CN107466430B - Guided wave transmission device with non-fundamental mode propagation and method of use thereof - Google Patents
Guided wave transmission device with non-fundamental mode propagation and method of use thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107466430B CN107466430B CN201680018370.5A CN201680018370A CN107466430B CN 107466430 B CN107466430 B CN 107466430B CN 201680018370 A CN201680018370 A CN 201680018370A CN 107466430 B CN107466430 B CN 107466430B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/26—Surface waveguide constituted by a single conductor, e.g. strip conductor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2575—Radio-over-fibre, e.g. radio frequency signal modulated onto an optical carrier
- H04B10/25752—Optical arrangements for wireless networks
- H04B10/25758—Optical arrangements for wireless networks between a central unit and a single remote unit by means of an optical fibre
- H04B10/25759—Details of the reception of RF signal or the optical conversion before the optical fibre
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/40—Transceivers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/02—Details
- H04B3/36—Repeater circuits
Abstract
Various aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a coupler comprising a tapered ring surrounding a transmission line. A coaxial coupler surrounding at least a portion of the transmission line directs the electromagnetic waves toward the tapered ring. The tapered ring couples the electromagnetic wave to propagate along the outer surface of the transmission line. Other embodiments are also disclosed.
Description
Cross Reference to Related Applications
This application claims priority to U.S. patent application serial No. 14/627,322 filed on day 2, month 20, 2015. The contents of the foregoing application are incorporated by reference into this application as if fully set forth herein.
Technical Field
The subject disclosure of the present invention relates to communication via microwave transmission in a communication network.
Background
As smart phones and other portable devices become increasingly prevalent and as data usage increases, macrocellular base station devices and existing wireless infrastructure also require higher bandwidth to address the increasing demand. To provide additional mobile bandwidth, small cell deployments are being pursued, where microcells and picocells provide coverage for much smaller areas than traditional macrocells.
Drawings
Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave communication system in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler according to various aspects described herein.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler according to various aspects described herein.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler according to various aspects described herein.
Fig. 5A and 5B are block diagrams illustrating exemplary, non-limiting embodiments of dielectric waveguide couplers and transceivers according to various aspects described herein.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a dual dielectric waveguide coupler in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional repeater system in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a method of transmitting a transmission using the dielectric waveguide coupler described herein.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a computing environment in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a mobile network platform in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a coupler according to various aspects described herein.
FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a coupler according to various aspects described herein.
Figure 15 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave communication system in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a transmitting device in accordance with various aspects described herein.
FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of an electromagnetic profile according to various aspects described herein.
FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of an electromagnetic profile according to various aspects described herein.
FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of an electromagnetic profile according to various aspects described herein.
Fig. 20a and 20b are diagrams illustrating exemplary, non-limiting embodiments of transmission media according to various aspects described herein.
FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a transmitting device in accordance with various aspects described herein.
Fig. 22 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a method of selecting a carrier frequency as described herein.
Detailed Description
One or more embodiments will now be described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various embodiments. It may be evident, however, that the various embodiments may be practiced without these details (and without application to any particular networking environment or standard).
In order to provide network connectivity to additional base station devices, the backhaul network of the network devices linking the communication cells (e.g., microcells and macrocells) to the core network is also extended accordingly. Similarly, to provide network connectivity to distributed antenna systems, it is desirable to have an extended communication system that links base station equipment with its distributed antennas. A guided wave communication system can be provided to allow for alternative, additional, or additional network connections, and a waveguide coupling system can be provided to transmit and/or receive guided wave (e.g., surface wave) communications over a wire, such as a wire that operates as a single wire transmission line (e.g., a utility line), operates as a waveguide, and/or otherwise operates to guide the transmission of electromagnetic waves.
In one embodiment, the waveguide couplers utilized in the waveguide coupling system may be made of dielectric materials or other low loss insulators (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, etc.), or even conductive (e.g., metallic, non-metallic, etc.) materials, or any combination of the foregoing. References to "dielectric waveguides" in the detailed description section are for illustrative purposes and do not limit the embodiments to be constructed solely of dielectric materials. In other embodiments, other dielectric or insulating materials are possible. It should be appreciated that a variety of transmission media may be utilized for guided wave communication without departing from the illustrative embodiments. Examples of such transmission media may include one or more of the following, alone or in one or more combinations: a wire, whether insulated or uninsulated and whether single-stranded or multi-stranded; conductors having other shapes or configurations, including wire harnesses, cables, linkages, tracks, pipes; non-conductors such as dielectric pipes, rods, rails, or other dielectric members; a combination of a conductor and a dielectric material; or other guided wave transmission medium.
One embodiment of the present disclosure includes a coupler that includes a tapered ring surrounding a transmission line. A coaxial transmitter around the transmission line guides the electromagnetic waves to the conical ring. The tapered ring couples electromagnetic waves to propagate along the outer surface of the transmission line
One embodiment of the present disclosure includes a transmitting device including a communication interface that receives a communication signal including data. The transceiver generates electromagnetic waves based on the communication signals to communicate the data according to at least one selected Electromagnetic (EM) mode. The coupler is configured to receive and couple the electromagnetic waves to a transmission medium having an outer surface. The coupler includes a conductive ring and a tapered ring surrounding a transmission medium. The conductive loop guides the electromagnetic wave to the tapered loop. The tapered ring couples the electromagnetic wave to propagate along the outer surface of the transmission medium via the at least one selected EM mode.
One embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method comprising generating an electromagnetic wave to communicate data according to a non-fundamental mode of an Electromagnetic (EM) field pattern having local minima of azimuthal orientation. The method also includes coupling the electromagnetic waves to propagate along an outer surface of the transmission medium with respect to a desired orientation of the transmission medium, such as a desired orientation aligned with an expected orientation of water droplet formation of the transmission medium.
Various embodiments described herein relate to a waveguide coupling system for launching and extracting a guided wave (e.g., surface wave communication as an electromagnetic wave) transmission from a wire. At millimeter-wave frequencies (e.g., 30-300GHz) or lower microwave frequencies (e.g., 3-30GHz) where the wavelength may be small compared to the size of the equipment, the transmission may propagate as a wave guided by a waveguide, such as a strip or length of dielectric material or other coupler. The electromagnetic field structure of the guided wave can be internal and/or external to the waveguide. When the waveguide is brought into close proximity to a wire (e.g., a utility line or other transmission line), at least a portion of the guided waves decouple from the waveguide and couple to the wire and continue to propagate as guided waves, such as surface waves around the surface of the wire.
According to an exemplary embodiment, a surface wave is a guided wave guided by a surface of a wire, which may include an outer or exterior surface of the wire, or another surface of the wire adjacent to or exposed to another type of medium having different properties (e.g., dielectric properties). Indeed, in one exemplary embodiment, the surface of the wire of the guided surface wave may represent a transition surface between two different types of media. For example, in the case of a bare wire or uninsulated wire, the surface of the wire may be the exterior or outside conductive surface of the bare wire or uninsulated wire that is exposed to air or free space. As another example, in the case of an insulated wire, the surface of the wire may be the conductive portion of the wire that meets the insulator portion of the wire, or may be the insulator surface of the wire that is exposed to air or free space, or may be any section of material between the insulator surface of the wire and the conductive portion of the wire that meets the insulator portion of the wire, depending on the relative differences in the properties (e.g., dielectric properties) of the insulator, air, and/or conductor, and also depending on the frequency of the guided wave and the mode or modes of propagation.
According to an exemplary embodiment, guided waves, such as surface waves, can be contrasted with radio transmission through free space/air or traditional propagation of electrical power or signals through conductors of electrical wires. Indeed, according to one exemplary embodiment, conventional electrical power or signals can still be propagated or transmitted through the conductor of the wire using the surface waves or guided wave systems described herein, and guided waves (including surface waves and other electromagnetic waves) can be propagated or launched around the surface of the wire. In one exemplary embodiment, the surface wave can have a field structure (e.g., electromagnetic field structure) that is primarily or substantially outside of the line, wire, or transmission medium used to guide the surface wave.
According to an exemplary embodiment, electromagnetic waves traveling along the wire and around the outer surface of the wire are induced by other electromagnetic waves traveling along the waveguide adjacent to the wire. The induction of electromagnetic waves can be independent of any potential, charge, or current injected or otherwise conveyed through the wire as part of the circuit. It should be appreciated that while small currents in the wire may be formed in response to the propagation of electromagnetic waves along the wire, this may be due to the propagation of electromagnetic waves along the surface of the wire, rather than being formed in response to potentials, charges, or currents injected into the wire as part of the circuit. Therefore, the electromagnetic wave traveling on the electric wire can propagate along the surface of the electric wire without a circuit. Thus, the wire is a single wire transmission line that is not part of the circuit. Further, in some embodiments, a wire is not necessary, and electromagnetic waves may propagate along a single wire transmission medium that is not a wire.
According to an exemplary embodiment, the term "surrounding" the wire, as used in connection with guided waves (e.g., surface waves), can include fundamental propagation modes and other guided waves having a circular or substantially circular field distribution (e.g., electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, etc.) at least partially surrounding the wire or other transmission medium. Further, when the guided wave propagates "around" the wire or other transmission medium, it can be implemented according to wave propagation modes that can include not only fundamental wave propagation modes (e.g., zero order modes), but additionally or alternatively other non-fundamental wave propagation modes, such as higher order guided wave modes (e.g., 1 order modes, 2 order modes, etc.), asymmetric modes, and/or other guided waves (e.g., surface waves) having a non-circular field distribution around the wire or other transmission medium.
Such a non-circular field distribution may be, for example, unilateral (unilateral) or multilateral (multilateral) with one or more axial lobes characterized by a relatively higher field strength and/or one or more nulls (null) or null segments with local minima characterized by a relatively lower field strength, a zero field strength, or a substantially zero field strength. Further, according to an exemplary embodiment, the field distribution may vary as a function of azimuthal orientation of the surrounding wires such that one or more azimuthally oriented sections of the surrounding wires have a higher electric or magnetic field strength (or a combination thereof) than one or more other azimuthally oriented sections. It will be appreciated that as the guided wave travels along the wire, the relative positions of the higher order modes or asymmetric modes of the wave may change.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave communication system 100 is shown. Guided wave communication system 100 depicts an exemplary environment in which a transmission device, coupler, or coupling module can be used.
The guided wave communication system 100 can be a distributed antenna system that includes one or more base station devices (e.g., base station device 104) communicatively coupled to a macrocell site 102 or other network connection. The base station equipment 104 may be connected to the macrocell site 102 by a wired (e.g., optical fiber and/or cable) or by a wireless (e.g., microwave wireless) connection. A macro cell, such as macro cell site 102, may have a dedicated connection to a mobile network and base station device 104 may share and/or otherwise use the connection of macro cell site 102. The base station equipment 104 may be mounted or attached to utility poles 116. In other embodiments, the base station device 104 may be located near a transformer and/or at other locations near a power line.
It should be noted that for simplicity, figure 1 shows three poles and one base station device. In other embodiments, the utility pole 116 may have more base station devices, and one or more utility poles with distributed antennas are possible.
A transmission device, such as dielectric waveguide coupling device 106, may transmit signals from base station device 104 to antennas 112 and 114 via utility line(s) or power lines connecting utility poles 116, 118, and 120. To transmit the signal, the wireless power supply and/or coupler 106 upconverts (e.g., by mixing) the signal from the base station equipment 104 or otherwise converts the signal from the base station equipment 104 to a microwave or millimeter-wave band signal having at least one carrier frequency within the microwave or millimeter-wave band. The dielectric waveguide coupling device 106 launches millimeter-band waves that propagate as guided waves (e.g., surface waves or other electromagnetic waves) traveling along a utility line or other electrical line. At utility pole 118, another transmission device, such as dielectric waveguide coupling device 108, receives the guided wave (and optionally may amplify it as needed or desired, or operate as a digital repeater to receive the guided wave and regenerate the guided wave) and sends it on as a guided wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) on a utility line or other wire. The dielectric waveguide coupling device 108 can also extract a signal from the millimeter-wave band guided waves and frequency shift it down or otherwise convert it to its original cellular band frequency (e.g., 1.9GHz or other defined cellular frequency) or another cellular (or non-cellular) band frequency. Antenna 112 may transmit (e.g., wirelessly transmit) the frequency-down-shifted signal to mobile device 122. The process may be repeated by another transmission device, such as the dielectric waveguide coupling device 110, the antenna 114, and the mobile device 124, as necessary or desired.
Transmissions from mobile devices 122 and 124 may also be received by antennas 112 and 114, respectively. The transponders on the dielectric waveguide coupling devices 108 and 110 can up-shift or otherwise convert cellular band signals to microwave or millimeter-wave bands and transmit the signals as guided wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) transmissions over the power line(s) to the base station device 104.
In an example embodiment, the system 100 may employ a diversity path in which two or more utility lines or other wires are maintained between utility poles 116, 118, and 120 (e.g., two or more wires between utility poles 116 and 120), and redundant transmissions from the base station 104 are transmitted down the surface of the utility lines or other wires as guided waves. The utility line or other wire may be insulated or uninsulated, and the coupling device may selectively receive signals from the insulated or uninsulated utility line or other wire depending on the environmental conditions that result in transmission losses. The selection may be based on a measurement of the signal-to-noise ratio for the wire, or based on a determined weather/environmental condition (e.g., moisture detector, weather forecast, etc.). The use of diversity paths for system 100 may allow for alternate routing capabilities, load balancing, increased load handling, concurrent bi-directional or synchronous communications, spread spectrum communications, and so forth (see fig. 8 for more illustrative details).
It should be noted that the use of dielectric waveguide coupling devices 106, 108, and 110 in fig. 1 is by way of example only, and that other uses are possible in other embodiments. For example, the dielectric waveguide coupling device may be used in a backhaul communication system to provide a network connection for a base station device. Dielectric waveguide coupling devices can be used in many situations where it is desirable to transmit guided wave communications over a wire, whether or not the wire is insulated. Dielectric waveguide coupling devices are an improvement over other coupling devices because there is no or limited physical and/or electrical contact with the wires that may carry high voltage. By means of the dielectric waveguide coupling device, the apparatus may be positioned away from the wire (e.g. spaced apart from the wire) and/or positioned on the wire without making electrical contact with the wire, since the dielectric acts as an insulator, allowing for cheap, convenient and/or less complex mounting. As previously mentioned, however, conductive or non-dielectric couplers may be employed, particularly in configurations where the wires correspond to a telephone network, a cable television network, a broadband data service, a fiber optic communication system, or other network employing low voltage or having insulated transmission lines.
It should also be noted that although base station device 104 and macro cell site 102 are shown in one exemplary embodiment, other network configurations are also possible. For example, devices such as access points or other wireless gateways may be employed in a similar manner to extend the range of other networks such as wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, or other wireless networks operating according to communication protocols such as the 802.11 protocol, the WIMAX protocol, the ultra wideband protocol, the Bluetooth protocol, the Zigbee protocol, or other wireless protocols.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupling system 200 in accordance with various aspects described herein is shown. System 200 includes a dielectric waveguide 204 having a wave 206 propagating as a guided wave around a waveguide surface of dielectric waveguide 204. In an exemplary embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 204 is curved, and at least a portion of the dielectric waveguide 204 may be placed in proximity to the wire 202 to facilitate coupling between the dielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202, as described herein. The dielectric waveguide 204 may be positioned such that a portion of the curved dielectric waveguide 204 is parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 202. The portion of the dielectric waveguide 204 parallel to the wire may be the apex of the curve, or any point where the tangent to the curve is parallel to the wire 202. When the dielectric waveguide 204 is so positioned or positioned, the wave 206 traveling along the dielectric waveguide 204 is at least partially coupled to the wire 202 and propagates as a guided wave 208 around or around the wire surface of the wire 202 and longitudinally along the wire 202. The guided wave 208 can be characterized as a surface wave or other electromagnetic wave, but other types of guided waves 208 can also be supported without departing from the exemplary embodiment. A portion of wave 206 not coupled to wire 202 propagates along dielectric waveguide 204 as wave 210. It should be appreciated that the dielectric waveguide 204 may be configured and arranged at various locations with respect to the wire 202 in order to achieve a desired level of coupling or decoupling of the wave 206 to the wire 202. For example, the curvature and/or length of the dielectric waveguide 204 parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 202 and its separation distance (which in one exemplary embodiment may comprise a zero separation distance) may be varied without departing from the exemplary embodiments. Likewise, the arrangement of the dielectric waveguide 204 with respect to the wire 202 may be varied based on considerations of the corresponding intrinsic characteristics (e.g., thickness, composition, electromagnetic properties, etc.) of the wire 202 and the dielectric waveguide 204, as well as the characteristics (e.g., frequency, energy level, etc.) of the waves 206 and 208.
Even when the wire 202 bends and flexes, the guided wave 208 still propagates in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 202. Bends in the wire 202 may increase transmission losses, which also depends on wire diameter, frequency, and material. If the dimensions of the dielectric waveguide 204 are selected for efficient power delivery, most of the power in the wave 206 is delivered to the wire 202, and little power remains in the wave 210. It should be appreciated that the guided wave 208 can still be multi-modal in nature (discussed herein), including having non-fundamental or asymmetric modes with or without fundamental transmission modes when traveling along a path parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 202. In an example embodiment, non-fundamental or asymmetric modes may be utilized to minimize transmission loss and/or achieve increased propagation distance.
It should be mentioned that the term "parallel" is generally a geometrical configuration that often cannot be exactly achieved in real systems. Thus, the term "parallel" as utilized in the subject disclosure of the present invention, when used to describe embodiments disclosed in the subject disclosure of the present invention, means approximately, rather than an exact configuration. In one exemplary embodiment, substantially parallel may include an approximation in all dimensions that is within 30 degrees of true parallel.
In an exemplary embodiment, the wave 206 may exhibit one or more wave propagation modes. The dielectric waveguide mode may depend on the shape and/or design of the dielectric waveguide 204. The one or more dielectric waveguide modes of wave 206 can generate, affect, or impinge on one or more wave propagation modes of guided wave 208 propagating along wire 202. In one exemplary embodiment, the wave propagation mode on the wire 202 may be similar to the dielectric waveguide mode, since the waves 206 and 208 both propagate around the exterior of the dielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202, respectively. In some implementationsFor example, due to the coupling between the dielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202, the mode may change form as the wave 206 couples to the wire 202. For example, differences in the dimensions, materials, and/or impedances of the dielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202 may create additional modes that are not present in the dielectric waveguide modes and/or suppress some of the dielectric waveguide modes. The wave propagation modes may include a fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode (quasi-TEM)00) Wherein only a small electric and/or magnetic field extends in the direction of propagation and wherein the electric and magnetic fields extend radially outwards when the guided wave propagates along the wire. The guided wave mode can have a donut shape in which there is little electromagnetic field within the dielectric waveguide 204 or wire 202. Waves 206 and 208 may include fundamental TEM modes, in which the field extends radially outward, and may also include other non-fundamental (e.g., asymmetric, higher order, etc.) modes. While specific wave propagation modes are discussed above, other wave propagation modes are equally feasible, such as Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes, based on the frequencies employed, the design of the dielectric waveguide 204, the gauge and composition of the wire 202, as well as its surface properties, its optional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, and so forth. It should be noted that depending on the frequency, the electrical and physical characteristics of the wire 202, and the particular wave propagation mode generated, the guided wave 208 can travel along the conductive surface of the oxidized uninsulated wire, the non-oxidized uninsulated wire, the insulated wire, and/or along the insulated surface of the insulated wire.
In an exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the dielectric waveguide 204 is smaller than the diameter of the wire 202. For the microwave or millimeter-band wavelengths used, dielectric waveguide 204 supports a single waveguide mode that constitutes wave 206. The single waveguide mode may change as it couples to the wire 202 as a surface wave 208. If the dielectric waveguide 204 is larger, more than one waveguide mode may be supported, but these additional waveguide modes may not couple as efficiently to the wire 202 and may result in higher coupling losses. In some alternative embodiments, however, the diameter of the dielectric waveguide 204 may be equal to or greater than the diameter of the wire 202, such as when higher coupling losses are desired or when used in conjunction with other techniques to otherwise reduce coupling losses (e.g., impedance matching by tapering, etc.).
In an exemplary embodiment, the wavelengths of the waves 206 and 208 are comparable in size or smaller than the perimeters of the dielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202. In one example, if the diameter of the wire 202 is 0.5cm and the corresponding circumference is about 1.5cm, the wavelength of transmission is about 1.5cm or less, corresponding to a frequency of 20GHz or higher. In another embodiment, a suitable frequency for the transmission and carrier signals is in the range of 30-100GHz, possibly about 30-60GHz, and in one example about 38 GHz. In an exemplary embodiment, when the perimeters of the dielectric waveguide 204 and the wire 202 are comparable in size or larger than the wavelength of transmission, the waves 206 and 208 may exhibit a variety of wave propagation modes, including fundamental and/or non-fundamental (symmetric and/or asymmetric) modes that propagate over a sufficient distance to support the various communication systems described herein. Waves 206 and 208 may thus include more than one type of electric and magnetic field configuration. In an exemplary embodiment, the electric and magnetic field configuration will remain the same from one end of the wire 202 to the other as the guided wave 208 propagates down the wire 202. In other embodiments, when the guided wave 208 encounters interference or loses energy due to transmission losses, the electrical and magnetic field configuration can change as the guided wave 208 propagates down the wire 202.
In one exemplary embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 204 may be constructed of nylon, teflon, polyethylene, polyamide, or other plastic. In other embodiments, other dielectric materials are possible. The wire surface of wire 202 may be metallic, either having a bare metal surface, or may be insulated with a plastic, dielectric, insulator, or other sheath. In one exemplary embodiment, a dielectric or other non-conductive/insulating waveguide may be paired with a bare/metallic wire or an insulated wire. In other embodiments, the metallic and/or conductive waveguides may be paired with bare/metallic wires or insulated wires. In an exemplary embodiment, an oxide layer on the bare metal surface of wire 202 (e.g., obtained by exposing the bare metal surface to oxygen/air) may also provide insulation or dielectric properties similar to those provided by some insulators or sheaths.
It should be noted that the graphical representation of the waves 206, 208, and 210 is given merely to illustrate the principle by which the wave 206 induces or otherwise launches the guided wave 208 on the wire 202, e.g., operating as a single wire transmission line. Wave 210 represents the portion of wave 206 that remains on dielectric waveguide 204 after guided wave 208 is generated. The actual electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of such wave propagation may differ depending on the following factors: the frequency employed, the particular wave propagation mode or modes, the design of the dielectric waveguide 204, the gauge and composition of the wire 202 and its surface properties, its optional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, and the like.
It should be noted that the dielectric waveguide 204 may include a termination circuit or damper 214 at the end of the dielectric waveguide 204, which may absorb the remaining radiation or energy from the wave 210. The termination circuit or damper 214 may prevent and/or minimize residual radiation from the wave 210 from reflecting back toward the transmitter circuit 212. In an exemplary embodiment, the termination circuit or damper 214 may include a termination resistor and/or other components that implement impedance matching to attenuate reflection. In some embodiments, if the coupling efficiency is high enough and/or the wave 210 is small enough, it may not be necessary to use a termination circuit or damper 214. For simplicity, these transmitter and termination circuits or dampers 212 and 214 are not depicted in the other figures, but in these embodiments, it is also possible to use transmitters and termination circuits or dampers.
Further, while a single dielectric waveguide 204 is shown generating a single guided wave 208, multiple dielectric waveguides 204 placed at different points along the wire 202 and/or at different axial orientations around the wire may be employed to generate and receive multiple guided waves 208 at the same or different frequencies, at the same or different phases, and/or in the same or different wave propagation modes. One or more of the guided waves 208 can be modulated to communicate data via modulation techniques such as phase shift keying, frequency shift keying, quadrature amplitude modulation, multi-carrier modulation, and via multiple access techniques such as frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, code division multiplexing, multiplexing via different wave propagation modes, and via other modulation and access strategies.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupling system 300 in accordance with various aspects described herein is shown. The system 300 implements a coupler comprising a dielectric waveguide 304 and a wire 302 having a wave 306 propagating as a guided wave around a wire surface of the wire 302. In an exemplary embodiment, the wave 306 may be characterized as a surface wave or other electromagnetic wave.
In an exemplary embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 304 is curved or has a curvature and may be placed in proximity to the wire 302 such that a portion of the curved dielectric waveguide 304 is parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 302. The portion of the dielectric waveguide 304 parallel to the wire may be the apex of the curve, or any point where the tangent to the curve is parallel to the wire 302. When the dielectric waveguide 304 is in proximity to the wire, the guided wave 306 traveling along the wire 302 can couple to the dielectric waveguide 304 and propagate around the dielectric waveguide 304 as guided wave 308. A portion of the guided wave 306 that is not coupled to the dielectric waveguide 304 propagates along the wire 302 as a guided wave 310 (e.g., a surface wave or other electromagnetic wave).
The guided waves 306 and 308 remain parallel to the wire 302 and the dielectric waveguide 304, respectively, even when the wire 302 and the dielectric waveguide 304 bend and flex. The bend may increase transmission losses, which also depends on wire diameter, frequency and material. If the dimensions of the dielectric waveguide 304 are selected for efficient power delivery, most of the energy in the guided wave 306 is coupled to the dielectric waveguide 304 and little energy remains in the guided wave 310.
In an exemplary embodiment, receiver circuitry may be placed at the end of the waveguide 304 to receive the wave 308. Termination circuitry can be placed at the opposite end of the dielectric waveguide 304 to receive guided waves traveling in the opposite direction as the guided waves 306 coupled to the dielectric waveguide 304. Thus, the termination circuit will prevent and/or minimize reflections received by the receiver circuit. If the reflections are small, the termination circuit may not be necessary.
It should be noted that the dielectric waveguide 304 can be configured such that the selected polarization of the surface wave 306 is coupled to the dielectric waveguide 304 as guided wave 308. For example, if the guided wave 306 is comprised of guided waves or wave propagation modes having corresponding polarizations, the dielectric waveguide 304 can be configured to receive one or more guided waves having the selected polarization(s). Thus, the guided wave 308 coupled to the dielectric waveguide 304 is a set of guided waves corresponding to one or more of the selected polarization(s), and the further guided wave 310 can include guided waves that do not match the selected polarization(s).
The dielectric waveguide 304 can be configured to receive the guided wave with a particular polarization based on the angle/rotation (axial orientation of the coupler) at which the dielectric waveguide 304 is placed around the wire 302 and the axial mode of the field structure of the guided wave. For example, if the coupler is directed to feed the guided wave along a horizontal access and if the guided wave 306 is horizontally polarized (that is, the field structure of the guided wave is centered on the horizontal axis), then most of the guided wave 306 passes to the dielectric waveguide as wave 308. In another example, if the dielectric waveguide 304 is rotated 90 degrees around the wire 302, most of the energy from the guided wave 306 will remain coupled to the wire as guided wave 310 and only a small portion will be coupled to the wire 302 as wave 308.
It should be noted that waves 306, 308, and 310 are shown with three circular symbols in fig. 3 and other figures in this specification. These symbols are used to represent guided waves in general and do not mean that waves 306, 308, and 310 must be circularly polarized or circularly directed. In practice, waves 306, 308, and 310 may comprise fundamental TEM modes, in which the field extends radially outward, and also other non-fundamental (e.g., higher order, etc.) modes. The modes may also be asymmetric in nature (e.g., radial, bilateral, trilateral, quadrilateral, etc.).
It should also be mentioned that guided wave communication over wires can be full duplex, allowing simultaneous communication in both directions. A wave traveling in one direction may pass a wave traveling in the opposite direction. Due to the principle of superposition applied to waves, the electromagnetic field can be cancelled out at a specific point for a short time. A wave traveling in the opposite direction propagates as if another wave did not exist, but the composite effect for the observer may be a stable standing wave pattern. The interference subsides as the guided waves pass each other and are no longer in a superimposed state. As the guided wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) couples to the waveguide and moves away from the wire, any interference due to the other guided wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) is reduced. In an exemplary embodiment, as the guided wave 306 (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) approaches the dielectric waveguide 304, another guided wave (e.g., surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) (not shown) traveling from left to right on the wire 302 passes, resulting in local interference. As the guided wave 306 couples to the dielectric waveguide 304 as a wave 308 and moves away from the wire 302, any interference due to the passing guided wave subsides.
It should be noted that the graphical representation of the electromagnetic waves 306, 308, and 310 is given merely to illustrate the principle by which the guided wave 306 induces or otherwise launches the guided wave 308 on the dielectric waveguide 304. The guided wave 310 represents the portion of the guided wave 306 that remains on the wire 302 after the wave 308 is generated. The actual electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of such guided wave propagation may differ depending on one or more of the following factors: the shape and/or design of the dielectric waveguide, the relative position of the dielectric waveguide and the wire, the frequency employed, the design of the dielectric waveguide 304, the gauge and construction of the wire 302 and its surface characteristics, its optional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, and the like.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupling system 400 in accordance with various aspects described herein is shown. The system 400 implements a coupler comprising a dielectric waveguide 404 having a wave 406 propagating as a guided wave around a waveguide surface of the dielectric waveguide 404. In an exemplary embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 404 is curved, and one end of the dielectric waveguide 404 may be tied, fastened, or otherwise mechanically coupled to the wire 402. When the end of the dielectric waveguide 404 is fastened to the electric wire 402, the end of the dielectric waveguide 404 is parallel or substantially parallel to the electric wire 402. Alternatively, another portion of the dielectric waveguide beyond one end may be fastened or coupled to the wire 402 such that the fastened or coupled portion is parallel or substantially parallel to the wire 402. The coupling device 410 may be a nylon tie (cable tie) or other type of non-conductive/dielectric material that is either separate from the dielectric waveguide 404 or configured as an integrated component of the dielectric waveguide 404. In other embodiments, the dielectric waveguide 404 may be mechanically decoupled from the wire 402, leaving an air gap between the coupler and the wire 402. The dielectric waveguide 404 may be adjacent to the wire 402 without surrounding the wire 402.
When the dielectric waveguide 404 is placed with its end parallel to the wire 402, the guided wave 406 traveling along the dielectric waveguide 404 is coupled to the wire 402 and propagates as guided wave 408 around the wire surface of the wire 402. In an exemplary embodiment, the guided wave 408 can be characterized as a surface wave or other electromagnetic wave.
It should be noted that the graphical representation of the waves 406 and 408 is given merely to illustrate the principle by which the wave 406 induces or otherwise launches the guided wave 408 on the wire 402, which operates, for example, as a single wire transmission line. The actual electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of such wave propagation may differ depending on one or more of the following factors: the shape and/or design of the dielectric waveguide, the relative position of the dielectric waveguide and the wire, the frequency employed, the design of the dielectric waveguide 404, the gauge and construction of the wire 402 and its surface characteristics, its optional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, and the like.
In an exemplary embodiment, one end of the dielectric waveguide 404 may be tapered toward the wire 402 to improve coupling efficiency. Indeed, according to an exemplary embodiment of the subject disclosure, tapering of the end of the dielectric waveguide 404 may provide impedance matching with the wire 402. For example, one end of the dielectric waveguide 404 may be tapered to obtain a desired level of coupling between the waves 406 and 408 as shown in fig. 4.
In one exemplary embodiment, the coupling device 410 may be placed such that there is a short length of the dielectric waveguide 404 between the coupling device 410 and one end of the dielectric waveguide 404. Maximum coupling efficiency can be achieved when the length of the end of the dielectric waveguide 404 beyond the coupling device 410 is at least a few wavelengths long for any frequency being transmitted, but shorter lengths are also possible.
Referring now to FIG. 5A, there is illustrated a block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a dielectric waveguide coupler and transceiver system 500 (collectively referred to herein as system 500) in accordance with various aspects described herein. The system 500 includes a transmitter/receiver device 506 that launches and receives waves (e.g., guided waves 504 onto a dielectric waveguide 502). The guided waves 504 can be used to transmit signals received from and transmitted to a base station 520, a mobile device 522, or a building 524 through the communication interface 501. The communication interface 501 may be an integrated part of the system 500. Alternatively, the communication interface 501 may be tethered to the system 500. The communication interface 501 may include a wireless interface for interfacing to a base station 520, a mobile device 522, or a building 524 using any of a variety of wireless signaling protocols (e.g., LTE, WiFi, WiMAX, ieee802.xx, etc.). The communication interface 501 may also include a wired interface such as fiber optic line, coaxial cable, twisted pair, or other suitable wired medium for conveying signals to the base station 520 or building 524. For embodiments in which system 500 acts as a repeater, communication interface 501 may not be necessary.
The output signal (e.g., Tx) of the communication interface 501 may be combined at mixer 510 with a millimeter wave carrier generated by a local oscillator 512. Mixer 510 may use heterodyne or other frequency shifting techniques to frequency shift the output signal from communication interface 501. For example, the signals sent to and from the communication interface 501 may be modulated signals, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) signals, formatted according to the Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless protocol or other wireless 3G, 4G, 5G, or higher voice and data protocols, Zigbee, WIMAX, ultra wideband, or IEEE 802.11 wireless protocols, or other wireless protocols. In an exemplary embodiment, this frequency conversion may be performed in the analog domain, with the result that the frequency conversion may be implemented without regard to the type of communication protocol used by the base station 520, the mobile device 522, or the in-building device 524. As new communication technologies are developed, the communication interface 501 may be upgraded or replaced and the frequency shifting and transmitting means may be retained, simplifying upgrades. The carrier wave may then be sent to a power amplifier ("PA") 514 and may be transmitted via the transmitter/receiver device 506 through a duplexer 516.
Signals received from transmitter/receiver device 506 that are directed to communication interface 501 may be separated from other signals by duplexer 516. The transmission may then be sent to a low noise amplifier ("LNA") 518 for amplification. Mixer 521, with the help of local oscillator 512, may frequency shift the transmission (which in some embodiments is in the millimeter wave band or about 38GHz) down to a natural frequency. The communication interface 501 may then receive the transmission at an input port (Rx).
In one embodiment, the transmitter/receiver device 506 can include a cylindrical or non-cylindrical metal (which can be hollow in one embodiment, for example, but not drawn to scale) or other conductive or non-conductive waveguide, and one end of the dielectric waveguide 502 can be placed in or near the waveguide or transmitter/receiver device 506 such that when the transmitter/receiver device 506 generates a transmission, the guided wave couples to the dielectric waveguide 502 and propagates as guided wave 504 around the waveguide surface of the dielectric waveguide 502. In some embodiments, the guided wave 504 can propagate partially on the outer surface of the dielectric waveguide 502 and partially inside the dielectric waveguide 502. In other embodiments, the guided wave 504 can propagate substantially or completely on the outer surface of the dielectric waveguide 502. In other embodiments, the guided wave 504 can propagate substantially or completely inside the dielectric waveguide 502. In this latter embodiment, the guided wave 504 can radiate at one end of the dielectric waveguide 502 (such as the tapered end shown in fig. 4) to couple to a transmission medium, such as the wire 402 of fig. 4. Similarly, if guided wave 504 is incoming (coupled from a wire to dielectric waveguide 502), guided wave 504 then enters transmitter/receiver device 506 and couples to the cylindrical waveguide or conductive waveguide. Although the transmitter/receiver device 506 is shown as including a separate waveguide, an antenna, cavity resonator, klystron (klystron), magnetron (magnetrons), traveling wave tube (traveling wave tube), or other radiating element may be employed to induce a guided wave on the waveguide 502 without the need for a separate waveguide.
In one embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 502 may be constructed entirely of a dielectric material (or other suitable insulating material) and without any metal or other conductive material therein. Dielectric waveguide 502 may be constructed of nylon, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polyamide, other plastics, or other materials that are non-conductive and suitable for facilitating the transmission of electromagnetic waves at least partially on the exterior surface of such materials. In another embodiment, the dielectric waveguide 502 may include a conductive/metallic core and have an outer dielectric surface. Similarly, a transmission medium coupled to the dielectric waveguide 502 for propagating electromagnetic waves induced by the dielectric waveguide 502 or for providing electromagnetic waves to the dielectric waveguide 502 may be constructed entirely of a dielectric material (or other suitable insulating material) and without any metal or other conductive material therein.
It should be noted that while fig. 5A shows the opening of the transmitter/receiver device 506 to be much wider than the dielectric waveguide 502, this is not drawn to scale, and in other embodiments the width of the dielectric waveguide 502 is comparable to or slightly smaller than the opening of the hollow waveguide. Also, although not shown, in one embodiment, the end of the waveguide 502 inserted into the transmitter/receiver device 506 is tapered to reduce reflections and improve coupling efficiency.
Transmitter/receiver device 506 may be communicatively coupled to communication interface 501, and alternatively transmitter/receiver device 506 may also be communicatively coupled to one or more distributed antennas 112 and 114 shown in fig. 1. In other embodiments, the transmitter/receiver device 506 may form part of a repeater system for a backhaul network.
Prior to coupling to the dielectric waveguide 502, one or more waveguide modes of the guided wave generated by the transmitter/receiver device 506 can be coupled to the dielectric waveguide 502 to induce one or more wave propagation modes of the guided wave 504. The wave propagation mode of guided wave 504 can be different from the hollow metal waveguide mode due to the different characteristics of the hollow metal waveguide and the dielectric waveguide. For example, the wave propagation mode of the guided wave 504 can include a fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode (quasi-TEM)00) Wherein only a small electric and/or magnetic field extends in the direction of propagation and extends radially outward from the dielectric waveguide 502 as the guided wave propagates along the dielectric waveguide 502. The fundamental transverse electromagnetic mode wave propagation mode may not exist inside the hollow waveguide. Thus, the hollow metal waveguide mode used by the transmitter/receiver device 506 is a waveguide mode that can be efficiently and effectively coupled to the wave propagation mode of the dielectric waveguide 502.
It should be understood that other configurations or combinations of the transmitter/receiver device 506 and the dielectric waveguide 502 are possible. For example, the dielectric waveguide 502' may be placed tangentially or parallel (with or without gaps) to the outer surface of the hollow metal waveguide of the transmitter/receiver device 506' (corresponding circuitry not shown), as shown by the icon 500' of fig. 5B. In another embodiment, not shown by the icon 500', the dielectric waveguide 502' may be placed within the hollow metal waveguide of the transmitter/receiver device 506' with the axis of the dielectric waveguide 502' coaxially aligned with the axis of the hollow metal waveguide of the transmitter/receiver device 506 '. In any of these embodiments, the guided wave generated by the transmitter/receiver device 506 'can be coupled to a surface of the dielectric waveguide 502' to induce one or more wave propagation modes of the guided wave 504', including fundamental modes (e.g., symmetric modes) and/or non-fundamental modes (e.g., asymmetric modes), on the dielectric waveguide 502'.
In one embodiment, the guided wave 504' can propagate partially on the outer surface of the dielectric waveguide 502' and partially within the dielectric waveguide 502 '. In another embodiment, the guided wave 504 'can propagate substantially or completely on the outer surface of the dielectric waveguide 502'. In other embodiments, the guided wave 504 'can propagate substantially or completely inside the dielectric waveguide 502'. In this latter embodiment, the guided wave 504 'can radiate at the end of a dielectric waveguide 502' (e.g., the tapered end shown in fig. 4) to couple to a transmission medium such as the wire 402 of fig. 4.
It should also be understood that other configurations of the transmitter/receiver device 506 are possible. For example, the hollow metal waveguide (corresponding circuitry not shown) of the transmitter/receiver device 506 "shown as icon 500" in fig. 5B may be placed tangentially or parallel (with or without a gap) with respect to the outer surface of a transmission medium, such as wire 402 of fig. 4. In this embodiment, the guided wave generated by the transmitter/receiver device 506 "can be coupled to a surface of the wire 402 to induce one or more wave propagation modes of the guided wave 408 on the wire 402, including a fundamental mode (e.g., a symmetric mode) and/or a non-fundamental mode (e.g., an asymmetric mode). In another embodiment, the wire 402 may be positioned within a hollow metal waveguide of a transmitter/receiver device 506 '"(corresponding circuitry not shown) such that the axis of the wire 402 is coaxially (or non-coaxially) aligned with the axis of the hollow metal waveguide without the use of the dielectric waveguide 502-see icon 500'" of fig. 5B. In this embodiment, the guided waves generated by the transmitter/receiver device 506' "can be coupled to the surface of the wire 402 to induce one or more wave propagation modes of the guided waves 408 on the wire 402, including fundamental modes (e.g., symmetric modes) and/or non-fundamental modes (e.g., asymmetric modes).
In the embodiments of 500 "and 500'", the guided wave 408 can propagate partially on the outer surface of the wire 402 and partially within the wire 402. In another embodiment, the guided wave 408 can propagate substantially or completely on the outer surface of the wire 402. The wire 402 may be a bare conductor or a conductor having an insulated outer surface.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a dual dielectric waveguide coupling system 600 in accordance with various aspects described herein is shown. A coupling module having two or more dielectric waveguides (e.g., 604 and 606) disposed around the wire 602 to receive the guided waves 608 is shown in an exemplary embodiment. In an exemplary embodiment, the guided wave 608 can be characterized as a surface wave or other electromagnetic wave. In an exemplary embodiment, one dielectric waveguide is sufficient to receive guided wave 608. In this case, guided wave 608 couples to dielectric waveguide 604 and propagates as guided wave 610. If the field structure of guided wave 608 oscillates or fluctuates around wire 602 due to various external factors, dielectric waveguide 606 can be positioned such that guided wave 608 couples to dielectric waveguide 606. In some embodiments, four or more dielectric waveguides (e.g., 90 degrees or other spacing with respect to each other) can be placed around a portion of the wire 602 to receive guided waves that can oscillate or rotate around the wire 602, where the guided waves are induced at different axial orientations or have non-fundamental or higher order modes, e.g., having lobes and/or nulls or other asymmetries related to orientation. It should be appreciated that fewer or more than four dielectric waveguides may be placed around a portion of the wire 602 without departing from the exemplary embodiment. It should also be appreciated that while some exemplary embodiments present multiple dielectric waveguides surrounding at least a portion of the wire 602, the multiple dielectric waveguides may also be considered part of a single dielectric waveguide system having multiple dielectric waveguide subassemblies. For example, two or more dielectric waveguides may be manufactured as a single system, which may be installed around a wire in a single installation, such that the individual dielectric waveguides may be pre-positioned or adjusted (manually or automatically) relative to each other according to the single system. Receivers coupled to the dielectric waveguides 606 and 604 may use diversity combining to combine the signals received from both dielectric waveguides 606 and 604 to maximize signal quality. In other embodiments, if one or the other of the dielectric waveguides 606 and 604 receives a transmission above a predetermined threshold, the receiver may use selection diversity in deciding which signal to use.
It should be noted that the graphical representation of waves 608 and 610 is given merely to illustrate the principle by which guided wave 608 induces or otherwise launches wave 610 on dielectric waveguide 604. The actual electric and magnetic fields generated as a result of such wave propagation may differ depending on the following factors: the frequency employed, the design of the dielectric waveguide 604, the gauge and construction of the wire 602 and its surface properties, its optional insulation, the electromagnetic properties of the surrounding environment, etc.
Referring now to FIG. 7, a block diagram of an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupling system 700 in accordance with various aspects described herein is illustrated. Such a system 700 implements a transmission device having a coupling module that includes two dielectric waveguides 704 and 714 that can be placed near an electrical wire 702 such that a guided wave (e.g., a surface wave or other electromagnetic wave) propagating along the electrical wire 702 is coupled to the dielectric waveguide 704 as a wave 706 and then enhanced or forwarded by a repeater device 710 and launched onto the dielectric waveguide 714 as a guided wave 716. The guided wave 716 can then couple to the wire 702 and continue propagating along the wire 702. In one exemplary embodiment, the repeater device 710 may receive at least a portion of the power used for boosting or repeating through a magnetic coupling with the electrical wire 702 (which may be a power line).
In some embodiments, the repeater device 710 may repeat transmissions associated with the wave 706, and in other embodiments, the repeater device 710 may be associated with a distributed antenna system and/or a base station device located in proximity to the repeater device 710. The receiver waveguide 708 can receive the wave 706 from the dielectric waveguide 704, and the transmitter waveguide 712 can launch the guided wave 716 onto the dielectric waveguide 714. Between the receiver waveguide 708 and the transmitter waveguide 712, the signals can be amplified to correct for signal losses and other inefficiencies associated with guided wave communication, or the signals can be received and processed to extract the data contained therein and regenerate it for transmission. In an exemplary embodiment, the signal may be extracted from the transmission and processed and otherwise transmitted to nearby mobile devices through a distributed antenna communicatively coupled to the repeater device 710. Similarly, signals and/or communications received through the distributed antenna may be inserted into the generated transmission and launched onto the dielectric waveguide 714 through the transmitter waveguide 712. Accordingly, the transponder system 700 depicted in fig. 7 may be functionally comparable to the dielectric waveguide coupling devices 108 and 100 in fig. 1.
It should be noted that while figure 7 shows guided wave transmissions 706 and 716 entering from the left side and exiting from the right side, respectively, this is merely a simplification and is not intended to be limiting. In other embodiments, the receiver waveguide 708 and the transmitter waveguide 712 may also function as a transmitter and a receiver, respectively, allowing the transponder device 710 to be bi-directional.
In one exemplary embodiment, the repeater device 710 may be placed on the wire 702 at a location where there is a break or obstruction. These obstacles may include transformers, connections, utility poles, and other such power line equipment. The transponder device 710 can help guided waves (e.g., surface waves) to jump over these obstacles on the line and at the same time enhance the transmission power. In other embodiments, the dielectric waveguide may be used to clear an obstacle without the use of a transponder device. In this embodiment, both ends of the dielectric waveguide can be tied or fastened to wires to provide a path of travel for the guided wave without being blocked by an obstacle.
Referring now to FIG. 8, a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler 800 in accordance with various aspects described herein is shown. In the case where two or more wires are maintained between utility poles, the bidirectional dielectric waveguide coupler 800 implements a transmission device with coupling modules that can take diversity paths. Since guided wave transmissions have different transmission and coupling efficiencies for insulated and uninsulated wires based on weather, precipitation, and atmospheric conditions, it may be advantageous to selectively transmit on an insulated wire or uninsulated wire at a particular time.
In the embodiment illustrated in fig. 8, the repeater device receives the guided wave traveling along the uninsulated wire 802 using the receiver waveguide 808 and retransmits the transmission using the transmitter waveguide 810 as the guided wave along the insulated wire 804. In other embodiments, the repeater device may switch from insulated wire 804 to uninsulated wire 802, or may repeat the transmission along the same path. The repeater device 806 may include sensors or may communicate with sensors that indicate conditions that may affect the transmission. Based on feedback received from the sensors, the repeater device 806 can make a decision as to whether to maintain transmission along the same wire or to divert transmission to another wire.
Referring now to FIG. 9, a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a bi-directional repeater system 900 is shown. The bi-directional repeater system 900 implements a transmitting device having a coupling module that includes waveguide coupling devices 902 and 904 that receive and transmit transmissions from other coupling devices located in a distributed antenna system or in a backhaul system.
In various embodiments, the waveguide coupling device 902 may receive a transmission from another waveguide coupling device, where the transmission has a plurality of subcarriers. Duplexer 906 may separate the transmission from other transmissions, e.g., by filtering, and direct the transmission to a low noise amplifier ("LNA") 908. Mixer 928 may frequency shift down the transmission (which in some embodiments is in the millimeter wave band or about 38GHz) to a lower frequency by means of local oscillator 912, whether in the cellular band (-1.9GHz), natural frequency for distributed antenna systems, or other frequencies for backhaul systems. Extractor 932 may extract the signals on the subcarriers corresponding to antennas or other output components 922 and direct the signals to output components 922. For signals not extracted at this antenna location, the extractor 932 may redirect them to another mixer 936, where they are used to modulate a carrier generated by the local oscillator 914. The carriers and their respective subcarriers are directed to a power amplifier ("PA") 916 and retransmitted by the waveguide coupling device 904 through a duplexer 920 to another transponder system.
At the output device 922, the PA 924 may enhance the signal for transmission to the mobile device. The LNA 926 may be used to amplify weak signals received from the mobile device and then send the signals to the multiplexer 934, which multiplexer 934 combines the signals with signals that have been received from the waveguide coupling device 904. Output device 922 may be coupled to an antenna or other antenna in a distributed antenna system, for example, through a duplexer, diplexer, or transmit/receive switch not specifically shown. The signal received from the coupling device 904 has been separated by the duplexer 920 and then passed through the LNA918 and frequency shifted down by the mixer 938. As the individual signals are combined by the multiplexer 934, they are up-shifted by the mixer 930 and then enhanced by the PA 910 and transmitted back to the launcher (launcher) or onto another transponder through the waveguide coupling device 902. In an exemplary embodiment, the bi-directional repeater system 900 may be simply a repeater without the antenna/output device 922. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the bi-directional repeater system 900 may also be implemented with two different and separate unidirectional repeaters. In an alternative embodiment, the bi-directional repeater system 900 may also be a booster (boost) or implement retransmission without frequency downshifting and frequency upshifting. Indeed, in an exemplary embodiment, the retransmission can be based on the received signal or guided wave and some signal or guided wave processing or reshaping, filtering and/or amplification is performed prior to the retransmission of the signal or guided wave.
Fig. 10 shows one process in conjunction with the aforementioned system. The process in fig. 10 may be implemented, for example, by the systems 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900 shown in fig. 1-9, respectively. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of blocks, it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the methodologies described hereinafter.
FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a method of transmitting a transmission using the dielectric waveguide coupler described herein. The method 1000 may begin at 1002, where a first electromagnetic wave is emitted by a transmission device that propagates at least partially on a waveguide surface of a waveguide, where the waveguide surface of the waveguide does not entirely or mostly encircle a wire surface of a wire. The transmission generated by the transmitter may be based on a signal received from a base station device, an access point, a network, or a mobile device.
At 1004, a waveguide is configured based on the proximity to the wire, the guided wave then couples at least a portion of the first electromagnetic wave to a surface of the wire, thereby forming a second electromagnetic wave (e.g., a surface wave) that propagates at least partially around the surface of the wire, wherein the wire is proximate to the waveguide. This may be accomplished in response to positioning a portion of the dielectric waveguide (e.g., a tangent to a curve of the dielectric waveguide) near and parallel to the wire, wherein the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is less than a circumference of the wire and the dielectric waveguide. The guided wave (or surface wave) remains parallel to the wire even when the wire is bent and flexed. The bend may increase transmission losses, which also depends on wire diameter, frequency and material. The coupling interface between the wire and the waveguide may also be configured to achieve the desired level of coupling described herein, which may include tapering the end of the waveguide to improve impedance matching between the waveguide and the wire.
The transmission emitted by the transmitter may exhibit one or more waveguide modes. The waveguide mode may depend on the shape and/or design of the waveguide. The propagation modes on the wire may differ from the waveguide modes due to the different characteristics of the waveguide and the wire. The guided waves exhibit a variety of wave propagation modes when the circumference of the wire is comparable in size or larger than the wavelength of transmission. Thus, the guided wave can include more than one type of electric and magnetic field configuration. The electrical and magnetic field configuration may remain substantially the same from one end of the wire to the other as the guided wave (e.g., surface wave) propagates down the wire, or may change from one end of the wire to the other as the transmission passes through the wave due to rotation, dispersion, attenuation, or other effects.
Referring now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a block diagram of a computing environment in accordance with various aspects described herein. In order to provide additional context for various embodiments described herein, FIG. 11 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment 1100 in which the various embodiments of the embodiments described herein may be implemented. While the embodiments have been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may run on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments also can be implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and software.
Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, any of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.
The terms "first," "second," "third," and the like in the claims are used for clarity only and do not indicate or imply any temporal order unless clearly indicated by the context. For example, "first determination," "second determination," and "third determination" do not indicate or imply that the first determination is to be made before the second determination or vice versa.
The embodiments illustrated herein may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which may include computer-readable storage media and/or communication media, which terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media may be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data.
The computer-readable storage medium may include, without limitation: random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), Digital Versatile Discs (DVD) or other optical disc storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitory media that can be used to store the desired information. In this regard, the terms "tangible" or "non-transitory" as applied herein to a storage device, memory, or computer-readable medium should be understood to exclude propagating transient signals per se as a modifier and not to forego the right of all standard storage devices, memories, or computer-readable media to propagate not only transient signals per se.
Computer-readable storage media may be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., through access requests, queries, or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to information stored by the media.
Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery or transmission media. The term "modulated data signal" or signal refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal or signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.
Referring again to fig. 11, an exemplary environment 1100 for transmitting and receiving signals by base stations (e.g., base station devices 104 and 508) and repeater devices (e.g., repeater devices 710, 806, and 900) includes a computer 1102, the computer 1102 including a processing unit 1104, a system memory 1106, and a system bus 1108. The system bus 1108 couples various system components including, but not limited to, the system memory 1106 to the processing unit 1104. The processing unit 1104 can be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as the processing unit 1104.
The system bus 1108 can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1106 includes ROM 1110 and RAM 1112. A basic input/output system (BIOS) can be stored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 1102, such as during start-up. The RAM 1112 can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.
The computer 1102 further includes an internal Hard Disk Drive (HDD)1114 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1114 may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), and a magnetic Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)1116, (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette 1118) and an optical disk drive 1120, (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk 1122 or, to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive 1114, magnetic disk drive 1116 and optical disk drive 1120 can be connected to the system bus 1108 by a hard disk drive interface 1124, a magnetic disk drive interface 1126 and an optical drive interface 1128, respectively. The interface 1124 for external drive implementations includes at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)1394 interface technologies. Embodiments described herein also contemplate other external drive connection technologies.
The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer 1102, the drives and storage media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the foregoing description of computer-readable storage media refers to a Hard Disk Drive (HDD), a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of storage media which are readable by a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment, and further, that any such storage media may contain computer-executable instructions for implementing the methods described herein.
A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1112, including an operating system 1130, one or more application programs 1132, other program modules 1134, and program data 1136. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM 1112. The systems and methods described herein can be implemented with various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems. Examples of applications 1132 that may be implemented by the processing unit 1104 and executed by other means include diversity selection determinations implemented by the repeater device 806. The base station device 508 illustrated in fig. 5 also stores a number of applications and programs on memory that may be executed by the processing unit 1104 in the exemplary computing environment 1100.
A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1102 through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 1138 and a pointing device, such as a mouse 1140. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, an Infrared (IR) remote control, a joystick, a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 1104 through an input device interface 1142 that can be coupled to the system bus 1108, but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port, an IR interface, etc.
A monitor 1144 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 1108 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1146. It should also be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, the monitor 1144 may also be any display device (e.g., another computer with a display, a smart phone, a tablet computer, etc.) for receiving display information associated with the computer 1102 via any communication means, including via the internet and cloud-based networks. In addition to the monitor 1144, a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.
The computer 1102 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1148. The remote computer(s) 1148 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer 1102, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 1150 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity to a Local Area Network (LAN)1152 and/or larger networks, e.g., a Wide Area Network (WAN) 1154. Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network (e.g., the Internet).
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1102 can be connected to the local network 1152 through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter 1156. The adapter 1156 may facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN1152, the LAN1152 may further include a wireless AP disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless adapter 1156.
When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1102 can include a modem 1158, or can be connected to a communications server on the WAN 1154, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 1154, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1158, which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, can be connected to the system bus 1108 via the input device interface 1142. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 1102, or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 1150. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are examples only, and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
The computer 1102 is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This may include Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) andwireless technology. Thus, the communication may be a predefined structure as with a conventional network, or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.
Wi-Fi can allow connection to the Internet from a couch in a room, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in cellular phones, allowing devices, such as computers, to send and receive data indoors and outdoors anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11(a, b, g, n, ac, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which can use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate, for example, in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5GHz radio bands or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so that the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernet networks used in many offices.
FIG. 12 presents an exemplary embodiment 1200 of a mobile network platform 1210 that can implement and utilize one or more aspects of the disclosed subject matter described herein. In one or more embodiments, mobile network platform 1210 can generate and receive signals transmitted and received by base stations (e.g., base station devices 104 and 508) and repeater devices associated with the disclosed subject matter (e.g., repeater devices 710, 806, and 900). Generally, wireless network platform 1210 may include components such as nodes, gateways, interfaces, servers, or disparate platforms that facilitate Packet Switched (PS) (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP), frame relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)) and Circuit Switched (CS) traffic (e.g., voice and data) and control generation for networked wireless telecommunications. As one non-limiting example, the wireless network platform 1210 may be included in a telecommunications carrier network and may be considered a carrier-side component, as discussed elsewhere herein. Mobile network platform 1210 includes CS gateway node(s) 1212 that can interface CS traffic received from legacy networks, such as telephone network(s) 1240 (e.g., a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)) or signaling system #7(SS7) network 1260. Circuit-switched gateway node(s) 1212 may authorize and authenticate traffic (e.g., voice) originating from such networks. In addition, CS gateway node(s) 1212 may access mobility (or roaming) data generated over SS7 network 1260; such as mobility data stored in a Visitor Location Register (VLR) that may reside in memory 1230. In addition, CS gateway node(s) 1212 interface with CS-based traffic and signaling and PS gateway node(s) 1218. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, CS gateway node(s) 1212 may be implemented at least in part in gateway GPRS support node(s) (GGSN). It should be appreciated that the functionality and specific operation of CS gateway node(s) 1212, PS gateway node(s) 1218, and serving node(s) 1216 is provided and dictated by the radio technology(s) utilized by mobile network platform 1210 for telecommunications.
In addition to receiving and processing CS-switched traffic and signaling, PS gateway node(s) 1218 may authorize and authenticate PS-based data sessions with served mobile devices. Data sessions may include traffic or content(s) exchanged with networks external to wireless network platform 1210, such as wide area network(s) (WAN)1250, enterprise network(s) 1270, and serving network(s) 1280, which serving network(s) 1280 may be embodied in local area network(s) (LAN) and may interface with mobile network platform 1210 through PS gateway node(s) 1218. It should be noted that WAN1250 and enterprise network(s) 1270 may implement, at least in part, a serving network(s), such as an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Based on the radio technology layer(s) available in technology resource(s) 1217, packet-switched gateway node(s) 1218 may generate a packet data protocol context when establishing a data session; other data structures that facilitate routing of packetized data may also be generated. To this end, in an aspect, PS gateway node(s) 1218 may include a tunnel interface (e.g., a Tunnel Termination Gateway (TTG) (not shown) in 3GPP UMTS network (s)) that may facilitate packetized communication with different wireless network(s), e.g., Wi-Fi networks.
In embodiment 1200, wireless network platform 1210 further includes serving node(s) 1216 that communicate various packetized flows of data flows received through PS gateway node(s) 1218 based on available radio technology layer(s) within the technology resource(s). It should be mentioned that for technology resource(s) that rely primarily on CS communication, the server node(s) can deliver traffic without relying on the PS gateway node(s) 1218; for example, the server node(s) may embody, at least in part, a mobile switching center. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, serving node(s) 1216 may be embodied in a serving GPRS support node(s) (SGSN).
For radio technologies that utilize packetized communications, server(s) 1214 in wireless network platform 1210 may execute a number of applications that may generate multiple different packetized data streams or flows and manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format, etc.) such flows. Such application(s) may include additional features for standard services (e.g., provisioning, billing, customer support, etc.) provided by the wireless network platform 1210. The data stream (e.g., content(s) that are part of a voice call or data session) may be passed to PS gateway node(s) 1218 for authorization/authentication and initiation of the data session, and then to serving node(s) 1216 for communication. In addition to application servers, server(s) 1214 can include utility server(s) that can include provisioning servers, operation and maintenance servers, security servers that can implement, at least in part, certificate authorities and firewalls, as well as other security mechanisms, and the like. In one aspect, security server(s) secure communications serviced by wireless network platform 1210 to ensure the operation and data integrity of the network in addition to authorization and authentication procedures that CS gateway node(s) 1212 and PS gateway node(s) 1218 may perform. Further, the provisioning server(s) may provision services from external network(s), such as networks operated by different service providers; such as WAN1250 or Global Positioning System (GPS) network(s) (not shown). The provisioning server(s) may also provision coverage through a network (e.g., deployed and operated by the same service provider) associated with the wireless network platform 1210, such as the distributed antenna network(s) shown in fig. 1 that enhance wireless service coverage by providing more network coverage. The repeater apparatus as shown in fig. 7, 8 and 9 also improves network coverage in order to enhance subscriber service experience by UE 1275.
It should be noted that the server(s) 1214 may include one or more processors configured to grant, at least in part, the functionality of the macro network platform 1210. To this end, the one or more processors may execute code instructions stored in memory 1230, for example. It should be appreciated that server(s) 1214 may include a content manager that operates in substantially the same manner as described previously.
In the exemplary embodiment 1200, memory 1230 may store information related to the operation of the wireless network platform 1210. Other operational information may include: provisioning information for mobile devices served through wireless network platform 1210; a subscriber database; applying intelligence; pricing schemes such as promotional rates, flat rate plans, preferential campaigns; technical specification(s) consistent with telecommunications protocols corresponding to operation of different radio or wireless technology layers; and so on. Memory 1230 may also store information from at least one of telephone network(s) 1240, WAN1250, enterprise network(s) 1270, or SS7 network 1260. In one aspect, memory 1230 may be accessed, for example, as part of a data store component or as a remotely connected memory store.
In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter, fig. 12 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable environment in which the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented. While the subject matter has been described above in the general context of computer-executable instructions of a computer program that runs on a computer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination with other program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract data types.
Referring now to FIG. 13, an illustration of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a coupler according to various aspects described herein is shown. Specifically, a diagram 1300 of a coupler 1310 as part of a transmission device for transmitting electromagnetic waves on an outer surface of a transmission medium, such as the illustrated insulated medium voltage wire 1302, is shown. The coupler 1310 includes a tapered ring 1304 that surrounds the insulated medium voltage line 1302 (however, other conductive lines may also be used). The tapered ring 1304 may be constructed of a dielectric or other non-conductive material. The conductive ring 1306 also entirely, substantially, or partially surrounds the insulated medium voltage line 1302, creating a gap 1308, such as an air gap or other gap (whether filled with a portion of the tapered ring 1304 or other dielectric material) between the conductive ring 1306 and the insulated medium voltage line 1302 to form the coaxial transmitter 131. For example, the conductive ring 1306 may be filled or substantially filled with a dielectric material that merges with the larger diameter end of the tapered ring 1304 that is composed of the same dielectric material. In this manner, the dielectric material inside the conductive ring 1306 and the dielectric material forming the tapered ring 1304 may be comprised of a single dielectric element. The conductive ring 1306 may be constructed from a metal ring, a metal coated ring, or other conductive material.
In operation, the coupler 1310 receives at the open end of the conductive loop 1306 or other structure of the coaxial transmitter 1312 and in operation, the coupler 1310 receives at the open end of the conductive loop 1306 or other structure of the coaxial transmitter 1312 couples to a transmitter or transceiver to transmit electromagnetic waves from the transmitter or transceiver as part of a transmission device and directs the electromagnetic waves to the tapered loop 1304. The tapered ring 1304 couples electromagnetic waves to propagate along the outer surface of the insulated medium voltage wire 1302. Although the conductive ring 1306 is shown as being non-tapered and having a particular shape, in other examples, the conductive ring may be tapered. Further, while the conductive ring 1306 and the tapered ring 1304 are shown as having circular outer perimeters, shapes such as ellipsoidal, polygonal, or other shapes may also be employed. The coupler 1310 may be mounted on the MV line 1302 via a splicing device configured with tapered ends as described above. Alternatively, the coupler 1310 may be configured as a clamshell structure, where two or more components connected together to surround the MV line 1302 may be constructed of a flexible material and have a slotted bottom that can be opened and wrapped around the MV line 1302 to facilitate installation or may be otherwise installed.
Turning now to FIG. 14, an illustration of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a coupler according to various aspects described herein is shown. Specifically, in diagram 1400, coupler 1310 of fig. 13 is again shown in more detail. As shown, the coupler 1310 is coaxially aligned with the insulated medium voltage wire 1302. The wire 1306 (with optional dielectric electrical material in the gap between the metal ring and the MV line 1302) serves as a coaxial transmitter 1312 to receive and/or guide electromagnetic waves (e.g., TEM, TE, or TM modes) having a selected EM mode structure. The selected EM mode structure may be a fundamental mode only, may include one or more non-fundamental modes only, or a combination of a fundamental mode and one or more non-fundamental modes. The tapered ring 1304 maintains a mode structure between the coaxial transmitter 1312 and the insulated medium voltage wire 1302 so that electromagnetic waves are transmitted on the outer surface of the insulated medium voltage wire 1302 in a selected mode structure.
By selectively activating desired EM wave modes, the coupler 1310 may be used to launch EM waves at a modal "sweet spot" that enhances electromagnetic wave propagation along an insulated transmission medium and reduces end-to-end transmission losses. In this particular mode, the EM waves are partially embedded in the insulator and partially travel on the outer surface of the insulator. In this way, the EM wave is "lightly" coupled to the insulator so that the EM wave can be propagated at a long distance with low propagation loss. Further details regarding this mode of propagation, including several optional functions and features, will be discussed in connection with fig. 17-19.
In another example, the coupler 1310 may be used to launch EM waves that mitigate or circumvent the effect of water droplets by selectively activating desired EM wave modes. In particular, the EM wave mode may be selected to have a local minimum (or null) at the orientation of expected raindrop formation, while the majority of the electromagnetic energy is directed in the dry (or desiccator) point on the insulated line. Further details regarding this example, including several optional functions and features, will be discussed in connection with fig. 20a and 20 b.
Although coupler 1310 is shown for use with insulated medium voltage wire 1302, such a coupler may also be used in conjunction with other transmission media including other transmission lines, other single wire transmission systems, and other transmission media without wires. In particular, although not meant to be limiting, fig. 13 and 14 illustrate an insulated neutral voltage line 1302 having a circular shape and a coupler 1310 having a corresponding circular shape. In other embodiments, the wires and couplers may have various shapes, sizes, and configurations. Shapes may include, but are not limited to, elliptical or other ellipsoid shapes, octagonal, quadrilateral, or other polygonal shapes with sharp or rounded edges or other shapes. Further, in some embodiments, the transmission medium may comprise litz wire, which comprises smaller gauge wires, such as a helix, braid, bundle, or other coupling that separates individual wires into individual wires or strands.
Referring now to FIG. 15, a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a guided wave communication system 1550 is shown. In operation, the transmission device 1500 receives one or more communication signals 1510 comprising data from a communication network or other communication device and generates guided waves 1520 to convey the data to the transmission device 1502 through a transmission medium 1525. The transmission device 1502 receives the guided waves 1520 and converts them to communication signals 1512 that include data for transmission to a communication network or other communication device. The one or more communication networks may include wireless communication networks such as mobile data networks, cellular voice and data networks, wireless local area networks (e.g., WiFi or 802.xx networks), satellite communication networks, personal area networks, or other wireless networks. The one or more communication networks may include wired communication networks such as a telephone network, an ethernet network, a local area network, a wide area network (such as the internet), a broadband access network, a cable television network, a fiber optic network, or other wired networks. The communication devices may include network edge devices, bridge devices or home gateways, set-top boxes, broadband modems, telephone adapters, access points, base stations, or other fixed communication devices, and may include mobile communication devices such as automobile gateways, laptop computers, tablet devices, smart phones, cellular phones, or other communication devices.
In an exemplary embodiment, the guided wave communication system 1550 can operate in a bi-directional manner in which the transmission device 1502 receives one or more communication signals 1512 including other data from a communication network or device and generates guided waves 1522 to communicate the other data to the transmission device 1502 through a transmission medium 1525. In this mode of operation, the transmission device 1502 receives the guided wave 1522 and converts it to a communication signal 1510 that includes the other data for transmission to a communication network or device.
The transmission medium 1525 may include a wire or other conductor or inner portion having at least one inner portion surrounded by a dielectric material (such as an insulator or other dielectric covering, coating, or other dielectric material) having an outer surface and a corresponding circumference. In one exemplary embodiment, the transmission medium 1525 operates as a single wire transmission line to guide the transmission of electromagnetic waves. When implemented as a single wire transmission system, the transmission medium 1525 may comprise a wire. The wire may be insulated or non-insulated, and may be single stranded or multi-stranded (e.g., braided). In other embodiments, the transmission medium 1525 may comprise a conductor having a shape or configuration including a wire harness, cable, rod, rail, pipe. Further, the transmission medium 1525 may include nonconductors such as dielectric pipes, rods, tracks, or other dielectric members; a combination of a conductor and a dielectric material, a conductor without a dielectric material, or other guided wave transmission medium. It should be noted that the transmission medium 1525 may include any of the transmission media previously discussed in connection with fig. 1-14.
According to an exemplary embodiment, the guided waves 1520 and 1522 may be contrasted with radio transmission through free space/air or traditional propagation of electrical power or signals through the conductor of an electrical wire. In particular, the guided waves 1520 and 1522 are surface waves and other electromagnetic waves that encircle all or a portion of the surface of the transmission medium and propagate along the transmission medium from the transmission device 1500 to the transmission device 1502 (or vice versa) with low loss. The guided waves 1520 and 1522 can have field structures (e.g., electromagnetic field structures) that are primarily or substantially outside of the transmission medium 1525. In addition to the propagation of the guided waves 1520 and 1522, the transmission medium 1525 may optionally contain one or more wires that propagate electrical power or other communication signals in a conventional manner as part of one or more circuits.
Referring now to FIG. 16, a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a transmitting device 1500 or 1502 is shown. The transmission device 1500 or 1502 includes a communication interface (I/F)1600, a transceiver 1610, and a coupler 1620.
In one example of operation, the communications interface 1600 receives a communication signal 1510 or 1512 that includes data. In various embodiments, communication interface 1600 may include a wireless interface for receiving wireless communication signals according to wireless standard protocols, such as LTE or other cellular voice and data protocols, WiFi or 802.11 protocols, WIMAX protocols, ultra wideband protocols, Bluetooth protocols, Zigbee protocols, Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) or other satellite communication protocols, or other wireless protocols. Additionally or alternatively, communication interface 1600 includes a wired interface that operates according to the following protocol: an Ethernet protocol, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol, a Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) protocol, a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) protocol, a Firewire (IEEE 1394) protocol, or other wired protocol. In addition to standard-based protocols, communication interface 1600 may operate in conjunction with other wired or wireless protocols. Further, the communication interface 1600 may optionally operate in conjunction with a protocol stack that includes multiple protocol layers.
In one example of operation, the transceiver 1610 generates electromagnetic waves to communicate data based on the communication signals 1510 or 1512. The electromagnetic waves have at least one carrier frequency and at least one corresponding wavelength. The carrier frequency may be in the millimeter-wave band of 30GHz-300GHz or in the lower frequency band of 3GHz-30GHz in the microwave band, but it will be appreciated that other carrier frequencies are possible in other embodiments. In one mode of operation, transceiver 1610 merely upconverts one or more communication signals 1510 or 1512 to transmit electromagnetic signals in the microwave or millimeter-wave band. In another mode of operation, communication interface 1600 either converts communication signals 1510 or 1512 to baseband or near baseband signals or extracts data from communication signals 1510 or 1512 and transceiver 1610 modulates a high frequency carrier with the first data, baseband or near baseband signals for transmission.
In one example of operation, the coupler 1620 couples the first electromagnetic wave to the transmission medium 1525. Coupler 1620 may be implemented by a dielectric waveguide coupler, coupler 1310, or any other coupler and coupling device described in connection with fig. 1-14. In one exemplary embodiment, the transmission medium 1525 includes a wire or other internal element surrounded by a dielectric having an exterior surface. The dielectric material may include an insulating jacket, dielectric coating, or other dielectric on the outer surface of the transmission medium 1525. The inner portion may include a dielectric or other insulator, a conductor, air or other gas or void, or one or more conductors.
While the foregoing description focuses on the operation of the transceiver 1610 as a transmitter, the transceiver 1610 may also operate to receive electromagnetic waves conveying other data from the single-wire transmission medium through the coupler 1620 and generate communication signals 1510 or 1512 including the other data through the communication interface 1600. Embodiments are contemplated in which additional electromagnetic waves that convey other data also propagate along the outer surface of the dielectric material of the transmission medium 1525. Coupler 1620 may also couple the additional panel from transmission medium 1525 to transceiver 1610 for reception.
Referring now to FIG. 17, an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of an electromagnetic field distribution is shown. In this embodiment, the in-air transmission medium 1525 includes an inner conductor 1700 and an insulating outer jacket 1702 of dielectric material, and a cross-section thereof is shown. The graph includes different gray levels representing different electromagnetic field strengths generated by propagation of a guided wave having an asymmetric pattern.
In particular, the electromagnetic field profile corresponds to a modal "sweet spot" that enhances electromagnetic wave propagation along the insulating transmission medium and reduces end-to-end transmission losses. In this particular mode, the EM waves are guided by the transmission medium 1525 to propagate along the outer surface of the transmission medium-in this case, the outer surface of the insulating jacket 1702. The EM waves are partially embedded in the insulator and partially radiated on the outer surface of the insulator. In this way, the EM wave is "lightly" coupled to the insulator so that the EM wave can be propagated at a long distance with low propagation loss.
As shown, the guided wave has a field structure that is predominantly or substantially outside of the transmission medium 1525 used to guide the wave. The section inside the conductor 1700 has little or no field. Likewise, the section inside of insulating jacket 1702 has a low field strength. Most of the electromagnetic field strength is distributed in lobes 1704 at the outer surface of the insulating jacket 1702 and in close proximity to the insulating jacket 1702. The presence of asymmetric guided wave modes is shown by the high electromagnetic field strength at the top and bottom of the outer surface of the insulating outer jacket 1702 (very small field strength relative to the other sides of the insulating outer jacket 1702).
The example shown corresponds to a 38GHz wave guided by a dielectric insulated wire having a diameter of 1.1cm and a thickness of 0.36 cm. Since the electromagnetic waves are guided through the transmission medium 1525 and most of the field strength is concentrated in the air outside the insulating jacket 1702 within a limited distance of the outer surface, the guided waves can propagate longitudinally down the transmission medium 1525 with very low loss. In the example shown, this "finite distance" corresponds to a distance from the exterior surface that is less than half of the maximum cross-sectional dimension of the transmission medium 1525. In this example, the maximum cross-sectional gauge of the wire corresponds to an overall diameter of 1.82cm, but this value may vary with the size and shape of the transmission medium 1525. For example, if the transmission medium has a rectangular shape and has a height of 0.3cm and a width of 0.4cm, the maximum profile specification would be 0.5cm diagonal and the corresponding finite distance would be 0.25 cm.
In an exemplary embodiment, the particular asymmetric propagation mode is induced on the transmission medium 1525 by electromagnetic waves having a frequency that falls within a limited range (e.g., Fc to Fc + 25%) of a lower cutoff frequency Fc of the asymmetric mode, i.e., the lowest frequency that can support the particular asymmetric or fundamental mode. For the illustrated embodiment including the inner conductor 1700 surrounded by the insulating jacket 1702, the cutoff frequency may vary based on the specifications and properties of the insulating jacket 1702 and potentially the specifications and properties of the inner conductor 1700, and may be empirically determined to have the desired pattern. It should be mentioned that a similar effect can be found for hollow dielectrics or insulators without internal conductors. In this case, the cutoff frequency may be changed based on the specification and properties of the hollow dielectric or insulator.
At frequencies below the lower cutoff frequency, the asymmetric mode is difficult to induce in the transmission medium 1525 and can only propagate a negligible distance. As the frequency increases above the limited frequency range near the cutoff frequency, the asymmetric mode is increasingly shifted toward the interior of insulating outer sheath 1702. At frequencies well above the cutoff frequency, the field strength is no longer concentrated on the outside of the insulating sheath, but is concentrated primarily on the inside of the insulating sheath 1702. While the transmission medium 1525 provides strong guidance for the electromagnetic waves and propagation is still possible, the propagation distance is more limited due to the increase in losses because it is propagated within the insulating casing 1702 rather than in the surrounding air.
Referring now to FIG. 18, an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of various electromagnetic field distributions is shown. In particular, a cross-sectional view 1800 similar to that of FIG. 17 is shown, and common reference numerals are used to refer to similar elements. The example shown in cross-section 1800 corresponds to a 60GHz wave guided by a dielectric insulated wire having a diameter of 1.1cm and a thickness of 0.36 cm. Due to the limited range of frequencies above the cutoff frequency, the asymmetric mode has shifted towards the inside of insulating outer sheath 1702. Specifically, the field strength is primarily concentrated inside the insulating outer sheath 1702. While the transmission medium 1525 provides strong guidance for the electromagnetic waves and propagation is still possible, the propagation distance is more limited due to the increase in loss than the embodiment of fig. 17, as it propagates within the insulating sheath 1702.
Diagrams 1802, 1804, 1806, and 1808 also present an embodiment of an in-air transmission medium 1525 that includes an insulating jacket of inner conductor and dielectric material similar to diagram 1800, but shown in a smaller scale in longitudinal cross-section. These figures include different gray scales representing different electromagnetic field strengths generated by propagation of guided waves having asymmetric modes at different frequencies.
As represented by the illustration 1808, at frequencies below the lower cutoff frequency, the electric field is not closely coupled to the surface of the transmission medium 1525. The asymmetric mode is difficult to induce in the transmission medium 1525 and can only propagate a negligible distance along the transmission medium. As represented by the illustration 1806, at frequencies within the limited range of cutoff frequencies, the guided wave has a field structure that is predominantly or substantially outside the insulating jacket and outside the transmission medium 1525 used to guide the wave, although some of the electric field strength is within the insulating jacket. As discussed in connection with fig. 17, the section inside conductor 1700 has little or no field and supports propagation at a lower propagation loss over a reasonable distance compared to other frequency ranges. As represented by plot 1804, the asymmetric modes are increasingly shifted toward the interior of the insulating jacket of the transmission medium 1525 as the frequency increases above the limited frequency range near the cutoff frequency, thereby increasing propagation loss and decreasing the effective travel distance. As indicated by plot 1802, at frequencies well above the cutoff frequency, the field strength is no longer concentrated on the outside of the insulating sheath, but is concentrated primarily on the inside of insulating sheath 1702. While the transmission medium 1525 provides strong guidance for the electromagnetic waves and propagation is still possible, the propagation distance is more limited due to the increase in losses because it is propagated within the insulating casing 1702 rather than in the surrounding air.
FIG. 19 is an illustration of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment showing various electromagnetic distributions in accordance with various aspects described herein. In particular, plot 1900 presents a plot of end-to-end loss (in dB) as a function of frequency for electromagnetic field distributions 1910,1920 and 1930 overlaid with three points for a 200cm insulated medium voltage wire. Wherein the boundary between the insulator and the surrounding air in each electromagnetic field distribution is denoted by reference numeral 1925.
In particular, the electromagnetic field distribution 1920 at 6GHz falls within the previously discussed mode "sweet spot" that enhances electromagnetic wave propagation along the insulated transmission medium and reduces end-to-end transmission loss. In this particular mode, the EM waves are partially embedded in the insulator and partially radiated on the outer surface of the insulator. In this way, EM waves are "lightly" coupled to the insulator so that EM wave propagation can occur at long distances with low propagation losses.
At lower frequencies, represented by the electromagnetic field distribution 1910 at 3GHz, asymmetric mode radiation produces higher propagation losses more. At higher frequencies, represented by the electromagnetic field distribution 1930 at 9GHz, the asymmetric mode is increasingly shifted towards the inside of the insulating sheath, providing too much absorption while producing higher propagation losses.
Fig. 20a and 20b are diagrams illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a transmission medium according to various aspects described herein. Fig. 20A presents a graphical representation 2000 showing the accumulation of water droplets 2002 on a transmission medium 1525. The water droplets 2002 may accumulate from weather conditions such as dew, moisture, humidity, or rain, or from man-made conditions such as an overspray from an irrigation system. As shown, the water droplets 2002 are expected to accumulate due to gravity in a direction corresponding to the bottom side of the transmission line 1525. The presence of such water droplets 2002 may interfere with the propagation of the guided electromagnetic waves on the surface of the electric line of force 1525.
As previously described, the transmission device may include a coupler, such as coupler 1310, that selectively emits EM waves that mitigate or evade the effects of water droplets. In particular, the EM wave mode may be selected to have a local minimum (or null) at the direction of expected raindrop formation, while the majority of the electromagnetic energy is directed in the dry (or desiccator) point on the insulated line.
Fig. 20b shows an electromagnetic profile 2010 of an EM wave operating in the aforementioned modal sweet spot that enhances electromagnetic wave propagation along an insulating transmission medium and reduces end-to-end transmission loss. As shown, the electromagnetic field profile 2010 includes local minima aligned with an expected orientation of water droplet formation 2012 of the bottom (such as bare wire or insulated wire) of the transmission medium 1525. In this way, the presence of the water droplets 2002 has little effect on EM wave propagation because most of the EM field energy is in other directions around the transmission medium. It should also be noted that the electromagnetic field distribution 2010 is bilaterally symmetric and also includes a local minimum at the top of the transmission medium 1525. The presence of this second local minimum may mitigate the effects of any accumulation of water, ice, or other matter at the top of the transmission medium 1525.
Referring now to FIG. 21, a block diagram of an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a transmitting device is shown. In particular, a diagram similar to fig. 16 is given, and common reference numerals are used to refer to similar elements. The transmitting device 1500 or 1502 includes a communication interface 1600 that receives communication signals 1510 or 1512 that include data. The transceiver 1610 generates a first electromagnetic wave having at least one carrier frequency to communicate first data based on the communication signals 1510 or 1512. The coupler 1620 couples the first electromagnetic wave to a transmission medium 1525 having at least one inner portion surrounded by a dielectric material having an outer surface and a corresponding perimeter. The first electromagnetic wave is coupled to a transmission medium to form a second electromagnetic wave that is guided to propagate along the outer surface of the dielectric material by at least one guided wave mode.
The transmission device 1500 or 1502 includes an optional training controller 2100. In an exemplary embodiment, the training controller 2100 is implemented by a stand-alone processor or a processor shared with one or more other components of the transmission device 1500 or 1502. The training controller 2100 selects at least one carrier frequency based on feedback data received by the transceiver 1610 from at least one remote transmission device coupled to receive the second electromagnetic waves.
In one exemplary embodiment, the third electromagnetic wave transmitted by the remote transmission device 1500 or 1502, which also propagates along the outer surface of the dielectric material of the transmission medium 1525, conveys the second data. Second data comprising feedback data may be generated. In operation, the coupler 1620 also couples the third electromagnetic wave from the transmission medium 1525 to form a fourth electromagnetic wave, and the transceiver receives the fourth electromagnetic wave and processes the fourth electromagnetic wave to extract the second data.
In an exemplary embodiment, the training controller 2100 operates to evaluate a plurality of candidate frequencies based on feedback data, and/or to select a carrier frequency based on transmission mode operation, and/or to operate to improve performance such as throughput, signal strength, reduce propagation loss, and the like.
Consider the following example: the transmission device 1500 begins operation under the control of the training controller 2100 by sending a plurality of guided waves directed to the remote transmission device 1502 coupled to the transmission medium 1525 as test signals (such as 1) or pilot waves at a corresponding plurality of candidate frequencies and/or candidate modes. The guided waves can additionally or alternatively include test data. The test data may indicate particular candidate frequencies and/or EM patterns of the signal. In one embodiment, the training controller 2100 at the remote transmission device 1502 receives test signals and/or test data from any guided waves that are correctly received and determines the best candidate frequencies and/or EM modes, a set of acceptable candidate frequencies and/or EM modes, or an ordering of the candidate frequencies and/or EM modes. The selection of the candidate frequency(s) and/or EM mode(s) is generated by the training controller 2100 based on one or more optimization criteria, such as received signal strength, bit error rate, packet error rate, signal-to-noise ratio, propagation loss, and the like. The training controller 2100 generates feedback data indicating the selection of the candidate frequency(s) and/or EM mode and sends the feedback data to the transceiver 1610 for transmission to the transmitting device 1500. The transmitting devices 1500 or 1502 may then transmit data to each other based on the selection of the candidate frequency(s) and/or EM mode.
In other embodiments, electromagnetic waves containing test signals and/or test data are reflected back, forwarded back, or otherwise transmitted back to the transmitting device 1502 by the remote transmitting device 1502 for receipt and analysis by the training controller 2100 of the transmitting device 1502 that originated the waves. For example, the transmitting device 1502 may send a signal to the remote transmitting device 1502 to initiate a test mode in which a physical reflector on the line is switched, the termination impedance is changed to cause reflection, the return circuit is turned on to couple the electromagnetic waves back to the source transmitting device 1502, and/or a repeater mode is enabled to amplify the electromagnetic waves and retransmit them back to the source transmitting device 1502. The training controller 2100 at the source transmission device 1502 receives test signals and/or test data from any guided waves that are correctly received and determines the selection of candidate frequency(s) and/or EM mode.
Although the foregoing procedure is described in a startup or initialization mode of operation, each transmitting device 1500 or 1502 may also transmit test signals at other times or continuously, evaluate multiple candidate frequencies and/or EM patterns via non-tests such as normal transmissions, or otherwise evaluate candidate frequencies or EM patterns. In an exemplary embodiment, the communication protocol between the transmitting devices 1500 and 1502 may include a periodic test pattern in which a full test or more limited test of a subset of candidate frequencies or EM patterns is tested and evaluated. In other modes of operation, re-entry into such a test mode may be triggered by a performance degradation due to interference, weather conditions, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, the receiver bandwidth of transceiver 1610 is either wide enough to include all candidate frequencies or may be selectively adjusted by training controller 2100 to a training mode in which the receiver bandwidth of transceiver 1610 has a width sufficient to include all candidate frequencies.
Turning now to FIG. 22, a flow diagram 2200 is shown illustrating an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment of a method. The method may be used in conjunction with one or more of the functions and features described in connection with fig. 1-21. Step 2202 includes generating an electromagnetic wave to communicate data according to a non-fundamental mode of an EM field pattern having local minima in azimuthal orientation. Step 2204 includes coupling the electromagnetic wave to propagate on the outer surface of the propagation medium without changing an azimuthal orientation of the local minima, or otherwise aligning the local minima at a desired orientation relative to the transmission medium. For example, the local minima may be generated and/or aligned such that the azimuthal orientation coincides with an expected orientation of water droplet formation of the transmission medium. In one embodiment, the non-fundamental mode has a cutoff frequency, and wherein the carrier frequency of the electromagnetic wave is selected based on the cutoff frequency. The carrier frequency may be in the microwave band. Electromagnetic waves can be coupled to propagate on an outer surface of a transmission medium without altering non-fundamental modes of the electromagnetic waves and without introducing additional propagating electromagnetic modes (fundamental or non-fundamental) of the electromagnetic waves. As described above, the propagation mode is a mode that propagates in the longitudinal direction along the transmission medium beyond the usual distance.
The transmission medium may include an insulating jacket, and an outer surface of the transmission medium may correspond to an outer surface of the insulating jacket. The transmission medium may be a single wire transmission medium.
The electromagnetic waves described herein may be affected by the presence of a physical object (e.g., a bare wire or other conductor, a dielectric, an insulated wire, a conduit or other hollow element, a bundle of insulated wires coated, covered, or surrounded by a dielectric or insulator or other strand, or another form of solid, liquid, or other non-gaseous transmission medium) so as to be at least partially bound or guided by the physical object and thus propagate along the transmission path of the physical object. Such a physical object may operate as a transmission medium that guides the propagation of electromagnetic waves ("guided electromagnetic waves") through an interface of the transmission medium (e.g., an outer surface, an inner surface, an interior portion between an outer surface and an inner surface, or other boundary between elements of the transmission medium), which in turn may carry energy and/or data along a transmission path from a sending device to a receiving device.
Unlike free-space propagation of wireless signals, such as unguided (or unbounded) electromagnetic waves, whose intensity inversely reduces the square of the distance traveled by the unguided electromagnetic wave, the guided electromagnetic wave can propagate along the transmission medium with less loss in amplitude per unit distance than the unguided electromagnetic wave.
Unlike electrical signals, guided electromagnetic waves can propagate from a sending device to a receiving device without requiring a separate electrical return path between the sending device and the receiving device. Thus, the guided electromagnetic waves may propagate from the sending device to the receiving device along a transmission medium without a conductive component (e.g., a dielectric strip), or through a transmission medium that does not exceed a single conductor (e.g., a single bare wire or insulated wire). Even if the transmission medium includes one or more electrically conductive members, and a guided electromagnetic wave propagating along the transmission medium generates a current flowing in the one or more electrically conductive members in the direction of the guided electromagnetic wave, such a guided electromagnetic wave can propagate along the transmission medium from the transmitting device to the receiving device without requiring a flow of an opposite current on an electrical return path between the transmitting device and the receiving device.
In a non-limiting illustration, consider an electrical system that transmits and receives electrical signals between transmitting and receiving devices through a conductive medium. Such systems typically rely on electrically separate round-trip paths. For example, consider a coaxial cable having a center conductor and a ground shield separated by an insulator. Typically, in an electrical system, a first terminal of a transmitting (or receiving) device may be connected to the center conductor and a second terminal of the transmitting (or receiving) device may be connected to the ground shield. If the sending device injects an electrical signal in the center conductor via the first terminal, the electrical signal will propagate along the center conductor, resulting in a forward current in the center conductor, and a return current in the ground shield. The same conditions apply to both end receiving devices.
Rather, consider the waveguide system described in the subject disclosure that may utilize different embodiments of a transmission medium (including coaxial cables, among others) for transmitting guided electromagnetic waves without an electrical return path. In one embodiment, for example, the waveguide system of the present invention can be configured to induce a guided electromagnetic wave that propagates along the outer surface of the coaxial cable. While the guided electromagnetic wave will generate a forward current on the ground shield, the guided electromagnetic wave does not require a return current to propagate the guided electromagnetic wave along the outer surface of the coaxial cable. It can be said that the same is true for other transmission media used by waveguide systems for guiding the transmission of electromagnetic waves. For example, guided electromagnetic waves induced by a waveguide system on the outer surface of a bare or insulated wire may propagate along the bare or insulated wire without an electrical return path.
Thus, the electrical systems requiring two or more conductors for carrying forward and reverse currents on separate conductors to enable propagation of electrical signals injected by a transmitting device are distinct from waveguide systems that induce guided electromagnetic waves on an interface of a transmission medium without the need for an electrical return path to enable propagation of guided electromagnetic waves along the interface of the transmission medium.
It is further noted that guided electromagnetic waves as described in the present disclosure may have an electromagnetic field structure that is primarily or substantially outside of the transmission medium so as to be bounded or guided by the transmission medium and propagate an unusual distance on or along the outer surface of the transmission medium. In other embodiments, the guided electromagnetic waves may have an electromagnetic field structure that is predominantly or substantially inside the transmission medium, so as to be bounded by or guided by the transmission medium, and propagate unusual distances within the transmission medium. In other embodiments, the guided electromagnetic waves may have electromagnetic field structures that are partially inside and partially outside of a transmission medium, thereby being bounded by or guided by the transmission medium and propagating unusual distances along the transmission medium.
In the subject specification of the present invention, terms such as "store", "storage", "data store", "data storage", "database", and any other information storage component substantially related to the operation and function of the component, refer to a "memory component", or an entity embodied in "memory" or a component comprising memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory, as illustrative but not limiting examples, volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, disk storage, and memory storage. In addition, nonvolatile memory can be included in Read Only Memory (ROM), Programmable ROM (PROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include Random Access Memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms, such as Synchronous RAM (SRAM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double-data-rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), Enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and Direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Moreover, the disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to, comprising the foregoing and any other suitable types of memory.
Moreover, it should be noted that the disclosed subject matter may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDAs, telephones, watches, tablet computers, netbook computers, and the like), microprocessor-based or programmable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. The illustrated aspects may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network; some, if not all aspects of the subject disclosure can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
Some of the embodiments described herein may also employ Artificial Intelligence (AI) to facilitate automation of one or more features described herein. For example, artificial intelligence can be used to determine where the dielectric waveguides 604 and 606 should be placed around the wire in order to maximize transmission efficiency. The embodiments (e.g., in connection with automatically identifying acquired cellular sites that provide the greatest value/benefit after addition to an existing communication network) may employ a variety of AI-based schemes for implementing various embodiments thereof. In addition, a classifier may be employed to determine the ranking or priority of each cell site of the acquired network. The classifier is a function that maps the input attribute vector x (x1, x2, x3, x4, …, xn) to the confidence that the input belongs to a certain class, that is, f (x) confidence (class). Such classification can employ probabilistic and/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., in view of analysis utilities and costs) to prognose or infer an action that a user desires to be automatically performed. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one example of a classifier that may be employed. The SVM operates by finding a hypersurface (hypersurface) in the space of possible inputs, which hypersurface attempts to split the triggering criteria from the non-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes the classification correct for test data that is close to, but not identical to, the training data. Other directed and undirected model classification approaches include, for example, na iotave bayes, bayesian networks, decision trees, neural networks, fuzzy logic models, and probabilistic classification models providing different patterns of independence can be employed. Classification as used herein also is inclusive of statistical regression that is utilized to develop models of priority.
It is readily appreciated that one or more of the embodiments can employ classifiers that are explicitly trained (e.g., via a generic training data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g., via observing UE behavior, operator preferences, historical information, receiving extrinsic information). For example, SVMs may be configured within the classifier constructor and feature selection module through a learning or training phase. Thus, the classifier(s) can be used to automatically learn and implement several functions, including but not limited to determining which acquired cell sites will benefit the maximum number of subscribers according to predetermined criteria, and/or which acquired cell sites will add minimal value to existing communication network coverage, and so forth.
In some embodiments, the terms "component," "system," and the like, as used in some contexts of this application, are intended to refer to or include a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, or software in execution, or an operating device with one or more specific functions. As one example, a component can be, without limitation, a process running on a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a computer-executable instruction, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, and not limitation, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the internet with other systems by way of the signal). As another example, a component may be a device having a particular function provided by mechanical parts operated by electrical or electronic circuitry, operated by a software or firmware application executed by a processor, where the processor may be internal or external to the device and execute at least a portion of the software or firmware application. As another example, a component may be a device that provides a particular function through an electronic component without mechanical parts, which may include a processor therein to execute software or firmware that at least partially confers the function of the electronic component. While the various components are illustrated as separate components, it should be appreciated that multiple components may be implemented as a single component or a single component may be implemented as multiple components without departing from the exemplary embodiments.
Furthermore, various embodiments may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term "article of manufacture" as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device or computer-readable storage/communication media. By way of example, computer-readable storage media may include, but are not limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips), optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, flash drive). Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize many modifications may be made to this configuration without departing from the scope or spirit of the various embodiments.
Moreover, the words "example" and "exemplary" are used herein to indicate serving as an example or illustration. Any embodiment or design described herein as "example" or "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. Rather, use of the word "example" or "exemplary" is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. The term "or" as used in this application is intended to mean an inclusive "or" rather than an exclusive "or". That is, unless indicated otherwise or clear from context, "X employs a or B" is intended to indicate any natural inclusive arrangement. That is, if X employs A; x is B; or X employs both A and B, then "X employs A or B" is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles "a" and "an" as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean "one or more" unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form.
Further, terms such as "user equipment," "mobile station," "mobile," "subscriber station," "access terminal," "handset," "mobile device," and the like (and/or terms denoting similar proper terminology) may refer to a wireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication service to receive or communicate data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data or signaling flow. The foregoing terms may be used interchangeably herein and with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Moreover, unless context warrants a particular distinction between terms such as "user," "subscriber," "customer," "consumer," etc., the terms are always employed interchangeably. It should be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities or automated components supported by artificial intelligence (e.g., the ability to make inferences based at least on complex mathematical formalisms), which can provide simulated vision, voice recognition, and so forth.
The term "processor" as employed herein may refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device, including without limitation: a single core processor; a single processor with software multi-threaded execution capability; a multi-core processor; a multi-core processor having software multi-thread execution capability; a multi-core processor having hardware multithreading; a parallel platform; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Further, a processor may refer to an integrated circuit, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), a Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Processors may utilize nanoscale architectures such as, without limitation, molecular and quantum dot based transistors, switches, and gates, in order to optimize spatial use of or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.
The term "millimeter wave" as used herein may refer to an electromagnetic wave falling within a "millimeter wave band" of 30GHz to 300 GHz. The term "microwave" may refer to electromagnetic waves falling within the "microwave band" of 300MHz to 300 GHz. It should be understood that the wireless signals, electrical signals, and guided electromagnetic waves as described in the present disclosure may be configured to operate within any desired frequency range, such as at frequencies within, above, or below the millimeter and/or microwave bands.
As used herein, the term "antenna" may refer to a device that is part of a transmission or reception system that radiates or receives wireless signals.
Further, the flow chart may include a "start" and/or "continue" indication. The "start" and "continue" indications reflect that the given steps may optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with other routines. In this context, "start" indicates the beginning of the first step given, and there may be other activities in front that are not explicitly shown. Further, the "continue" indication reflects that the given step may be performed multiple times, and/or that there may be other activities at a later time that are not explicitly shown. Moreover, although the flow chart illustrates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are possible as well, provided that causal principles are maintained.
Also as may be used herein, the term(s) "operably coupled to …," "coupled to …," and/or "coupled" includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via one or more intermediate items. Such items and intermediate items include, but are not limited to, couplings, communication paths, components, circuit elements, circuits, functional blocks and/or devices. As an example of indirect coupling, a signal that passes from a first item to a second item may be modified by one or more intermediate items by modifying the form, nature, or format of the information in the signal, while still passing one or more elements of the information in the signal in a manner that can be recognized by the second item. In another example of indirect coupling, an action in a first item may result in a reaction on a second item as a result of an action and/or reaction in one or more intermediate items.
What has been described above includes examples of the various embodiments only. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned examples, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed and/or claimed herein are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
Claims (20)
1. A transfer device, comprising:
a communication interface to receive a communication signal comprising data;
a transceiver coupled to the communication interface that generates electromagnetic waves based on the communication signals to communicate the data according to at least one selected Electromagnetic (EM) mode; and
a coupler coupled to the transceiver configured to receive and couple the electromagnetic waves to a transmission medium having a surface, wherein the coupler comprises an electrically conductive ring and a tapered ring surrounding the transmission medium, wherein the electrically conductive ring guides the electromagnetic waves to the tapered ring, and wherein the tapered ring couples the electromagnetic waves to be guided by the transmission medium to propagate along the transmission medium via the at least one selected EM mode, wherein the at least one selected EM mode comprises a non-fundamental EM mode guided by an outer surface of the transmission medium, and wherein the non-fundamental EM mode generates an EM field pattern having a local minimum in an azimuthal orientation around the transmission medium, the azimuthal orientation corresponding to an expected orientation of water droplet formation.
2. The transmission apparatus of claim 1, wherein the coupler forms a gap between the conductive loop and a transmission medium comprising a dielectric.
3. The transmission apparatus of claim 1 wherein the tapered ring comprises a dielectric.
4. The transmission device of claim 1, wherein the non-fundamental EM mode has a cutoff frequency, and wherein a carrier frequency of the electromagnetic wave is selected based on the cutoff frequency.
5. The transmitting device of claim 4, wherein the carrier frequency is within a microwave frequency band.
6. The transmitting device of claim 4, wherein the carrier frequency is within a millimeter wave frequency band.
7. The transmission device of claim 1, wherein the at least one selected EM mode is selected from a plurality of EM modes, the plurality of EM modes including: the non-fundamental EM mode, the fundamental EM mode, and a combined mode including the non-fundamental EM mode and the fundamental EM mode.
8. The transmission device of claim 1, wherein the transmission medium comprises an insulating jacket, and wherein the electromagnetic waves are guided by the transmission medium to propagate along an outer surface of the insulating jacket.
9. A coupler, comprising:
a conical ring surrounding the transmission medium; and
a coaxial transmitter surrounding at least a portion of the transmission medium and directing electromagnetic waves to the conical ring;
wherein the tapered ring couples the electromagnetic waves to propagate along an outer surface of the transmission medium;
wherein the electromagnetic wave is guided to propagate along an outer surface of the transmission medium via a guided non-fundamental mode such that a majority of a signal strength of the electromagnetic wave is outside of the transmission medium and near the outer surface of the transmission medium; and
wherein the non-fundamental mode generates an EM field pattern having a local minimum in an azimuthal orientation about the transmission medium, the azimuthal orientation corresponding to an expected orientation of water droplet formation on the transmission medium.
10. The coupler of claim 9, wherein the coaxial transmitter forms a gap between a conductive material and a transmission medium comprising a dielectric.
11. The coupler of claim 9, wherein the tapered ring comprises a dielectric.
12. The coupler of claim 9, wherein the electromagnetic waves have a carrier frequency within a microwave frequency band.
13. The coupler of claim 9, wherein the electromagnetic waves have a carrier frequency within a millimeter wave frequency band.
14. A method of selecting a carrier frequency, comprising:
generating an electromagnetic wave to convey data according to a non-fundamental mode of an Electromagnetic (EM) field pattern having a local minimum of azimuthal orientation; and
the electromagnetic waves are coupled to propagate along a transmission medium to align an azimuthal orientation of a local minimum with a desired orientation with respect to the transmission medium, the azimuthal orientation corresponding to an expected orientation of water droplet formation on an outer surface of the transmission medium.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the non-fundamental mode has a cutoff frequency, and wherein a carrier frequency of the electromagnetic wave is selected based on the cutoff frequency.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the transmission medium comprises an insulating jacket, and wherein an outer surface of the transmission medium corresponds to an outer surface of the insulating jacket.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the transmission medium is a single wire transmission medium.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the electromagnetic waves are coupled to propagate on an outer surface of the transmission medium without changing an azimuthal orientation of the local minima.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the electromagnetic waves are coupled to be guided by the transmission medium without changing a non-fundamental mode of the electromagnetic waves.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein the electromagnetic waves are coupled to propagate on an outer surface of the transmission medium without introducing additional propagating electromagnetic modes of the electromagnetic waves.
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KR20170120643A (en) | 2017-10-31 |
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