CN202206149U - 电池充电器和单元监视电路 - Google Patents

电池充电器和单元监视电路 Download PDF

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CN202206149U
CN202206149U CN2011202358179U CN201120235817U CN202206149U CN 202206149 U CN202206149 U CN 202206149U CN 2011202358179 U CN2011202358179 U CN 2011202358179U CN 201120235817 U CN201120235817 U CN 201120235817U CN 202206149 U CN202206149 U CN 202206149U
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battery
voltage
control module
charger
battery pack
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CN2011202358179U
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雷吉娜·G·C·库纳南
布赖恩·K·沃尔特曼
杰弗里·S·霍华德
阿齐兹·伊克巴尔
小安德鲁·E·塞曼
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Black and Decker Inc
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Black and Decker Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P7/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors
    • H02P7/06—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current
    • H02P7/18—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current by master control with auxiliary power
    • H02P7/24—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current by master control with auxiliary power using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • H02P7/28—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current by master control with auxiliary power using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices
    • H02P7/285—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current by master control with auxiliary power using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices controlling armature supply only
    • H02P7/29—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current by master control with auxiliary power using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices controlling armature supply only using pulse modulation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25F—COMBINATION OR MULTI-PURPOSE TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DETAILS OR COMPONENTS OF PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS NOT PARTICULARLY RELATED TO THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B25F5/00—Details or components of portable power-driven tools not particularly related to the operations performed and not otherwise provided for
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25F—COMBINATION OR MULTI-PURPOSE TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DETAILS OR COMPONENTS OF PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS NOT PARTICULARLY RELATED TO THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B25F5/00—Details or components of portable power-driven tools not particularly related to the operations performed and not otherwise provided for
    • B25F5/02—Construction of casings, bodies or handles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25F—COMBINATION OR MULTI-PURPOSE TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DETAILS OR COMPONENTS OF PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS NOT PARTICULARLY RELATED TO THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B25F5/00—Details or components of portable power-driven tools not particularly related to the operations performed and not otherwise provided for
    • B25F5/02—Construction of casings, bodies or handles
    • B25F5/021—Construction of casings, bodies or handles with guiding devices
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    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
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    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
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    • H02J7/00034—Charger exchanging data with an electronic device, i.e. telephone, whose internal battery is under charge
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J7/00038—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange using passive battery identification means, e.g. resistors or capacitors
    • H02J7/00041—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange using passive battery identification means, e.g. resistors or capacitors in response to measured battery parameters, e.g. voltage, current or temperature profile
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J7/0045—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by the mechanical construction concerning the insertion or the connection of the batteries
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    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P3/00—Arrangements for stopping or slowing electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters
    • H02P3/06—Arrangements for stopping or slowing electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters for stopping or slowing an individual dynamo-electric motor or dynamo-electric converter
    • H02P3/08—Arrangements for stopping or slowing electric motors, generators, or dynamo-electric converters for stopping or slowing an individual dynamo-electric motor or dynamo-electric converter for stopping or slowing a dc motor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P7/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors
    • H02P7/06—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current
    • H02P7/18—Arrangements for regulating or controlling the speed or torque of electric DC motors for regulating or controlling an individual dc dynamo-electric motor by varying field or armature current by master control with auxiliary power
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/3644—Constructional arrangements
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    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)
  • Details Of Spanners, Wrenches, And Screw Drivers And Accessories (AREA)
  • Portable Power Tools In General (AREA)
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  • Control Of Direct Current Motors (AREA)
  • Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)

Abstract

提供一种电池充电器和单元监视电路。所述电池充电器充电耦接到其的电池组，包括：可视指示器；供电模块，可操作地将充电电流从电池充电器提供到电池组；电压监视模块，可操作地确定电池组中一个或多个电池单元的电压；和充电控制模块，其被配置为，在将充电电流传递到电池组的同时，从电压监视模块接收电池单元电压，并点亮可视指示器以指示电池组中电荷的状态，其中可视指示器的亮度与电池组中电池单元的电压相关。

Description

电池充电器和单元监视电路
相关申请的交叉引用 
本申请要求2010年4月7日申请的美国临时申请61/321699的权利。通过引用以上应用的公开内容被在此合并。 
技术领域
本申请关于电池充电器的充电指示器的改进状态。 
背景技术
使用可再充电电池的无线产品或装置在市场上随处可见。可再充电电池可被用于包括从计算机到电动工具的许多装置中。由于装置中使用多个电池单元，电池单元通常被组装为电池组。在耦接到装置后，电池组又可被用来为装置充电。一旦其中能量耗尽，就通过电池充电器为电池组充电。 
电池充电器通常使用单个发光二极管(LED)来简单指示使用者电池正在正确充电。电池充电器通常不指示电池的电荷当前状态是什么，随之发生的就是，让用户猜测电池组的电荷当前状态，以确定还有多久才能完成充电。在一些例子中，电池充电器可提供电池电荷当前状态的指示。这些例子依赖于多个LED，或是其他会显著增加产品总成本的复杂用户界面。因此，希望提供一种简单而成本经济的方式，其可指示正被电池充电器充电的电池的电荷的当前状态。 
该部分的陈述仅仅提供了与本申请相关的背景信息，并可不构成现有技术。 
实用新型内容
在本申请的一个方面中，提供了一种方法，其可用于指示正在被充电器充电的电池的电荷状态。这种方法包括：从电池充电器传递充电电流到电池组；确定电池组中一个或多个电池单元的电压；点亮电池充电器上的可视指示器，用以指示电池组的电荷的状态，其中，可视指示器的亮度与电池组中 电池单元的电压相关联。 
在本申请的另一个方面中，提供了一种改进的方法，其可为耦接到电池充电器的电池组充电。该方法包括：确定电池组中一个或多个电池单元的电压；当电池单元的电压低于目标充电值时，基于电池单元的电压，从两个或更多不同充电电流中，选择充电电流的量级；将所选择的充电电流传递到电池单元。 
在本申请的另一个方面中，提供了一种方法，其可用来确定在电池组与电池充电器相连的接口是否存在污染物。该方法包括：测量在电池组两个端子上的空载电压；经由所述端子将电流从充电器传递到电池组；在将电流传递到电池组的同时，测量在电池组端子上的负载电压；确定空载电压和负载电压之前的差值；并将该差值与期望的电池组电池单元两端的电压降相比较，从而确定在电池组和电池充电器之间的接口上是否存在污染物。当差值超过期望电压降时，可通报操作员去清理电池组的端子。 
在本申请的另一个方面中，提供了一种电池充电器，电池充电器充电耦接到其的电池组，包括：可视指示器；供电模块，可操作地将充电电流从电池充电器提供到电池组；电压监视模块，可操作地确定电池组中一个或多个电池单元的电压；和充电控制模块，其被配置为，在将充电电流传递到电池组的同时，从电压监视模块接收电池单元电压，并点亮可视指示器以指示电池组中电荷的状态，其中可视指示器的亮度与电池组中电池单元的电压相关。 
在本申请的另一个方面中，提供了一种为电池组充电的电池充电器，包括：可视指示器；供电模块，可操作地将充电电流从电池充电器提供到电池组；电压监视模块，可操作地确定电池组中一个或多个电池单元的电压；和充电控制模块，其被配置为，在将充电电流传递到电池组的同时，从电压监视模块接收电池单元电压，并点亮可视指示器以指示电池组中电荷的状态，其中可视指示器的点亮速率与电池单元的电压相关。 
在本申请的另一个方面中，提供了一种单元监视电路，其用于监视多个电池单元两端的电压，包括：多个单元监视电路，每个单元监视电路被配置为测量电池单元中的一个不同的电池单元两端的电压，并向多个单元监视电路的共有测量节点输出电压测量结果；耦接到每个单元监视电路的控制模块，并且可操作地从至少一个单元监视电路选择电压测量结果，以在测量节点处呈现，控制模块还具有耦接到测量节点的输入，以从其接收电压测量结果； 和电压分压器电路，其插入在多个单元监视电路和控制模块的输入之间。 
显然从此处所提供的描述来说，其还有更多的适用领域。需要注意的是，此处的描述和特定的例子只是出于说明的目的，而并不打算限定本申请的保护范围。 
附图说明
图1是电动工具的典型系统的示意图。 
图2是一种可操作的耦接到不同类型电池组的电池充电器的典型结构的框图。 
图3是用于说明一种根据本申请的示例充电方案的流程图。 
图4是用于说明另一种根据本申请的示例充电方案的流程图。 
图5是用于说明一种示例方法的流程图，该方法可用于确定在电池组和电池充电器间的接口的污染物。 
图6是用于说明示例方法的流程图，其用于指示正被充电器充电的电池的电荷状态。 
图7是用于说明示例方法的示意图，其用于点亮可视指示器以指示电池组的电荷状态。 
图8是电池充电器的LED的控制方案的部分示意图。 
图9是可被用于电池充电器中的示例电压监视电路的示意图。 
这里所描述的附图只是为达到解释说明所选实施例的目的，而不是所有可能的实施，且其并不是要限定本申请的保护范围。相应的参考标记贯穿于各附图中，指示相应的部分。 
具体实施方式
本公开可涉及其类型由图1中参考标记10所一般指示的类型的电动工具的系统。电动工具系统10可以包括，例如，一个或多个电动工具12，一个或多个电池组16和电池组充电器18。每个电动工具12可以是任何类型的电动工具，包括但不限于钻孔机、钻孔机/打椿机、锤钻/打椿机、卷弯成型机、螺丝刀、电扳手、圆锯、机用曲线锯、往复锯、带锯、切断工具、裁减工具、大剪刀、磨砂机、真空吸尘器、灯、路由器、点胶机、混凝土振动器、激光器、订书机和敲钉机。在所提供的详细的例子里，电动工具系统10包括第一 电动工具12a和第二电动工具12b。例如，该第一电动工具12a可以是类似于美国专利6,431,289中所描述的钻孔机/打椿机，而第二电动工具12b可以是类似于美国专利6,996,909中所描述的圆锯。电池组16可以选择性地耦接到第一或第二电动工具12a、12b，为其提供电能。值得注意的是，本实用新型的更广泛的层面可应用于其他类型的电池供电装置。 
图2图解了可操作地耦接到电池组16的电池充电器18的示例结构。电池充电器18主要由供电电路22(即电流源)、电压监视电路23和充电器控制模块24组成。该示例结构在此处仅是被提供作为这里描述概念的背景。而且，该结构可表现为内部电路的一部分。电池组和/或电池充电器可包括附加功能或组件，如识别组件、保护电路和/或其他出于清楚目的而未被示出的内部组件。 
充电器控制模块24负责为电池单元充电，并监视任何在充电中产生的故障情况。在示例性实施例中，充电控制模块24被实现为在数字微控制器上的软件(处理器可执行指令)。然而，例如充电器控制模块24可以被实现为作为数字微控制器的硬件或软件、微处理器或模拟电路、数字信号处理器或通过一个或多个数字IC(如特定用途集成电路(ASIC))来实现。 
为了对电池组16充电，将电池组16可操作地耦接到电池充电器18。使用多种技术检测电池组的存在。一旦检测到电池组16，电池充电器18就启动充电方案。在示例性的充电方案中，充电器18传递一恒定电流到电池组16。当堆压、单独的单元或单元的一部分达到目标充电值时，充电器18从恒定电流模式切换到恒定电压模式。充电器18在恒定电压模式下继续充电，直到充电电流掉到预定义的阈值(如100mA)以下时，终止充电电流。 
图3图示了另一个示例充电方案，其可通过充电器18的充电器控制模块24来实现。在这个方案中，电池充电器18通过将充电电流31传递到电池组来开始。充电电流可被设为可通过充电器传递例如3amps的最大值或一些较低的值。在一些实施例中，充电电流可以按循环充电周期传递(如持续时间为1秒的周期)；反之，在其他实施例中，充电电流是被连续传递的。 
在步骤32，经由电压监视电路23在充电过程期间持续监视单元(cell)电压。在示例性实施例中，通过电压监视电路23，在充电周期间进行单元电压测量。电压监视电路23优选地配置为在时间跨度期间，如约10-70毫秒内，以下文所述的方式，以连续的方式进行单独的单元测量。接着将单独的单元 测量报告给充电器控制模块24以用于进一步的评估。在这种情况下，连续地传递充电电流，在充电电流被传递到电池单元的同时，进行单元电压测量。 
最大充电电流将持续地被传递到电池组，直到至少一个电池单元达到了步骤33所指示的目标充电值(如4.15v)。当一个或多个电池单元达到了目标充电值时，将降低充电电流。在示例性实施例中，以在步骤38的预定义的增量降低充电电流，直到其达到了充电器所能输出的最小充电电流(如200mA)。例如，充电电流可以被减少一半，而其他减少也可被预期。 
传递到电池单元的平均充电电流可以通过略过充电周期进一步降低。当充电器正输出最小充电电流，且不是所有单元都达到了目标充电值时，在步骤39略过充电周期，以进一步降低传递到单元的平均充电电流。如，略过每隔一个其他充电周期，进一步降低由充电器正在传递的平均充电电流达50％(例如，从200mA至平均100mA)。 
在每个充电周期之后，进行单元测量，并进行是否降低充电电流的确定。在示例性实施例中，通过充电器控制模块24进行降低充电电流的确定。响应于这个命令，充电器控制模块24与供电电路22相连以降低充电器正在传递的充电电流。当所有电池单元都达到了目标充电值时，如步骤35所示停止充电电流。这种充电方案特别适合于具有单元平衡功能的电池组。其他类型的充电方案预期在本申请的更广泛方面中。 
图4说明了充电方案40的一种增强，其可通过充电器18的充电器控制模块24实现。典型的，恒定的电流被传递到电池组，直到一个或多个电池单元达到目标电压电平。在这种增强方案中，当电池单元的电压低于目标充电值时，选择充电电流的量级以最优化电池组的充电。将理解，以下所述的增强可被用于以上充电方案，以及其他为电池提供恒定电流的充电方案类型。 
可以通过电池充电器采用各种用于检测电池组存在的技术。一旦电池充电器确定其耦接到电池组16，电池充电器18启动充电方案。持续监视单元电压，并且如步骤41所指示的测量贯穿充电过程。在示例性实施例中，在充电周期之间可通过电压监视电路23进行单元电压测量。电压测量又被传输到充电控制模块24。在可选的安排中，通过电池组内的电压监视电路进行电压测量，并经由数据链路传输到充电控制模块24。 
在步骤42，将单元电压与目标充电值(如，单元制造商规定的最大单元电压，如，4.15v)进行比较。当每个单元电压低于目标充电值时，充电器控 制模块24基于一个或多个电池单元的电压，选择充电电流的量级。单元具有用于对照的最大电压测量。也可以想象的是，充电器控制模块24也可基于跨接电池组的单元子集或全部单元的电压测量(如堆电压)，选取充电电流的量级。 
在示例性实施例中，在步骤44，将所选择的电压测量结果与第一电压电平(如4.0v)相比。如果电压超过第一电压电平，那么在步骤45，充电控制模块24为充电电流选择第一量级(如500mA)。如果电压低于或等于第一电压电平，但是超过第二电压电平(如，3.8v)，则在步骤47，充电控制模块24为充电电流选择第二量级(如，2amps)。如果电压低于第二电压设定，那么在步骤48，充电控制模块24为充电电流选择第三量级(如，3amps)。在各情况中，充电器控制模块24与供电电路22连接，以对供电电路22传递到电池组的充电电流进行设置。 
当电池组中至少一个单元达到目标充电值时，充电器控制模块24与供电电路22相互作用以停止向电池组传递充电电流，并从而如在步骤43所示的停止充电过程。可替换地，充电器控制模块24可以图3所示方式，以预定义的增量降低充电电流。用于在设定充电电流的初始量级后继续充电的其他方案同样是本公开所预期的。 
在开始电池组的充电之前，充电器可确定在电池组和充电器之间的接口(即端子)处是否存在污染物。可理解，电池组的端子，特别是在工业环境中，可被泥土和其他不期望的碎片所污染。端子的污染会导致端子处阻抗的增加或减少，这可导致电池组电压或单元电压的错误的读取。因此，希望确定在与电池充电器相连的电池组端子处是否有污染物。 
当检测电池组与电池充电器相连时，如图5所示，充电器控制模块24可启动用于确定电池组的端子是否被污染的过程。在示例性实施例中，当没有电流被传递到电池组时，在步骤51测量跨接电池组两端子的电压VU(即，空载或开路测量)。更具体的是，在电池组的阳极电池端(B+)和阴极电池端(B-)测量空载电压。在参考跨接这两个特定端子的电压提供以下描述的同时，可理解，这个过程可被扩展到电池组上的其他端子。举例来说，如图2所示，如果电池组提供一个或多个端子用于测量单个单元电压(即，与布置于组中任意两个电池单元之间的节点相连的端子)，则可在这样端子和负的电池端子之间进行所述电压测量，从而确定端子对的污染。可理解，通过比 较一个或多个端子对的结果，可通过充电器控制模块24确定在单个端子的污染物。 
接下来，在步骤52提供从充电器到电池组的小的测试电流，如5-15mA。当电流被传递到电池组时，在步骤53通过充电器控制模块24再次测量跨接电池组端子的(负载)电压VL。可进一步理解，测量空载电压的步骤并不需要在测量负载电压之前实施。在一些实施例中，这一步骤可在测量负载电压步骤之后执行。 
为确定污染物的存在，充电器控制模块24确定负载和空载电压之间的差值(差值＝VU-VL)。在步骤55，将这个差值与期望的跨接电池单元的电压降进行比较，根据已知的传递到电池组的电流的量以及已知的电池单元的电阻导出所期望的电压降。当差值超过所期望的电压降时(或超出偏离值)可假定端子有污染物。在一些实施例中，在步骤57，充电器控制模块24可启动动作以通报操作员。例如，通过声音警报、可视警报或震动警报通知操作员。响应于这种警报，操作员可清理端子。为了这样做，当电池组被从充电器移开和/或连接充电器时，电池充电器可具有端子擦拭器用以清洁端子。经由充电器的显示装置，给操作者清楚的说明，以清理所述组的端子。可替换或附加地，充电器控制模块24可防止进一步为电池组充电，直到端子被清理干净。当差值小于或等于所期望的电压降时，如步骤56所指示的，充电器控制模块24可启动充电算法。 
图6图示了用于使用存在于电池充电器18上的单个可视指示器来指示电池内电荷状态的改进技术。所述可视指示器可可替换地被集成在组内。如在61所指示的，电池充电器18为电池组16提供充电电流。如下文所进一步描述的，该可视指示器被顺序点亮，以指示电池的电荷状态。虽然点亮技术被描述为与充电相关，但是可以预期的是，相似的技术也可用于电池组中，以在放电过程中指示电池中电荷的状态。在这种情况中，可视指示器可接收来自可操作地耦接到其或是被存在于组中的控制模块控制的工具的控制信号。 
在62所指示的整个充电过程中，在充电期间，电池充电器可持续监视和测量堆电压和/或单元电压。很容易理解，电压测量指示电池电荷的状态。在示例性实施例中，可在充电周期之间通过电池充电器18的电压监视电路23来实施单元电压测量。如以下描述的，电压监视电路23被优选地配置为在一跨度期间以顺序的方式经由端子25进行单个单元测量。电压测量结果被顺序 传输给充电控制模块24。在可替换的设置中，通过存在于电池组内的电压监视电路来进行电压测量，并经由数据链路传输给电控制模块24。在任一种情况中，充电器控制模块24确定电池组的单元电压和/或堆电压。 
给出这些电压测量，充电控制模块24可点亮可视指示器以指示电池组的电荷状态。在示例性实施例中，可视指示器是电池充电器18上的单个发光二极管(LED)。参考图8，LED 82可串联的电耦接双极型的晶体管81的漏端或是源端，虽然其他类型的晶体管以及开关也在是本公开所预期的。通过向晶体管的栅端施加控制信号，充电器控制模块24又可控制LED的亮度。虽然通过参考可视指示器提供以下描述，但是可以预想的是以下所述方法可被扩展应用到声音指示器或其他类型可使操作者感知的指示器。 
在第一示例性方法中，LED在给定时间周期中的开启时间量与正在充电的电池单元电压相关联。举例来说，当电池单元基本耗尽时，LED是关闭的(或关闭时间比开启时间长)。当电池单元正被充电时，电池单元的电荷的状态是增加的。当电池单元充电20％时，LED在预定义的时间间隔的一定比例时间内是亮着的(如1秒时间间隔内的0.2秒)。当电池充电60％时，在1秒时间间隔内LED亮0.6秒。换句话说，在预定义的时间间隔内LED的“开启”时间直接与电池单元电压成比例的。当电池单元充电时，连续重复时间间隔。这导致闪光样式，其中闪光的持续时间与电池单元的电压相关。在这个方法的变形中，闪光的频率与电荷状态相关。例如，每秒闪1下指示电池单元基本耗尽(即电荷状态0％)；每秒闪3下指示电池电荷是充电25％；每秒闪7下指示电荷是充电75％。在任一情况中，通过从充电器控制模块被送到晶体管81的控制端子的脉冲宽度调制控制信号控制开启时间的量。用于将LED的开启时间量与电池单元电荷状态相关联的其他方案也是本公开所预期的。 
在第二典型实施例中，如图7所示，LED的亮度与正被充电的电池单元的电压相关联。在充电过程中，LED的亮度在两个模式中交替：第一模式，其指示电池组的电荷的当前状态，和第二模式，其提供作为电池单元何时完全充满电的参考点(即LED在满亮度点亮)。通过使用应用于MOSFET的栅端的控制信号，充电器控制模块24可驱动LED在两个点亮模式中交替。 
当电池单元基本耗尽时，LED关闭以表示第一模式。电池单元充电时，如图7所示，电池单元的电荷状态增加。为指示电荷状态，在第一模式期间LED的亮度和电池单元的当前电压成比例。举例来说，当电池单元充电20％ 时，LED发光到20％亮度级；反之，当电池单元充电60％时，LED发光到60％亮度级。这可通过从充电控制模块24发送脉冲宽度调制控制信号到晶体管的控制端子来获得。这就是说，控制信号具有20％的占空速率，会致使LED达到20％亮度级。如图所示，在第二模式中LED发光到满亮度，从而为用户提供了用以确定电池是否充满的参考点。 
在另一个典型实施例中，可视指示器点亮的速率与电池单元的电压相关。换句话说，LED缓慢变亮等同于比更快变亮的LED低的电荷状态。。同样地，通过充电器控制模块24发送到晶体管控制端的控制信号控制LED的亮度。两种或更多此类方法可被合并。举例来说，LED的开启时间和亮度改变的速率可与电池单元的电荷状态相关。可以预想的是，这些方法可扩展到可显示两种颜色的可视指示器(如绿和红)。这种指示器具有两个嵌入的二极管。在充电期间，指示器根据以上所述方法之一点亮红灯，也可充电到绿色以指示电池组充满电。 
图9是电池充电器18可用到的示例性电压监视电路23的示意图。电压监视电路主要由插入在充电器控制电路24和多个切换子电路SWC-1到SWC-5之间的单电压分压器VD构成。应注意，电压分压器VD包括两个精密电阻R201和R205。在这种情况中，精密电阻具有0.1％或更低量级的公差，从而降低报告给充电器控制模块24的测量误差。在一些应用中，由于与该精密电阻相关的花费可能繁重，在多个测量节点中复用单电压分压器降低实现电压监视单元23的花费。 
多个切换子电路SWC插入在电压分压器VD和多个单元测量节点之间。每个切换子电路SWC主要被构造为使用三个切换元件(如MOSFETs)：导电开关QS-n，阻挡开关QB-n和控制开关QC-n。在MOSFETs的实例情况中，导电开关QS-n和阻挡开关QB-n串联耦接，这使导电开关QS-n执行主切换功能，当伴随导电切换处于不导电状态时，阻挡开关QB-n像二极管一样以防止电流流动。在典型的实施例中，导电开关QS-n和阻挡开关QB-n的控制端子都被耦接到控制开关QC-n的漏端子。以这种方式，控制开关QC-n控制其他两个切换原件的导电状态。控制开关QC-n的控制端子又被耦接到充电器控制端子24并被充电器控制端子24控制。注意在此电路设置中的运算放大器(op amp)也被充电器控制模块24所控制以提供测试电流，该测试电流用于以上所述的污染物检测方案。很容易理解的就是切换元件的其他类型和 其他电路组件可被用于切换子电路。同样地，其他电路装置也可被用于实现所述功能。 
在操作过程中，充电控制模块24从一个切换子电路打开控制开关QC-n，从而将其他两个切换元件置于导电的状态，并进行从相应单元测量节点到充电器控制模块24的电压测量。为确定每个电池单元的单元电压，充电器控制模块24顺序地选择不同的切换子电路。例如，充电器控制模块24可从通过子电路SWC-1打开控制开关CQ-1开始。单元测量节点N1的电压测量相应于单元1的单元电压。接下来，充电器控制模块24将会关闭控制开关QC-1，并打开控制开关QC-2，从而进行从单元测量节点N2到充电器控制模块24的电压测量。单元测量节点N1的电压测量值减去单元测量节点N2的电压测量值，可获得单元2的单元电压。充电器控制模块24可为每个剩余切换子电路重复这一过程，以确定每个单元的单元电压。应注意，当来自任意两个节点的测量值进行相减时，要排除任何通常会出现的误差，从而改善测量结果的精确性。 
示例性电压监视电路23被描述为关于电池充电器。很容易明白的是，电压监视电路可被合并在电池组中。在这种安排中，组内控制模块会监视和测量电压，如在充放电过程中。在充电过程中，单独的单元电压可经由数据链路传输给电池充电器。电池充电器又可按上述方式控制充电。 
所提供的前述实施例只是为达到说明和解释的目的。其并不是要详尽或限制本申请的保护范围。特定实施例的单独的元件或特征并不只限于该特定实施例，其中适用的特征，是可互换的，并可用在所选择的实施例中，即使并未详细展示或描述。同样的特征可以各种方式变化。这样的变化并不应当被认为是脱离本申请的保护范围，且所有这种类型的修正都确定在本申请的保护范围内。 

Claims (16)

1.一种电池充电器，所述电池充电器充电耦接到其的电池组，包括：
可视指示器；
供电模块，可操作地将充电电流从所述电池充电器提供到所述电池组；
电压监视模块，可操作地确定所述电池组中一个或多个电池单元的电压；和
充电控制模块，其被配置为，在将充电电流传递到电池组的同时，从所述电压监视模块接收电池单元电压，并点亮可视指示器以指示电池组中电荷的状态，其中可视指示器的亮度与电池组中电池单元的电压相关。
2.如权利要求1所述的电池充电器，其特征在于充电控制模块在两个亮度状态间交替点亮可视指示器，包括第一点亮模式，其在电池组处于部分充电状态时指示电池组电荷状态，和第二点亮模式，其在电池组处于充满电的状态时，指示电池组电荷状态。
3.如权利要求1所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述可视指示器是发光二极管，而所述充电控制模块控制施加于该发光二极管上电压的量与电池单元的电压成比例。
4.如权利要求3所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述发光二极管与晶体管的源端或漏端串联安置在一起；且所述充电控制模块通过向所述晶体管的栅端施加控制信号以控制发光二极管的亮度。
5.如权利要求4所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述控制信号是脉冲宽度调制的，且所述充电控制模块根据电池单元的电压来调整所述控制信号的占空速率。
6.如权利要求1所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述电压监视模块测量所述电池单元的电压，其中所述电池单元跨接将所述电池组耦接到所述电池充电器的端子。
7.如权利要求1所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述充电控制模块经由数据链路与电池组中的控制器进行数据通信，以接收所述电池组中电池单元的电压测量结果。
8.如权利要求1所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述充电控制模块根据所述电池单元的电压控制可视指示灯点亮速率。
9.一种为电池组充电的电池充电器，包括：
可视指示器；
供电模块，可操作地将充电电流从所述电池充电器提供到所述电池组；
电压监视模块，可操作地确定所述电池组中一个或多个电池单元的电压；和
充电控制模块，其被配置为，在将充电电流传递到电池组的同时，从所述电压监视模块接收电池单元电压，并点亮可视指示器以指示电池组中电荷的状态，其中可视指示器的点亮速率与电池单元的电压相关。
10.如权利要求9所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述可视指示器是发光二极管，其与晶体管的源端或漏端串联安置在一起；且所述充电控制模块通过向所述晶体管的栅端施加控制信号以控制发光二极管的亮度。
11.如权利要求10所述的电池充电器，其特征在于所述控制信号是脉冲宽度调制的，且所述充电控制模块根据电池单元的电压来调整所述控制信号的占空速率。
12.一种单元监视电路，其用于监视多个电池单元两端的电压，包括：
多个单元监视电路，每个单元监视电路被配置为测量所述电池单元中的一个不同的电池单元两端的电压，并向所述多个单元监视电路的共有测量节点输出电压测量结果；
耦接到每个所述单元监视电路的控制模块，并且可操作地从至少一个所述单元监视电路选择电压测量结果，以在测量节点处呈现，所述控制模块还具有耦接到测量节点的输入，以从其接收电压测量结果；和
电压分压器电路，其插入在所述多个单元监视电路和所述控制模块的输入之间。
13.如权利要求12所述的单元监视电路，其特征在于所述电压分压器电路由两个公差为0.1％量级的电阻构成。
14.如权利要求12所述的单元监视电路，其特征在于每个单元监视电路由三个场效应晶体管组成，其包括与阻挡晶体管串联相连的导电晶体管，其中每个导电晶体管和阻挡晶体管的控制端被连接到控制晶体管的漏端，控制晶体管的控制端与控制模块相连。
15.如权利要求12所述的单元监视电路，其特征在于其位于电池充电器内，并耦接到其中具有多个电池单元的电池组，当所述电池组正被所述电池充电器充电时，所述控制模块操作以测量存储在每个电池单元内的电压。
16.如权利要求12所述的单元监视电路，其特征在于其位于其中具有多个电池单元的电池组内，当所述电池组放电时，所述控制模块操作以测量存储在每个电池单元内的电压。
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US20170149258A1 (en) 2017-05-25
EP2375559A3 (en) 2017-01-18
EP2375468A3 (en) 2012-10-03
US20140340053A1 (en) 2014-11-20
EP2375542A2 (en) 2011-10-12

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