リガンドを発現する腫瘍ワクチンはctla−4遮断と相乗作用を及ぼして予め移植された腫瘍を拒絶する(Tumor vaccines expressing flt3 ligand synergize with ctla−4 blockade to reject preimplanted tumors)」.Cancer Res.2009 Oct 1;69(19):7747−55)。図5に示すとおり、ワクチンが調製されている間に患者は直ちにチェックポイント遮断治療薬を開始することができ、調製後、ワクチン投与が抗体療法と統合される;及び
2.有益な免疫特性を呈する標準治療レジメンとの併用
a)転移性疾患を示す腎細胞癌(RCC)患者は、典型的には外科的な減量術を受け、続いて、一般的にはスニチニブ、パゾパニブ及びソラフェニブなどの承認済みのチロシンキナーゼ阻害薬(TKI)の一つによる全身治療を受ける。承認済みTKIの中でスニチニブは、TH1応答性を増加させ、Treg及び骨髄由来サプレッサー細胞を減少させることが示されている(Finke et al,「スニチニブは腎細胞癌患者において1型免疫抑制を逆転させ、T調節性細胞を減少させる(Sunitinib reverses Type−1 immune suppression and decreases T−regulatory cells in renal cell carcinoma patients)」Clin Can Res 14:6674−6682(2008);Terme et al,「VEGFA−VEGFR経路遮断は結腸直腸癌における腫瘍誘導性調節T細胞増殖を阻害する(VEGFA−VEGFR pathway blockade inhibits tumor−induced regulatory T cell proliferation in colorectal cancer)」(Cancer Research Author Manuscript published Online(2102))。免疫系を損なわない承認済み治療薬で患者を直ちに治療可能であることにより、ワクチンの調製に必要なウィンドウが提供され、ワクチン治療薬との相乗作用がもたらされ得る。加えて、複数の動物及びヒト試験においてシクロホスファミド(CTX)がTreg細胞に阻害効果を及ぼすことが示されており、且つ最近になってワクチン前の単回用量のCTXが、ワクチンに応答したRCC患者の生存を改善することが示されている(Walter et al,「単回用量シクロホスファミド後の癌ワクチンIMA901に対する多ペプチド免疫応答は、より長い患者生存に関連する」Nature Medicine 18:1254−1260(2012))。これらの免疫相乗作用手法は両方とも、RCC中の天然ペプチドワクチンの最近完了した第3相試験において利用されている(ClinicalTrials.gov,進行性/転移性腎細胞癌に対するスニチニブの投与を受けている患者におけるNCT01265901 IMA901(NCT01265901 IMA901 in Patients Receiving Sunitinib for Advanced/Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma));
b)或いは、膠芽腫(GBM)の標準治療には、手術、回復及びフォローアップ放射線及び低用量テモゾロミド(TMZ)、続いて4週間の休止期間の後、標準用量TMZの開始が関わる。この標準治療はワクチン調製のためのウィンドウを提供し、それにワクチン接種の開始と、その後に標準用量TMZの開始が続く。興味深いことに、転移性メラノーマにおける試験では、標準用量TMZ治療中のペプチドワクチン接種により、ワクチン接種単独と比較して計測される免疫応答性が増加したことから、さらなる相乗的利益が示唆される(Kyte et al,「テロメラーゼペプチドワクチン接種のテモゾロミドとの併用:ステージIVメラノーマ患者における臨床試験(Telomerase peptide vaccination combined with temozolomide:a clinical trial in stage IV melanoma patients)」Clin Cancer Res 17:4568(2011))。
ネオ抗原調製
腫瘍を外科的に切除した後、腫瘍組織の一部及び血液試料を直ちに施設に移し、そこで以降のトラッキング用に一意の識別コードを割り当てる。腫瘍組織はコラゲナーゼで脱凝集させ、別々の一部を核酸(DNA及びRNA)抽出用に凍結する。血液試料は核酸抽出のため直ちに施設に移す。腫瘍組織から抽出されるDNA及び/又はRNAは全エクソームシーケンシング(例えば、Illumina HiSeqプラットフォームを使用することによる)及びHLAタイピング情報の決定に使用する。本発明の範囲内では、ミスセンス又はネオORFネオ抗原ペプチドはタンパク質ベースの技術(例えば、質量分析法)によって直接同定し得ることが企図される。
(i)データ変換:Illumina生データを標準BAMフォーマットに変換し、種々のクオリティ閾値を超える塩基の分布に関する基本QCメトリックを作成する。
(ii)アラインメント:バローズ・ホイーラーアラインメントツール(BWA)を用いてリードペアをヒトゲノム(hg19)にアラインメントする。
(iii)デュプリケートのマーキング:リードペアマッピング位置に基づきPCR及び光学的デュプリケートを同定し、最終BAMファイルにマーキングする。
(iv)インデルリアラインメント:ゲノムにおける既知の挿入及び欠失多型部位と整列するリードを調べ、リアラインメント時の改善の対数オッズ(LOD)スコアが少なくとも0.4である部位を修正する。
(v)クオリティリキャリブレーション:Illuminaパイプラインによって報告された元の塩基クオリティスコアを、リードサイクル、レーン、フローセルタイル、問題の塩基及び先行する塩基に基づきリキャリブレーションする。リキャリブレーションは、非dbSNP位置にあるミスマッチが全て、総観察数の中のミスマッチの割合として目的のカテゴリー毎のエラー確率のリキャリブレーションを可能にするエラーに起因すると仮定する。
(vi)クオリティコントロール:最終BAMファイルを処理することにより、サイクル毎のリードクオリティ、クオリティスコアの分布、アラインメントのサマリー及びインサートサイズ分布を含む広範なQCメトリックを作成する。クオリティQCに適合しないデータはブラックリストに載る。
(vii)同一性検証:約100個の既知のSNP位置における直交的に収集した試料遺伝子型データを配列データと照合し、試料の同一性を確認する。同一性確認用の閾値として≧10のLODスコアを使用する。同一性QCに適合しないデータはブラックリストに載る。
(viii)データ集約:同じ試料からの全てのデータをマージし、デュプリケートのマーキングステップを繰り返す。推定上の短い挿入及び欠失領域を含む新規標的領域を特定し、それらの遺伝子座でインデルリアラインメントステップを行う。
(ix)集約データにおける推定インデルの周りの局所的リアラインメント:推定上の短い挿入及び欠失を含む新規標的領域を特定し、それらの遺伝子座で局所的リアラインメントステップを(例えば、GATK RealignerTargetCreator及びIndelRealignerモジュールを用いて)行い、インデルコールの一貫性及び正しさを確保する。
(x)集約データに対するクオリティコントロール:アラインメントサマリー及びインサートサイズ分布などのQCメトリックを再計算する。加えて、抽出プロセスからの反応性夾雑物の存在下でのDNAの音響せん断によって引き起こされるライブラリ構築プロセスの初期段階における酸化損傷の割合を評価する一組のメトリックを作成する。
1.クオリティコントロール
(i).Capsegプログラムを腫瘍及び対応する正常エクソーム試料に適用してコピー数プロファイルを得る。次にCopyNumberQCツールを用いて作成されたプロファイルを手動で調べ、腫瘍/正常試料のミックスアップを評価することができる。ノイズのあるプロファイルを有する正常試料並びに腫瘍試料が対応する正常試料よりも低いコピー数変異を有するケースにはフラグを付し、データ生成及び分析パイプライン全体を通じて追跡してミックスアップを確認する。
(ii).ABSOLUTEツール15によって、Capsegで生成されたコピー数プロファイルに基づき腫瘍純度及び倍数性を推定する。極めてノイズが多いプロファイルは、高度に分解した試料のシーケンシングによって生じ得る。そのような場合には、腫瘍純度及び倍数性の推定は不可能であり、対応する試料にフラグを付す。
(iii).ContEst(Cibulskis et al,2011)を使用して試料における交差試料汚染レベルを決定する。汚染が4%を超える試料は破棄する。
2.体細胞性単一ヌクレオチド変異(SSNV)の同定
muTectと称されるベイズ統計のフレームワークを使用して患者の腫瘍及び対応する正常bamを分析することにより、体細胞性塩基対置換を同定する(Cibulskis et al,2013)。前処理ステップにおいて、低クオリティ塩基又はゲノムとのミスマッチが優勢なリードがフィルタリングで除かれる。次にMutectは2つの対数オッズ(LOD)スコアを計算し、これは、それぞれ腫瘍試料及び正常試料中における変異体の存在及び非存在の信頼度を要約する。処理後段階では、候補突然変異が、キャプチャー、シーケンシング及びアラインメントのアーチファクトを考慮するため6つのフィルタによってフィルタリングされる:
(i)近接ギャップ:イベントの近傍におけるミスアラインメントされたインデルの存在に起因して生じる偽陽性を除去する。候補突然変異の周りの11bpウィンドウに≧3の挿入又は欠失リードを有する試料を棄却する。
(ii)マッピング不良:ゲノムにおけるリードの不明瞭な配置のために生じる偽陽性を破棄する。腫瘍及び正常試料の≧50%のリードのマッピングクオリティがゼロである場合又はマッピングクオリティ≧20の突然変異対立遺伝子を有するリードがない場合、その候補は棄却する。
(iii)三対立遺伝子部位:正常におけるヘテロ接合部位は、多くの偽陽性を生じさせる傾向があるため破棄する。
(iv)ストランドバイアス:突然変異を有するリードの大部分が同じ向きを有するコンテクスト特異的シーケンシングエラーによって生じる偽陽性を除去する。ストランド特異的LODが<2である候補は棄却する(当該閾値に適合するための感度は≧90%である)。
(v)クラスター化位置:リードアラインメントの始点又は終点から一定の距離を置いて現れる代替的な対立遺伝子を特徴とするアラインメントエラーに起因する偽陽性を破棄する。リードの始点又は終点からの距離の中央値が≦10である場合(これは突然変異がアラインメントの始点又は終点にあることを意味する)、又は距離の絶対偏差中央値が≦3である場合(これは突然変異がクラスター化していることを意味する)、棄却する。
(vi)コントロールで観察される:シーケンシングの偶然誤差によって予想されるものを超えて正常試料中の代替的な対立遺伝子が現れているエビデンスがある腫瘍における偽陽性を破棄する。正常試料中の代替的な対立遺伝子を含むリードが≧2ある場合又はそれらがリードの≧3%である場合、及びそれらのクオリティスコアの合計が>20である場合、棄却する。
これらの6つのフィルタに加え、候補を正常試料のパネルと比較し、2つ以上の正常試料で生殖細胞系列変異体として存在することが見出されるものは棄却する。次に最終的な一組の突然変異を、Oncotatorツールを用いて、ゲノム領域、コドン、cDNA及びタンパク質変化を含めた幾つかのフィールドによってアノテートすることができる。
3.体細胞性の小さい挿入及び欠失の同定
本明細書に記載される局所的リアラインメントの出力(「集約データにおける推定インデルの周りの局所的リアラインメント」、上記を参照)を使用して、それぞれ腫瘍bam単独又は腫瘍及び正常の両方のbamにおいて変異体を裏付けるリードの評価に基づき候補体細胞及び生殖系列インデルを予測する。ミスマッチの数及び分布並びに塩基クオリティスコアに基づくさらなるフィルタリングを行う(McKenna et al,2010,DePristo et al,2011)。全てのインデルを、Integrated Genomics Viewer(Robinson et al,2011)(www.broadinstitute.org/igv)を使用して手動で調べ、高フィデリティのコールを確実にする。
4.遺伝子融合検出
遺伝子融合検出パイプラインの最初のステップは、既知の遺伝子配列のライブラリに対する腫瘍RNA−Seqリードのアラインメントと、続くゲノム座標へのこのアラインメントのマッピングである。ゲノムマッピングは、エクソンを共有する異なる転写変異体にマッピングされる複数のリードペアを共通のゲノム位置に縮める助けとなる。DNAをアラインメントしたbamファイルは、異なる染色体上にあるか、或いは同じ染色体上の場合少なくとも1MB離れている2つの異なるコード領域に2つのメイトがマッピングされるリードペアに関して問い合わせを受ける。また、そのそれぞれ遺伝子においてアラインメントされるペアエンドが(推定)融合mRNA転写物のコーディング−−>コーディング5’−>3’の向きと一致する向きであることも必要となり得る。少なくとも2つのかかる「キメラ」リードペアがある遺伝子ペアのリストを、さらなる精緻化に供する最初の推定イベントリストとして列挙する。次に、全てのアラインメントされていないリードを、そのメイトが当初アラインメントされたという制約を加えて元のbamファイルから抽出し、本明細書に記載したとおり得られた遺伝子ペアの遺伝子の1つにマッピングする。次に当初アラインメントされなかった全てのかかるリードを、発見された遺伝子ペア間の可能な全てのエクソン−エクソン接合部(完全長、境界から境界まで、コーディング5’−>3’向き)で作られるカスタムの「参照」とアラインメントする試みが行われ得る。当初アラインメントされなかったかかるリードの一つが遺伝子Xのエクソンと遺伝子Yのエクソンとの間の接合部に(ユニークに)マッピングされ、且つそのメイトが実際に遺伝子X又はYの一方にマッピングされた場合、かかるリードは「融合」リードとしてマークされ得る。遺伝子融合イベントは、エクソン:エクソン接合部の周りに過剰な数のミスマッチがなく、及びいずれの遺伝子においても少なくとも10bpのカバレッジで、そのメイトに対して正しい相対的向きの少なくとも1つの融合リードがある場合にコールされる。高度に相同の遺伝子(例えばHLAファミリー)の間の遺伝子融合は誤りである可能性が高く、フィルタリングで除かれる。
5.クロナリティーの推定
バイオインフォマティクス解析を用いて突然変異のクロナリティーを推定し得る。例えば、ABSOLUTEアルゴリズム(Carter et al,2012、Landau et al,2013)を用いて、腫瘍純度、倍数性、絶対コピー数及び突然変異のクロナリティーを推定し得る。各突然変異の対立遺伝子率の確率密度分布を作成し、続いて突然変異の癌細胞率(CCF)に変換する。突然変異は、それらのCCFが0.95を超える事後確率がそれぞれ0.5より大きいか又は小さいかに基づきクローナル又はサブクローナルとして分類される。
6.発現の定量化
TopHatスイート(Langmead et al,2009)を使用して、hg19ゲノムに対して腫瘍bam及び対応する正常bamのRNA−Seqリードをアラインメントする。RNA−SeQC(DeLuca et al,2012)パッケージによりRNA−Seqデータのクオリティを評価する。次にRSEMツール(Li et al,2011)を使用して遺伝子及びアイソフォーム発現レベルを推定し得る。キロベース当たりの生成されたリードの百万分率及びτ推定値を使用して、他の部分に記載されるとおりの各患者において同定されたネオ抗原に優先順位を付ける。
7.RNA−Seqにおける突然変異の検証
8.本明細書に記載されるとおりの全エクソームデータの解析によって同定される体細胞突然変異(単一ヌクレオチド変異、小さい挿入及び欠失並びに遺伝子融合を含む)の確認を、患者の対応するRNA−Seq腫瘍BAMファイルを調べることによって評価する。各変異遺伝子座について、ベータ二項分布に基づく検出力計算を実施し、それをRNA−Seqデータ中に検出する少なくとも95%の検出力があることを確実にする。キャプチャーにより同定された突然変異は、適切な検出力の部位について突然変異を有するリードが少なくとも2つある場合に検証されたと見なす。
0−150:150nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ150nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
0−150*:150nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ500nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
0−150 150nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ150nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
0−150*:150nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ500nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
151−500nM:150nMより高いが500nM以下の親和性を有すると予測され、且つ500nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
FN(>500nM):偽陰性−500nMより高い親和性を有すると予測されるが、500nM以下の親和性を有することが計測される。
・90%(20人中18人)の患者が、ワクチン接種に適切な少なくとも20のペプチドを有すると予測された;
・患者の約4分の1は、それらの20のペプチドの半分乃至全てをネオORFペプチドが占めた;
・半数を少し上回る患者には、カテゴリー1及び2のペプチドのみが用いられ得た;
・80%の患者には、カテゴリー1、2、及び3のペプチドのみが用いられ得た。
ペプチド作製及び製剤
免疫用のGMPネオ抗原ペプチドを、FDAの規定に従い化学合成、Merrifield RB:「固相ペプチド合成I.テトラペプチドの合成(Solid phase peptide synthesis.I.The synthesis of a tetrapeptide)」.J.Am.Chem.Soc.85:2149−54,1963)によって調製する。20個の各約20〜30merペプチドの3つの開発ランが実施されている。各ランは同じ施設で実施され、ドラフトGMPバッチ記録を利用して、GMPランに使用されたものと同じ機器が利用された。各ランで>50mgの各ペプチドを作製することに成功し、現在計画されている全てのリリース試験(例えば、外観、MSによるアイデンティティ、RP−HPLCによる純度、窒素元素による含量、及びRP−HPLCによるTFA含量)によってそれらを試験し、適宜目標規格に適合させた。生成物はまた、プロセスのこの部分に見込まれる時間フレーム(約4週間)の範囲内で作製した。凍結乾燥バルクペプチドを長期安定性試験にかけており、これは最長12ヶ月までの種々の時点で評価される。
ペプチド合成
GMPペプチドは標準的な固相合成ペプチド化学により(例えば、CS 536 XTペプチド合成を使用して)合成し、RP−HPLCにより精製し得る。各個々のペプチドは、種々の適格なアッセイにより分析して外観(目視)、純度(RP−HPLC)、アイデンティティ(質量分析法による)、量(窒素元素)、及びトリフルオロ酢酸対イオン(RP−HPLC)を評価し、リリースし得る。
ジイソプロピルカルボジイミド(diisopylcarbodiimide)/1−ヒドロキシベンゾトリアゾール(DIC/HOBT)
ジイソプロピルエチルアミン(diisoproplyethylamine)/2−(1H−ベンゾトリアゾール−1−イル)−1,1,3,3−テトラメチルウロニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート(DIEA/HBTU)
合成:
各アミノ酸の縮合、洗浄及び再縮合
樹脂洗浄及び真空乾燥
切断スイートに移す
切断:
樹脂からの酸切断
樹脂からの遊離ペプチドの分離及びペプチド沈殿
精製スイートに移す
精製:
アセトニトリル中への溶解及びRP−HPLC精製
24〜72時間にわたるピーク画分のフリーズドライ
QC試験のためアリコートの取り出し及び残りの凍結乾燥生成物の保存。
非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)における自家幹細胞移植後の再発防止における新生物ワクチンNeoVax、及びニボルマブ
本明細書には3つの例示的投薬レジメンを提供する。最初の2つは、活性化T細胞上のプログラム細胞死1(PCD1)受容体のリガンド活性化を遮断することによって作用する癌の治療用に開発された完全ヒトIgG4モノクローナル抗体であるニボルマブの活性の向上に重点を置き、これは、新規の個別化されたネオ抗原ワクチン(本明細書では「NeoVax」とも称され、米国仮特許出願第61/869,721号明細書、同第61/809,406号明細書及び同第61/913,127号明細書(本明細書において全体として参照により援用される)に開示される)と、ニボルマブとの併用を評価することにより行う。第3の投薬レジメンは、細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連抗原−4(CTLA4)に対するモノクローナル抗体であるイピリムマブの、単独での、又はニボルマブとの併用での安全性及び活性プロファイルの向上に重点を置き、これは、NeoVaxに対する免疫応答が発生する時間フレームにイピリムマブ共療法を集中させることによってイピリムマブの全体的な曝露の低下を可能にすることにより行う。この曝露低下は有効なワクチンとの併用によって可能となり、イピリムマブの用量を低下させ又は用量間の期間を延ばすことによるか、或いはワクチン接種部位の近傍に及びワクチン接種と時間的に一致してイピリムマブを皮下送達することによって実現し得る。本明細書において各々をさらに詳細に説明する。
・ニボルマブlhi1
・ニボルマブ:1、4、8、15、22日目にワクチン接種(1、2、3及び4週目;「プライミング」)及び11及び19週目にブースト。ニボルマブ(3mg/kg)は5週目に開始して以降3週毎に継続し、23週目に最終用量。
転移性腎明細胞癌及びメラノーマにおけるNeoVax及びニボルマブ
腎明細胞癌(ccRCC)及び転移性メラノーマは、両方ともに、サイトカイン、ワクチン及びチェックポイント遮断阻害を含めた免疫調節療法に応答することが示されている腫瘍型である。転移性メラノーマに対するイピリムマブを含め、両方の疾患に複数の免疫調節療法が承認されている。ニボルマブは非盲検非無作為化第I/II相試験において単剤として評価され、両方の疾患において有望な結果が得られており、及びニボルマブ単独又はニボルマブ及びイピリムマブの併用を利用した複数のピボタル試験が現在進行中である。
高リスクメラノーマ(ニボルマブなし)及び転移性メラノーマ(全身性ニボルマブあり)におけるNeoVaxとの併用での低下した用量/スケジュールのイピリムマブ
CTLA4は、当初、T細胞の表面上にある負の調節因子であって、デノボの免疫応答又は既存の応答の刺激が惹起された直後に、続く免疫T細胞応答を弱めて自己免疫又は制御されない炎症を防止するため上方制御されるものとして同定された。従って、免疫応答の発生の大きさは、CTLA4作用と密接に結び付いている。イピリムマブなどの抗CTLA4抗体による療法は、負の調節因子シグナルを遮断し、且つより広範なT細胞拡大を可能にすることにより、抗癌応答を増加させるものと予想された。多くの動物及びヒト相関試験で他の可能性のある作用機構が示唆されているが、イピリムマブで観察された臨床応答はかかる仮説と一致し、最近になって、イピリムマブで治療された患者において個人的なネオ抗原に対する抗原特異的T細胞がイピリムマブ療法前に観察され、及び療法後に増加したことが示された(van Rooij et al,Journal of Clinical Oncology 31:e439(2013))。
個別化されたネオ抗原癌ワクチンNeoVaxをイピリムマブと併用して高リスク腎細胞癌を治療する第I相試験設計
シーケンシング技術により、腫瘍が各々、遺伝子のタンパク質コード内容を改変する複数の患者特異的突然変異を含むことが明らかになっている1。かかる突然変異は、単一アミノ酸変化(ミスセンス突然変異によって引き起こされる)から、フレームシフト、終止コドンのリードスルー又はイントロン領域の翻訳(新規オープンリーディングフレーム突然変異;ネオORF)に起因する新規アミノ酸配列の長い領域の付加にまで及ぶ改変タンパク質を作り出す。これらの突然変異タンパク質は、天然タンパク質と異なり自己トレランスの免疫抑制効果を受けないため、腫瘍に対する宿主の免疫応答にとって有用な標的である。従って、突然変異タンパク質は免疫原性である可能性が一層高く、また患者の正常細胞と比較して腫瘍細胞に対する特異性もより高い2。
・突然変異のタイプ(ミスセンス対ネオORF)
・特定の個人のMHCクラスI対立遺伝子に対する、突然変異領域によってコードされるペプチドの予想される結合能
・対応する天然ペプチドの予想される結合能
・その突然変異が腫瘍形成表現型と直接又は間接的に関係する可能性(即ち「発癌ドライバー」突然変異又は関係する生化学的経路における突然変異)
・RNA発現
・完全ペプチドの生化学的特性(例えば疎水性アミノ酸の数又は分布及び/又はシステイン含量に伴う予想される低い溶解性)。
・疾患再発、治療を行う研究者によって研究治療の中断が患者の利益の最優先であると見なされる場合
・治療のさらなる投与を妨げる併発疾患
・許容できない1つ又は複数の有害事象
・患者がプロトコル要件に従う能力がない又は従う気がない姿勢を示す
・患者が試験からの離脱を決意する、又は
・治療を行う研究者の意見によれば患者がさらなる治療に不適格となる患者の状態の一般的又は具体的な変化。
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Claims (47)
- それを必要としている対象における新生物を治療又は予防する方法であって、それを必要としている対象に:
(a)新生物ワクチン又は免疫原性組成物;及び
(b)少なくとも1つのチェックポイント阻害薬
を投与するステップを含む、方法。 - 前記新生物ワクチンが、少なくとも2つ、少なくとも3つ、少なくとも4つ又は少なくとも5つのネオ抗原ペプチドを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ネオ抗原ペプチドが約5〜約50アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記ネオ抗原ペプチドが約15〜約35アミノ酸長の範囲である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記新生物ワクチン組成物が、pH調整剤及び薬学的に許容可能な担体をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 免疫調節薬又はアジュバントの投与をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記免疫調節薬又はアジュバントが、ポリICLC、1018 ISS、アルミニウム塩、Amplivax、AS15、BCG、CP−870,893、CpG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、GM−CSF、IC30、IC31、イミキモド、ImuFact IMP321、IS Patch、ISS、ISCOMATRIX、JuvImmune、LipoVac、MF59、モノホスホリルリピドA、Montanide IMS 1312、Montanide ISA 206、Montanide ISA 50V、Montanide ISA−51、OK−432、OM−174、OM−197−MP−EC、ONTAK、PEPTEL、ベクター系、PLGAマイクロパーティクル、レシキモド、SRL172、ビロソーム及び他のウイルス様粒子、YF−17D、VEGFトラップ、R848、βグルカン、Pam3Cys、アクリル系又はメタクリル系ポリマー、無水マレイン酸の共重合体及びAquila社のQS21 stimulonからなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記免疫調節薬又はアジュバントがポリICLCである、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬がプログラム死1(PD−1)経路の阻害薬である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記PD−1経路の阻害薬が抗PD1抗体である、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記PD−1経路の阻害薬がニボルマブである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬が抗細胞傷害性Tリンパ球関連抗原4(CTLA4)抗体である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記抗CTLA4抗体がイピリムマブ又はトレメリムマブである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)、腎明細胞癌(ccRCC)、メラノーマ、肉腫、白血病又は膀胱癌、結腸癌、脳癌、乳癌、頭頸部癌、子宮内膜癌、肺癌、卵巣癌、膵癌又は前立腺癌からなる群から選択される新生物に罹患している、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記新生物が転移性である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が検出可能な新生物を有しないが、疾患再発のリスクが高い、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、過去に自家造血幹細胞移植(AHSCT)を受けたことがある、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、前記新生物ワクチンの投与開始前に開始される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、前記新生物ワクチンの投与開始後に開始される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、前記新生物ワクチンの投与開始と同時に開始される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、前記チェックポイント阻害薬の初回投与後2〜8週間おき又はそれ以上の週数おきに継続される、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、前記チェックポイント阻害薬の初回投与後2、3週間又は4、6週間又は8週間おきに継続される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、前記新生物ワクチンの投与前1週間は保留される、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、前記新生物ワクチンの投与中は保留される、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬の投与が、腫瘍切除後に開始される、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記新生物ワクチンの投与が、腫瘍切除から1〜15週間後に開始される、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記新生物ワクチンの投与が、腫瘍切除から4〜12週間後に開始される、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記新生物ワクチンの投与が、プライム/ブースト投薬レジメンである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記新生物ワクチンの投与が、プライムとして1、2、3又は4週目である、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記新生物ワクチンの投与が、ブーストとして2、3、4又は5ヵ月目である、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記ワクチンがネオ抗原ペプチド当たり約10μg〜1mgの用量で投与される、請求項2〜30のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ワクチンがネオ抗原ペプチド当たり約10μg〜2000μgの平均週用量レベルで投与される、請求項2〜30のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬が約0.1〜10mg/kgの用量で投与される、請求項1〜30のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記投与が静脈内である、請求項33に記載の方法。
- 前記抗CTLA4抗体が約1mg/kg〜3mg/kgの用量で投与される、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記ワクチンが静脈内投与又は皮下投与される、請求項1〜32のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬が静脈内投与又は皮下投与される、請求項1〜35のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬が、前記新生物ワクチンの投与部位の約2cm以内に皮下投与される、請求項1〜35のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記チェックポイント阻害薬が、前記新生物ワクチンの投与部位当たり約0.1〜1mgの用量で投与される、請求項38に記載の方法。
- 1つ以上の追加の薬剤の投与をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記追加の薬剤が、化学療法剤、抗血管新生剤及び免疫抑制を低減する薬剤からなる群から選択される、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上の追加の薬剤が、1つ以上の抗グルココルチコイド誘導性腫瘍壊死因子ファミリー受容体(GITR)アゴニスト抗体である、請求項40に記載の方法。
- (a)少なくとも1つのネオ抗原に対する免疫応答を誘発するように構成された、別個に包装されたフリーズドライ免疫原性組成物;及び
(b)フリーズドライワクチンの再構成用溶液
を含むワクチン接種又は免疫化キット。 - 前記溶液がアジュバントを含有する、請求項43に記載のワクチン接種又は免疫化キット。
- 前記免疫原性組成物が抗原である、請求項43に記載のワクチン接種又は免疫化キット。
- 前記免疫原性組成物がウイルスベクターである、請求項43に記載のワクチン接種又は免疫化キット。
- チェックポイント阻害薬をさらに含む、請求項43に記載のキット。
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BR112016014410A2 (pt) | 2018-02-20 |
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US11452768B2 (en) | 2022-09-27 |
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