JP2013530943A - 腫瘍特異的なネオ抗原を同定する組成物および方法 - Google Patents
腫瘍特異的なネオ抗原を同定する組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み入れられる、2010年5月14日出願の米国仮出願第61/334,866号の恩典を主張する。
本発明は、腫瘍特異的なネオ抗原の同定、および癌ワクチンを作製するためのこれらのネオ抗原の使用に一般に関する。
腫瘍ワクチンは、典型的には、腫瘍細胞を認識し溶解する抗原特異的な細胞障害性T細胞(CTL)を誘導するため共同作用する腫瘍抗原および免疫刺激分子(例えば、サイトカインまたはTLRリガンド)から構成される。現時点で、ほぼ全てのワクチンが、共通腫瘍抗原または完全腫瘍細胞調製物のいずれかを含有している(Gilboa,1999)。共通腫瘍抗原は、多くの個体において腫瘍に選択的に発現している免疫原性タンパク質であり、一般的に、合成ペプチドまたは組換えタンパク質として患者に送達される(Boon et al.,2006)。対照的に、完全腫瘍細胞調製物は、自己の照射された細胞、細胞溶解物、細胞融合物、熱ショックタンパク質調製物、または全mRNAとして、患者に送達される(Parmiani et al.,2007)。完全腫瘍細胞は、自己患者から単離されるため、共通腫瘍抗原に加えて、患者特異的な腫瘍抗原を発現している。最後に、同定が技術的に困難であるため、ワクチンにおいて稀にしか使用されていない、腫瘍抗原の第三のクラスが存在する(Sensi et al.2006)。このクラスは、改変されたアミノ酸配列をもたらす腫瘍特異的な変異を有するタンパク質からなる。そのような変異タンパク質は、(a)免疫系による認識および破壊のため、(非腫瘍細胞に対して)腫瘍を独特にマークし(Lennerz et al.,2005);(b)中枢性、時には、末梢性のT細胞寛容を回避し、従って、より有効な高アビディティT細胞受容体により認識される(Gotter et al.,2004):可能性を有する。
アミノ酸625位にロイシン;
アミノ酸626位にヒスチジン;
アミノ酸700位にグルタミン酸;
アミノ酸742位にアスパラギン酸;または
アミノ酸903位にアルギニン
を含有している、少なくとも2種の別個のSF3B1ペプチドを含有している組成物を提供する。
根治的な腫瘍特異的な免疫治療の開発にとっての重要な障壁のうちの一つは、自己免疫を回避するための、高度に制限された腫瘍抗原の同定および選択である。悪性細胞内の遺伝子変化の結果として発生する腫瘍ネオ抗原は、最も腫瘍特異的な抗原クラスを表す。ネオ抗原は、同定が技術的に困難であるため、ワクチンにおいて稀にしか使用されていない。腫瘍特異的なネオエピトープを同定するための本発明者らのアプローチは、三つの工程を含む。(1)各患者に由来する腫瘍試料 対 マッチした生殖系列試料の、全ゲノムまたは全エキソーム(exome)(即ち、捕獲されたエキソンのみ)またはRNAの配列決定を使用した、DNA変異の同定;(2)患者のHLA対立遺伝子に結合することができ、かつ腫瘍に存在する非サイレント変異に基づくT細胞エピトープ候補のセットを生成するための、実証されたペプチド-MHC結合予測アルゴリズムの適用;および(3)任意で、変異ペプチドに対する抗原特異的なT細胞の証明、または候補ペプチドが腫瘍表面上のHLAタンパク質に結合していることの証明。
「T細胞エピトープ」とは、ペプチドを提示するMHC分子またはMHC複合体の形態で、クラスIまたはIIのMHC分子が結合し、次いで、この形態で、それぞれ、細胞障害性Tリンパ球またはTヘルパー細胞が認識し結合するペプチド配列を意味するものとして理解されるべきである。
本発明は、ある種の変異(例えば、癌細胞に存在するバリアントまたは対立遺伝子)の同定に基づく。具体的には、これらの変異は、癌を有する対象の癌細胞のゲノムに存在し、その対象に由来する正常組織には存在しない。
。これらの方法は、多形部位における塩基を識別するため、標識されたデオキシヌクレオチドの取り込みに全て頼る点で、GBA(登録商標)と異なる。そのようなフォーマットにおいては、シグナルが、取り込まれたデオキシヌクレオチドの数に比例するため、同一のヌクレオチドのランにおいて起こる多形が、ランの長さに比例するシグナルをもたらし得る(Syvanen,A.-C.,et al.,Amer.J.Hum.Genet.52:46-59(1993))。
本発明は、本発明の方法により同定された腫瘍特異的な変異を含む単離されたペプチド、公知の腫瘍特異的な変異を含むペプチド、および本発明の方法によって同定された変異ポリペプチドまたはそれらの断片をさらに含む。これらのペプチドおよびポリペプチドは、本明細書中、「ネオ抗原性ペプチド」または「ネオ抗原性ポリペプチド」と呼ばれる。「ペプチド」という用語は、典型的には、隣接するアミノ酸のαアミノ基とカルボキシル基との間のペプチド結合によって相互に接続された一連の残基、典型的には、L-アミノ酸をさすため、本明細書において「変異ペプチド」および「ネオ抗原性ペプチド」と交換可能に使用される。同様に、「ポリペプチド」という用語は、典型的には、隣接するアミノ酸のαアミノ基とカルボキシル基との間のペプチド結合によって相互に接続された一連の残基、典型的には、L-アミノ酸をさすため、本明細書において「変異ポリペプチド」および「ネオ抗原性ポリペプチド」と交換可能に使用される。ポリペプチドまたはペプチドは、多様な長さであり得、中性(電荷を有しない)型であってもよいしまたは塩の型であってもよく、グリコシル化、側鎖の酸化、もしくはリン酸化のような修飾を含まなくてもよいし、またはこれらの修飾を含有していてもよいが、修飾は、本明細書に記載されるようなポリペプチドの生物学的活性を破壊しないものでなければならない。
本発明は、特異的なT細胞応答を起こすことができる免疫原性組成物、例えば、ワクチン組成物に関する。ワクチン組成物は、本明細書に記載された方法により同定された腫瘍特異的なネオ抗原に対応する変異ペプチドおよび変異ポリペプチドを含む。
本発明は、本発明のネオ抗原性ペプチドまたはネオ抗原性ワクチン組成物を対象へ投与することにより、対象において腫瘍特異的な免疫応答を誘導し、腫瘍に対するワクチン接種を行い、対象における癌を処置しかつまたはその症状を軽減する方法をさらに提供する。
腫瘍特異的なネオエピトープを同定するための本発明者らのアプローチは、三つの工程を含む。(1)各患者に由来する腫瘍試料 対 マッチした生殖系列試料の全ゲノムまたは全エキソーム(即ち、捕獲されたエキソンのみ)の配列決定を使用したDNA変異の同定。本発明者らの予備的研究は、CLL細胞が、アミノ酸配列を改変し、可能性のある新規T細胞エピトープを生成し得る多くの別個の遺伝子変化を含有していることを証明している。(2)腫瘍に存在する非サイレント変異に基づくT細胞エピトープ候補のセットを生成するための、高度に実証されたペプチド-MHC結合予測アルゴリズムの適用。本発明者らは、CLL試料におけるRNAとしての変異型遺伝子の発現を確認し、次いで、候補ペプチドのHLA対立遺伝子との結合を定量化するための実験アプローチを使用して、ペプチド-HLA結合予測を確認するであろう。(3)変異ペプチドに対する抗原特異的なT細胞の生成。
(正常組織には存在しない)腫瘍特異的な変異を検出するため、各患者の腫瘍および正常組織から試料を収集した。白血病については、腫瘍細胞に特異的な抗体を使用した磁性ビーズ単離または蛍光標示式細胞分取を使用して、腫瘍を精製した。例えば、慢性リンパ球性白血病(CLL)を有する患者の腫瘍細胞は、表面マーカーCD5およびCD19を発現する。皮膚繊維芽細胞を正常組織対照として使用した。配列決定のためのDNAまたはRNAを、単離された腫瘍細胞または正常組織細胞から精製した。(非腫瘍細胞の混入がある)黒色腫、卵巣腫瘍、およびその他の固形腫瘍については、腫瘍細胞の比較的均質の短期培養物、またはレーザーキャプチャーされた腫瘍から、DNAおよびRNAを単離した。PBMCを正常対照細胞として使用した。全ての試料について、変異ペプチド特異的なT細胞の増大のために必要とされるまで、PBMCを凍結保存した。最後に、腫瘍細胞の短期培養物も、増大したT細胞の標的として後に使用するため、凍結保存した。単離されたゲノムDNAまたはゲノムRNAを、配列決定前に、核酸の完全性および純度について試験した。
次の疑問は、変異型遺伝子が、患者のMHC/HLAタンパク質により提示され得るペプチドを生成し得るか否かである。最初に、いくつかのアルゴリズムを使用して、患者1の10種のミスセンス変異から30種、患者2の53種のミスセンス、1種のインデル、および2種の遺伝子融合から137種、IC50スコア<500nMを有するHLA結合ペプチドを予測した。6種の特異的なHLA対立遺伝子を有する患者における1種のミスセンス変異についての例が、9残基ペプチドとHLA対立遺伝子との54の組み合わせのうちの2種の予測された結合ペプチドと共に示される(図6)。これらの遺伝子が腫瘍において発現されていることを確認するため、本発明者らは、(変異クラスに依るいくつかのアプローチ(図7)を使用して)変異型遺伝子についてのRNAレベルを測定し、HLA結合ペプチドを有する変異型遺伝子の98%が発現されていることを見出した。
予測されたHLA結合性変異ペプチド、または実験的に実証されたHLA結合性変異ペプチドに基づき、これらの腫瘍特異的な変異ペプチドを認識するT細胞が生成され得るか否かを決定することが可能となった。従って、本発明者らは、腫瘍細胞において発現が実証された遺伝子に由来する、1000nM未満の結合スコアを有するペプチドを合成した。所望の特異性を有するT細胞を生成するため、本発明者らは、IL-2およびIL-7の存在下で、1週間毎に、(個々のペプチドまたはペプチドプールを使用して)ペプチドでパルス処理された自己APC(樹状細胞およびCD40Lにより増大させられた自己B細胞)により、配列決定された患者のT細胞を刺激した。3〜4回の刺激の後、増大したCD8+細胞を、IFNγ分泌に基づき、ペプチドに対する反応性の証拠について、エリスポットで試験した。患者1の候補ペプチド17種のうち、TLK2遺伝子由来の変異ペプチドでパルス処理された自己DCに対して、T細胞におけるIFNγ分泌が検出された(図10)。
本発明者らは、白血病のもう一つの型、慢性骨髄性白血病(CML)を有する患者において、腫瘍特異的な変異ペプチドに対するT細胞応答の、より完全な研究を実施した。CMLは、BCR-ABL遺伝子融合の産物である腫瘍特異的な転座の発現により定義される。BCR-ABLの変異は、BCR-ABLを標的とするイマチニブメシル酸塩による最先端の薬理学的治療に対して薬物耐性を発症したCML患者において発生する。これらの変異は、MHCタンパク質に結合した時、宿主または移植された正常ドナーに由来するT細胞が認識することができるネオエピトープを生成する可能性がある;これらのT細胞は最小限に寛容化される可能性が高い。
T細胞の標的特異性の確認は、個々のT細胞クローンの特徴決定によって、最適に取り組まれる。従って、典型的には、反応性T細胞株の限界希釈によって変異ペプチド特異的なT細胞クローンを単離し、次いで、変異ペプチドでパルス処理された自己APC 対 生殖系列ペプチドでパルス処理された自己APCの示差的な死滅を示すT細胞クローンについてスクリーニングするため、標準的なクロム放出アッセイを使用する。各ペプチドについて標準的な希釈系列を使用して、50%の死滅のために必要とされるペプチドの濃度を測定する。50%の死滅のための必要とされる野生型ペプチドと変異ペプチドとの比率が、10倍を超える場合、変異型腫瘍抗原について以前に見られたように、T細胞によるこれらペプチドの示差的な認識が存在するとの結論を下す。本発明者らは、CML腫瘍抗原CML66について、この手法を実施した。CML66ペプチド特異的なT細胞が、プロセシングされ提示されたエピトープを認識するか否かを決定するため、CML66ペプチド反応性T細胞を、CML66タンパク質全体を発現するよう形質導入された自己APCと共にインキュベートした。(DC、CD40Lにより増大させられたB細胞、または操作されたHLA分子を有するK562細胞において)プラスミドDNAまたはインビトロで転写されたRNAのいずれかのヌクレオフェクションによりCML66を発現させた。図12Aに示されるように、刺激されたT細胞は、HLA-B4403に結合したCML66由来ペプチドエピトープ(ペプチド66-72C)に特異的であった。CD40Lにより増大させられたB細胞をCML66 mRNAによりヌクレオフェクトした時に、完全CML66タンパク質が効率的に発現されたため(図12B)、本発明者らは、標準的なクロム放出アッセイにおいて、標的として、これらの細胞(またはペプチドでパルス処理された細胞)を使用することができ、T細胞がこれらの標的細胞を効果的に溶解することを見出した(図12C)。患者マッチ(patient-matched)腫瘍細胞の溶解を含む比較可能なアッセイが、(例えば、実施例6および7に記載されたT細胞株を使用して)各癌患者から生成された変異ペプチド特異的なT細胞株の各々について実施されている。
64人の患者における1188種の非サイレント変異のうち、本発明者らは、SF3B1(CLL患者の16%)、TP53(12.5%)、MYD88(9%)、ATM(9%)、FBXW7(6%)、MAPK1(5%)、GNB1(3%)、およびM6PR(3%)を含む、8種の再現性の変異を同定した(図11)。これらの変異(特に、最も高頻度のもの:SF3B1、TP53、MYD88、およびATM)は、腫瘍の発達または進行にとって必須のドライバー変異であると予測される。これらのドライバー遺伝子は、ワクチンに含めるための有望な腫瘍特異的な抗原を表す。
Claims (39)
- 以下の工程を含む、ネオ抗原を同定する方法:
(a)癌を有する対象の発現された遺伝子における腫瘍特異的な変異を同定する工程;
(b)工程(a)において同定された変異が点変異である場合:
(i)工程(a)において同定された変異を有する変異ペプチドを同定する工程であって、該変異ペプチドが、野生型ペプチドより高い親和性でクラスI HLAタンパク質に結合し;かつ500nm未満のIC50を有する、工程;
(c)工程(a)において同定された変異が、スプライス部位変異、フレームシフト変異、リードスルー変異、または遺伝子融合変異である場合:
(i)工程(a)において同定された変異によりコードされる変異ポリペプチドを同定する工程であって、該変異ポリペプチドがクラスI HLAタンパク質に結合する、工程。 - 前記変異ペプチドが約8〜10アミノ酸長である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが10アミノ酸長より長い、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが15アミノ酸長より長い、請求項3記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが20アミノ酸長より長い、請求項4記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが30アミノ酸長より長い、請求項5記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが約8〜50アミノ酸長である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが約24〜40アミノ酸長である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 腫瘍特異的な変異が核酸配列決定により同定される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 抗腫瘍CD8 T細胞を活性化する、工程(b)において同定されたペプチドまたは工程(c)のポリペプチドを選択する工程をさらに含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 請求項1に従って同定された1種または複数種のペプチドまたはポリペプチドと、アジュバントとを投与する工程を含む、対象において腫瘍特異的な免疫応答を誘導する方法。
- 前記アジュバントがTLRベースのアジュバントである、請求項11記載の方法。
- 前記ペプチドまたはポリペプチドが鉱油ベースのアジュバントにより乳化される、請求項11記載の方法。
- 前記ペプチドまたはポリペプチドおよびTLRベースのアジュバントが、鉱油ベースのアジュバントにより乳化される、請求項11記載の方法。
- 抗免疫抑制剤を投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項11記載の方法。
- 前記抗免疫抑制剤が、抗CTLA-4抗体、抗PD1抗体、抗PD-L1抗体、抗CD25抗体、またはIDOの阻害剤である、請求項15記載の方法。
- 対象において腫瘍特異的な免疫応答を誘導する方法であって、請求項1に従って同定されたペプチドまたはポリペプチドのうちの1種または複数種でパルス処理された自己の樹状細胞または抗原提示細胞を該対象へ投与する工程を含む、方法。
- アジュバントを投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項17記載の方法。
- アジュバントがTLRベースのアジュバントである、請求項18記載の方法。
- 抗免疫抑制剤を投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項17記載の方法。
- 抗免疫抑制剤が、抗CTLA-4抗体、抗PD1抗体、抗PD-L1抗体、抗CD25抗体、またはIDOの阻害剤である、請求項20記載の方法。
- 以下の工程を含む、癌に対するワクチン接種または処置を対象に対して行う方法:
(a)該対象の発現された遺伝子における複数の腫瘍特異的な変異を同定し、同定された変異が:
(i)点変異である場合、該点変異を有する変異ペプチドをさらに同定する工程;および/または
(ii)スプライス部位変異、フレームシフト変異、リードスルー変異、または遺伝子融合変異である場合、該変異によりコードされる変異ポリペプチドをさらに同定する工程;
(b)クラスI HLAタンパク質に結合する、工程(a)において同定された1種または複数種の変異ペプチドまたは変異ポリペプチドを選択する工程;
(c)抗腫瘍CD8 T細胞を活性化することができる、工程(b)において同定された1種または複数種の変異ペプチドまたは変異ポリペプチドを選択する工程;ならびに
(d)該1種または複数種のペプチドまたはポリペプチド、工程(c)において選択された1種または複数種のペプチドまたはポリペプチドでパルス処理された自己の樹状細胞または抗原提示細胞を、該対象へ投与する工程。 - アジュバントを前記対象へ投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項22記載の方法。
- アジュバントがTLRベースのアジュバントである、請求項23記載の方法。
- 抗免疫抑制剤を投与する工程をさらに含む、請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記抗免疫抑制剤が、抗CTLA-4抗体、抗PD1抗体、抗PD-L1抗体、抗CD25抗体、またはIDOの阻害剤である、請求項25記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが約8〜10アミノ酸長である、請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが約8〜50アミノ酸長である、請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記変異ペプチドが約24〜40アミノ酸長である、請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記対象が造血幹細胞移植を受けたことがある、請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記対象がヒト、イヌ、ネコ、またはウマである、請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記癌が、乳癌、卵巣癌、前立腺癌、肺癌、腎臓癌、胃癌、結腸癌、精巣癌、頭頸部癌、膵臓癌、脳腫瘍、黒色腫、リンパ腫、または白血病である、請求項22記載の方法。
- 前記リンパ腫がB細胞リンパ腫である、請求項32記載の方法。
- 前記白血病が、急性骨髄性白血病、慢性骨髄性白血病、慢性リンパ球性白血病、またはTリンパ球性白血病である、請求項32記載の方法。
- 請求項1に従って同定されたペプチドと薬学的に許容される担体とを含む、薬学的組成物。
- 以下のうちの少なくとも2種の別個のペプチドを含む、組成物:
(a)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型SF3B1に基づいて番号付けた場合、
(i)アミノ酸625位にロイシン;
(ii)アミノ酸626位にヒスチジン;
(iii)アミノ酸700位にグルタミン酸;
(iv)アミノ酸742位にアスパラギン酸;もしくは
(v)アミノ酸903位にアルギニン
を含有している、SF3B1ペプチド;
(b)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型MYD88に基づいて番号付けた場合、
(i)アミノ酸232位にトレオニン;
(ii)アミノ酸258位にロイシン;もしくは
(iii)アミノ酸265位にプロリン
を含有している、MYD88ペプチド;
(c)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型TP53に基づいて番号付けた場合、
(i)アミノ酸111位にアルギニン;
(ii)アミノ酸215位にアルギニン;
(iii)アミノ酸238位にセリン;
(iv)アミノ酸248位にグルタミン;
(v)アミノ酸255位にフェニルアラニン;
(vi)アミノ酸273位にシステイン、もしくは
(vii)アミノ酸281位にアスパラギン
を含有している、TP53ペプチド;
(d)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型ATMに基づいて番号付けた場合、
(i)アミノ酸1252位にフェニルアラニン;
(ii)アミノ酸2038位にアルギニン;
(iii)アミノ酸2522位にヒスチジン;もしくは
(iv)アミノ酸2954位にシステイン
を含有している、ATMペプチド;
(e)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型ablに基づいて番号付けた場合、
(i)アミノ酸244位にバリン;
(ii)アミノ酸248位にバリン;
(iii)アミノ酸250位にグルタミン酸;
(iv)アミノ酸250位にアラニン;
(v)アミノ酸252位にヒスチジン;
(vi)アミノ酸252位にアルギニン;
(vii)アミノ酸253位にフェニルアラニン;
(viii)アミノ酸253位にヒスチジン;
(ix)アミノ酸255位にリジン;
(x)アミノ酸255位にバリン;
(xi)アミノ酸276位にグリシン;
(xii)アミノ酸315位にイソロイシン;
(xiii)アミノ酸315位にアスパラギン;
(xiv)アミノ酸317位にロイシン;
(xv)アミノ酸343位にトレオニン;
(xvi)アミノ酸351位にトレオニン;
(xvii)アミノ酸355位にグリシン;
(xviii)アミノ酸359位にバリン;
(xix)アミノ酸359位にアラニン;
(xx)アミノ酸379位にイソロイシン;
(xxi)アミノ酸382位にロイシン;
(xxii)アミノ酸387位にメチオニン;
(xxiii)アミノ酸396位にプロリン;
(xxiv)アミノ酸396位にアルギニン;
(xxv)アミノ酸417位にチロシン;もしくは
(xxvi)アミノ酸486位にセリン
を含有している、ablペプチド;
(f)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型FBXW7に基づいて番号付けた場合、
(i)アミノ酸280位にロイシン;
(ii)アミノ酸465位にヒスチジン;
(iii)アミノ酸505位にシステイン;もしくは
(iv)アミノ酸597位にグルタミン酸
を含有している、FBXW7ペプチド;
(g)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型MAPK1に基づいて番号付けた場合、
(i)アミノ酸162位にアスパラギン;
(ii)アミノ酸291位にグリシン;もしくは
(iii)アミノ酸316位にフェニルアラニン
を含有している、MAPK1ペプチド;または
(h)各々が50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満であり、野生型GNB1に基づいて番号付けた場合、アミノ酸180位にトレオニンを含有している、GNB1ペプチド。 - アジュバントをさらに含む、請求項36記載の組成物。
- イマチニブ耐性腫瘍を有する対象を処置する方法であって、野生型bcr-ablに基づいて番号付けた場合、255位にリジンを含有している、50アミノ酸長に等しいかそれ未満のBcr-ablペプチドの組成物を、HLA-A3陽性対象へ投与する工程を含む、方法。
- イマチニブ耐性腫瘍を有する対象を処置する方法であって、bcr-abl変異を含有している1種または複数種のペプチドを、該対象へ投与する工程を含み、該ペプチドが、50アミノ酸に等しいかそれ未満であり、かつ500nm未満のIC50でクラスI HLAタンパク質に結合する、方法。
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