JP2015134931A - ポリマー相転移材料を有する熱制御建築材料及び他の建設構成材 - Google Patents
ポリマー相転移材料を有する熱制御建築材料及び他の建設構成材 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015134931A JP2015134931A JP2015054220A JP2015054220A JP2015134931A JP 2015134931 A JP2015134931 A JP 2015134931A JP 2015054220 A JP2015054220 A JP 2015054220A JP 2015054220 A JP2015054220 A JP 2015054220A JP 2015134931 A JP2015134931 A JP 2015134931A
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Abstract
【解決手段】ある態様において、熱制御建築材料は、基本材料と、基本材料に結合したポリマー相転移材料とを含み、ここで基本材料は可逆的温度制御特性を建物建築材料に付与する。別の態様において、建物の建築で使用される断熱材料は、基本材料と、基本材料に結合したポリマー相転移材料とを含み、ここで基本材料は、可逆的温度制御特性を断熱材料に付与する。基本材料は、発泡断熱材、バラ詰め断熱材、及びバット断熱材よりなる群から選択することができる。
【選択図】図7
Description
最も一般的な天然ポリマー繊維は、ビスコースであり、これは大抵は栽培された樹木から得られるポリマーセルロースから作られる。他のセルロース系繊維としては、キュプラ、アセテート及びトリアセテート、リヨセル及びモダルがある。これらの繊維の生産方法は、本明細書内に与えられる。より一般的ではない天然ポリマー繊維は、ゴム、アルギン酸、及び再生タンパク質から作られる。
多くの合成繊維、すなわち石油化学製品系の有機繊維がある。最も一般的なものとしては、ポリエステル、ポリアミド(しばしばナイロンと称される)、アクリル及びモダクリル、ポリプロピレン、エラステーン(又は米国内ではスパンデックス)として知られている弾性繊維であるセグメント化ポリウレタン、及び特殊繊維、例えば高性能アラミドがある。
無機の人造繊維は、ガラス、金属、炭素又はセラミックなどの材料から作られた繊維である。これらの繊維は、非常に頻繁にプラスチックを補強して複合材を形成するのに用いられる。
熱効率及び温度制御特性を向上させるための、断熱製品へのポリマー相転移材料の使用は、多種類の断熱システムや断熱材料に適用することができる。これらには、ガラス繊維、ガラス繊維バット、ガラス繊維クラスター、発泡ポリマー性断熱粒子(例えばポリウレタン、ポリスチレン、ポリエチレン)を、石膏粒子や壁板材料と組合せたものがある。断熱材の市場は、ポリマー相転移材料やそれに伴う熱制御特性の使用に適している。
1.カプセル化された相転移材料を含む実施態様におけるマイクロカプセルの使用の減少は、加工の低減、温室効果ガス排出の低下、これらによる全体のコストの低下をもたらす。
2.断熱材料への関連した結合及び付着による、PCMの移転又は喪失の低減化。
3.種々のPCM温度、潜熱容量(例えば、ジュール/グラム)、熱量、及び上昇したエネルギー保持性を、基本材料に付与する能力。
4.以下の原因による、建物への適用時の問題点の減少につながる、セルロース断熱材及び繊維性断熱材の基本材料中のダスティングの減少:
a.ダストと、付随する火災/爆発性危険の低下、
b.建設の「汚れ」の減少、
c.ダスティングと、付随する、作業者への呼吸障害の低下、
d.材料の乾燥、又はカビや白カビによる問題の減少。
5.断熱材料の保湿性又は乾燥性を改善するために、P−PCMとFP−PCMは疎水性でも、又は親水性でもよい。
a.P−PCM及びFP−PCMを疎水性にし、断熱材料に被覆することができるが、これは、撥水性/撥水分性を改良し、保水性/保水分性を低下させ、こうしてカビや白カビが繁殖する能力を低下させる。
b.P−PCMとFP−PCMは、親水性にするか、又は水分吸い上げ性にして、断熱材料から水/水分を追い出し、速乾性を可能にし、こうしてカビや白カビが繁殖する能力を低下させる。
6.相転移材料は、断熱材料中で均質でも不均質でもよい。
1.ガラス繊維、鉱物(岩又はスラグ)ウール、天然の鉱物(バーミキュライト又はパーライト)、プラスチック、又は合成繊維(ポリエステル、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン、ナイロンなど)、及び天然の繊維、例えばセルロース、ウール、毛皮、綿、わら、大麻、又は種々の繊維の混合物から作られた、ロール、ブランケット、又はバット断熱材。
2.発泡ビーズ、ボード、ブロック、又は液体発泡体、例えばポリスチレン、ポリイソシアヌレート、又はポリイソ、若しくはポリウレタン。
3.バラ詰め断熱材及び/又は吹き込み断熱材、例えば、ポリスチレンビーズ、ガラス繊維、セルロース、又は鉱物(岩又はスラグ)ウール。
4.吹付け断熱材、発泡断熱材、又は現場発泡断熱材、例えばセメント質、フェノール性、ポリイソシアヌレート、又はポリウレタン。
5.構造断熱パネル(SIP)、例えば発泡ボード。
まず、ポリスチレンのビーズを膨張させて、適切な密度を得る必要がある。このプロセスは、プレ膨張として知られており、蒸気(最も一般的な方法)又は熱風(高密度発泡体、例えばコーヒーカップに使用される)でポリスチレンを加熱する工程を含む。加熱は、50〜500ガロン(189〜1,892リットル)を収容できる容器中で行われる。プレ膨張の間、ビーズ同士が融着するのを防ぐために攪拌器が使用される。膨張ビーズは、非膨張ビーズより軽いため、容器の空洞の上まで押し出され、排出される。このプロセスは、ビーズを元々の値の3パーセントまで密度を低下させ、表面がなめらかな、精確な成形性に優れたクローズドセルEPFを与える。次にプレ膨張ビーズは、通常、メッシュ貯蔵サイロ中で少なくとも24時間「エージング」される。こうして空気がビーズ中に拡散され、ビーズを冷却し、より硬くする。エージング後、ビーズは所望の形のモールド中に供給される。次に低圧蒸気がビーズ内及びビーズ間に注入され、再度ビーズが膨張し、これらが融合する。次に、モールド中に水を循環させるか、又はその外側に水を噴霧することによりモールドが冷却される。EPFは良好な断熱材であるためモールドを冷却することが困難である。小さいモールドを使用すると、加熱時間と冷却時間が短縮され、プロセスが加速される。このプロセスは、セルサイズの小さいEPFを与え、これは断熱材に使用されるビーズを製造するのに使用することができる。ビーズは溶融され、発泡剤が加えられる。次に、溶融ポリスチレンが、高温と高圧条件下で、適切な形状に押し出される。
1.エレクトロニクス製品及び電気物品、例えば導体、ヒートシンク、半導体、トランジスタ、集積回路、配線、スイッチ、コンデンサ、抵抗、ダイオード、ボード、カバー、モーター、エンジンなど
2.上記物品を取り入れた、自動車、重機、トラック輸送、食品/飲料配達、化粧品、公務員、農業、狩猟/漁業、製造業などの業界で使用される物品。
3.化粧品、例えばクリーム、ローション、シャンプー、コンディショナー、ボディウォッシュ、石鹸、ヘアジェル、ムース、口紅、消臭剤、保湿剤、マニキュア、グロス、口紅、メイクアップ、アイライナー/アイシャドウ、ファンデーション、頬紅、マスカラなど。
4.FP−PCMが1つの相でバリアを形成し、別の相で移動を可能にする、制御放出物品。
例えば、酸、グリコール、塩、ヒドロキシ基含有材料(例えば、天然のヒドロキシ基含有材料)、エーテル、エステル、アミン、アミド、イミン、ウレタン、スルフォン、スルフィド、天然のサッカリド、セルロース、糖、及びタンパク質を含むか又はこれを主成分とするもの。
例えば、非官能性、非極性、及び疎水性材料、例えばフッ素化化合物、ケイ素含有化合物、炭化水素、ポリオレフィン、及び脂肪酸。
例えば、金属(例えば、銀、亜鉛、銅)を主成分とする錯体形成金属化合物、これは酵素活性中心の阻害を引き起こす。銅及び銅含有材料(例えば、Cu+2及びCu+の塩)、例えばCupron Ind.が販売するもの、銀及び銀含有材料とモノマー(例えば、Ag、Ag+、及びAg+2の塩)、例えばThomson Research Assoc.Inc.によりULTRA−FRESHとして販売されるもの、及びClariant Corp.によりSANITIZED Silver及びZincとして販売されるもの、酸化剤、例えば細胞膜を攻撃する、アルデヒド、ハロゲン、及び過酸化化合物に基づくもの(例えば、Vanson HaloSource Inc.によりHALOSHIELDとして販売されているもの)、2,4,4’−トリクロロ−2−ヒドロキシジフェエーテル(例えば、TRICLOSANにより販売されている)、これは電気化学的活性モードを使用して微生物の細胞壁を貫通し破壊して、その増殖を阻害する。四級アンモニウム化合物、ビグアナイド剤、アミン、グルコプロタミン(例えば、Aegis Environmentsにより販売されているか、又はClariant Corp.によりSANITIZED QUAT T99−19として販売されている四級アンモニウムシラン、及びAvecia Inc.によりPURISTAとして販売されているビグアナイド)。ウンデシレン酸及び/又はウンデシノールに基づくキトサンヒマシ油誘導体(例えば、ウンデシレンオキシポリエチレングリコールアクリレート又はメタクリレート)。
図5A〜5Fは基材に結合したFP−PCM(官能基)を示すが、建築材料及び建設構成材とともに使用される場合、PCMが機能性態様を含有し、非機能性PCMが使用されることは、必要ではないことを理解されたい。しかし図5A〜5Fはまた、基材が1つ以上の上記建築材料及び建設構成材である代替実施態様も示す。
サイジング剤がない(desized)漂白していない未染色の生地を、追加の架橋剤又は定着剤を含有するか又は含有しないポリマーPCMの溶液中に浸漬して処理した。次に、浸漬した生地を押さえつけて、過剰の溶液で190℃で4分間乾燥除去した。生地を温かい水道水でリンスして未反応のポリマーを除去し、次に一晩空気乾燥し、潜熱容量を測定した。次に生地をAATCC143に従って5回洗浄した。
上記ポリマーPCM(4−123)を乾燥して100%の固体とし、次に、実験室と製造パイロットプラントの両方で、種々のポリマー繊維溶液に加えた。これらの溶液を紡糸して繊維とするか又は膜に成形して、凝固させ、乾燥して、ポリマーPCM改質生成物を得た。溶液Aは、1:1のNaSCN:H2Oに溶解したAcordisイタコン酸官能化CFPポリアクリロニトリルポリマーからなり、10%の最終溶液を与えた。溶液Bは、水:アセトン混合液に溶解したNovaceta(商標)ジアセテートからなり、セルロース/H2O/アセトンの重量比が26.6/3.9/69.5の26.6%の固溶体を与えた。溶液Cは、Ortec Inc.で製造されたポリマーPCMを使用して行ったNovacedaパイロット実験に基づく。
GreenFiber LLCが製造した吹き込み断熱材用の切り刻んだ新聞紙のセルロースを、Home Depot Inc.から購入した。溶融したP−PCMとFP−PCMを試料に噴霧し、冷却して、潜熱容量と熱質量が増加したセルロース断熱材を作製した。この試料を、熱的性質、圧縮性、及びPCMの移転について試験した。熱的結果をDSCにより分析した。圧縮は、同じ量を100mlのメスシリンダーに充填し、次にシリンダーを10〜60℃で50サイクル行い、容量の減少を分析することにより測定した。移転は、処理したセルロースを茶色のクラフトペーパーと接触させ、同じ50回の温度サイクルを行い、クラフトペーパーへの油/グリースの移転を調べて試験した。次に、同じ移転を1〜10で評価し、1は大きな移転があり、10は移転が無かったものである。ダスティングは、30グラムのセルロース試料を透明のプラスチック袋に入れ、空気を満たし、次に振盪し、袋内のダストを視覚的に評価した。
本発明の実施態様としては、以下を挙げることができる:
《態様1》
以下を有する、可逆的温度制御特性を付与するのに使用される熱制御建築材料:
基本材料;並びに
主鎖、複数の側鎖、及び少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を有する前記基本材料に結合したポリマー相転移材料であって、熱を吸収又は放出することができ、かつ−10℃〜100℃の範囲に少なくとも1つの相転移温度、及び少なくとも5ジュール/グラムの相転移エンタルピーを有するポリマー相転移材料:
ここで、前記複数の側鎖は、前記少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を形成しており、前記ポリマー相転移材料は、前記複数の側鎖又は前記主鎖の少なくとも1つに、少なくとも1つの反応性官能基を有し、かつ前記反応性官能基は、前記基本材料と結合を形成することができる。
《態様2》
前記ポリマー相転移材料は、前記基本材料と化学結合している、態様1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様3》
前記化学結合は、共有結合又はイオン結合の少なくとも1つである、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様4》
前記結合は、直接結合によりなされている、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様5》
前記結合は、連結化合物によりなされている、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様6》
官能性ポリマー相転移材料、追加の相転移材料、カプセル化された相転移材料、バインダー、配合物、添加剤、架橋剤、混合ポリマー、相溶化剤、湿潤剤、及びこれらの組合せよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの成分をさらに含んでなる、態様1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様7》
前記基本材料が、断熱材、木材、金属シート、ガラス、サイディング、粒子ボード、雨押え、又はこれらの組合せよりなる群から選択される、態様1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様8》
前記ポリマー相転移材料は、酸無水物基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アルキル基、アルデヒド基、アミド基、アミノ基及びこれらの塩、N−置換アミノ基、アジリジン、アリール基、カルボニル基、カルボキシ基及びこれらの塩、エポキシ基、エステル基、エーテル基、グリシジル基、ハロ基、ヒドリド基、ヒドロキシ基、イソシアネート基、チオール基、ジスルフィド基、シリル若しくはシラン基、尿素基、並びにウレタン基よりなる群から選択される、官能基が反応性であるポリマー相転移材料であり、かつ
前記基材は、セルロース、金属、木材、プラスチック、及びガラスの少なくとも1つを含んでなる、態様1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様9》
前記ポリマー相転移材料は、無水物官能基を含んでなる、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様10》
前記ポリマー相転移材料は、イソシアネート官能基を含んでなる、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様11》
前記ポリマー相転移材料は、アミン官能基及びアミド官能基よりなる群から選択される反応性官能基を含んでなる、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様12》
前記ポリマー相転移材料はシラン官能基を含んでなる、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様13》
前記ポリマー相転移材料は二重結合を含んでなる、態様2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様14》
1.0ジュール/グラム〜150ジュール/グラムの相転移エンタルピーを有する、態様1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様15》
前記相転移材料は、親水性結晶性部分を含む、態様1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
《態様16》
前記相転移材料は、疎水性結晶性部分を含む、態様1に記載の熱制御建物建築材料。
《態様17》
以下を含む、建物の建築に使用される断熱材料:
基本材料;及び
前記基本材料に結合しているポリマー相転移材料
ここで、前記基本材料は、可逆的温度制御特性を前記断熱材料に付与する。
《態様18》
前記基本材料は、発泡断熱材、バラ詰め断熱材、及びバット断熱材からなる群より選択される、態様17に記載の建物の建築に使用される断熱材料。
《態様19》
前記ポリマー相転移材料が、主鎖、複数の側鎖、及び少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を有し、かつ少なくとも20ジュール/グラムの潜熱を有し、
前記複数の側鎖は、前記少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を形成し;かつ
前記官能性ポリマー材料は、前記側鎖の少なくとも1つに、少なくとも1つの反応性官能基を有する、
態様17に記載の建物の建築に使用される断熱材料。
《態様20》
前記反応性官能基は、少なくとも第1の共有結合又はイオン結合を形成することができる、態様19に記載の建物の建築に使用される断熱材料。
Claims (20)
- 以下を有する、可逆的温度制御特性を付与するのに使用される熱制御建築材料:
基本材料;並びに
主鎖、複数の側鎖、及び少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を有する前記基本材料に結合したポリマー相転移材料であって、熱を吸収又は放出することができ、かつ−10℃〜100℃の範囲に少なくとも1つの相転移温度、及び少なくとも5ジュール/グラムの相転移エンタルピーを有するポリマー相転移材料:
ここで、前記複数の側鎖は、前記少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を形成しており、前記ポリマー相転移材料は、前記複数の側鎖又は前記主鎖の少なくとも1つに、少なくとも1つの反応性官能基を有し、かつ前記反応性官能基は、前記基本材料と結合を形成することができる。 - 前記ポリマー相転移材料は、前記基本材料と化学結合している、請求項1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記化学結合は、共有結合又はイオン結合の少なくとも1つである、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記結合は、直接結合によりなされている、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記結合は、連結化合物によりなされている、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 官能性ポリマー相転移材料、追加の相転移材料、カプセル化された相転移材料、バインダー、配合物、添加剤、架橋剤、混合ポリマー、相溶化剤、湿潤剤、及びこれらの組合せよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの成分をさらに含んでなる、請求項1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記基本材料が、断熱材、木材、金属シート、ガラス、サイディング、粒子ボード、雨押え、又はこれらの組合せよりなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記ポリマー相転移材料は、酸無水物基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アルキル基、アルデヒド基、アミド基、アミノ基及びこれらの塩、N−置換アミノ基、アジリジン、アリール基、カルボニル基、カルボキシ基及びこれらの塩、エポキシ基、エステル基、エーテル基、グリシジル基、ハロ基、ヒドリド基、ヒドロキシ基、イソシアネート基、チオール基、ジスルフィド基、シリル若しくはシラン基、尿素基、並びにウレタン基よりなる群から選択される、官能基が反応性であるポリマー相転移材料であり、かつ
前記基材は、セルロース、金属、木材、プラスチック、及びガラスの少なくとも1つを含んでなる、請求項1に記載の熱制御建築材料。 - 前記ポリマー相転移材料は、無水物官能基を含んでなる、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記ポリマー相転移材料は、イソシアネート官能基を含んでなる、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記ポリマー相転移材料は、アミン官能基及びアミド官能基よりなる群から選択される反応性官能基を含んでなる、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記ポリマー相転移材料はシラン官能基を含んでなる、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記ポリマー相転移材料は二重結合を含んでなる、請求項2に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 1.0ジュール/グラム〜150ジュール/グラムの相転移エンタルピーを有する、請求項1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記相転移材料は、親水性結晶性部分を含む、請求項1に記載の熱制御建築材料。
- 前記相転移材料は、疎水性結晶性部分を含む、請求項1に記載の熱制御建物建築材料。
- 以下を含む、建物の建築に使用される断熱材料:
基本材料;及び
前記基本材料に結合しているポリマー相転移材料
ここで、前記基本材料は、可逆的温度制御特性を前記断熱材料に付与する。 - 前記基本材料は、発泡断熱材、バラ詰め断熱材、及びバット断熱材からなる群より選択される、請求項17に記載の建物の建築に使用される断熱材料。
- 前記ポリマー相転移材料が、主鎖、複数の側鎖、及び少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を有し、かつ少なくとも20ジュール/グラムの潜熱を有し、
前記複数の側鎖は、前記少なくとも1つの結晶性部分を形成し;かつ
前記官能性ポリマー材料は、前記側鎖の少なくとも1つに、少なくとも1つの反応性官能基を有する、
請求項17に記載の建物の建築に使用される断熱材料。 - 前記反応性官能基は、少なくとも第1の共有結合又はイオン結合を形成することができる、請求項19に記載の建物の建築に使用される断熱材料。
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EP2558504A4 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
US20130040526A1 (en) | 2013-02-14 |
JP2013525518A (ja) | 2013-06-20 |
US10377936B2 (en) | 2019-08-13 |
EP2558504A1 (en) | 2013-02-20 |
US20190359871A1 (en) | 2019-11-28 |
US8221910B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
WO2011129854A1 (en) | 2011-10-20 |
BR112012026529A2 (pt) | 2017-10-10 |
CN103038260A (zh) | 2013-04-10 |
US20100264353A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
JP6189888B2 (ja) | 2017-08-30 |
US9371400B2 (en) | 2016-06-21 |
US20170130112A1 (en) | 2017-05-11 |
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