CN1035133A - 用与模板有关的核酸探测剂改组的测定方法 - Google Patents

用与模板有关的核酸探测剂改组的测定方法 Download PDF

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CN1035133A
CN1035133A CN88109238A CN88109238A CN1035133A CN 1035133 A CN1035133 A CN 1035133A CN 88109238 A CN88109238 A CN 88109238A CN 88109238 A CN88109238 A CN 88109238A CN 1035133 A CN1035133 A CN 1035133A
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基思·C·巴克曼
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Abstract

通过改组过量的单链探测剂的两个互补对来检测靶核酸,该探测剂与邻接靶顺序杂交。样品中的核酸受到热处理成为探测剂,将相邻的顺序连接以形成与初始靶互补的可检测融合探测剂,融合探测剂被用作进一步融合的模板,待测的被改组的物质(Spe-cies)通过将探测剂加以热处理变为靶的循环以几何级数速率增加,以与模板有关的方式连接经热处理的探测剂并将融合探测剂从模板中分离出来以形成新的模板。

Description

本发明涉及核酸杂交测定的一般领域。
核酸杂交用于检测样品中特殊核酸的存在,例如,Falkow在美国专利4358535中公开了一种杂交测定方法,在这种测定方法中单链DNA附着到一个滤器上并作标记,单链样品DNA与这个滤器连接,在样品DNA和加有标记的单链DNA之间进行杂交,被杂交的探测剂在滤器上进行测定。
Whiteley等在EP185494中公开了检测具有特征部分的靶核酸顺序的方法,在测定中用(在不太严格条件下)与特征部分互补的探测剂处理样品,然后用(在很严格的条件下)与邻接顺序互补的探测剂处理该样品,特征部分与邻接探测剂以共价键方式相连接,在未结合的探测剂被除去后检测这被结合的探测剂。
Mullis在美国专利4683202和4683195中公开了一种用于放大核酸顺序的方法,它是以一个引物处理互补核酸链,并用DNA聚合酶扩展引物以形成用于合成所希望的核酸的模板。美国专利4683195描述了检测用这个方法放大的DNA方法的特点。
我们已经发现一个用于检测样品中靶核酸顺序的存在和丰度的方法。该方法包括以几何级数速率快速循环的过量探测剂顺序的与模板有关的改组,从而使被检测的顺序的可利用性迅速增加,并最终增加了测定的灵敏度。在靶顺序处于低水平时,或在包含其他核酸顺序的样品中它是一种极其次要的组合时,这一方法的应用特别具有优越性。这个方法可以很容易地适应于自动化,这使得它对于在诊断仪器方面的应用特别有吸引力。
本发明概括地描述了用于检测样品中靶核酸顺序的方法的特征,该方法至少使用化学计量过量的至少四个单链核酸探测剂。为了方便起见,第一和第二探测剂将被称为初级探测剂,而第三和第四探测剂将被称为次级探测剂。这些探测剂有如下特征:第一探测剂能与靶核酸顺序的一个链的第一链段杂交,而第二探测剂能与靶核酸顺序的同一链的第二链段杂交。选择第一和第二探测剂,使第一探测剂的3′端与第二探测剂的5′端连接,此时这两个探测剂与靶顺序杂交,即靶顺序链的第一链段5′端的位置对应于那个链的第二链段的3′端,以便这些探测剂能连接起来。第一探测剂也能与第三探测剂杂交,而第二探测剂与第四探测剂杂交。
测定工作如下:提供DNA样品,例如单链DNA,包括两个互补靶链(一个初级靶链和一个次级靶链),如果该靶是双链的话。以四个单链形式将四个探测剂引入样品,结果这两个初级探测剂与初级靶链杂交,并且(如果这个靶是双链的话)两个次级探测剂与次级靶链杂交。此后,将两个初级探测剂连接,形成一初级合成融合探测剂顺序,并且(对于双链靶)次级探测剂被融合,形成次级合成融合探测剂顺序。DNA变性,使样品中的靶群体有效地加倍。在这一杂交循环运行时,连接和变性重复地进行,被改组的可检测融合探测剂的群体以几何级数速率增加。在靶是单链的情况下,次级探测剂直到第二个循环之前一直缺乏靶链,在这种情况下初级合成融合探测剂顺序形成这两个次级探测器的模板,而测定继续进行,如上所述。本发明使探测剂顺序的改组得以实现,按下面所述原理以几何级数速率形成所要检测的融合探测剂顺序。迅速的改组提供了极高的灵敏度,使用一个简单的议定书(Protocol)。该循环最好重复20-50次。
此外,最好是初级靶链第一部分的5′端邻近并通过磷酸酯链与初级靶链的第二部分连接,无需任何中间顺序,以提供有效的连接,特别是酶连接。对于探测剂以及对于靶来说DNA是最好的核酸。分离互补顺序的最佳办法就是通过热变性,即熔融。探测剂最好是10-200个基长。可以使用附加的(第五、第六等)探测剂,它们杂交与其他探测剂邻近的那部分;并能够以相同的方式与这些探测剂相连接。然而,四个探测剂就足够了,并且是最佳的。
上面所述的方法可以与一些灵敏的检测系统一起使用,特别是那些包括在两个不同的探测剂上的标记实体的组合物的系统。例如,探测剂上的标记实体可以是一种不溶相的专门的链合配体(即一种抗生物素蛋白官能化的不溶相的生物素),而其他探测剂上的标记实体可以是一种发色团或一种荧光团。不溶解相暴露于这个样品并洗涤后,在这个相上的发色团或荧光团的存在指示出合成融合探测剂的存在,从而指示出样品中靶的存在。
本发明还描述了完成测定的一整套材料(akit),包括探测剂、连接酶,以及分别存贮探测剂和连接酶的装置。完成该方法的装置包括容纳由靶顺序、探测剂和连接酶组成的混合物的设备,以及使混合物的温度从一个变性温度到一个允许探测剂与靶杂交的温度循环的设备。该温度最好是自动进行循环。
本发明的其他特征和优点从以下关于最佳实施例的描述和权利要求书可以很明白地显示出来。
图1是在一个杂交测定中各步骤的示意图
图2是描述所测定的被改组的探测剂的形成的曲线,是循环序数的函数。
本发明可以用图1来说明,它描述了用于检测低浓度核苷酸顺序存在的杂交测定的步骤。
该领域熟练的技术人员将认识到完成该方法中的各个步骤有许多途径。通常完成这些步骤可以用众所周知的技术,例如Maniatis等人在“分子克隆繁殖”一文〔Maniatis    et    al,Molecular    Cloning,Cold    Spring    Harbor    laboratory(1982)〕中所描述的那种技术。例如,双链DNA通过在80℃-105℃下1-5分钟的热变性可以变为单链。另外,还可以使用酶链分离。可以使用合成低聚核苷酸的标准技术或者通过煮解天然DNA和分离链段合成探测剂或亚链段。杂交条件将取决于所涉及链段的长度和同系度。一般说来,可以利用Wetrmar等人所描述的技术和条件〔〔Wetrmaret    al.J.Mol.Biol.31:349-370(1968)〕。使用核苷酸连接酶的适当的条件和技术是众所周知的并由厂商提供。
这一系统的某些特性,虽然不是实质性的,但是比较好的、特别是只有参与与模板有关的连接的5′端应该用标准技术磷酸化,如果它们还没有磷酸化的话,以便抑制涉及5′端的连接。选择探测剂的长度和顺序,结果会出现两个探测剂不正确的连接(即出现以一种不按在予期靶上的线性顺序表示的方式的两个探测剂的连接),那些不正确地连接的探测剂将不能用作它们的互补探测剂连接的模板,因为互补探测剂的端部彼此将不能按一种合适的酶连接方式相邻。这些探测剂长度最好在10和200个基之间。最合适的连接酶是那样一些:它们至少在一套在其他方面适应该方法的反应条件下不易造成对这些探测剂的模板独立连接的催化。例如,用E.Coli    DNA连接酶(从U.S.Biochemical可以买到),或用在缺乏排除了溶质的高体积密的情况下的T.Thermophilus DNA连接酶,或用在存在大约5.0mM ATP的情况下的T4DNA连接酶得到了满意的结果。见Zimmerman et al.,Proc Nat′l.Acad.Sci.80.5852(1983);Takahashi,M.,Uchida,T.J.Biochem.100,123(1986);and Ferreti et al.,Nuc.Acids Res.9,3695(1981)。
按一种用来将复式DNA分离成为它的组分链的步骤不使连接酶变性也是合适的。在通过增加温度完成变性的情况下热稳定连接酶是合适的。这样的连接酶的优越性包括减少试剂费用,减少操作复杂性,减少所加的不希望有的成分的量(这些酶通常保存在含有甘油的缓冲液中)并且这些试剂的贮存期可能比较长。
合适的热稳定连接酶是由用Takahashi等人的一般的技术〔Takahashi    et    al.,J.Biol.Chem.259,10041(1983)〕提纯的Thermus    thermophilus(即ATCC27634)制取的连接酶。
图1表示一个检测双链靶DNA顺序的杂交测定方法,该顺序用T-T′表示。靶顺序存在于包含有许多无关DNA顺序的样品中。
本发明描述了在标准溶液中包含有用P1-P1′和P2-P2′表示的两个探测剂互补对的一套材料(akit)。这些探测剂被选择与靶顺序各部分互补。具体讲,P1与T链的A链段互补;P2与T链的B链段互补;P1′与T′链的A链段互补;P2′与T′链的B链段互补。选择这些探测剂,以便使其长度足以提供有选择的杂交,并且产生一个容易与其他样品组分区别的融合顺序。我们已经发现长度为10-200个基长的探测剂是令人满意的。以12和50个基长之间的探测剂为最好,提供大大过量的探测剂,以驱动下面所描述的反应。例如探测剂的浓度最好是每50μl的体积大约含有1012到1014个分子。
用图1A-图1D具体说明本发明方法的一个循环,首先(图1A)使样品DNA变性,然后允许杂交(图1B)。如果T存在于该样品中,存在T将碰撞到P1和P2的相当大的可能性,并且形成图1B中所示的那种物质(Species)。同样,T′将碰撞到P1′和P2′。
在这一循环的下一步是加一个连接酶,它将把相邻的探测剂端部连接起来(图1C),但一般不连接样品中DNA的平整端。连接后置样品于变性条件下(图1D),产生融合探测剂P1-P2和P1′-P2′,从这一点开始,样品准备好开始杂化-连接-变性的新的循环。
如同将从这种一个循环的例子中所看到的那样,样品从这一循环的起点的一个双链模板T1-T1′增加到两个双链模板。假定在下一个循环中具有理想效率,那么这两个合成的双链模板的每一个和原来的靶一样,将产生两个双链模板。表1给出了对于n个循环的这一级数,其中X是第一循环前T-T1对的数目。
表1
循环序号 P1-P2的数目 P1′-P2′的数目
1    1·X    1·X
2    3·X    3·X
3    7·X    7·X
4    15·X    15·X
·    ·    ·
·    ·    ·
·    ·    ·
n (2n-1)X (2n-1)X
因为这种产物(Species)P1-P2(并且,如果要求的话,可以是P1′-P2′)是可检测的,所以重复的循环改善了检测的灵敏度,直到某一点。对于每一个循环来说存在一个非常小然而有限的机会,在缺乏T·或T′的时候通过平整端连接形成P1-P2或P1′-P2′。一旦出现这种现象,被连接的物质(Species)与T或T′开始时所存在的物质不能加以区别。限制循环数就减少了错误阳性读出的机会。还有,在某一点,不融合探测剂被耗尽到不能驱动所要求的反应的水平,并且融合探测剂将同不融合的探测剂杂交的机会就比较少。
图2表示描绘混合物中所存在的可检测融合探测剂的数目与循环序号的函数关系的曲线。被改组的融合探测剂的数目将按照以上公式的几何级数形式增长,这随(初始存在的靶探测剂的数目)X而定,直到增长速率显著放慢的某一水平。通过绘制相对于标准的这一关系的曲线并通过测定达到一个给定水平需要多少个循环,测定初始存在的靶的数量是可能的。
C    例1
用标准方法制备四个脱氧核糖核苷酸低聚物,这种低聚物具有如下顺序:
P1=5′GGGGATCCTCTAGAGTCGACCTGCA3′
P2=5′AATTCGAGCTCGGTACCC3′
P1′=5′GGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCC3′
P2′=5′GGGTACCGAGCTCG3′
P1和P2是在质粒PUC18多节区的一个链上的端接顺序,并且质粒P1′和P2′是在互补链上的端接顺序。
引子P1′和P2用多核苷酸激酶和ATP处理,以使它们的5′端磷酸化。引子P1在3′端通过用末端转移酶和α-32P-dcTP处理加放射性标记。
D    例2
制备样品,该样品含有30mM TrisCl PH8.0,100mM NaCl,1.2mM EDTA,4.0mM MgCl21.0mM二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol),50μg/ml牛血清清蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin),20μg/ml Hela DNA加20μg/ml非特异性低聚核苷酸DNA(即以下20个链节:5′-ATCGATACATCAGGAATATT-3′),1μg/ml例1的各种探测剂以及不同数量的在EcoRI劈裂侧线性化的PUC18质粒DNA。这些样品的50μl等分样品按以下步骤处理:
(a)在一分钟时间内加热到100℃,以使DNA变性。
(b)在37℃保温一分钟,使DNA复性。
(c)加50个单位的E.Coli.DNA连接酶(使用厂家美国生物化学公司确定的单位)。
(d)在37℃下保温一分钟,以使适当并列的探测剂连接。
从(a)到(d)重复20到50次,移开这些等分试样加以处理以破坏残余连接酶的活性并贮存起来。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和放射自显术分析贮存的样品。被连接的物质的可检测量的出现的次数(以循环序数计)与在这个反应开始时存在的靶分子的数目密切相关。
在下面的权利要求书中还有其他的实施例,例如RNA也可以象DNA那样使用。
在这些例子中,包含有Hela    DNA和非特异低聚核苷酸以保护探测剂免遭样品中可能存在的核酸酶的水解作用。但是,对本发明来说这不是主要的。

Claims (21)

1、一种检测样品中靶核酸的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)提供样品核酸,例如单链核酸;
(b)在该样品中提供至少四个核酸探测剂,其中i)所述第一和第二探测剂是初级探测剂,而所述第三和第四探测剂是次级核酸探测剂;ii)第一探测剂是一个能够与靶核酸的初级链的第一链段杂交的单链;iii)第二探测剂是能够与靶核酸顺序的初级链的第二链段杂交的单链;iv)当所述探测剂与所述靶核酸的所述初级链杂交时,所述靶的初级链的第一链段的5′端位于相对于所述靶的初级链的第二链段的3′端的位置,以保证第一探测剂的3′端与第二探测剂的5′端连接;v)第三探测剂能够与第一探测剂杂交;vi)第四探测剂能够与第二探测剂杂交;
(c)重复完成以下的循环:i)使所述探测剂与所述样品中的核酸杂交;ii)连接被杂交的探测剂以形成改组的融合探测剂顺序;iii)使所述样品中的DNA变性;
(d)检测改组的融合探测剂顺序,从而随着依次循环改组的融合初级和融合次探测剂的量增加。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于靶顺序的所述初级链的第一链段的5′端与靶顺序的所述初级链的第二链段的3′端相邻并且通过共价键相连接,无需中间基。
3、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于探测剂通过酶相连。
4、根据权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于探测剂通过连接酶连接。
5、根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于连接酶是细菌连接酶。
6、根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于连接酶是Escherichia  Coli  DNA连接酶或Thermus  thermophilus  DNA连接酶。
7、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于核酸探测剂是DNA。
8、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于靶核酸顺序是DNA。
9、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于融合核酸是通过热变性与靶顺序分离。
10、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述循环至少重复两次。
11、根据权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于所述循环的重复次数在20次与50次之间。
12、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于第二探测剂5′端磷酸化,而第一探测剂的5′端没有磷酸化。
13、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于靶顺序在步骤(a)之前是双链。
14、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述探测剂至少用一个标记物标记。
15、根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于所述的两个初级探测剂用一个标记物标记。
16、根据权利要求1或14所述的方法,其特征在于所述的两个次级探测剂用一个标记物标记。
17、根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于所述的探测剂至少有一个以发色团或荧光团标记。
18、根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于所述探测剂至少有一个用一个不溶相的专门键合配体标记。
19、用于完成权利要求1所述测定方法的一套器材(akit),包括所述探测剂、核酸连接酶和贮存所述探测剂、使之与所述核酸连接酶分开的装置。
20、用于完成权利要求1所述方法的装置,包括容纳由所述靶顺序、所述探测剂和连接酶组成的混合物的贮存器和使所述混合物的温度在使所述样品中的核酸变性的第一温度与使所述探测剂与所述靶杂交的第二温度之间循环的设备。
21、根据权利要求20所述的装置,其特征在于所述使温度循环的设备包括自动改变所述温度的部分。
CN88109238A 1987-12-11 1988-12-10 用与模板有关的核酸探测剂改组的测定方法 Pending CN1035133A (zh)

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EP0320308B1 (en) 1993-11-03
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ATE96848T1 (de) 1993-11-15
AU622426B2 (en) 1992-04-09
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JPH022934A (ja) 1990-01-08
ES2061694T3 (es) 1994-12-16
DE3885422T2 (de) 1994-04-28
EP0320308A2 (en) 1989-06-14
BR8806539A (pt) 1989-08-22
DE3885422D1 (de) 1993-12-09

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