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  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
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Definitions

• Antibody-based therapies have a proven record of efficacy against many diseases including inflammatory disorders, cancers, infectious diseases, and solid organ transplant rejection.
• mAbs therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
• Examples of therapeutic antibodies with anti-tumor activities include anti- CD20, anti-Her2, anti-EGFR, anti-CD40, anti-CTLA-4, and anti-PD-1 antibodies.
• the two FDA approved glyco- engineered antibodies mogamulizumab (POTELLIGENT ® ) and obinutuzuman (GA101), are defucosylated antibodies in which POTELLIGENT ® was produced by the FUT8 knockout CHO cell line and GA101 was from the GnT-III overexpressing system.
• POTELLIGENT ® was produced by the FUT8 knockout CHO cell line
• GA101 was from the GnT-III overexpressing system.
• more Fcyllla was expressed on the monocytes of long-term RA, and the tendency of more fucosylation was also found in the IgG heavy chain of RA patients, implying the possibility of RA treatment and remission with afucosylated pharmaceutical antibodies, which not only neutralize
• proinflammatory cytokines but also compete with autologous autoantibodies for Fcyllla.
• the present disclosure is based on the discovery of glyco-optimized Fc for monoclonal antibodies, specifically a homogeneous population of monoclonal antibodies ("glycoantibodies").
• the optimized glycoform exhibits an enhanced efficacy of effector cell function (e.g., ADCC).
• glycoantibodies was coined by the inventor, Dr. Chi-Huey Wong, to refer to a homogeneous population of monoclonal antibodies (preferably, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies) having a single, uniform N-glycan on Fc.
• the individual glycoantibodies comprising the homogeneous population are substantially identical, bind to the same epitope, and contain the same Fc glycan with a well-defined glycan structure and sequence.
• Substantially identical means the objects being compared have such close resemblance as to be essentially the same - as understood by one having ordinary skill in the art.
• glycoantibodies refers to a homogeneous population of IgG molecules having the same N-glycan on Fc.
• glycoantibody refers to an individual IgG molecule in the glycoantibodies.
• one aspect of the present disclosure relates to a composition of a homogeneous population of monoclonal antibodies comprising a single, uniform N-glycan on Fc, wherein the structure is an optimized N-glycan structure for enhancing the efficacy of effector cell function.
• the N-glycan is attached to the Asn-297 of the Fc region.
• N-glycan consists of the structure of Sia 2 (a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc2Man 3 GlcNAc2.
• the glycoantibodies described herein may be produced in vitro.
• the glycoantibodies may be generated by Fc glycoengineering.
• the glycoantibodies are enzymatically or chemoenzymatically engineered from the monoclonal antibodies obtained by mammalian cell cul hiring.
• the Fc region of the glycoantibodies described herein exhibits an increased binding affinity for FcyRIIA or FcyRIIIA relative to a wild-type Fc region in the corresponding monoclonal antibodies.
• the glycoantibodies described herein exhibit an enhanced antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity relative to wild-type immunoglobulins .
• ADCC antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
• the glycoantibodies are selected from a group consisting of human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.
• the monoclonal antibodies may be humanized, human or chimeric.
• glycoantibodies described herein may bind to an antigen associated with cancers, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders or infectious diseases.
• the glycoantibody described herein is a glycoengineered anti-
• the glycoantibody described herein is a glycoengineered Rituximab
• the glycoantibody described herein is a glycoengineered anti- HER2. In some examples, the glycoantibody described herein is a glycoengineered
• the glycoantibody described herein is a glycoengineered anti- TNFa. In some examples, the glycoantibody described herein is a glycoengineered
• Adalimumab (Humira®).
• the glycoantibody described herein is a glycoengineered F16 antibodies.
• compositions comprising a composition of glycoantibodies described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be used in therapeutics such as oncology, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders and infectious diseases.
• the pharmaceutical composition is used for preventing, treating, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with a disease, disorder, or infection where an enhanced efficacy of effector cell function (e.g., ADCC) mediated by FcyR is desired, e.g., cancer, autoimmune, infectious disease, and in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic antibodies the effect of which is mediated by ADCC.
• ADCC effector cell function
• Disclosed herein also include methods for enhancing antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, the method comprising administering to a subject an amount of glycoantibodies described herein.
• ADCC antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
• disclosed herein include methods for preventing, treating, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with a disease, disorder, or infection, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the
• the disease, disorder, or infection may be selected from a group consisting of cancers, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders and infectious infections.
• Another aspect of the present disclosure features a method for treating a viral disease in a human subject in need thereof, comprising (a) administering to the subject a first compound that blocks an inhibitory receptor of an NK cell, and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described herein.
• the pharmaceutical composition of glycoantibodies can be administered alone or in conjunction with a second therapeutic agent such as a second antibody, or a chemotherapeutic agent or an immunosuppressive agent.
• Figure 1 shows (a) general strategy for the preparation of homogeneous antibody through remodeling of the glycan structures on the Fc region of IgGl (b).
• glycoengineered Rituximab The depletion of human B cells was conducted using freshly prepared human PBMC cells and analyzed on FACS, based on the CD 19+ CD2- B cells.
• A Compared to a series of different glycoengineered Riruximabs, the 2,6-NSCT Rituximab showed higher depletion ability.
• B In the whole blood B-cell depletion activity of 10 donors, the 2,6-sialylated Rituximab was significantly more active than the non-treated Rituximab with a p value of 0.0016, whereas the mono-GlcNAc Rituximab showed the lowest activity.
• C The prepared Rituximab-resistant cells of Ramos and Raji express lower level of CD20 on cell surface.
• D, E The 2,6-NSCT Rituximab showed a remarkable ADCC efficacy towards both normal and resistant cells, whereas non-treated antibody dramatically lost its activity towards resistant strains.
• FIG. 3 shows that EC50 of glycoengineered Herceptin in V158 FcyRIIIa mediated ADCC reporter bioassay. Experiments were performed under E/T ratio of 6 to 1 with SKBR3 as target cells and V158 FcyRIIIa engineered Jurkat as effector cells. All data shown in the same graph were experiments done in the same microplate and the same batch of effector cells; bars of 95% confidence interval were plotted.
• FIG. 4 shows that anti-influenza antibody FI6 with a modified homogeneous SCT glycan attached to its Fc Asn297 (FI6m) significantly showed an enhancement of its ADCC activity and prophylactically protects mice from a lethal dose of H1 1 virus challenge,
• Cytotoxicity is represented as the percentage of lysed HEK293T cells (target cells) expressed with influenza HI hemagglutinin (HA) (A/California/07/09) when incubated with PBMCs (effector cells) and various concentrations of antibodies
• ADCC activity was shown as fold increases of bioluminescence from a luciferase reporter assay that gave signals when ADCC signaling nuclear factor of activated T-cell pathway was activated.
• HA expressed HEK293T cells were incubated with NK cells with the said luciferase reporter (effector cells) and various amounts of anti-influenza antibody FI6 and FI6m.
• glycoantibodies was coined by the inventor, Dr. Chi-Huey Wong, to refer to a homogeneous population of monoclonal antibodies (preferably, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies) having a single, uniformed glycoform bound to the Fc region.
• the individual glycoantibodies comprising the essentially homogeneous population are identical, bind to the same epitope, and contain the same Fc glycan with a well-defined glycan structure and sequence.
• anti-CD20 glycoantibodies refers to a homogeneous population of anti-CD20 IgG molecules having the same glycoform on Fc.
• anti-CD20 glycoantibody refers to an individual IgG antibody molecule in the anti-CD20 glycoantibodies.
• molecule can also refer to antigen binding fragments.
• glycocan refers to a polysaccharide, oligosaccharide or monosaccharide. Glycans can be monomers or polymers of sugar residues and can be linear or branched.
• a glycan may include natural sugar residues (e.g., glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N- acetyl neuraminic acid, galactose, mannose, fucose, hexose, arabinose, ribose, xylose, etc.) and/or modified sugars (e.g., 2'-fluororibose, 2'-deoxyribose, phosphomannose, 6' sulfo N- acetylglucosamine, etc).
• natural sugar residues e.g., glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N- acetyl neuraminic acid, galactose, mannose, fucose, hexose, arabinose, ribose, xylose, etc.
• modified sugars e.g., 2'-fluororibose, 2'-deoxyribose, phosphomannose,
• Glycan is also used herein to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycoprotein, glycolipid, glycopeptide, glycoproteome, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide or a proteoglycan.
• Glycans usually consist solely of O-glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides.
• cellulose is a glycan (or more specifically a glucan) composed of B-l,4-linked D-glucose
• chitin is a glycan composed of B- 1 ,4-linked N-acetyl- D-glucosamine.
• Glycans can be homo or heteropolymers of monosaccharide residues, and can be linear or branched. Glycans can be found attached to proteins as in glycoproteins and proteoglycans. They are generally found on the exterior surface of cells. O- and N-linked glycans are very common in eukaryotes but may also be found, although less commonly, in prokaryotes. N-Linked glycans are found attached to the R-group nitrogen (N) of asparagine in the sequon. The sequon is a Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr sequence, where X is any amino acid except praline.
• fucose As used herein, the terms “fucose”, “core fucose” and “core fucose residue” are used interchangeably and refer to a fucose in al,6-position linked to the N-acetylglucosamine .
• N-glycan N-linked glycan
• N-linked glycosylation N-linked glycosylation
• Fc glycan Fc glycosylation
• Fc-containing polypeptide refers to a polypeptide, such as an antibody, which comprises an Fc region.
• glycosylation pattern and “glycosylation profile” are used interchangeably and refer to the characteristic "fingerprint” of the N-glycan species that have been released from a glycoprotein or antibody, either enzymatically or chemically, and then analyzed for their carbohydrate structure, for example, using LC-HPLC, or MALDI-TOF MS, and the like. See, for example, the review in Current Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2005), pp. 28-57; herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• glycoengineered Fc when used herein refers to N-glycan on the Fc region has been altered or engineered either enzymatically or chemically.
• Fc glycoengineering refers to the enzymatic or chemical process used to make the glycoengineered Fc. Exemplary methods of engineering are described in, for example, Wong et al USSN12/959,351, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• homogeneous in the context of a glycosylation profile of Fc region are used interchangeably and are intended to mean a single glycosylation pattern represented by one desired N-glycan species, with little or no trace amount of precursor N-glycan.
• the trace amount of the precursor N-glycan is less than about 2%.
• Essentially pure protein means a composition comprising at least about 90% by weight of the protein, based on total weight of the composition, including, for example, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% by weight.
• Essentially homogeneous protein means a composition comprising at least about 98% by weight of protein, including for example, at least about 98.5 %, at least about 99% based on total weight of the composition.
• the protein is an antibody, structural variants, and/or antigen binding fragment thereof.
• immunoglobulin and “immunoglobulin molecule” are used interchangeably.
• molecule can also refer to antigen binding fragments.
• Fc receptor or "FcR” describes a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an antibody.
• the preferred FcR is a native sequence human FcR.
• a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the FcyRI (CD64), FcyRII (CD32), and FcyRIII (CD 16) subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors.
• FcyRII receptors include FcyRIIA (an “activating receptor”) and FcyRIIB (an “inhibiting receptor”), which have similar amino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof.
• Activating receptor FcyRIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (IT AM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
• Inhibiting receptor FcyRIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain, (see review M. in Daeron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997)).
• FcRs are reviewed in Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev.
• FcR neonatal receptor
• effector function refers to a biochemical event that results from the interaction of an antibody Fc region with an Fc receptor or ligand.
• exemplary "effector functions” include Clq binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding;
• ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• phagocytosis phagocytosis
• down regulation of cell surface receptors e.g. B cell receptor; BCR
• ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
• FcRs Fc receptors
• cytotoxic cells e.g. Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages
• NK cells Natural Killer cells
• neutrophils neutrophils
• macrophages cytotoxic cells
• the antibodies “arm” the cytotoxic cells and are absolutely required for such killing.
• the primary cells for mediating ADCC, NK cells express FcyRIII only, whereas monocytes express FcyRI, FcyRII and FcyRIII.
• ADCC activity of a molecule of interest is summarized in Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9:457-92 (1991).
• an in vitro ADCC assay such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337 may be performed.
• Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• NK Natural Killer
• ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. PNAS (USA) 95:652-656 (1998).
• CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
• Activation of the classical complement pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (Clq) to antibodies (of the appropriate subclass) which are bound to their cognate antigen.
• Clq first component of the complement system
• a CDC assay e.g. as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al, J. Immunol. Methods 202: 163 (1996), may be performed.
• “Chimeric" antibodies have a portion of the heavy and/or light chain identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 :6851-6855 (1984)).
• Humanized antibody as used herein is a subset of chimeric antibodies.
• Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric antibodies which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin.
• humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient or acceptor antibody) in which hypervariable region residues of the recipient are replaced by hypervariable region residues from a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
• donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
• Fv framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
• humanized antibodies may comprise residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance such as binding affinity.
• the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence although the FR regions may include one or more amino acid substitutions that improve binding affinity.
• the number of these amino acid substitutions in the FR is typically no more than 6 in the H chain, and in the L chain, no more than 3.
• the humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human
• the term "antigen” is defined as any substance capable of eliciting an immune response.
• the term “antigen specific” refers to a property of a cell population such that supply of a particular antigen, or a fragment of the antigen, results in specific cell proliferation.
• immunogenicity refers to the ability of an immunogen, antigen, or vaccine to stimulate an immune response.
• epitope is defined as the parts of an antigen molecule which contact the antigen binding site of an antibody or a T cell receptor.
• specifically binding refers to the interaction between binding pairs (e.g., an antibody and an antigen). In various instances, specifically binding can be embodied by an affinity constant of about 10-6 moles/liter, about 10-7 moles/liter, or about 10-8 moles/liter, or less.
• An "isolated" antibody is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere with research, diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or
• substantially equivalent denotes a sufficiently high degree of similarity between two numeric values (for example, one associated with a molecule and the other associated with a reference/comparator molecule) such that one of skill in the art would consider the difference between the two values to be of little or no biological and/or statistical significance within the context of the biological characteristic measured by said values (e.g., Kd values, anti-viral effects, etc.).
• the difference between said two values is, for example, less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, and/or less than about 10% as a function of the value for the reference/comparator molecule.
• the phrase "substantially reduced,” or “substantially different”, as used herein, denotes a sufficiently high degree of difference between two numeric values (generally one associated with a molecule and the other associated with a reference/comparator molecule) such that one of skill in the art would consider the difference between the two values to be of statistical significance within the context of the biological characteristic measured by said values (e.g., Kd values).
• the difference between said two values is, for example, greater than about 10%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 30%, greater than about 40%, and/or greater than about 50% as a function of the value for the reference/comparator molecule.
• Binding affinity generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a single binding site of a molecule (e.g., an antibody) and its binding partner (e.g., an antigen). Unless indicated otherwise, as used herein, "binding affinity” refers to intrinsic binding affinity which reflects a 1 : 1 interaction between members of a binding pair (e.g., antibody and antigen).
• the affinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be represented by the dissociation constant (Kd). Affinity can be measured by common methods known in the art, including those described herein.
• Low-affinity antibodies generally bind antigen slowly and tend to dissociate readily, whereas high-affinity antibodies generally bind antigen faster and tend to remain bound longer.
• a variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present invention. Specific illustrative embodiments are described in the following.
• variable region or “variable domain” of an antibody refers to the amino-terminal domains of heavy or light chain of the antibody. These domains are generally the most variable parts of an antibody and contain the antigen-binding sites.
• variable refers to the fact that certain portions of the variable domains differ extensively in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not evenly distributed throughout the variable domains of antibodies. It is concentrated in three segments called complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) or hypervariable regions both in the light-chain and the heavy-chain variable domains. The more highly conserved portions of variable domains are called the framework (FR).
• CDRs complementarity-determining regions
• FR framework
• the variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FR regions, largely adopting a beta-sheet configuration, connected by three CDRs, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure.
• the CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FR regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies (see Kabat et al, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)).
• the constant domains are not involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the antibody in antibody-dependent cellular toxicity.
• Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called “Fab” fragments, each with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual "Fc” fragment, whose name reflects its ability to crystallize readily.
• Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab')2 fragment that has two antigen-combining sites and is still capable of cross-linking antigen.
• Fv is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen-recognition and -binding site.
• this region consists of a dimer of one heavy- and one light-chain variable domain in tight, non-covalent association.
• one heavy- and one light-chain variable domain can be covalently linked by a flexible peptide linker such that the light and heavy chains can associate in a "dimeric" structure analogous to that in a two-chain Fv species. It is in this configuration that the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define an antigen-binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer.
• the six CDRs confer antigen-binding specificity to the antibody.
• a single variable domain or half of an Fv comprising only three CDRs specific for an antigen
• the Fab fragment also contains the constant domain of the light chain and the first constant domain (CHI) of the heavy chain.
• Fab' fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain CHI domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region.
• Fab'-SH is the designation herein for Fab' in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear a free thiol group.
• F(ab')2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab' fragments which have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known.
• the "light chains" of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa ( ⁇ ) and lambda ( ⁇ ), based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.
• antibodies can be assigned to different classes.
• immunoglobulins There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl, and IgA2.
• the heavy chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , respectively.
• An antibody may be part of a larger fusion molecule, formed by covalent or non-covalent association of the antibody with one or more other proteins or peptides.
• full length antibody intact antibody
• whole antibody are used herein interchangeably, to refer to an antibody in its substantially intact form, not antibody fragments as defined below.
• Antibody fragments comprise only a portion of an intact antibody, wherein the portion retains at least one, and as many as most or all, of the functions normally associated with that portion when present in an intact antibody.
• an antibody fragment comprises an antigen binding site of the intact antibody and thus retains the ability to bind antigen.
• an antibody fragment for example one that comprises the Fc region, retains at least one of the biological functions normally associated with the Fc region when present in an intact antibody, such as FcRn binding, antibody half life modulation, ADCC function and complement binding.
• an antibody fragment is a monovalent antibody that has an in vivo half life substantially similar to an intact antibody.
• such an antibody fragment may comprise an antigen binding arm linked to an Fc sequence capable of conferring in vivo stability to the fragment.
• the term "monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Thus, the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as not being a mixture of discrete antibodies.
• Such monoclonal antibody typically includes an antibody comprising a polypeptide sequence that binds a target, wherein the target- binding polypeptide sequence was obtained by a process that includes the selection of a single target binding polypeptide sequence from a plurality of polypeptide sequences.
• the selection process can be the selection of a unique clone from a plurality of clones, such as a pool of hybridoma clones, phage clones or recombinant DNA clones.
• the selected target binding sequence can be further altered, for example, to improve affinity for the target, to humanize the target binding sequence, to improve its production in cell culture, to reduce its immunogenicity in vivo, to create a multispecific antibody, etc., and that an antibody comprising the altered target binding sequence is also a monoclonal antibody of this invention.
• each monoclonal antibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation is directed against a single determinant on an antigen.
• the monoclonal antibody preparations are advantageous in that they are typically uncontaminated by other immunoglobulins.
• the modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
• the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by a variety of techniques, including, for example, the hybridoma method (e.g., Kohler et al, Nature, 256: 495 (1975); Harlow et al, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); Hammerling et al, in: Monoclonal Antibodies and T- Cell hybridomas 563-681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981)), recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
• phage display technologies See, e.g., Clackson et al, Nature, 352: 624-628 (1991); Marks et al, J. Mol. Biol. 222: 581-597 (1992); Sidhu et al, J. Mol. Biol. 338(2): 299- 310 (2004); Lee et al, J. Mol. Biol. 340(5): 1073-1093 (2004); Fellouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(34): 12467-12472 (2004); and Lee et al, J. Immunol.
• the monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 :6851-6855 (1984)). [0073] See also the following review articles and references cited therein: Vaswani and
• hypervariable region when used herein refers to the regions of an antibody variable domain which are hypervariable in sequence and/or form structurally defined loops.
• antibodies comprise six hypervariable regions; three in the VH (HI, H2, H3), and three in the VL (LI, L2, L3).
• a number of hypervariable region delineations are in use and are encompassed herein.
• the Kabat Complementarity Determining Regions are based on sequence variability and are the most commonly used (Kabat et al, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)).
• Chothia refers instead to the location of the structural loops (Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)).
• the AbM hypervariable regions represent a compromise between the Kabat CDRs and Chothia structural loops, and are used by Oxford Molecular's AbM antibody modeling software.
• the "contact" hypervariable regions are based on an analysis of the available complex crystal structures. The residues from each of these hypervariable regions are noted below.
• Hypervariable regions may comprise "extended hypervariable regions” as follows: 24-36 or 24-34 (LI), 46-56 or 50-56 or 49-56 (L2) and 89-97 or 89-96 (L3) in the VL and 26-35 (HI), 50-65 or 49-65 (H2) and 93-102, 94-102, or 95-102 (H3) in the VH.
• the variable domain residues are numbered according to Kabat et al, supra, for each of these definitions.
• variable domain residue numbering as in Kabat or “amino acid position numbering as in Kabat,” and variations thereof, refers to the numbering system used for heavy chain variable domains or light chain variable domains of the compilation of antibodies in Kabat et al, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991). Using this numbering system, the actual linear amino acid sequence may contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to a shortening of, or insertion into, a FR or HVR of the variable domain.
• a heavy chain variable domain may include a single amino acid insert (residue 52a according to Kabat) after residue 52 of H2 and inserted residues (e.g. residues 82a, 82b, and 82c, etc. according to Kabat) after heavy chain FR residue 82.
• the Kabat numbering of residues may be determined for a given antibody by alignment at regions of homology of the sequence of the antibody with a "standard" Kabat numbered sequence.
• Single-chain Fv or “scFv” antibody fragments comprise the VH and VL domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain.
• the scFv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
• diabodies refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) in the same polypeptide chain (VH-VL).
• VH heavy-chain variable domain
• VL light-chain variable domain
• VH-VL polypeptide chain
• a "human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence which corresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human and/or has been made using any of the techniques for making human antibodies as disclosed herein. This definition of a human antibody specifically excludes a humanized antibody comprising non-human antigen-binding residues.
• an "affinity matured" antibody is one with one or more alterations in one or more HVRs thereof which result in an improvement in the affinity of the antibody for antigen, compared to a parent antibody which does not possess those alteration(s).
• an affinity matured antibody has nanomolar or even picomolar affinities for the target antigen.
• Affinity matured antibodies are produced by procedures known in the art. Marks et al. Bio/Technology 10:779-783 (1992) describes affinity maturation by VH and VL domain shuffling. Random mutagenesis of CDR and/or framework residues is described by: Barbas et al. Proc Nat. Acad. Sci.
• a “blocking” antibody or an “antagonist” antibody is one which inhibits or reduces biological activity of the antigen it binds. Certain blocking antibodies or antagonist antibodies substantially or completely inhibit the biological activity of the antigen.
• An "agonist antibody”, as used herein, is an antibody which mimics at least one of the functional activities of a polypeptide of interest.
• a “disorder” is any condition that would benefit from treatment with an antibody of the invention. This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose the mammal to the disorder in question.
• disorders to be treated herein include cancer.
• cell proliferative disorder and “proliferative disorder” refer to disorders that are associated with some degree of abnormal cell proliferation.
• the cell proliferative disorder is cancer.
• Tumor refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.
• cancer refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.
• cancer refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all pre-cancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.
• cancer cancer
• cancer cancer
• cancer cancer
• cancer cancer
• cancer cancer
• cancer cancer
• cancer and “cancerous” generally refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth/proliferation.
• examples of cancer include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma (e.g., Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia.
• cancers include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders, and various types of head and neck cancer.
• the term "antigen” is defined as any substance capable of eliciting an immune response.
• the term “antigen specific” refers to a property of a cell population such that supply of a particular antigen, or a fragment of the antigen, results in specific cell proliferation.
• CD20 expressing cancer refers to all cancers in which the cancer cells show an expression of the CD20 antigen.
• CD20 expressing cancer refers to lymphomas (preferably B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL)) and lymphocytic leukemias.
• lymphomas and lymphocytic leukemias include e.g.
• follicular lymphomas b) Small Non-Cleaved Cell Lymphomas/Burkitt's lymphoma (including endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma and Non-Burkitt's lymphoma) c) marginal zone lymphomas (including extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphomas, MALT), nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma and splenic marginal zone lymphoma), d) Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), e) Large Cell Lymphoma
• B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma including B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL), Diffuse Mixed Cell Lymphoma, Immunoblastic Lymphoma, Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma, Angiocentric Lymphoma- Pulmonary B-Cell Lymphoma
• DLCL B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma
• DLCL Diffuse Mixed Cell Lymphoma
• Immunoblastic Lymphoma Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma
• Angiocentric Lymphoma- Pulmonary B-Cell Lymphoma f) hairy cell leukemia
• g) lymphocytic lymphoma including B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL), Diffuse Mixed Cell Lymphoma, Immunoblastic Lymphoma, Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma, Angiocentric Lymphoma- Pulmonary B-Cell Lymphoma
• the CD20 expressing cancer is a B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL).
• NHL B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
• CD20 expressing cancer is a Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL), Burkitt's lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, follicular lymphoma, multiple myeloma, marginal zone lymphoma, post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), HIV associated lymphoma, Waldenstrom's macro globulinemia, or primary CNS lymphoma.
• MCL Mantle cell lymphoma
• ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
• CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• DLCL B-cell diffuse large cell lymphoma
• Burkitt's lymphoma hairy cell leukemia
• follicular lymphoma multiple myeloma
• marginal zone lymphoma marginal zone lymphoma
• PTLD post transplant lymphoproliferative
• treatment refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual or cell being treated, and can be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing or decreasing
• antibodies of the invention are used to delay development of a disease or disorder.
• an "individual” or a “subject” is a vertebrate.
• the vertebrate is a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, farm animals (such as cows), sport animals, pets (such as cats, dogs, and horses), primates, mice and rats.
• the vertebrate is a human.
• mammal for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc. In certain embodiments, the mammal is human.
• an “effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of a substance/molecule of the invention may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the substance/molecule, to elicit a desired response in the individual.
• a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the substance/molecule are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
• a “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically but not necessarily, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount would be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
• cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
• the term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g., At211, 1131, 1125, Y90, Rel86, Rel 88, Sml53, Bi212, P32, Pb212 and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents, enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolyticenzymes, antibiotics, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof, and the various antitum
• a "chemotherapeutic agent” is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer.
• chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and
• CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol, MARTNOL®); beta-lapachone; lapachol; colchicines; betulinic acid; a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan (HYCAMTIN®), CPT-11 (irinotecan, CAMPTOSAR®), acetylcamptothecin, scopolectin, and 9-amin
• dynemicin including dynemicin A; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine,
• ADRIAMYCIN® doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino- doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin,
• olivomycins peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adren
• DMFO difluoromethylornithine
• retinoids such as retinoic acid
• capecitabine XELODA®
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above as well as combinations of two or more of the above such as CHOP, an abbreviation for a combined therapy of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone, and FOLFOX, an abbreviation for a treatment regimen with oxaliplatin (ELOXATINTM) combined with 5-FU and leucovovin.
• ELOXATINTM oxaliplatin
• treatment refers to clinical intervention in an attempt to alter the natural course of the individual or cell being treated, and can be performed either for prophylaxis or during the course of clinical pathology. Desirable effects of treatment include preventing occurrence or recurrence of disease, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of any direct or indirect pathological consequences of the disease, preventing or decreasing
• antibodies of the invention are used to delay development of a disease or disorder.
• an "individual” or a “subject” is a vertebrate.
• the vertebrate is a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, farm animals (such as cows), sport animals, pets (such as cats, dogs, and horses), primates, mice and rats.
• the vertebrate is a human.
• mammal for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc. In certain embodiments, the mammal is human.
• an “effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result.
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of a substance/molecule of the invention may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the substance/molecule, to elicit a desired response in the individual.
• a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the substance/molecule are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
• a “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically but not necessarily, since a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount would be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
• cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
• the term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g., At211, 1131, 1125, Y90, Rel86, Rel 88, Sml53, Bi212, P32, Pb212 and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents, enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolyticenzymes, antibiotics, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof, and the various antitum
• Treating” or “treatment” or “alleviation” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures; wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder.
• Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
• a subject or mammal is successfully "treated" for an infection if, after receiving a therapeutic amount of an antibody according to the methods of the present invention, the patient shows observable and/or measurable reduction in or absence of one or more of the following: reduction in the number of infected cells or absence of the infected cells; reduction in the percent of total cells that are infected; and/or relief to some extent, one or more of the symptoms associated with the specific infection; reduced morbidity and mortality, and improvement in quality of life issues.
• the above parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the disease are readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician.
• terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of an antibody or a drug effective to "treat" a disease or disorder in a subject or mammal See preceding definition of "treating.”
• Carriers as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers that are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or
• immunoglobulins include hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEENTM polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICSTM.
• hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone
• amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine
• monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins include chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium;
• glycosylation of recombinant proteins produced from mammalian cells in culture is an important process in ensuring the effective use of therapeutic antibodies (Goochee et al, 1991 ; Jenkins and Curling, 1994).
• Mammalian cell culture delivers a heterogeneous mixture of glycosylation patterns which do not all have the same properties. Properties like safety, efficacy and the serum half-life of therapeutic proteins can be affected by these glycosylation patterns.
• glycoform heterogeneity problem by the development of a novel class of monoclonal antibodies, named "glycoantibodies”.
• glycoantibodies was coined by the inventor, Dr. Chi-Huey Wong, to refer to a homogeneous population of monoclonal antibodies (preferably, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies) having a single, uniformed glycoform on Fc.
• the individual glycoantibodies comprising the homogeneous population are identical, bind to the same epitope, and contain the same Fc glycan with a well-defined glycan structure and sequence.
• Glycoantibodies may be generated from monoclonal antibodies (preferably, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies) commercially available or in the development. Monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic use can be humanized, human or chimeric.
• the term "parental antibody” as used herein refers to the monoclonal antibody used to produce a glycoantibody.
• the parental antibodies can be obtained by cell culturing such as mammalian cell culture, Pichia pastoris or insect cell lines. Preferrably, the parental antibodies are produced in mammalian cell culture.
• the parental antibodies may be FDA approved or in development.
• Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using a wide variety of techniques known in the art including the use of hybridoma, recombinant, and phage display technologies, or a combination thereof.
• monoclonal antibodies can be produced using hybridoma techniques including those known in the art and taught, for example, in Harlow et al, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd ed. 1988); Hammerling, et al, in: Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas 563-681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981); each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
• mAb monoclonal antibody
• the term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody that is derived from a single clone, including any eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or phage clone, and not the method by which it is produced.
• a “monoclonal antibody” may comprise, or alternatively consist of, two proteins, i.e., a heavy and a light chain.
• glycoantibodies with optimized glycoforms exhibit more potent biological activities compared to the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. It is contemplated that the glycoantibodies with optimized glycoforms may provide an alternative for therapeutic use.
• Glycoantibodies of the invention consist of a single, uniformed glycoform (N-glycan) on Fc.
• N-glycan uniformed glycoform
• the N-glycan is attached to the Asn-297 of the Fc region.
• N-glycans according to the invention have a common pentasaccharide core of Man 3 Glc Ac 2 which is also referred to as "trimannose core” or "pentasaccharide core", wherein “Man” refers to mannose, “Glc” refers to glucose, “NAc” refers to N-acetyl, and GlcNAc refers to N-acetylglucosamine.
• the N-glycan has a biantennary structure.
• N-glycan described herein may have intrachain substitutions comprising
• the N-glycan may comprise one or more termial sialic acids (e.g. N-acetylneuraminic acid).
• the structure represented as "Sia” refers to a termial sialic acid. Sialylation may occur on either the a 1-3 or al-6 arm of the biantennary structures.
• the N-glycan described herein comprises at least one a2-6 terminal sialic acid. In certain embodiments, the N-glycan comprises one a2-6 terminal sialic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the N-glycan comprises two a2-6 terminal sialic acids. [00119] In some embodiments, the N-glycan described herein comprises at least one a2-3 terminal sialic acid. In certain embodiments, the N-glycan comprises one a2-3 terminal sialic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the N-glycan comprises two a2-3 terminal sialic acids.
• the N-glycan described herein comprises at least one galactose. In certain embodiments, the N-glycan comprises one galactose. In a preferred embodiment, the N-glycan comprises two galactoses.
• the N-glycan according to the disclosure is free of core fucose.
• Table 1 lists exemplary N-glycans in glycoantibodies.
• ADCC enhancement is a key strategy for improving therapeutic antibody drug efficacy. It has the potential of lowering effective drug dosage for benefits of lower drug cost.
• the glycoantibodies described herein can be characterized by functional properties.
• Glycoantibodies described herein may be useful for treating a cancer.
• the FDA has approved multiple therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapies, and many more are being studied in clinical trials either alone or in combination with other treatments. These monoclonal antibodies (“parental antibodies”) can be used to produce glycoantibodies.
• Exemplary monoclonal antibodies for cancers include, but are not limited to, Ado- trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), Alemtuzumab (Campath), Belimumab (Benlysta),
• Bevacizumab (Avastin), Brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris), Cabozantinib (Cometriq),
• Canakinumab (Ilaris), Cetuximab (Erbitux), Denosumab (Xgeva), Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin), Ipilimumab (Yervoy), Nivolumab (Opdivo), Obinutuzumab (Gazyva), Ofatumumab (Arzerra, HuMax-CD20), Panitumumab (Vectibix), Pembrolizumab (Keytruda), Pertuzumab (Perjeta), Ramucirumab (Cyramza), Rituximab (Rituxan, Mabthera), Siltuximab (Sylvant), Tocilizumab, Tositumomab (Bexxar) and Trastuzumab (Herceptin).
• Anti-CD20 Glycoantibodies Anti-CD20 GAb
• the "CD20" antigen is a non-glycosylated, transmembrane phosphoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 35 kD that is found on the surface of greater than 90% of B cells from peripheral blood or lymphoid organs. CD20 is expressed during early pre-B cell development and remains until plasma cell differentiation; it is not found on human stem cells, lymphoid progenitor cells or normal plasma cells. CD20 is present on both normal B cells as well as malignant B cells. Other names for CD20 in the literature include "B -lymphocyte- restricted differentiation antigen" and "Bp35". The CD20 antigen is described in, for example, Clark and Ledbetter, Adv. Can Res. 52:81-149 (1989) and Valentine et al. J. Biol. Chem.
• anti-CD20 glycoantibodies termed "anti- CD20 GAb"
• the anti-CD20 glycoantibodies can be generated from anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies by Fc glycoengineering.
• the individual anti-CD20 glycoantibodies comprising the homogeneous population are identical and contain the same Fc glycan with a well-defined glycan structure and sequence.
• the anti-CD20 GAb according to the present invention specifically binds to the same epitope of a human CD20 antigen on a cell membrane as its patent antibody.
• the term "parental antibody” as used herein refers to the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody used to produce an anti-CD20 glycoantibody.
• the parental antibodies can be obtained by cell culturing such as mammalian cell culture, Pichia pastoris or insect cell lines. Preferrably, the parental antibodies are produced in mammalian cell culture. The parental antibodies may be FDA approved or in development. Exemplary parental antibodies include, but not limited to, Rituximab, Ofatumumab,
• Tositumomab, Ocrelizumab, 1 1B8 or 7D8 (disclosed in W02004/035607), an anti-CD20 antibody disclosed in WO 2005/103081 such as C6, an anti-CD antibody disclosed in
• W02003/68821 such as IMMU-106 (from Immunomedics), an anti-CD20 antibody disclosed in W02004/103404 such as AME-133 (from Applied Molecular Evolution/Lilly), and anti-CD20 antibody disclosed in US 2003/0118592 such as TRU-015 (from Trubion Pharmaceuticals Inc), 90Y-labeled 2B8 murine antibody designated "Y2B8" (ZEVALIN®) (Biogen-Idec, Inc.) (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, Anderson et al; ATCC deposit HB 11388); murine and chimeric 2H7 antibody (e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
• humanized 2H7 antibodies such as rhuMAb2H7 and other versions (Genentech, Inc.) (e.g., WO 2004/056312, Adams et al, and other references noted below); human monoclonal antibodies against CD20 (GenMab
• A/S/Medarex, Inc. e.g., WO 2004/035607 and WO 2005/103081, Teeling et al
• a chimerized or humanized monoclonal antibody binding to an extracellular epitope of CD20 Biomedics Inc.
• Biomedics Inc. e.g., WO 2006/106959, Numazaki et al
• A20 antibodies such as chimeric A20 (cA20) or humanized A20 antibody (hA20, IMMUN-106T, veltuzumab) (e.g., US 2003/0219433, Hansen et al); fully human antibodies against CD20 (Amgen/AstraZeneca) (e.g., WO 2006/130458, Gazit et al); antibodies against CD20 (Avestha Gengraine Technologies Pvt Ltd.) (e.g., WO 2006/126069, Morawala); and chimeric or humanized B-Lyl antibodies to CD20 (Roche/GlycArt Biotechnology AG) such as GA101 (e.g., WO 2005/044859; US 2005/0123546; US 2004/0072290; and US
• the exemplary anti-CD20 GAb described herein comprise a heavy chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and a light chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
• the anti-CD20 GAb comprises a light chain sequence and a heavy chain sequence of Rituximab. Table 2 below shows the heavy chain and the light chain sequences of Rituximab.
• the N-glycan is attached to the Asn-297 of the Fc region.
• N-glycans according to the invention have a common pentasaccharide core of Man 3 Glc Ac 2 which is also referred to as "trimannose core” or "pentasaccharide core", wherein “Man” refers to mannose, “Glc” refers to glucose, “NAc” refers to N-acetyl, and GlcNAc refers to N-acetylglucosamine.
• the N-glycan has a biantennary structure.
• the N-glycan described herein may have intrachain substitutions comprising "bisecting" GlcNAc.
• a glycan comprises a bisecting GlcNAc on the trimannose core
• the structure is represented as Man 3 GlcNAc3.
• a glycan comprises a core fucose attached to the trimannose core
• the structure is represented as Man 3 GlcNAc 2 (F).
• the N-glycan may comprise one or more termial sialic acids (e.g. N-acetylneuraminic acid).
• the structure represented as "Sia" refers to a termial sialic acid.
• the N-glycan described herein comprises at least one a2-6 terminal sialic acid. In certain embodiments, the N-glycan comprises one a2-6 terminal sialic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the N-glycan comprises two a2-6 terminal sialic acids.
• the N-glycan described herein comprises at least one a2-3 terminal sialic acid. In certain embodiments, the N-glycan comprises one a2-3 terminal sialic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the N-glycan comprises two a2-3 terminal sialic acids.
• the N-glycan described herein comprises at least one galactose. In certain embodiments, the N-glycan comprises one galactose. In a preferred embodiment, the N-glycan comprises two galactoses.
• the N-glycan according to the disclosure is free of core fucose.
• Table 3 lists exemplary N-glycans in anti-CD20 glycoantibodies. Embodiments of the present disclosure may include or exclude any of the N-glycans listed herein.
• GlcNAc 2 -107 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -108 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -109 GlcNAcMan 3 GlcNAc 2 -110 GlcNAcMan 3 GlcNAc 2 -111 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -112 Sia 2 (a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -113 Sia(a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -114 Sia(a2-6)GalGlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -115 Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -116 GalGlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 -117 Sia 2 (a2-3)Gal 2 GlcNAc2Man 3 GlcNAc2
• ADCC enhancement is a key strategy for improving therapeutic antibody drug efficacy. It has the potential of lowering effective drug dosage for benefits of lower drug cost.
• the anti-CD20 glycoantibodies described herein can be characterized by functional properties.
• the anti-CD20 GAb has cell growth inhibitory activities including apoptosis against human CD20 expressing cells. In some embodiments, the anti- CD20 GAb exhibits more potent cell growth inhibitory activities as compared to its patent antibody.
• the increased ADCC activity of the glycoantibody according to the invention is at least about 5 fold, including but not limited to, at least about 6 fold, about 7 fold, about 8 fold, about 9 fold about 10 fold, about 15 fold, about 20 fold, about 25 fold, about 30 fold, about 35 fold, about 40 fold, about 50 fold, about 60 fold, and about 80 fold or at least about a value in the range between any of the two numbers listed herein compared to the ADCC activity of the parental antibody.
• Table 4 lists exemplary enhanced ADCC activities of anti-CD20 GAbs as compared to Rituximab. Exemplary assays are described in the examples.
• CDC Activities of anti-CD20 glycoantibodies [00143]
• the glycoantibody described herein is surprisingly able to provide improved ADCC without affecting CDC.
• Exemplary CDC assays are described in the examples.
• ADCC of the glycoantibody is increased but other immunoglobulin-type effector functions such as complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC) remain similar or are not significantly affected.
• CDC complement-dependent cytoxicity
• Table 5 lists exemplary FcyRIIIA binding of anti-CD20 GAbs and Rituximab.
• FcyRIIIA binding may be measured using assays known in the art. Exemplary assays are described in the examples.
• the Fc receptor binding may be determined as the relative ratio of anti-CD20 GAb vs Rituximab. Fc receptor binding in exemplary embodiments is increased by at least 1.2-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold or 20- fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold or higher.
• the binding data showed that the anti-CD20 GAbs, in particular GAblOl and GAM04, exhibit stronger binding affinity for the target molecule CD20.
• anti-CD20 Gabs exhibit enhanced ADCC activity and stronger FcyRIIIA binding affinity as compared to Rituximab.
• the glycoantibodies of the invention may provide a superior clinical response either alone or, in a composition comprising two or more such antibodies, and optionally in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy.
• the ADCC-enhanced anti-CD20 glycoantibody may provide an alternative therapeutic for B-cell lymphoma and other diseases.
• glycoantibodies of the present invention advantageously can be used to alter current routes of administration and current therapeutic regimens, as their increased effector function means they can be dosed at lower concentrations and with less frequency, thereby reducing the potential for antibody toxicity and/or development of antibody tolerance. Furthermore, the improved effector function yields new approaches to treating clinical indications that have previously been resistant or refractory to treatment with the corresponding anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody produced in recombinant host systems.
• the anti-CD20 glycoantibodies of the invention can be produced by Fc
• the monoclonal antibodies are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
• Fc glycoengineering may be performed enzymatically or chemoenzymatically.
• the parental antibody is Rituximab.
• N-glycans in the glycoantibodies of the invention are preferrably defucosylated.
• Defucosylation of N-glycans is a process to remove core fucoses in N-glycans of the Fc domains. Defucosylation can be employed enzymatically. Since N-glycans are embedded between two Fc domains, the enzymatic defucosylation efficiency is much lower due to steric hindrance, i.e., access of fucosidase to fucose residues is blocked by potions of the Fc domains.
• a-fucosidases are known in the art. Examples include a-fucosidases from Turbo cornutus, Charonia lampas, Bacillus fulminans, Aspergillus niger, Clostridium perfringens, Bovine kidney (Glyko), chicken liver (Tyagarajan et al, 1996, Glycobiology 6:83- 93) and a-fucosidase II from Xanthomonas manihotis (Glyko, PROzyme).
• fucosidase Many varieties of fucosidase are also commercially available (Glyko, Novato, Calif; PROzyme, San Leandro, Calif; Calbiochem-Novabiochem Corp., San Diego, Calif; among others). However, none of a- fucosidases are known to efficiently remove the core fucose from N-linked glycans.
• WO 2013/12066 disclosed the defucosylation of (Fucod ,6)GlcNAc-Rituximab by an a-fucosidase from bovine kidney. As described in WO 2013/12066, a reaction mixture of (Fuc al, 6)GlcNAc-Rituximab was incubated with a-fucosidase from bovine kidney (commercially available from Prozyme) at 37°C for 20 days to completely remove the fucose in
• YP_212855.1 that is capable of efficiently removing fucose residues from N-linked glycans. Efficient defucosylation has been successfully achieved using the specific enzyme. Importantly, the efficiency of making the glycoantibodies of the invention has been valuably improved by the use of the specific a-fucosidase that yields a facile defucosylation of N-glycans, as illustrated in Figure 1.
• the present invention provides a compostion of the a-fucosidase, and an improved method for removing core fucoses of N-glycans using the a-fucosidase.
• the a- fucosidase comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85% 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5 or variants thereof.
• the improved method of defucosylation comprises contacting an antibody with an a-fucosidase, and in which the a-fucosidase comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5, a variant or a fragment thereof.
• Described herein includes an improved method for making an anti-CD20
• glycoantibody the method comprising the steps of (a) contacting an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with an a-fucosidase and at least one endoglycosidase, thereby yielding a
• defucosylated antibody having a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and (b) adding a carbohydrate moiety to GlcNAc under suitable conditions.
• GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine
• the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody according to the method of the invention is Rituximab.
• Endoglycosidase is used to trim off the variable portions of an oligosaccharide in N- glycan.
• Examples of endoglycosidases used herein include, but not limited to, EndoA, EndoF, EndoFl, EndoF2, EndoF3, EndoH, EndoM, EndoS, EndoS2 and variants thereof.
• the ⁇ -fucosidase according to the method of the invention comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 85% identity to the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5, a functional variant thereof.
• the a-fucosidase comprises a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least 90% or 95% identity to the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 5, a variant or a fragment thereof.
• the a-fucosidase is a recombinant Bacteroides a-fucosidase.
• Step (a) in the method of the invention leads to a defucosylated antibody having a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc).
• GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine
• Subsequent enzyme-mediated glycosylation using a transglycosylase is performed to add a designated carbohydrate moiety to GlcNAc and extend the sugar chain.
• a homogenous population of glycoantibodies can therefore be produced.
• transglycosylases as described herein include, but not limited to, EndoA, EndoF, EndoFl, EndoF2, Endo F3, EndoH, EndoM, EndoS, Endo S2 and variants thereof.
• the carbohydrate moiety according to the method the invention is sleeted from the group consisting of Sia 2 (a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc2Man 3 GlcNAc2, Sia 2 (a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc2, Sia 2 (a2-3)Gal 2 GlcNAc2Man 3 GlcNAc2, Sia 2 (a2- 3)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc2Man 3 GlcNAc2, Sia 2 (a2-6/a2- 3)Gal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2-6)Gal 2 G
• the carbohydrate moiety is selected from the group consisting of Sia 2 (a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3)Gal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-6/a2-3)Gal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 , Sia 2 (a2-3/a2-6)Gal 2 Glc
• GalGlcNAcMan 3 GlcNAc 2 and Gal 2 GlcNAc 3 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc 2 .
• Step (b) in the method of the invention leads to sugar chain extension.
• One method for sugar chain extension is through an enzyme-catalyzed glycosylation reaction. It is well known in the art that glycosylation using a sugar oxazoline as the sugar donor among the enzyme- catalyzed glycosylation reactions is useful for synthesizing oligosaccharides because the glycosylation reaction is an addition reaction and advances without any accompanying elimination of acid, water, or the like. (Fujita, et al, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2001, 1528, 9-14)
• the carbohydrate moiety is a sugar oxazoline.
• Suitable conditions also include incubation of the reaction mixture for at least 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes, 60 minutes, 70 minutes, 80 minutes, 90 minutes or 100 minutes, preferably less than 60 minutes. Incubation preferably takes place at room temperature, more preferably at approximately 20°C, 25 °C, 30°C, 35 °C, 40°C or 45 °C, and most preferably at approximately 37°C.
• the polypeptide of the a-fucosidase of the invention may be derivatized or modified to assist with their isolation or purification.
• the polypeptide for use in the invention is derivatized or modified by addition of a ligand which is capable of binding directly and specifically to a separation means.
• the polypeptide is derivatized or modified by addition of one member of a binding pair and the separation means comprises a reagent that is derivatized or modified by addition of the other member of a binding pair. Any suitable binding pair can be used.
• the polypeptide for use in the invention is derivatized or modified by addition of one member of a binding pair
• the polypeptide is preferably histidine-tagged or biotin-tagged.
• the amino acid coding sequence of the histidine or biotin tag is included at the gene level and the proteins are expressed recombinantly in E. coli.
• the histidine or biotin tag is typically present at one end of the polypeptide, either at the N-terminus or at the C-terminus.
• the histidine tag typically consists of six histidine residues, although it can be longer than this, typically up to 7, 8, 9, 10 or 20 amino acids or shorter, for example 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino acids.
• the histidine tag may contain one or more amino acid substitutions, preferably conservative substitutions as defined above.
• Variant polypeptide as described herein are those for which the amino acid sequence varies from that in SEQ ID NO: 5, but exhibit the same or similar function of the enzyme comprising the polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
• percent (%) sequence identity with respect to a sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate polypeptide sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
• a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al, Nature, 321 :522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al, Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al, Science, 239: 1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
• humanized antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species.
• humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
• variable domains both light and heavy
• sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences.
• the human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework (FR) for the humanized antibody (Sims et al, J. Immunol., 151 :2296 (1993); Chothia et al, J. Mol. Biol, 196:901 (1987)).
• Another method uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains.
• the same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 89:4285 (1992); Prestaetal, J. Immnol., 151 :2623 (1993)).
• humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.
• Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art.
• Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i. e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen.
• FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved.
• the CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
• transgenic animals e.g., mice
• JH antibody heavy-chain joining region
• Human antibodies can also be derived from phage-display libraries (Hoogenboom et al., J. Mol. Biol, 227:381 (1991); Marks et al, J. Mol. Biol, 222:581-597 (1991)).
• Anti-HER2 Glycoantibodies Anti-HER2 GAb
• the HER2 gene is overexpressed or amplified in approximately 30% of breast cancers. Breast cancer patients with HER2 overexpression or amplification have shortened disease-free and overall survivals. The HER2 protein is thought to be a unique and useful target for antibody therapy of cancers overexpressing the HER2 gene.
• a monoclonal antibody anti-HER2 A monoclonal antibody anti-HER2,
• trastuzumab (Herceptin®), has been successfully used in therapy for malignant cancers relating to this target, which was approved by FDA in 1998 for the treatment of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer.
• anti-HER2 glycoantibodies termed "anti-HER2 GAb"
• anti-HER2 GAb anti-HER2 glycoantibodies
• the anti-HER2 glycoantibodies can be generated from anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies by Fc glycoengineering.
• the individual anti-HER2 glycoantibodies comprising the homogeneous population are identical and contain the same Fc glycan with a well-defined glycan structure and sequence.
• the anti-HER2 GAb according to the present invention specifically binds to the same epitope of a human HER2 antigen as its patent antibody.
• parental antibody refers to the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody used to produce an anti-HER2 glycoantibody.
• the parental antibodies can be obtained by cell culturing such as mammalian cell culture, Pichia pastoris or insect cell lines. Preferrably, the parental antibodies are produced in mammalian cell culture.
• the parental antibodies may be FDA approved or in development.
• FDA approved anti-HER2 therapeutic antibodies include Trastuzumab (Herceptin), Lapatinib (Tykerb), Pertuzumab (Perjeta), Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, Genentech).
• the anti-HER2 GAb described herein comprise a heavy chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, and a light chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4.
• the anti-HER2 GAb comprises a light chain sequence and a heavy chain sequence of Trastuzumab. Table 7 below shows the heavy chain and the light chain sequences of Trastuzumab.
• ADCC enhancement is a key strategy for improving therapeutic antibody drug efficacy. It has the potential of lowering effective drug dosage for benefits of lower drug cost.
• the anti-HER2 glycoantibodies described herein can be characterized by functional properties.
• the anti-HER2 GAb has cell growth inhibitory activities including apoptosis against human HER2 expressing cells. In some embodiments, the anti- HER2 GAb exhibits more potent cell growth inhibitory activities as compared to its patent antibody.
• the ADCC activity of the glycoantibody according to the invention is at least 3 fold increased, preferably at least 9 fold, more preferably at least 10 fold increased ADCC activity, preferably at least 12 fold increased ADCC activity, preferably at least 20 fold increased ADCC activity, most preferred at least 30 fold increased ADCC activity compared to the ADCC activity of the parental antibody.
• the ADCC lysis activity of the inventive glycoantibody can be measured in comparison to the parental antibody using target cancer cell lines such as SKBR5, SKBR3, LoVo, MCF7, OVCAR3 and/or Kato III.
• Table 8 lists exemplary enhanced ADCC activities of anti-HER2 GAbs as compared to Trastuzumab. Exemplary assays are described in the examples.
• the glycoantibody described herein is surprisingly able to provide improved ADCC without affecting CDC.
• Exemplary CDC assays are described in the examples.
• ADCC of the glycoantibody is increased but other immunoglobulin-type effector functions such as complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC) remain similar or are not significantly affected.
• CDC complement-dependent cytoxicity
• Table 9 lists exemplary FcyRIIIA binding of anti-HER2 GAbs and Herceptin.
• FcyRIIIA binding may be measured using assays known in the art. Exemplary assays are described in the examples. The Fc receptor binding may be determined as the relative ratio of anti-HER2 GAb vs Trastuzumab. Fc receptor binding in exemplary embodiments is increased by at least 2.5-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold or 20- fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold or higher.
• the binding data showed that the anti-HER2 GAbs, in particular GAblOl and GAb 104, exhibit stronger binding affinity for the target molecule HER2.
• anti-HER2 GAbs in particular GAblOl, and GAM04, exhibit enhanced ADCC activity and stronger FcyRIIIA binding affinity as compared to Trastuzumab.
• the glycoantibodies of the invention may provide a superior clinical response either alone or, preferably, in a composition comprising two or more such antibodies, and optionally in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy. It is contemplated that the ADCC-enhanced anti-HER2 glycoantibody may provide an alternative therapeutic for HER2 -positive diseases.
• glycoantibodies of the present invention advantageously can be used to alter current routes of administration and current therapeutic regimens, as their increased effector function means they can be dosed at lower concentrations and with less frequency, thereby reducing the potential for antibody toxicity and/or development of antibody tolerance. Furthermore, their improved effector function yields new approaches to treating clinical indications that have previously been resistant or refractory to treatment with the corresponding anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody produced in recombinant host systems.
• the anti-HER2 glycoantibodies of the invention can be produced by Fc
• the monoclonal antibodies are therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
• Fc glycoengineering may be performed enzymatically or chemoenzymatically.
• the parental antibody is Trastuzumab.
• N-glycans in the glycoantibodies of the invention are preferrably defucosylated.
• the method for making an anti- HER2 glycoantibody is similar to the methods described herein for making an anti-CD20 glycoantibody. Briefly, the method comprises the steps of (a) contacting an anti- HER2 monoclonal antibody with an a-fucosidase and at least one endoglycosidase, thereby yielding a defucosylated antibody having a single N- acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and (b) adding a desired carbohydrate moiety to GlcNAc under suitable conditions.
• the carbohydrate moiety is Sia 2 (a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc2Man 3 GlcNAc.
• Glycoantibodies described herein may be useful for treating an autoimmunity and/or inflammation.
• exemplary monoclonal antibodies for autoimmunity and inflammation include, but are not limited to, Natalizumab (Tysabri; Biogen Stahl/Elan), Vedolizumab (MLN2;
• Mepolizumab (Bosatria; GlaxoSmithKline), Reslizumab (SCH55700; Ception Therapeutics), Tocilizumab (Actemra/RoActemra; Chugai/Roche), Ustekinumab (Stelara; Centocor),
• Anti-TNFa Glycoantibodies Anti-TNFa GAb
• TNFa tumor necrosis factor-a
• TNFp tumor necrosis factor- ⁇
• TNFa is a soluble homotrimer of 17 kD protein subunits (Smith, et al, J. Biol. Chem. 262:6951-6954 (1987)).
• a membrane-bound 26 kD precursor form of TNF also exists (Kriegler, et al, Cell 53 :45-53 (1988)).
• TNF-a is a potent inducer of the inflammatory response, a key regulator of innate immunity and plays an important role in the regulation of Thl immune responses against intracellular bacteria and certain viral infections.
• dysregulated TNF can also contribute to numerous pathological situations. These include immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis and severe chronic plaque psoriasis.
• IMIDs immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
• anti-TNFa glycoantibodies a novel class of anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies, termed "anti-TNFa GAbs").
• Anti-TNFa glycoantibodies can be generated from anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies ("parental antibodies”) by Fc
• parental antibodies refers to the anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies used to produce anti-TNFa glycoantibodies.
• the individual anti- TNFa glycoantibodies comprising the homogeneous population are identical and contain the same Fc glycan with a well-defined glycan structure and sequence.
• Anti-TNFa glycoantibodies of the invention may bind to the same epitope of a human TNFa antigen as its patental antibodies do.
• the parental antibodies may be produced in cells such as mammalian cells, Pichia pastoris or insect cells. Preferrably, the parental antibodies are produced in mammalian cells.
• the parental antibodies may be FDA approved or in development.
• Anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies approved or in development include Infliximab, Adalimumab, Golimumab, CDP870 (certolizumab), TNF-TeAb and CDP571.
• An anti-TNFa glycoantibody of the invention may comprise a heavy chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and a light chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
• An anti-TNFa glycoantibody of the invention may comprise a light chain sequence and a heavy chain sequence of Adalimumab (Humira®).
• Table 10 below shows the heavy chain and the light chain sequences of Adalimumab.
• An anti-TNFa glycoantibody of the invention can be produced by Fc
• the parental antibody is Adalimumab (Humira®).
• the method for making an anti- TNFa glycoantibody is similar to the methods described herein for making an anti-CD20 glycoantibody. Briefly, the method comprises the steps of (a) contacting an anti- TNFa monoclonal antibody with an a-fucosidase and at least one endoglycosidase, thereby yielding a defucosylated antibody having a single N- acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and (b) adding a desired carbohydrate moiety to GlcNAc under suitable conditions.
• the carbohydrate moiety is Sia 2 (a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc. (III) Glycoantibodies for Infectious Diseases
• glycoantibodies described herein are useful for treating an infectious disease.
• Exemplary monoclonal antibodies for infectious disease include, but are not limited to, anti-Ebola antibodies sue as MB-003 (cl3C6, hl3F6 and c6D8), ZMab (mlH3, m2G4 and m4G7) and ZMapp (cl3C6, c2G4, c4G7), anti-HIV antibodies such as_VRC01, VRC02, VRC03, VRC06, bl2, HJ16, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, CH103, NIH45, NIH46, NIH45G54W, NIH46G54W, 3BNC117, 3BNC60, VRC-PG04, 1NC9, 12A12, 12A21, VRC23, PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, 4E10, 10E8, Z13 and 2F5, and anti-influenza antibodies such as C
• the present disclosure features a novel class of
• F 16 monoclonal antibodies are neutralizing anti- influenza A virus antibodies.
• the neutralizing antibodies response to Influenza A virus.
• Amino acid sequences of a heavy chain and a lights of the antibodies are as those described in PCT publication WO 2013011347.
• the method for making an FI6 glycoantibody is similar to the methods described herein for making an anti-CD20 glycoantibody. Briefly, the method comprises the steps of (a) contacting an FI6 monoclonal antibody with an a-fucosidase and at least one endoglycosidase, thereby yielding a defucosylated antibody having a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and (b) adding a desired carbohydrate moiety to GlcNAc under suitable conditions.
• the carbohydrate moiety is Sia 2 (a2- 6)Gal 2 GlcNAc 2 Man 3 GlcNAc.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to the disclosure may be used in therapeutics.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be used for preventing, treating, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with a disease, disorder, or infection where an enhanced efficacy of effector cell function (e.g., ADCC) mediated by FcyR is desired, e.g., cancer, autoimmune, infectious disease, and in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of therapeutic antibodies the effect of which is mediated by ADCC.
• ADCC effector cell function
• the antibody for preparing the formulation is preferably essentially pure and desirably essentially homogeneous (i.e. free from contaminating proteins etc).
• Essentially pure protein means a composition comprising at least about 90% by weight of the protein, based on total weight of the composition, preferably at least about 95% by weight.
• Essentially homogeneous protein means a composition comprising at least about 99% by weight of protein, based on total weight of the composition.
• the protein is an antibody.
• the amount of antibody in the pre-lyophilized formulation is determined taking into account the desired dose volumes, mode(s) of administration etc.
• the protein of choice is an intact antibody (a full-length antibody)
• from about 2 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, preferably from about 5 mg/mL to about 40 mg/mL and most preferably from about 20-30 mg/mL is an exemplary starting protein concentration.
• the protein is generally present in solution.
• the protein may be present in a pH-buffered solution at a pH from about 4-8, and preferably from about 5-7.
• Exemplary buffers include histidine, phosphate, Tris, citrate, succinate and other organic acids.
• the buffer concentration can be from about 1 mM to about 20 mM, or from about 3 mM to about 15 mM, depending, for example, on the buffer and the desired isotonicity of the formulation (e.g. of the reconstituted formulation).
• the preferred buffer is histidine in that, as demonstrated below, this can have lyoprotective properties.
• Succinate was shown to be another useful buffer.
• the lyoprotectant is added to the pre-lyophilized formulation.
• the lyoprotectant is a non-reducing sugar such as sucrose or trehalose.
• the amount of lyoprotectant in the pre-lyophilized formulation is generally such that, upon reconstitution, the resulting formulation will be isotonic. However, hypertonic reconstituted formulations may also be suitable. In addition, the amount of lyoprotectant must not be too low such that an unacceptable amount of degradation/aggregation of the protein occurs upon lyophilization.
• lyoprotectant concentrations in the pre-lyophilized formulation are from about 10 mM to about 400 mM, and preferably from about 30 mM to about 300 mM, and most preferably from about 50 mM to about 100 mM.
• the ratio of protein to lyoprotectant is selected for each protein and lyoprotectant combination.
• the molar ratio of lyoprotectant to antibody may be from about 100 to about 1500 moles lyoprotectant to 1 mole antibody, and preferably from about 200 to about 1000 moles of lyoprotectant to 1 mole antibody, for example from about 200 to about 600 moles of lyoprotectant to 1 mole antibody.
• a surfactant to the pre-lyophilized formulation.
• the surfactant may be added to the lyophilized formulation and/or the reconstituted formulation.
• exemplary surfactants include nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates (e.g. polysorbates 20 or 80); poloxamers (e.g.
• poloxamer 188 Triton; sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); sodium laurel sulfate; sodium octyl glycoside; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl-, or stearyl-sulfobetaine; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl- or stearyl-sarcosine; linoleyl-, myristyl-, or cetyl-betaine; lauroamidopropyl-, cocamidopropyl-, linoleamidopropyl-, myristamidopropyl-, palnidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-betaine (e.g lauroamidopropyl); myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl- dimethylamine; sodium methyl cocoyl
• MONAQUATTM series Mona Industries, Inc., Paterson, N.J.
• polyethyl glycol polypropyl glycol
• copolymers of ethylene and propylene glycol e.g. Pluronics, PF68 etc.
• the amount of surfactant added is such that it reduces aggregation of the reconstituted protein and minimizes the formation of particulates after reconstitution.
• the surfactant may be present in the pre-lyophilized formulation in an amount from about 0.001-0.5%, and preferably from about 0.005-0.05%.
• a mixture of the lyoprotectant such as sucrose or trehalose
• a bulking agent e.g. mannitol or glycine
• the bulking agent may allow for the production of a uniform lyophilized cake without excessive pockets therein etc.
• compositions such as those described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980) may be included in the pre-lyophilized formulation (and/or the lyophilized formulation and/or the reconstituted formulation) provided that they do not adversely affect the desired characteristics of the formulation.
• Acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and include; additional buffering agents; preservatives; co-solvents; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; chelating agents such as EDTA; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes); biodegradable polymers such as polyesters; and/or salt-forming counterions such as sodium.
• compositions and formulations described herein are preferably stable.
• a “stable" formulation/composition is one in which the antibody therein essentially retains its physical and chemical stability and integrity upon storage.
• Various analytical techniques for measuring protein stability are available in the art and are reviewed in Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery, 247-301, Vincent Lee Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Pubs. (1991) and Jones, A. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 10: 29-90 (1993). Stability can be measured at a selected temperature for a selected time period.
• the formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, prior to, or following, lyophilization and reconstitution. Alternatively, sterility of the entire mixture may be accomplished by autoclaving the ingredients, except for protein, at about 120° C. for about 30 minutes, for example.
• the formulation is lyophilized.
• freeze-dryers are available for this purpose such as Hull50® (Hull, USA) or GT20® (Leybold-Heraeus, Germany) freeze-dryers. Freeze-drying is accomplished by freezing the formulation and subsequently subliming ice from the frozen content at a temperature suitable for primary drying. Under this condition, the product temperature is below the eutectic point or the collapse temperature of the formulation.
• the shelf temperature for the primary drying will range from about -30 to 25° C. (provided the product remains frozen during primary drying) at a suitable pressure, ranging typically from about 50 to 250 mTorr.
• the formulation, size and type of the container holding the sample (e.g., glass vial) and the volume of liquid will mainly dictate the time required for drying, which can range from a few hours to several days (e.g. 40-60hrs).
• a secondary drying stage may be carried out at about 0-40° C, depending primarily on the type and size of container and the type of protein employed. However, it was found herein that a secondary drying step may not be necessary.
• the shelf temperature throughout the entire water removal phase of lyophilization may be from about 15-30° C. (e.g., about 20° C).
• the time and pressure required for secondary drying will be that which produces a suitable lyophilized cake, dependent, e.g., on the temperature and other parameters.
• the secondary drying time is dictated by the desired residual moisture level in the product and typically takes at least about 5 hours (e.g. 10-15 hours).
• the pressure may be the same as that employed during the primary drying step. Freeze- drying conditions can be varied depending on the formulation and vial size.
• the container in this instance may, for example, be a 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 or 100 cc vial.
• lyophilization will result in a lyophilized formulation in which the moisture content thereof is less than about 5%, and preferably less than about 3%.
• the lyophilized formulation may be reconstituted with a diluent such that the protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation is at least 50 mg/mL, for example from about 50 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL, more preferably from about 80 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL, and most preferably from about 90 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL.
• a diluent such that the protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation is at least 50 mg/mL, for example from about 50 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL, more preferably from about 80 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL, and most preferably from about 90 mg/mL to about 150 mg/mL.
• Such high protein concentrations in the reconstituted formulation are considered to be particularly useful where subcutaneous delivery of the reconstituted formulation is intended.
• the protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation is significantly higher than that in the pre-lyophilized formulation.
• the protein concentration in the reconstituted formulation may be about 2-40 times, preferably 3-10 times and most preferably 3-6 times (e.g. at least three fold or at least four fold) that of the pre-lyophilized formulation.
• Reconstitution generally takes place at a temperature of about 25° C. to ensure complete hydration, although other temperatures may be employed as desired.
• the time required for reconstitution will depend, e.g., on the type of diluent, amount of excipient(s) and protein.
• Exemplary diluents include sterile water, bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), a pH buffered solution (e.g. phosphate-buffered saline), sterile saline solution, Ringer's solution or dextrose solution.
• BWFI bacteriostatic water for injection
• the diluent optionally contains a preservative. Exemplary preservatives have been described above, with aromatic alcohols such as benzyl or phenol alcohol being the preferred preservatives.
• the amount of preservative employed is determined by assessing different preservative concentrations for compatibility with the protein and preservative efficacy testing.
• the preservative is an aromatic alcohol (such as benzyl alcohol)
• it can be present in an amount from about 0.1-2.0% and preferably from about 0.5-1.5%, but most preferably about 1.0-1.2%.
• the reconstituted formulation has less than 6000 particles per vial which are >10 ⁇ m size.
• Disclosed herein include methods for preventing, treating, or ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with a disease, disorder, or infection, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the
• the diseases, disorders, or infections include, but not limited to, cancers, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory disorders and infectious infections.
• the pharmaceutical composition according to the disclosure may be used in cancers.
• Disclosed herein include methods for the treatment of cancer in a patient, the method comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described herein.
• cancers include, but not limited to, acoustic neuroma, adenocarcinoma, adrenal gland cancer, anal cancer, angiosarcoma (e.g., lymphangiosarcoma,
• lymphangioendotheliosarcoma hemangiosarcoma
• appendix cancer benign monoclonal gammopathy
• biliary cancer e.g., cholangiocarcinoma
• bladder cancer e.g., adenocarcinoma of the breast, papillary carcinoma of the breast, mammary cancer, medullary carcinoma of the breast
• brain cancer e.g., meningioma; glioma, e.g., astrocytoma,
• oligodendroglioma oligodendroglioma; medulloblastoma), bronchus cancer, carcinoid tumor, cervical cancer (e.g., cervical adenocarcinoma), choriocarcinoma, chordoma, craniopharyngioma, colorectal cancer (e.g., colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma), epithelial carcinoma,
• endotheliosarcoma e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma
• endometrial cancer e.g., uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma
• esophageal cancer e.g., adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, Barrett's adenocarinoma
• Ewing sarcoma eye cancer (e.g., intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma), familiar hypereosinophilia, gall bladder cancer, gastric cancer (e.g., stomach adenocarcinoma), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer (e.g., oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), throat cancer (e.g., laryngeal cancer, phary
• lymphocytic leukemia ALL (e.g., B-cell ALL, T-cell ALL), acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) (e.g., B-cell AML, T-cell AML), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) (e.g., B-cell CML, T-cell CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (e.g., B-cell CLL, T-cell CLL); lymphoma such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (e.g., B-cell HL, T-cell HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (e.g., B-cell NHL such as diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) (e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)), follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell
• angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy type T-cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma
• MM multiple myeloma
• heavy chain disease e.g., alpha chain disease, gamma chain disease, mu chain disease
• hemangioblastoma e.g., hemangioblastoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, immunocytic amyloidosis
• kidney cancer e.g., nephroblastoma a.k.a.
• liver cancer e.g., hepatocellular cancer (HCC), malignant hepatoma
• lung cancer e.g., bronchogenic carcinoma, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
• LMS leiomyosarcoma
• mastocytosis e.g., systemic
• MDS myelodysplasia syndrome
• MDS mesothelioma
• myeloproliferative disorder e.g., polycythemia Vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM), a.k.a, myelofibrosis (MF), chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)), neuroblastoma, neurofibroma (e.g., neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1 or type 2, schwannomatosis), neuroendocrine cancer (e.g., gastroenteropancreatic neuroendoctrine tumor (GEP-NET), carcinoid tumor), osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer (e.g., cystadenocarcinoma, ovarian embryonal carcinoma
• MDS mye
• myxosarcoma sebaceous gland carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, synovioma, testicular cancer (e.g., seminoma, testicular embryonal carcinoma), thyroid cancer (e.g., papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), medullary thyroid cancer), urethral cancer, vaginal cancer and vulvar cancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the vulva).
• testicular cancer e.g., seminoma, testicular embryonal carcinoma
• thyroid cancer e.g., papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), medullary thyroid cancer
• urethral cancer e.g., Paget's disease of the vulva.
• provided glycoantibodies are useful in treating lung cancer.
• a provided compound is useful in treating small lung cancer.
• a provided compound is useful in treating non-small lung cancer.
• a provided compound is useful in treating large bowel cancer.
• a provided compound is useful in treating pancreas cancer.
• a provided compound is useful in treating biliary tract cancer or endometrial cancer. Treatment using Anti-CD20 glycoantibodies
• the present disclosure features a method for treating a cancer in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of anti-CD20 glycoantibodies and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• cancers include, but not limited to, B cell lymphomas, NHL, precursor B cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and mature B cell neoplasms, B cell chronic
• lymphocytic leukemia CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), B cell pro lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), low-grade, intermediate-grade and high-grade (FL), cutaneous follicle center lymphoma, marginal zone B cell lymphoma, MALT type marginal zone B cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, splenic type marginal zone B cell lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, plasmacytoma, plasma cell myeloma, post- transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL).
• CLL lymphocytic leukemia
• SLL small lymphocytic lymphoma
• the cancer is B-cell lymphoma such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• the present disclosure features a method for treating a cancer in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of anti-HER2 glycoantibodies and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• cancers include, but not limited to, breast cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer, oral cancer, esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, bile duct cancer, pancreas cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, cervix cancer, ovary cancer and prostate cancer.
• the cancer is brain cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, or pancreas cancer.
• the pharmaceutical composition of glycoantibodies can be administered alone or in conjunction with a second therapeutic agents such as a second antibody, or a chemotherapeutic agent or an immunosuppressive agent.
• the second therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent.
• Anticancer agents encompass biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents as well as chemotherapeutic agents.
• Exemplary biotherapeutic anti-cancer agents include, but are not limited to, interferons, cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interferon a, interferon ⁇ ), vaccines, hematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal serotherapy, immunostimulants and/or immunodulatory agents (e.g., IL-1, 2, 4, 6, or 12), immune cell growth factors (e.g., GM-CSF) and antibodies (e.g.
• HERCEPTIN (trastuzumab), T-DM1, AVASTIN (bevacizumab), ERBITUX (cetuximab), VECTIBIX (panitumumab), RITUXAN (rituximab), BEXXAR (tositumomab)).
• chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, anti-estrogens (e.g. tamoxifen, raloxifene, and megestrol), LHRH agonists (e.g. goscrclin and leuprolide), anti-androgens (e.g. flutamide and bicalutamide), photodynamic therapies (e.g. vertoporfin (BPD-MA),
• anti-estrogens e.g. tamoxifen, raloxifene, and megestrol
• LHRH agonists e.g. goscrclin and leuprolide
• anti-androgens e.g. flutamide and bicalutamide
• photodynamic therapies e.g. vertoporfin (BPD-MA)
• phthalocyanine phthalocyanine, photosensitizer Pc4, and demethoxy-hypocrellin A (2BA-2-DMHA)
• nitrogen mustards e.g. cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, trofosfamide, chlorambucil, estramustine, and melphalan
• nitrosoureas e.g. carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)
• alkylsulphonates e.g. busulfan and treosulfan
• triazenes e.g. dacarbazine, temozolomide
• platinum containing compounds e.g.
• paclitaxel or a paclitaxel equivalent such as nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (ABRAXANE), docosahexaenoic acid bound-paclitaxel (DHA-paclitaxel, Taxoprexin), polyglutamate bound-paclitaxel (PG-paclitaxel, paclitaxel poliglumex, CT-2103, XYOTAX), the tumor-activated prodrug (TAP) ANG1005 (Angiopep-2 bound to three molecules of paclitaxel), paclitaxel-EC-1 (paclitaxel bound to the erbB2- recognizing peptide EC-1), and glucose-conjugated paclitaxel, e.g., 2'-paclitaxel methyl 2-
• etoposide etoposide phosphate, teniposide, topotecan, 9-aminocamptothecin, camptoirinotecan, irinotecan, crisnatol, mytomycin C
• anti-metabolites DHFR inhibitors (e.g. methotrexate, dichloromethotrexate, trimetrexate, edatrexate), IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (e.g. mycophenolic acid, tiazofurin, ribavirin, and EICAR), ribonuclotide reductase inhibitors (e.g. hydroxyurea and deferoxamine), uracil analogs (e.g.
• 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil
• floxuridine doxifluridine, ratitrexed, tegafur-uracil, capecitabine
• cytosine analogs e.g. cytarabine (ara C), cytosine arabinoside, and fludarabine
• purine analogs e.g. mercaptopurine and Thioguanine
• Vitamin D3 analogs e.g. EB 1089, CB 1093, and KH 1060
• isoprenylation inhibitors e.g. lovastatin
• dopaminergic neurotoxins e.g. 1 -methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion
• cell cycle inhibitors e.g.
• actinomycin e.g. actinomycin D, dactinomycin
• bleomycin e.g. bleomycin A2, bleomycin B2, peplomycin
• anthracycline e.g. daunorubicin, doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, zorubicin, mitoxantrone
• MDR inhibitors e.g. verapamil
• Ca 2+ ATPase inhibitors e.g.
• thapsigargin imatinib, thalidomide, lenalidomide, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., axitinib (AG013736), bosutinib (SKI-606), cediranib (RECENTINTM, AZD2171), dasatinib (SPRYCEL ® , BMS-354825), erlotinib (TARCEVA ® ), gefitinib (IRESSA ® ), imatinib (Gleevec ® , CGP57148B, STI-571), lapatinib (TYKERB ® , TYVERB ® ), lestaurtinib (CEP-701), neratinib (HKI-272), nilotinib (TASIGNA ® ), semaxanib (semaxinib, SU5416), sunitinib (SUTENT , SUl 1248), to
• glycoantibodies described herein are useful for treating a autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases.
• the present disclosure features a method for treating a autoimmune or inflammatory disease in a human subject in need thereof, comprising
• autoimmune or inflammatory diseases include, but not limited to, including, but not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Wegener's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, idiopathic
• thrombocytopenic purpura INP
• thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura TTP
• autoimmune thrombocytopenia multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, IgA nephropathy, IgM polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, vasculitis, diabetes mellitus, Reynaud's syndrome, Crohn's diasease, ulcerative colitis, gastritis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, ankylosing spondylitis, hepatitis C- associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, chronic focal encephalitis, bullous pemphigoid, hemophilia A, membranoproliferative glomerulnephritis, adult and juvenile dermatomyositis, adult polymyositis, chronic urticaria, primary biliary cirrhosis, neuromyelitis optica, Graves' dysthyroid disease, bullous pemphigoi
• the present disclosure features a method for treating a autoimmune or inflammatory disease in a human subject in need thereof, comprising
• glycoantibodies described herein are useful for treating a infectious diseases caused by bacterial or vial infections.
• infectious diseases include, but not limited to, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Ebola virus,
• SARS virus measles virus; mumps virus; rubella virus; rabies virus; papillomavirus; vaccinia virus; varicella-zoster virus; variola virus; polio virus; rhino virus; respiratory syncytial virus;
• Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pyogenes; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus anthracis; Moraxella catarrhalis;
• Chlaymdia trachomatis Chlamydia pneumoniae; Yersinia pestis; Francisella tularensis; Salmonella species; Vibrio cholerae; toxic E.coli; a human endogenous retrovirus; other microbial pathogens; other microbial toxins, allergens, tumor antigens, autoantigens and alloantigens, chemicals or toxins.
• the infectious disease is caused by HIV, HCV, or a combination thereof.
• the present disclosure features a method for treating a viral disease in a human subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of FI6 glycoantibodies and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the viral disease may be caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus), CMV (Cytomegalovirus), Ebola virus, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B virus, Heptatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella zos-ter virus (VZV), Hantaan virus, influenza virus, Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), Human papilloma virus, or Parvovirus.
• the viral disease is caused by HIV or by Hepatitis C virus.
• the present disclosure features a method for treating a viral disease in a human subject in need thereof, comprising (a) administering to the subject a first compound that blocks an inhibitory receptor of an NK cell, and (b) administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described herein.
• Treating” or “treatment” or “alleviation” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures; wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) the targeted pathologic condition or disorder.
• Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those prone to have the disorder or those in whom the disorder is to be prevented.
• a subject or mammal is successfully "treated" for an infection if, after receiving a therapeutic amount of an antibody according to the methods of the present invention, the patient shows observable and/or measurable reduction in or absence of one or more of the following: reduction in the number of infected cells or absence of the infected cells; reduction in the percent of total cells that are infected; and/or relief to some extent, one or more of the symptoms associated with the specific infection; reduced morbidity and mortality, and improvement in quality of life issues.
• the above parameters for assessing successful treatment and improvement in the disease are readily measurable by routine procedures familiar to a physician.
• terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of an antibody or a drug effective to "treat” a disease or disorder in a subject or mammal See preceding definition of “treating.”
• Administration "in combination with” one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order.
• Carriers as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers that are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed. Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or
• immunoglobulins include hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEENTM polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICSTM.
• hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone
• amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine
• monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins include chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium;
• N-iodosuccinimide (MS, 1.7-2.2 eq.) and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf, 0.1 eq.) were added to the solution on -78°C, and then the solution was stirred at -20 °C. Reaction was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, which was carried out on glass-backed silica gel plates (Merck DC Kieselgel 6OF254) and visualized by UV light (254 nm) and acidic eerie ammonium molybdate. After the acceptor was consumed completely, the reaction was quenched with sat.
• TLC thin-layer chromatography
• the goal of this study is to prepare homogenous antibodies with optimized activities in both anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory functions. Therefore, the commercially available Rituximab IgGl is selected as a model because it has been used for the treatment of both cancer and autoimmune diseases.
• the strategy of glycoprotein remodeling was used to first obtain the homogeneous antibody with mono-GlcNAc at the Fc region, then a pure synthetic glycan was ligated with the mono-GlcNAc antibody to obtain the homogeneous antibody for activity assay (Figure la).
• the fucosidase BfFucH from E. Coli was used in combination with an
• ADCC is also a key issue in considering cytotoxicity relevant to antibody. Defucosylation of IgGl was reported to effectively raise the ADCC effect via increasing the interaction between the afucosylated Fc-glycan and FcyRIIIa (5, 33).
• PBMC mediated ADCC assay was induced by the non-treated Rituximab and treated mAb, 2,3-NSCT- and 2,6-NSCT-Rituximab on flow cytometry using three different CFSE-labled B lymphoma cells, Raji, Ramos and SKW6.4.
• the antibody with bisected glycan, G9 showed a slight but not significant increase in affinity towards FcyRIIIa in both Rituximab and Herceptin when it is compared with the non- bisected analogue, G4.
• the 2,6-NSCT-Herceptin indeed also showed a superb FcyRIIIa binding affinity among these afucosylated analogous in the SPR analysis.
• hemagglutinins of various subtypes of influenza and its neutralizing activity was linked to ADCC (38).
• the Fc glycan of FI6 antibody was modified to the homogeneous 2,6-NSCT glycan and mixed with human HEK293T cells, which express HA on cell surface to mimic influenza- infected cells; then, the ADCC effects were measured by both the PBMC-mediated killing in target cells and the activation of ADCC signaling nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) pathway of the effector cells.
• NFAT ADCC signaling nuclear factor of activated T-cell
• the 2,6-NSCT-Rituximab showed a similar CDC activity to the non- treated antibody, but the results of the 2,3-NSCT-Rituximab showed a reduced CDC efficacy with higher value of EC50.
• C Fresh PBMC mediated ADCC assay. Assay experiments were conducted with 3 different B cells, Raji, Ramos and SKW6.4. The results showed that the activity measured by the EC50 value was significantly increased from the unmodified
• Analyzed antibodies were captured by the F(ab')2 fragment of goat anti-human F(ab')2 and detected by the single cycle kinetic method with double referencing. Data shown are represents of 2 replicates.
• the fold number was calculated with the KD value of the commercial Rituximab divided by the

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