WO2015137041A1 - リチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質、リチウムイオン電池用スラリー、リチウムイオン電池用負極、リチウムイオン電池、及び、リチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質、リチウムイオン電池用スラリー、リチウムイオン電池用負極、リチウムイオン電池、及び、リチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015137041A1 WO2015137041A1 PCT/JP2015/054065 JP2015054065W WO2015137041A1 WO 2015137041 A1 WO2015137041 A1 WO 2015137041A1 JP 2015054065 W JP2015054065 W JP 2015054065W WO 2015137041 A1 WO2015137041 A1 WO 2015137041A1
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- active material
- electrode active
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- ion battery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/0459—Electrochemical doping, intercalation, occlusion or alloying
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries, a slurry for lithium ion batteries, a negative electrode for lithium ion batteries, a lithium ion battery, and a method for producing a coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is formed by applying a positive electrode or a negative electrode active material or the like to a positive electrode or negative electrode current collector using a binder.
- a positive electrode active material or the like is applied to one surface of the current collector using a binder and a positive electrode layer is applied to the opposite surface, and a negative electrode active material or the like is applied to the opposite surface using a binder.
- a bipolar electrode having a negative electrode layer is formed.
- lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode active material and occluded in the negative electrode active material.
- lithium ions are released from the negative electrode active material and move to the positive electrode active material. At this time, a certain amount of electricity (electric energy) can be taken out.
- the irreversible capacity at the first charge / discharge is large.
- the irreversible capacity is a difference between a charge capacity (amount of electricity required for charging) and a discharge capacity (amount of electricity required for discharge). That is, a large irreversible capacity means that the amount of electricity commensurate with charging cannot be discharged.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for producing an electrode carbon material that can stably and efficiently produce an electrode carbon material having a small irreversible capacity.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for compensating for an irreversible capacity by assembling a secondary battery and performing a first charge (preliminary charge) with a cut-off voltage higher than a cut-off voltage for the second and subsequent charges. Is disclosed.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a technique in which metallic lithium or a lithium alloy is disposed in a secondary battery that is electrically connected to the negative electrode and is not in contact with the negative electrode.
- the irreversible capacity of the secondary battery can be reduced to some extent, but there is a great demand for further reducing the irreversible capacity.
- the electrolyte is decomposed and gas is generated during the precharging. Therefore, in the manufacturing process of the secondary battery, it is necessary to perform a degassing process called a degas process, which is a cause that the manufacturing process of the secondary battery cannot be simplified.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above situation, and an object thereof is to provide a negative electrode active material capable of reducing the irreversible capacity of a lithium ion battery.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing the negative electrode active material, a slurry for a lithium ion battery containing the negative electrode active material, a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery having the negative electrode active material, and lithium using the negative electrode for the lithium ion battery.
- An object is to provide an ion battery.
- the present inventors have coated at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode active material before assembling the lithium ion battery with a coating agent, and further to such a coated negative electrode active material. It has been found that by doping lithium or the like, the irreversible capacity of the lithium ion battery can be reduced, and it is not necessary to perform a degassing step when manufacturing the lithium ion battery.
- the coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery of the present invention is formed by coating at least a part of the surface of the particulate negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery with a coating agent and doping lithium and / or lithium ions. It is characterized by.
- the lithium ion battery slurry of the present invention is characterized by containing the coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery of the present invention and a dispersion medium.
- the negative electrode for lithium ion batteries of the present invention is characterized by having the negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries included in the coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries of the present invention or the slurry for lithium ion batteries of the present invention.
- the lithium ion battery of the present invention is characterized by using the negative electrode for a lithium ion battery of the present invention.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode for a lithium ion battery of the present invention, and has an irreversible capacity of 0.1 to 50 mAh / g.
- the method for producing a coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery includes a step of preparing a coated negative electrode active material in which at least a part of the surface of a particulate lithium ion battery negative electrode active material is coated with a coating agent; It includes a step of mixing the coated negative electrode active material and a dispersion medium to obtain a raw material slurry, and a step of doping lithium and / or lithium ions into the coated negative electrode active material in the raw material slurry.
- the coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery of the present invention is characterized by being doped with lithium and / or lithium ions. That is, at the time before assembling the lithium ion battery, lithium ions are occluded in advance in the coated negative electrode active material. Therefore, when a lithium ion battery is assembled using a negative electrode having this coated negative electrode active material and the first charge / discharge is performed, there are still lithium ions that are not released from the positive electrode at the time of discharge, but the lithium ion is removed from the positive electrode active material. The burden will be smaller. Therefore, since the amount of electricity spent for the first charge can be spent for discharging, the irreversible capacity can be reduced.
- the positive electrode active material which supplies the lithium ion occluded at the time of charge is generally expensive, in this invention, the usage-amount of a positive electrode active material can also be reduced. Furthermore, when a lithium ion battery is manufactured using a coated negative electrode active material in which lithium ions are previously occluded, the electrolyte does not decompose and gas is not generated during the initial charge. There is no need to perform a process. In addition, by using a coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery, formation of SEI that is a non-conductor on the surface of the active material is suppressed, and the charge / discharge rate is improved.
- FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are process diagrams schematically showing a process of fixing a coated negative electrode active material on a film.
- 2A, 2B, and 2C are process diagrams schematically showing a process of fixing the coated negative electrode active material between the current collector and the separator.
- a lithium ion battery includes a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries of the present invention is characterized in that at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode active material for particulate lithium ion batteries is coated with a coating agent and doped with lithium and / or lithium ions.
- the first feature of the coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries of the present invention is that at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode active material for particulate lithium ion batteries is coated with a coating agent.
- the second feature of the coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery of the present invention is that lithium and / or lithium ions are doped.
- the coated negative electrode active material is doped with lithium and / or lithium ions by electrochemical treatment.
- Lithium and / or lithium ions are preferably doped from metallic lithium and / or a positive electrode active material, and more preferably from metallic lithium.
- the coated negative electrode active material can be doped with lithium and / or lithium ions.
- a precharge battery is produced using a negative electrode having a coated negative electrode active material and a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material, and the precharge battery is precharged. Even if it carries out, a covering negative electrode active material can be doped with lithium and / or lithium ion.
- the coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery of the present invention is doped with lithium and / or lithium ions, but it is preferable that at least the active material is doped with lithium and / or lithium ions. .
- Examples of the negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries include graphite, non-graphitizable carbon, amorphous carbon, polymer compound fired bodies (for example, those obtained by firing and carbonizing phenol resin, furan resin, etc.), cokes (for example, pitch coke). , Needle coke and petroleum coke), carbon fibers, conductive polymers (eg polyacetylene and polypyrrole), tin, silicon, and metal alloys (eg lithium-tin alloys, lithium-silicon alloys, lithium-aluminum alloys and lithium- An aluminum-manganese alloy), a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal (for example, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), and the like.
- the volume average particle size of the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery is preferably 0.01 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m, and further preferably 2 to 10 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of the electric characteristics of the battery. preferable.
- the volume average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery means a particle diameter (Dv50) at an integrated value of 50% in the particle size distribution determined by the microtrack method (laser diffraction / scattering method).
- the microtrack method is a method for obtaining a particle size distribution using scattered light obtained by irradiating particles with laser light.
- Nikkiso Co., Ltd. microtrack etc. can be used for the measurement of a volume average particle diameter.
- the coating agent preferably contains a coating resin, and more preferably contains a coating resin and a conductive aid.
- the coating resin contained in the coating agent may be a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin.
- a thermoplastic resin for example, vinyl resin, urethane resin, polyester resin, polyamide resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, silicone Examples thereof include resins, phenol resins, melamine resins, urea resins, aniline resins, ionomer resins, polycarbonates, polysaccharides (such as sodium alginate), and mixtures thereof.
- a coating resin having a liquid absorption rate of 10% or more when immersed in an electrolytic solution and a tensile elongation at break in a saturated liquid absorption state of 10% or more is preferable.
- the liquid absorption rate when immersed in the electrolytic solution is obtained by the following equation by measuring the weight of the coating resin before and after being immersed in the electrolytic solution.
- Absorption rate (%) [(weight of coating resin after immersion in electrolytic solution ⁇ weight of coating resin before immersion in electrolytic solution) / weight of coating resin before immersion in electrolytic solution] ⁇ 100
- An electrolytic solution dissolved to a concentration is used.
- the immersion in the electrolytic solution for determining the liquid absorption rate is performed at 50 ° C. for 3 days.
- the saturated liquid absorption state refers to a state in which the weight of the coating resin does not increase even when immersed in the electrolyte.
- the electrolyte solution used when manufacturing a lithium ion battery is not limited to the said electrolyte solution, You may use another electrolyte solution.
- the coating resin sufficiently absorbs the electrolytic solution, and lithium ions can easily permeate the coating resin. The movement of lithium ions is not hindered. If the liquid absorption rate is less than 10%, the electrolyte does not easily penetrate into the coating resin, so that the lithium ion conductivity is lowered, and the performance as a lithium ion battery may not be sufficiently exhibited.
- the liquid absorption is preferably 20% or more, and more preferably 30% or more. Moreover, as a preferable upper limit of a liquid absorption rate, it is 400%, and as a more preferable upper limit, it is 300%.
- the conductivity of the lithium ion of the coating resin can be determined by measuring the conductivity at room temperature of the coating resin after the saturated liquid absorption state is obtained by the AC impedance method.
- the lithium ion conductivity measured by the above method is preferably 1.0 to 10.0 mS / cm, and if it is in the above range, the performance as a lithium ion battery is sufficiently exhibited.
- the tensile elongation at break in the saturated liquid absorption state was determined by punching the coating resin into a dumbbell shape and immersing it in an electrolytic solution at 50 ° C. for 3 days in the same manner as the measurement of the liquid absorption rate.
- the state can be measured according to ASTM D683 (test piece shape Type II).
- the tensile elongation at break is a value obtained by calculating the elongation until the test piece breaks in the tensile test according to the following formula.
- Tensile elongation at break (%) [(length of specimen at break ⁇ length of specimen before test) / length of specimen before test] ⁇ 100
- the coating resin has appropriate flexibility, so that the volume change of the electrode is changed by coating the negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries. Can be relaxed and the expansion of the electrode can be suppressed.
- the tensile elongation at break is preferably 20% or more, and more preferably 30% or more. Further, the preferable upper limit value of the tensile elongation at break is 400%, and the more preferable upper limit value is 300%.
- a vinyl resin (A) having a liquid absorption rate of 10% or more when immersed in an electrolytic solution and a tensile elongation at break in a saturated liquid absorption state of 10% or more is preferable.
- the vinyl resin (A) is a resin comprising a polymer (A1) having the vinyl monomer (a) as an essential constituent monomer.
- the polymer (A1) preferably contains a vinyl monomer (a1) having a carboxyl group or an acid anhydride group as the vinyl monomer (a) and a vinyl monomer (a2) represented by the following general formula (1).
- CH 2 C (R 1 ) COOR 2 (1)
- R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group
- R 2 is a branched alkyl group having 4 to 36 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the vinyl monomer (a1) having a carboxyl group or an acid anhydride group include monocarboxylic acids having 3 to 15 carbon atoms such as (meth) acrylic acid, crotonic acid and cinnamic acid; (anhydrous) maleic acid, fumaric acid, ( Anhydric) dicarboxylic acids having 4 to 24 carbon atoms such as itaconic acid, citraconic acid, and mesaconic acid; polycarboxylic acids having 6 to 24 carbon atoms such as aconitic acid and other polyvalent carboxylic acids having a valence of 6 or more. .
- (meth) acrylic acid is preferable, and methacrylic acid is more preferable.
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
- R 1 is preferably a methyl group.
- R 2 is a branched alkyl group having 4 to 36 carbon atoms. Specific examples of R 2 include a 1-alkylalkyl group [1-methylpropyl group (sec-butyl group), 1,1-dimethylethyl group (tert -Butyl group), 1-methylbutyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, 1,1-dimethylpropyl group, 1-methylpentyl group, 1-ethylbutyl group, 1-methylhexyl group, 1-ethylpentyl group, 1-methyl Heptyl, 1-ethylhexyl, 1-methyloctyl, 1-ethylheptyl, 1-methylnonyl, 1-ethyloctyl, 1-methyldecyl, 1-ethylnonyl, 1-butyleicosyl,
- a mixed alkyl group containing one or more branched alkyl groups such as a residue obtained by removing a hydroxyl group from an oxo alcohol obtained from an oligomer (4 to 8 mer) or the like.
- a 2-alkylalkyl group is preferable, and a 2-ethylhexyl group and a 2-decyltetradecyl group are more preferable.
- copolymerizable vinyl monomer (a3) which does not contain active hydrogen may be contained.
- examples of the copolymerizable vinyl monomer (a3) containing no active hydrogen include the following (a31) to (a38).
- the monool includes (i) an aliphatic monool (methanol, ethanol, n- or i (Propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, n-pentyl alcohol, n-octyl alcohol, nonyl alcohol, decyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, etc.), (ii) alicyclic mono All (such as cyclohexyl alcohol), (iii) araliphatic monool (such as benzyl alcohol) and a mixture of two or more of these.
- an aliphatic monool methanol, ethanol, n- or i (Propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, n-pentyl alcohol, n-octyl alcohol
- A33 a nitrogen-containing vinyl compound (a33-1) an amide group-containing vinyl compound (i) a (meth) acrylamide compound having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, such as N, N-dialkyl (1 to 6 carbon atoms) or diaralkyl (carbon number) 7 to 15) (meth) acrylamide (N, N-dimethylacrylamide, N, N-dibenzylacrylamide, etc.), diacetone acrylamide (ii) amide group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, excluding the above (meth) acrylamide compounds Vinyl compounds such as N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide, cyclic amides (pyrrolidone compounds (having 6 to 13 carbon atoms, such as N-vinylpyrrolidone))
- (A33-2) (meth) acrylate compound (i) dialkyl (1 to 4 carbon atoms) aminoalkyl (1 to 4 carbon atoms) (meth) acrylate [N, N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, N, N -Diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, t-butylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, morpholinoethyl (meth) acrylate, etc.] (Ii) Quaternary ammonium group-containing (meth) acrylate ⁇ quaternary amino group-containing (meth) acrylate [N, N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, N, N-diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, etc.]] (Quaternized with a quaternizing agent such as methyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, benzyl chloride, dimethyl
- A33-3 Heterocycle-containing vinyl compound Pyridine compound (carbon number 7 to 14, such as 2- or 4-vinylpyridine), imidazole compound (carbon number 5 to 12, such as N-vinylimidazole), pyrrole compound (carbon number) 6 to 13, for example, N-vinylpyrrole), pyrrolidone compound (6 to 13 carbon atoms, for example, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)
- Nitrile group-containing vinyl compound A nitrile group-containing vinyl compound having 3 to 15 carbon atoms, such as (meth) acrylonitrile, cyanostyrene, cyanoalkyl (1 to 4 carbon atoms) acrylate
- Nitro group-containing vinyl compounds (carbon number 8 to 16, for example, nitrostyrene), etc.
- Vinyl hydrocarbon (a34-1) Aliphatic vinyl hydrocarbon Olefin having 2 to 18 or more carbon atoms (ethylene, propylene, butene, isobutylene, pentene, heptene, diisobutylene, octene, dodecene, octadecene, etc.), Dienes having 4 to 10 or more carbon atoms (butadiene, isoprene, 1,4-pentadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,7-octadiene, etc.), etc.
- (A34-2) Alicyclic vinyl hydrocarbon Cyclic unsaturated compound having 4 to 18 or more carbon atoms, such as cycloalkene (for example, cyclohexene), (di) cycloalkadiene [for example, (di) cyclopentadiene], terpene ( For example, pinene and limonene), indene
- cycloalkene for example, cyclohexene
- cycloalkadiene for example, (di) cyclopentadiene
- terpene for example, pinene and limonene
- Aromatic vinyl hydrocarbon Aromatic unsaturated compounds having 8 to 20 or more carbon atoms, such as styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, ethylstyrene, isopropylstyrene, butyl Styrene, phenyl styrene, cyclohexyl styrene, benzyl styrene
- (A35) Vinyl ester Aliphatic vinyl ester [C4-15, for example, alkenyl ester of aliphatic carboxylic acid (mono- or dicarboxylic acid) (for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, diallyl adipate, isopropenyl acetate, Vinyl methoxyacetate)]
- Aromatic vinyl esters [containing 9 to 20 carbon atoms, eg alkenyl esters of aromatic carboxylic acids (mono- or dicarboxylic acids) (eg vinyl benzoate, diallyl phthalate, methyl-4-vinyl benzoate), aromatic ring containing aliphatic carboxylic acid Ester (eg acetoxystyrene)]
- (A36) Vinyl ether Aliphatic vinyl ether [C3-15, such as vinylalkyl (C1-10) ether (vinyl methyl ether, vinyl butyl ether, vinyl 2-ethylhexyl ether, etc.), vinyl alkoxy (C1-6) Alkyl (1 to 4 carbon atoms) ether (vinyl-2-methoxyethyl ether, methoxybutadiene, 3,4-dihydro-1,2-pyran, 2-butoxy-2'-vinyloxydiethyl ether, vinyl-2-ethyl Mercaptoethyl ether, etc.), poly (2-4) (meth) allyloxyalkanes (2-6 carbon atoms) (diallyloxyethane, triaryloxyethane, tetraallyloxybutane, tetrametaallyloxyethane, etc.)] Aromatic vinyl ether (C8-20, such as vinyl phenyl ether, phenoxystyrene
- Vinyl ketone Aliphatic vinyl ketone (having 4 to 25 carbon atoms, such as vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl ethyl ketone) Aromatic vinyl ketone (C9-21, such as vinyl phenyl ketone)
- Unsaturated dicarboxylic acid diester Unsaturated dicarboxylic acid diester having 4 to 34 carbon atoms such as dialkyl fumarate (two alkyl groups are linear, branched or alicyclic groups having 1 to 22 carbon atoms) ), Dialkyl maleate (two alkyl groups are straight, branched or alicyclic groups having 1 to 22 carbon atoms)
- (a3) from the viewpoint of withstand voltage, (a31), (a32) and (a33) are preferred, and methyl (meth) acrylate and ethyl of (a31) are more preferred. (Meth) acrylate and butyl (meth) acrylate.
- (a1) is 0.1 to 80% by weight
- (a2) is 0.1 to 99.9% by weight
- (a3) is 0 to 99%. It is preferably 8% by weight.
- the content of the monomer is within the above range, the liquid absorptivity to the electrolytic solution is good. More preferable contents are 15 to 60% by weight of (a1), 5 to 60% by weight of (a2), and 5 to 80% by weight of (a3). Further more preferable contents are 25 to 60% of (a1). 50% by weight, (a2) is 15 to 45% by weight, and (a3) is 20 to 60% by weight.
- the preferable lower limit of the number average molecular weight of the polymer (A1) is 3,000, more preferably 50,000, still more preferably 100,000, particularly preferably 200,000, and the preferable upper limit is 2,000,000. It is preferably 1,500,000, more preferably 1,000,000, and particularly preferably 800,000.
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer (A1) can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (hereinafter abbreviated as GPC) measurement under the following conditions.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- Apparatus Alliance GPC V2000 (manufactured by Waters) Solvent: Orthodichlorobenzene Reference material: Polystyrene detector: RI Sample concentration: 3 mg / ml
- Column stationary phase PLgel 10 ⁇ m, MIXED-B 2 in series (manufactured by Polymer Laboratories) Column temperature: 135 ° C
- the solubility parameter (hereinafter abbreviated as SP value) of the polymer (A1) is preferably 9.0 to 20.0 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 .
- the SP value of the polymer (A1) is more preferably 10.0 to 18.0 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 , and 11.5 to 14.0 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 . More preferably.
- the SP value of the polymer (A1) is preferably 9.0 to 20.0 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 from the viewpoint of liquid absorption of the electrolytic solution.
- the SP value is calculated by the Fedors method.
- the SP value can be expressed by the following equation.
- SP value ( ⁇ ) ( ⁇ H / V) 1/2
- ⁇ H represents the heat of vaporization (cal)
- V represents the molar volume (cm 3 ).
- ⁇ H and V are the sum of the heat of molar evaporation ( ⁇ H) of the atomic group described in “POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, 1974, Vol. 14, No. 2, ROBERT F. FEDORS. (Pages 151 to 153)”.
- the total molar volume (V) can be used.
- the SP value is an index indicating that those having a close numerical value are easily mixed with each other (high compatibility), and those having a close numerical value are difficult to mix.
- the glass transition point of the polymer (A1) is preferably 80 to 200 ° C., more preferably 90, from the viewpoint of battery heat resistance. -180 ° C, more preferably 100-150 ° C.
- the polymer (A1) can be produced by a known polymerization method (bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc.).
- known polymerization initiators ⁇ azo initiators [2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionitrile), 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile, etc.)], peroxides System initiators (benzoyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, lauryl peroxide, etc.)) and the like ⁇ .
- the amount of the polymerization initiator used is preferably 0.01 to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 2% by weight, still more preferably 0.1 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the monomers. .
- Examples of the solvent used in the solution polymerization include esters (having 2 to 8 carbon atoms such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate), alcohols (having 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol and octanol), hydrocarbons (having carbon atoms). 4 to 8, such as n-butane, cyclohexane and toluene) and ketones (3 to 9, carbon atoms such as methyl ethyl ketone), and the amount used is usually 5 to 900%, preferably 10 to 400, based on the total weight of the monomers. %, More preferably 30 to 300% by weight, and the monomer concentration is usually 10 to 95% by weight, preferably 20 to 90% by weight, more preferably 30 to 80% by weight.
- Examples of the dispersion medium in emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization include water, alcohol (for example, ethanol), ester (for example, ethyl propionate), light naphtha and the like, and examples of the emulsifier include higher fatty acid (carbon number 10 to 24) metal salt.
- the emulsifier include higher fatty acid (carbon number 10 to 24) metal salt.
- sulfate metal salt for example, sodium lauryl sulfate
- ethoxylated tetramethyldecynediol sodium sulfoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminomethyl methacrylate, etc. Is mentioned.
- the monomer concentration of the solution or dispersion is usually 5 to 95% by weight, preferably 10 to 90% by weight, more preferably 15 to 85% by weight.
- the amount of the polymerization initiator used is usually based on the total weight of the monomers. 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 2% by weight.
- chain transfer agents such as mercapto compounds (such as dodecyl mercaptan and n-butyl mercaptan) and / or halogenated hydrocarbons (such as carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide and benzyl chloride) can be used.
- the amount used is usually 2% by weight or less, preferably 0.5% by weight or less, more preferably 0.3% by weight or less, based on the total weight of the monomers.
- the system temperature in the polymerization reaction is usually ⁇ 5 to 150 ° C., preferably 30 to 120 ° C., more preferably 50 to 110 ° C., and the reaction time is usually 0.1 to 50 hours, preferably 2 to 24 hours.
- the end point of the reaction can be confirmed when the amount of unreacted monomer is usually 5% by weight or less, preferably 1% by weight or less, more preferably 0.5% by weight or less of the total amount of monomers used.
- the polymer (A1) contained in the vinyl resin (A) is a crosslinked polymer obtained by crosslinking the polymer (A1) with a polyepoxy compound (a′1) and / or a polyol compound (a′2). Also good.
- the polymer (A1) is preferably crosslinked using a crosslinking agent (A ′) having a reactive functional group that reacts with active hydrogen such as a carboxyl group in the polymer (A1).
- a crosslinking agent (A ′) it is preferable to use a polyepoxy compound (a′1) and / or a polyol compound (a′2).
- polyepoxy compound (a′1) examples include those having an epoxy equivalent of 80 to 2,500, such as glycidyl ether [bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, pyrogallol triglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, propylene glycol.
- glycidyl ether bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, pyrogallol triglycidyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, propylene glycol.
- polyol compound (a′2) examples include low-molecular polyhydric alcohol ⁇ aliphatic or alicyclic diol having 2 to 20 carbon atoms [ethylene glycol (hereinafter abbreviated as EG), diethylene glycol (hereinafter abbreviated as DEG), propylene glycol] 1,3-butylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol (hereinafter abbreviated as 14BG), 1,6-hexanediol, 3-methylpentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,4-dihydroxy Cyclohexane, 1,4-bis (hydroxymethyl) cyclohexane, 2,2-bis (4,4'-hydroxycyclohexyl) propane, etc.]; aromatic ring-containing diol having 8 to 15 carbon atoms [m- or p-xylylene glycol 1,4-bis (hydroxyethyl) benzene, etc.]
- the use amount of the cross-linking agent (A ′) is preferably the equivalent ratio of the active hydrogen-containing group in the polymer (A1) and the reactive functional group in the cross-linking agent (A ′) from the viewpoint of absorbing the electrolyte. Is an amount of 1: 0.01 to 1: 2, more preferably 1: 0.02 to 1: 1.
- Examples of the method of crosslinking the polymer (A1) using the crosslinking agent (A ′) include a method in which the lithium ion battery active material is coated with a coating resin composed of the polymer (A1) and then crosslinked. Specifically, a lithium ion battery active material and a resin solution containing the polymer (A1) are mixed and removed to produce a coated active material in which the lithium ion battery active material is coated with a resin, and then a crosslinking agent.
- a method of coating a lithium ion battery active material with a cross-linked polymer by causing a solution containing (A ′) to be mixed with a coated active material and heating to cause solvent removal and a cross-linking reaction.
- the heating temperature is preferably 70 ° C. or higher when the polyepoxy compound (a′1) is used as a crosslinking agent, and is preferably 120 ° C. or higher when the polyol compound (a′2) is used.
- a urethane resin (B) having a liquid absorption rate of 10% or more when immersed in an electrolytic solution and a tensile elongation at break in a saturated liquid absorption state of 10% or more is preferable.
- Urethane resin (B) is a resin obtained by reacting active hydrogen component (b1) and isocyanate component (b2).
- the active hydrogen component (b1) preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of polyether diol, polycarbonate diol and polyester diol.
- Polyether diols include polyoxyethylene glycol (hereinafter abbreviated as PEG), polyoxyethyleneoxypropylene block copolymer diol, polyoxyethyleneoxytetramethylene block copolymer diol; ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol 1,6-hexamethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, bis (hydroxymethyl) cyclohexane, 4,4'-bis (2-hydroxyethoxy) -diphenylpropane and other low molecular glycol ethylene oxide adducts; number average molecular weight 2 PEG of 1,000 or less and dicarboxylic acid [aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 4 to 10 carbon atoms (for example, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, etc.), aromatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 15 carbon atoms (for example, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, etc.
- PEG polyoxyethylene glycol
- the content of the oxyethylene unit is preferably 20% by weight or more, more preferably 30% by weight or more, and further preferably 40% by weight or more.
- polyoxypropylene glycol polyoxytetramethylene glycol (hereinafter abbreviated as PTMG), polyoxypropyleneoxytetramethylene block copolymer diol, and the like.
- PTMG polyoxytetramethylene glycol
- PEG polyoxyethyleneoxypropylene block copolymer diol
- polyoxyethyleneoxytetramethylene block copolymer diol are preferred, and PEG is more preferred.
- only 1 type of polyether diol may be used, and 2 or more types of these mixtures may be used.
- polycarbonate diol examples include polyhexamethylene carbonate diol.
- polyester diol examples include condensed polyester diols obtained by reacting low-molecular diols and / or polyether diols having a number average molecular weight of 1,000 or less with one or more of the aforementioned dicarboxylic acids, and lactones having 4 to 12 carbon atoms. And polylactone diols obtained by ring-opening polymerization.
- the low molecular diol examples include low molecular glycols exemplified in the section of the polyether diol.
- polyether diol having a number average molecular weight of 1,000 or less include polyoxypropylene glycol and PTMG.
- lactone examples include ⁇ -caprolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
- polyester diol examples include polyethylene adipate diol, polybutylene adipate diol, polyneopentylene adipate diol, poly (3-methyl-1,5-pentylene adipate) diol, polyhexamethylene adipate diol, polycaprolactone diol. And mixtures of two or more thereof.
- the active hydrogen component (b1) may be a mixture of two or more of the polyether diol, polycarbonate diol and polyester diol.
- the active hydrogen component (b1) preferably contains a high molecular diol (b11) having a number average molecular weight of 2,500 to 15,000 as an essential component.
- the polymer diol (b11) include the polyether diol, polycarbonate diol, and polyester diol described above.
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer diol (b11) is more preferably from 3,000 to 12,500, and further preferably from 4,000 to 10,000.
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer diol (b11) can be calculated from the hydroxyl value of the polymer diol. The hydroxyl value can be measured according to the description of JIS K1557-1.
- the active hydrogen component (b1) has a polymer diol (b11) having a number average molecular weight of 2,500 to 15,000 as an essential component, and the solubility parameter (SP value) of the polymer diol (b11) is 8.0 to It is preferably 12.0 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 .
- the SP value of the polymer diol (b11) is more preferably 8.5 to 11.5 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 , and 9.0 to 11.0 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 . More preferably it is.
- the SP value of the polymer diol (b11) is preferably 8.0 to 12.0 (cal / cm 3 ) 1/2 from the viewpoint of absorption of the electrolyte solution of the urethane resin (B).
- the active hydrogen component (b1) has a polymer diol (b11) having a number average molecular weight of 2,500 to 15,000 as an essential component, and the content of the polymer diol (b11) is the weight of the urethane resin (B). From 20 to 80% by weight is preferable.
- the content of the polymer diol (b11) is more preferably 30 to 70% by weight, and further preferably 40 to 65% by weight.
- the content of the polymer diol (b11) is preferably 20 to 80% by weight from the viewpoint of the absorption of the electrolyte solution of the urethane resin (B).
- the active hydrogen component (b1) includes a polymer diol (b11) having a number average molecular weight of 2,500 to 15,000 and a chain extender (b13) as essential components.
- the chain extender (b13) include low molecular diols having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (eg, EG, propylene glycol, 14BG, DEG, 1,6-hexamethylene glycol); diamines [fatty acids having 2 to 6 carbon atoms] Group diamines (eg, ethylene diamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, etc.), alicyclic diamines having 6 to 15 carbon atoms (eg, isophorone diamine, 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, etc.), aromatic diamines having 6 to 15 carbon atoms (For example, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane and the like); monoalkanolamine (for example, monoethanolamine and the like); hydr
- low molecular diols are preferred, and EG, DEG and 14BG are more preferred.
- a combination of the polymer diol (b11) and the chain extender (b13) a combination of PEG as the polymer diol (b11) and EG as the chain extender (b13), or as a polymer diol (b11)
- a combination of polycarbonate diol and EG as a chain extender (b13) is preferred.
- the active hydrogen component (b1) includes a polymer diol (b11) having a number average molecular weight of 2,500 to 15,000, a diol (b12) other than the polymer diol (b11), and a chain extender (b13),
- the equivalent ratio [(b11) / (b12)] of (b11) and (b12) is 10/1 to 30/1, and the equivalent ratio of (b11) to the total equivalent of (b12) and (b13) ⁇ (B11) / [(b12) + (b13)] ⁇ is preferably 0.9 / 1 to 1.1 / 1.
- the equivalent ratio [(b11) / (b12)] of (b11) and (b12) is more preferably 13/1 to 25/1, and further preferably 15/1 to 20/1.
- the diol (b12) other than the polymer diol (b11) is a diol and is not included in the polymer diol (b11) described above, but is included in the low molecular diol having 2 to 10 carbon atoms of the chain extender (b13). If it does not have, it will not specifically limit, Specifically, the diol whose number average molecular weight is less than 2,500, and the diol whose number average molecular weight exceeds 15,000 are mentioned. Examples of the diol include the polyether diol, polycarbonate diol, and polyester diol described above.
- isocyanate component (b2) those conventionally used for polyurethane production can be used.
- isocyanates include aromatic diisocyanates having 6 to 20 carbon atoms (excluding carbon in the NCO group, the same shall apply hereinafter), aliphatic diisocyanates having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, alicyclic diisocyanates having 4 to 15 carbon atoms, Examples thereof include araliphatic diisocyanates having 8 to 15 carbon atoms, modified products of these diisocyanates (carbodiimide-modified products, urethane-modified products, uretdione-modified products, etc.) and mixtures of two or more of these.
- aromatic diisocyanate examples include 1,3- or 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate, 2,4- or 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4′- or 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (hereinafter referred to as “the aromatic diisocyanate”).
- Diphenylmethane diisocyanate is abbreviated as MDI), 4,4'-diisocyanatobiphenyl, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diisocyanatobiphenyl, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diisocyanate And natodiphenylmethane and 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate.
- aliphatic diisocyanate examples include ethylene diisocyanate, tetramethylene diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, dodecamethylene diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, 2,6-diisocyanatomethylcaproate, Examples thereof include bis (2-isocyanatoethyl) carbonate and 2-isocyanatoethyl-2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate.
- alicyclic diisocyanate examples include isophorone diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate, cyclohexylene diisocyanate, methylcyclohexylene diisocyanate, and bis (2-isocyanatoethyl) -4-cyclohexylene-1,2. -Dicarboxylate, 2,5- or 2,6-norbornane diisocyanate and the like.
- araliphatic diisocyanate examples include m- or p-xylylene diisocyanate, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ '-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, and the like.
- aromatic diisocyanates and alicyclic diisocyanates, more preferred are aromatic diisocyanates, and still more preferred is MDI.
- the equivalent ratio of (b2) / (b11) is preferably 10/1 to 30/1, more preferably 11/1. Is 28/1, more preferably 15/1 to 25/1.
- the ratio of the isocyanate component (b2) exceeds 30 equivalents, a hard film is formed.
- the equivalent ratio of (b2) / [(b11) + (b13)] is usually 0. 0.9 / 1 to 1.1 / 1, preferably 0.95 / 1 to 1.05 / 1. If it is outside this range, the urethane resin may not have a sufficiently high molecular weight.
- the number average molecular weight of the urethane resin (B) is preferably 40,000 to 500,000, more preferably 50,000 to 400,000, and further preferably 60,000 to 300,000.
- the number average molecular weight of the urethane resin (B) is less than 40,000, the strength of the coating is low, and when it exceeds 500,000, the solution viscosity increases and a uniform coating may not be obtained.
- the number average molecular weight of the urethane resin (B) is measured by GPC using dimethylformamide (hereinafter abbreviated as DMF) as a solvent and polyoxypropylene glycol as a standard substance.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- the sample concentration may be 0.25% by weight
- the column stationary phase may be TSKgel SuperH2000, TSKgel SuperH3000, TSKgel SuperH4000 (both manufactured by Tosoh Corporation), and the column temperature may be 40 ° C.
- the urethane resin (B) can be produced by reacting the active hydrogen component (b1) and the isocyanate component (b2).
- the polymer diol (b11) and the chain extender (b13) are used as the active hydrogen component (b1), and the isocyanate component (b2), the polymer diol (b11), and the chain extender (b13) are reacted simultaneously.
- examples thereof include a shot method and a prepolymer method in which the polymer diol (b11) and the isocyanate component (b2) are reacted first and then the chain extender (b13) is reacted continuously.
- the urethane resin (B) can be produced in the presence or absence of a solvent inert to the isocyanate group.
- Suitable solvents when used in the presence of a solvent include amide solvents [DMF, dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (hereinafter abbreviated as NMP), etc.], sulfoxide solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.), ketone solvents Solvents (methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, etc.), aromatic solvents (toluene, xylene, etc.), ether solvents (dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, etc.), ester solvents (ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc.) and mixtures of two or more of these Is mentioned.
- amide solvents, ketone solvents, aromatic solvents, and mixtures of two or more thereof are preferable.
- the reaction temperature may be the same as that normally used for the urethanization reaction, and is usually 20 to 100 ° C. when a solvent is used, and usually 20 to 220 ° C. when no solvent is used. .
- a catalyst usually used for polyurethane reaction for example, amine-based catalyst (triethylamine, triethylenediamine, etc.), tin-based catalyst (dibutyltin dilaurate, etc.)] can be used.
- a polymerization terminator eg, monohydric alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, etc.), monovalent amine (dimethylamine, dibutylamine, etc.), etc.
- a polymerization terminator eg, monohydric alcohol (ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, etc.), monovalent amine (dimethylamine, dibutylamine, etc.), etc.
- Production of the urethane resin (B) can be carried out with a production apparatus usually employed in the industry. When no solvent is used, a manufacturing apparatus such as a kneader or an extruder can be used.
- the urethane resin (B) thus produced has a solution viscosity of usually 1 to 1,000,000 mPa ⁇ s / 20 ° C. measured as a 30 wt% (solid content) DMF solution, and is practically preferable. It is 1,500 to 500,000 mPa ⁇ s / 20 ° C., and 5,000 to 100,000 mPa ⁇ s / 20 ° C. is more preferable for practical use.
- the conductive additive is selected from materials having conductivity. Specifically, metals [aluminum, stainless steel (SUS), silver, gold, copper, titanium, etc.], carbon [graphite and carbon black (acetylene black, ketjen black, furnace black, channel black, thermal lamp black, etc.), etc. , And mixtures thereof, but are not limited thereto. These conductive assistants may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, these alloys or metal oxides may be used. From the viewpoint of electrical stability, aluminum, stainless steel, carbon, silver, gold, copper, titanium and mixtures thereof are preferred, silver, gold, aluminum, stainless steel and carbon are more preferred, and carbon is more preferred. is there. Moreover, as these conductive support agents, the thing which coated the electroconductive material (metal thing among the materials of the above-mentioned conductive support agent) by plating etc. around the particle-type ceramic material or the resin material may be used.
- the shape (form) of the conductive auxiliary agent is not limited to the particle form, and may be a form other than the particle form, or may be a form put into practical use as a so-called filler-based conductive resin composition such as a carbon nanotube. Good.
- the average particle diameter of the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.02 to 5 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of the electric characteristics of the battery, and 0 More preferably, it is 0.03 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the “particle diameter” means the maximum distance L among the distances between any two points on the contour line of the conductive additive.
- the value of “average particle size” is the average value of the particle size of particles observed in several to several tens of fields using an observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The calculated value shall be adopted.
- the conductivity of the coating agent is preferably 0.001 to 10 mS / cm, and more preferably 0.01 to 5 mS / cm.
- the conductivity of the coating can be determined by the four probe method. When the electrical conductivity of the coating material is 0.001 mS / cm or more, the electronic resistance to the active material is not high, and charge / discharge is possible.
- the coating agent preferably contains a coating resin and a conductive auxiliary agent, but may be a conductive coating agent.
- the conductive coating agent include a metal film.
- the method for forming the metal film include metal plating, vapor deposition, and sputtering.
- the method for producing a coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery according to the present invention includes a step of preparing a coated negative electrode active material in which at least a part of the surface of a particulate lithium ion battery negative electrode active material is coated with a coating agent; It includes a step of mixing the coated negative electrode active material and a dispersion medium to obtain a raw material slurry, and a step of doping lithium and / or lithium ions into the coated negative electrode active material in the raw material slurry.
- a coated negative electrode active material in which at least a part of the surface of a particulate lithium ion battery negative electrode active material is coated with a coating agent is prepared.
- the coated negative electrode active material is prepared by, for example, dropping and mixing a resin solution containing a coating resin over 1 to 90 minutes in a state where particles of a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery are placed in a universal mixer and stirred at 30 to 500 rpm. Further, if necessary, a conductive additive is mixed, the temperature is raised to 50 to 200 ° C. with stirring, the pressure is reduced to 0.007 to 0.04 MPa, and the mixture is held for 10 to 150 minutes.
- the type of coating agent (coating resin, conductive additive), and the like are as described in the covering active material for a lithium ion battery of the present invention, detailed description thereof is omitted. .
- the coated negative electrode active material and the dispersion medium are mixed to obtain a raw material slurry. If necessary, a conductive aid may be added.
- the conductive auxiliary agent the same conductive auxiliary agent contained in the coating agent can be used. At this time, the particulate coated negative electrode active material is dispersed in the dispersion medium in a state where lithium and / or lithium ions are not doped.
- the particulate coated negative electrode active material is preferably dispersed at a concentration of 30 to 90% by weight, more preferably 50 to 80% by weight, based on the weight of the dispersion medium. .
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method using a mixer such as a stirring type, a shaking type, and a rotary type. Moreover, the method using dispersion
- the dispersion medium contained in the raw material slurry examples include an electrolytic solution and a non-aqueous solvent.
- electrolyte solution is preferable. That is, the raw material slurry is preferably an electrolytic solution slurry containing a particulate coated negative electrode active material and an electrolytic solution.
- the electrolytic solution it is possible to use an electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte and a non-aqueous solvent used in the manufacture of a lithium ion battery.
- lithium salts of inorganic acids such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 and LiClO 4 , LiN
- lithium salts of organic acids such as (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2, and LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 .
- preferred from the viewpoints of cell output and charge-discharge cycle characteristics is LiPF 6.
- nonaqueous solvent contained in the electrolytic solution those used in ordinary electrolytic solutions can be used, for example, lactone compounds, cyclic or chain carbonates, chain carboxylates, cyclic or chain ethers. , Phosphate esters, nitrile compounds, amide compounds, sulfones, sulfolanes, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
- a non-aqueous solvent may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- lactone compounds, cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates and phosphates are preferred from the viewpoint of battery output and charge / discharge cycle characteristics, and more preferred are lactone compounds, cyclic carbonates and chains.
- a carbonic acid ester is more preferable, and a mixed liquid of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate is more preferable.
- Particularly preferred is a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC).
- the non-aqueous solvent used as the dispersion medium contained in the raw slurry can be the same as the non-aqueous solvent contained in the electrolytic solution.
- Non-aqueous solvents include N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, diethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and the like.
- the coated negative electrode active material in the raw slurry is doped with lithium and / or lithium ions.
- the method for doping lithium and / or lithium ions is not particularly limited.
- a preliminary charging negative electrode is prepared using a raw slurry, and a preliminary charging battery including a preliminary charging negative electrode and a preliminary charging positive electrode is manufactured.
- a method of precharging the battery for precharging a method of doping a coated negative electrode active material in a raw slurry with a lithium source and / or a lithium ion source, and the like can be mentioned.
- an example of a method for pre-charging the pre-charging battery will be described in the following (3-1) to (3-3).
- a raw material slurry is applied on a film, and the coated negative electrode active material is fixed on the film by applying pressure or reduced pressure.
- a method for producing a negative electrode for precharging As an example of a method for producing a precharge negative electrode, a raw material slurry is applied on a film, and the coated negative electrode active material is fixed on the film by applying pressure or reduced pressure. And a method for producing a negative electrode for precharging.
- FIG. 1A schematically shows a state in which a raw material slurry is applied on a film, and a raw material containing a coated negative electrode active material 20 in which negative electrode active material particles 24 are coated with a coating agent 25 on a film 470.
- a slurry is applied.
- the raw material slurry contains a conductive auxiliary agent 26.
- the coating agent 25 may also contain a conductive auxiliary agent 26.
- As the membrane those capable of separating the coated negative electrode active material and the dispersion medium in subsequent pressurization or reduced pressure are preferable.
- the film is made of a highly conductive material (conductive material) because the film can be used instead of the current collector, and even if the current collector is in contact with the film, the conductivity is not hindered.
- a material having an electric conductivity of 100 mS / cm or more can be preferably used.
- materials having such characteristics include filter papers, metal meshes and the like in which conductive fibers such as carbon fibers are blended.
- a metal mesh it is preferable to use a stainless steel mesh, for example, a SUS316 twilled woven wire mesh (manufactured by Sunnet Kogyo) and the like.
- the mesh opening of the metal mesh is preferably set so that the active material particles and the conductive member do not pass through, for example, a 2300 mesh mesh is preferably used.
- the raw material slurry can be applied onto the film using an arbitrary coating apparatus such as a bar coater or a brush.
- the coated negative electrode active material is fixed on the film by applying pressure or reduced pressure.
- a method of the pressurizing operation a method of pressing using a press machine from above the coating surface of the raw slurry can be mentioned.
- a method of decompression operation a method of applying a filter paper, a mesh or the like to the surface on which the raw material slurry is not applied to the membrane and sucking with a vacuum pump can be mentioned.
- the dispersion medium is removed from the raw slurry by pressurization or decompression, and the negative electrode active material is fixed on the film.
- FIG. 1B shows a precharging negative electrode 210 in which the coated negative electrode active material 20 is fixed on the film 470.
- the film when the film is made of a conductive material, the film can be used as a current collector, or the current collector and the film can be brought into contact with each other to function as a single current collector. Further, when the film is a material that does not have conductivity, the film may be disposed on the separator side.
- the membrane may be a separator. Examples of the film made of a material having no conductivity include an aramid separator (manufactured by Japan Vilene Co., Ltd.).
- the membrane is a membrane that allows the electrolytic solution to permeate without passing through the coated negative electrode active material, and the electrolytic solution may be removed by passing through the membrane under pressure or reduced pressure.
- This step is a step in which the pressure difference is further increased to improve the density of the negative electrode active material, compared to the pressurization or pressure reduction step described above.
- the pressing step includes both an aspect in which pressurization is performed after the pressure reduction process and an aspect in which the pressure to be pressurized after the pressurization process is further increased.
- the film is made of a conductive material and a film is used instead of the current collector, it is preferable to transfer the main surface on the side opposite to the film in contact with the main surface of the separator. Moreover, when not using a film
- Preparation of the negative electrode for precharging can also be performed by the following method. That is, a step of applying a raw material slurry on a current collector to form a slurry layer on the current collector; Placing the separator on the slurry layer, absorbing liquid from the upper surface side of the separator, and fixing the coated negative electrode active material between the current collector and the separator. It is.
- 2 (a), 2 (b) and 2 (c) are process diagrams schematically showing a process of fixing the coated negative electrode active material between the current collector and the separator.
- a slurry containing a coated negative electrode active material is applied on a current collector to form a slurry layer.
- the current collector include aluminum, copper, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel, baked carbon, conductive polymer, and conductive glass.
- the slurry the same slurry as the raw material slurry described in (2) above can be used.
- a conductive fiber as a conductive member may be further added to the slurry to disperse the conductive fiber in the slurry.
- the slurry is preferably an electrolyte slurry containing an electrolyte.
- the electrolytic solution the same electrolyte solution slurry as described above can be used.
- the slurry may be a solvent slurry containing a solvent.
- FIG. 2A schematically shows a state in which the slurry layer 225 is formed by applying the slurry onto the current collector 50, and the negative electrode active material particles 24 are coated with the coating agent 25 on the current collector 50.
- a slurry containing the coated negative electrode active material 20 is applied, and a slurry layer 225 is formed.
- the periphery of the negative electrode active material particles 24 is coated with a coating agent 25 to form a coated negative electrode active material 20, and the slurry includes a conductive auxiliary agent 26.
- the coating agent 25 may also contain a conductive auxiliary agent 26.
- a separator is placed on the slurry layer, and liquid is absorbed from the upper surface side of the separator to fix the coated negative electrode active material between the current collector and the separator.
- the separator 30 is placed on the slurry layer 225. Then, liquid is absorbed from the upper surface side of the separator 30.
- an aramid separator manufactured by Japan Vilene Co., Ltd.
- a polyethylene a microporous film made of a polypropylene film, a multilayer film of a porous polyethylene film and polypropylene, a polyester fiber, an aramid fiber, a non-woven fabric made of glass fiber, and the like, and Those having ceramic fine particles such as silica, alumina and titania attached to the surface thereof can be mentioned.
- the liquid absorption may be performed by sucking the liquid that has been pressed from the upper surface side or the lower surface side of the separator and leached out from the upper surface of the separator, or by sucking the liquid by reducing the pressure from the upper surface side of the separator. May be performed.
- liquid absorption from the upper surface side of the separator may be performed by placing a liquid absorbing material on the upper surface of the separator.
- a liquid-absorbing cloth such as towel, paper, liquid-absorbing resin, or the like can be used.
- the electrolytic solution or the solvent is removed from the slurry by the liquid absorption, and the coated negative electrode active material is fixed between the current collector and the separator, and the shape is maintained so loose that it does not flow.
- the method of pressurization is not particularly limited, it can be carried out by various methods. For example, a method using a known press machine and a method of applying pressure by placing a heavy object or the like as a weight may be mentioned, and the pressurization may be performed while vibrating with an ultrasonic vibrator or the like. Pressure when pressurized from the upper side or the lower side of the separator is preferably 0.8 ⁇ 41kg / cm 2, more preferably 0.9 ⁇ 10kg / cm 2. When the pressure is within this range, it is preferable because the capacity of the battery can be increased.
- FIG. 2C shows a precharging negative electrode 220 in which the coated negative electrode active material 20 is fixed between the current collector 50 and the separator 30.
- the first main surface 221 of the preliminary charging negative electrode is in contact with the separator 30, and the second main surface 222 of the preliminary charging negative electrode is in contact with the current collector 50.
- the electrode is produced in a state where the electrode is sandwiched between a separator and a current collector. Therefore, it is not necessary to separately perform a step of disposing a separator and a current collector on both sides of the electrode, and this is preferable because the number of electrodes in a preferable form as a bipolar electrode can be obtained with a small number of steps.
- a preliminary charging battery including a preliminary charging negative electrode and a preliminary charging positive electrode is manufactured.
- a preliminary charging battery can be obtained by combining a negative electrode for preliminary charging with a positive electrode for preliminary charging that serves as a counter electrode, storing the separator together with a separator in a cell container, injecting an electrolyte, and sealing the cell container.
- a positive electrode for precharging is formed on one surface of the current collector, a negative electrode for precharging is formed on the other surface to produce a bipolar electrode, and the bipolar electrode is laminated with a separator to form a cell container.
- a battery for preliminary charging can also be obtained by storing, injecting an electrolyte, and sealing the cell container.
- a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material and a metal lithium electrode can be used.
- the positive electrode active material is expensive, it is preferable to use a metal lithium electrode.
- the positive electrode having a positive electrode active material can be produced by applying a positive electrode active material to a current collector using a binder (binder) and drying it.
- the positive electrode active material include a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal (for example, LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2, and LiMn 2 O 4 ), a phosphate of lithium and a transition metal (for example, LiFePO 4 ), and the like. .
- binder examples include high molecular compounds such as starch, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
- current collector examples include copper, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel, baked carbon, conductive polymer, and conductive glass.
- separators polyethylene, a microporous film made of polypropylene film, a multilayer film of porous polyethylene film and polypropylene, non-woven fabric made of polyester fiber, aramid fiber, glass fiber, etc., and silica, alumina, titania etc. on their surface And those having ceramic fine particles attached thereto.
- the above-described electrolytic solution can be used as the electrolytic solution contained in the raw slurry.
- a method of doping a coated negative electrode active material in a raw material slurry by bringing a lithium source and / or a lithium ion source into contact therewith a method of kneading and mixing the coated negative electrode active material and lithium metal can be mentioned.
- a solvent used in a normal electrolyte solution can be used as the solvent.
- a lactone compound, a cyclic or chain carbonate, a chain carboxyl Acid esters, cyclic or chain ethers, phosphate esters, nitrile compounds, amide compounds, sulfones, sulfolanes, and the like and mixtures thereof can be used.
- a non-aqueous solvent may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- a mortar or the like can be experimentally used, and a roll kneader, a planetary mixer, a self-revolving mixer, or the like can be used for production.
- a kneading mixer such as a ball mill using a ball, a planetary ball mill, a bead mill or the like, or a revolving mixer and knead and mix them.
- At least a part of the surface of the negative electrode active material for particulate lithium ion battery is coated with a coating agent to produce a coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion battery doped with lithium and / or lithium ions. be able to.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery is produced using the manufactured coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery, it is necessary to disassemble the precharge battery.
- a slurry for a lithium ion battery containing a dispersion medium is obtained.
- Such a slurry for a lithium ion battery is also one aspect of the present invention.
- the slurry for a lithium ion battery of the present invention may contain a conductive additive in addition to the above-described coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery and a dispersion medium.
- a conductive additive in addition to the above-described coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery and a dispersion medium.
- the conductive auxiliary agent the same conductive auxiliary agent as that contained in the coating agent can be used.
- the above-mentioned coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries is preferably contained in an amount of 25 to 80% by weight, preferably 40 to 65% by weight, based on the total weight of the lithium ion battery slurry. More preferably it is included.
- the dispersion medium is preferably contained in an amount of 20 to 75% by weight, preferably 35 to 60% by weight, based on the total weight of the lithium ion battery slurry. Is more preferable.
- the negative electrode for lithium ion batteries of the present invention has the above-described coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries of the present invention.
- the method for producing the negative electrode for a lithium ion battery of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the coated negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery of the present invention is manufactured by the above-described method, and the coated negative electrode active material can be applied to a current collector using a binder and dried. Under the present circumstances, it is preferable to take out the covering negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries on the conditions which moisture does not exist (for example, in a glove box).
- the binder and the current collector the same ones as used when preparing the positive electrode for precharging can be used.
- backup charge can also be used as a negative electrode for lithium ion batteries of this invention. Further, after disassembling the preliminary charging battery and removing the preliminary charging negative electrode, a dispersion medium is added to the slurry fixed on the preliminary charging negative electrode to form a slurry again.
- the negative electrode for lithium ion batteries of the present invention can also be produced.
- the separator is further placed and pressurized or depressurized to apply the negative electrode active material for a lithium ion battery to the membrane or the current collector.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion battery of the present invention can be produced.
- the type of dispersion medium and membrane used, the method of pressurizing / depressurizing operation, and the like are the same as in the case of preparing the negative electrode for precharging, and thus detailed description thereof is omitted.
- the lithium ion battery of the present invention is characterized by using the above-described negative electrode for a lithium ion battery of the present invention.
- the method for producing the lithium ion battery of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the lithium ion battery negative electrode and the lithium ion battery positive electrode of the present invention are combined and stored in a cell container together with a separator, and an electrolyte is injected. It can be obtained by sealing the cell container.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery according to the present invention is formed on one surface of the current collector, and a positive electrode for a lithium ion battery is formed on the other surface to produce a bipolar electrode, and the bipolar electrode is laminated with a separator. It can also be obtained by storing in a cell container, injecting an electrolyte, and sealing the cell container.
- a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material can be used as the positive electrode for a lithium ion battery.
- a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material can be produced by applying a positive electrode active material to a current collector using a binder and drying it.
- the positive electrode active material composite oxides of lithium and transition metals (for example, LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 ), phosphates of lithium and transition metals (for example, LiFePO 4 ), transition metal oxidations Products (eg MnO 2 and V 2 O 5 ), transition metal sulfides (eg MoS 2 and TiS 2 ) and conductive polymers (eg polyaniline, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, poly-p-phenylene and poly Carbazole) and the like.
- the binder and the current collector the same ones as used when preparing the positive electrode for precharging can be
- the same separators and electrolytes used for preparing the precharge battery can be used.
- the lithium ion battery of the present invention can be used as a lithium ion secondary battery. Since the lithium ion battery of this invention is equipped with the negative electrode which has the lithium ion contained in the slurry for lithium ion batteries of this invention, it can make an irreversible capacity
- the irreversible capacity is preferably 0.1 to 50 mAh / g, more preferably 0.5 to 35 mAh / g.
- the irreversible capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery can be obtained by charging / discharging by the method described in the Examples, and subtracting the discharge capacity from the charge capacity of the first charge / discharge cycle.
- capacitance is an irreversible capacity
- Example 1 [Preparation of coating resin solution] A four-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, reflux condenser, dropping funnel and nitrogen gas inlet tube was charged with 83 parts of ethyl acetate and 17 parts of methanol, and the temperature was raised to 68 ° C.
- an initiator solution prepared by dissolving 0.583 parts of 2,2′-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) in 26 parts of ethyl acetate was continuously added using a dropping funnel over 2 hours. Furthermore, the polymerization was continued for 4 hours at the boiling point. After removing the solvent to obtain 582 parts of resin, 1,360 parts of isopropanol was added to obtain a coating resin solution AS containing the coating resin A at a resin solid content concentration of 30% by weight.
- coated negative electrode active material particles 90 parts by weight of non-graphitizable carbon [Carbotron (registered trademark) PS (F) manufactured by Kureha Battery Materials Japan Co., Ltd.] is placed in a universal mixer and stirred at room temperature at 150 rpm for the above coating
- the resin solution AS (resin solid content concentration: 30% by weight) was dropped and mixed over 60 minutes so as to be 5 parts by weight as the resin solid content, and further stirred for 30 minutes.
- 5 parts by weight of acetylene black [Denka Black (registered trademark) manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.] was mixed in three portions with stirring, and the mixture was heated to 70 ° C. with stirring for 30 minutes. The pressure was reduced to 01 MPa and held for 30 minutes.
- coated negative electrode active material particles PA were obtained.
- LiPF 6 was dissolved at a rate of 1 mol / L in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (volume ratio 1: 1) to prepare an electrolytic solution for a lithium ion battery.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- the coating resin solution AS made of the vinyl resin was dried at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and then the weight was measured.
- the obtained dry film was immersed in the above electrolytic solution at 50 ° C. for 3 days. Thereafter, the coating film was taken out, and the electrolyte attached to the surface was gently wiped with gauze, and the weight was measured. From the weight change before and after the immersion, the liquid absorption rate of the coating resin A was 20%.
- coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion battery By mixing 100 parts by weight of coated negative electrode active material particles PA as negative electrode active material particles with the above electrolytic solution so that the content with respect to the electrolytic solution becomes 55% by weight and stirring with a planetary mixer, the raw material slurry 1 was made.
- a coated negative electrode active material Particle PA was fixed on an aramid separator to prepare a negative electrode 1 for precharging.
- the prepared preliminary charging negative electrode 1 was punched out to 15 mm in diameter, and arranged at both ends in the 2032 type coin cell together with the positive charging positive electrode made of 15 mm diameter Li metal.
- a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used, and an aramid separator as a negative electrode for precharging was disposed on the separator side (positive electrode side).
- Two separators (Celguard 3501) were inserted between the electrodes to prepare a precharging cell.
- the electrolyte solution was injected and sealed in the cell, and a precharge battery 1 was produced.
- CC-CV charging was performed at a current of 0.1 C and a lower limit potential of 0 V, and after a pause of 10 minutes, a current of 0.1 C and an upper limit potential of Pre-charging was performed by CC discharge at 1.5V.
- the preliminary charging battery 1 was disassembled and the preliminary charging positive electrode and separator were removed. On the aramid separator, a paste-like slurry containing the coated negative electrode active material HCA for lithium ion batteries in which lithium and / or lithium ions were doped into the coated negative electrode active material particles PA and the electrolytic solution was adhered.
- the coated negative electrode active material HCA for lithium ion batteries doped with lithium and / or lithium ions was obtained.
- volume average particle diameter (particle diameter at a volume value of 50%; Dv50) of the obtained coated negative electrode active material HCA for lithium ion batteries was measured using a microtrack (Nikkiso Co., Ltd. 9320-X100), It was 12 ⁇ m.
- CC-CV charging was performed at a current of 0.1 C and an upper limit potential of 4.0 V, and after a pause of 10 minutes, a current of 0.1 C was obtained.
- CC discharge was performed at the lower limit potential of 1.5V.
- the charge capacity after charging (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) and the discharge capacity after discharge (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) were measured, and the irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was determined by subtracting the discharge capacity from the charge capacity. From this irreversible capacity, the irreversible capacity (mAh / g) per weight of the active material was determined.
- Example 2 [Production of coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion battery]
- 100 parts by weight of coated negative electrode active material particles PA as negative electrode active material particles were mixed with the above electrolytic solution so that the content with respect to the electrolytic solution was 55% by weight, and stirred with a planetary mixer. Thereby, the raw material slurry 2 was produced.
- An aramid separator (manufactured by Nippon Vilene Co., Ltd.) is prepared as a membrane, and the raw slurry 2 is applied to the aramid separator, suction filtered (reduced pressure), and pressurized at a pressure of 1.5 kg / cm 2 , thereby covering a negative electrode active material Particle PA was fixed on an aramid separator to prepare a negative electrode 2 for precharging.
- the prepared negative electrode for preliminary charging 2 was punched out to 15 mm in diameter, and arranged at both ends in the 2032 type coin cell together with the positive electrode for preliminary charging made of Li metal having a diameter of 15 mm.
- a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used, and the aramid separator of the negative electrode 2 for precharging was disposed on the separator side (positive electrode side).
- Two separators (Celguard 3501) were inserted between the electrodes to prepare a precharging cell.
- the electrolyte solution was injected and sealed in the cell, and a precharge battery 2 was produced.
- CC-CV charging was performed at a current of 0.1 C and a lower limit potential of 0 V, and after a pause of 10 minutes, a current of 0.1 C and an upper limit potential of Pre-charging was performed by CC discharge at 1.5V.
- the preliminary charging battery 2 was disassembled and the preliminary charging positive electrode and separator were removed. On the aramid separator, a paste-like slurry containing the coated negative electrode active material HCA for lithium ion batteries in which lithium and / or lithium ions were doped into the coated negative electrode active material particles PA and the electrolytic solution was adhered.
- the produced negative electrode for a lithium ion battery was disposed at both ends in a 2032 type coin cell together with a positive electrode for a lithium ion battery punched to 15 mm.
- a 20 ⁇ m thick copper foil was used, and an aramid separator was disposed on the separator side (positive electrode side).
- Two separators (Celguard 3501) were inserted between the electrodes to produce an irreversible capacity evaluation cell. The cell was injected and sealed with the above electrolytic solution, and a battery for irreversible capacity evaluation was produced.
- CC-CV charging was performed at a current of 0.1 C and an upper limit potential of 4.0 V, and after a pause of 10 minutes, a current of 0.1 C was obtained.
- CC discharge was performed at the lower limit potential of 1.5V.
- the charge capacity after charging (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) and the discharge capacity after discharge (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) were measured, and the irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was determined by subtracting the discharge capacity from the charge capacity. From this irreversible capacity, the irreversible capacity (mAh / g) per weight of the active material was determined.
- Example 3 [Preparation of coated negative electrode active material particles] Coating was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the coating resin solution AS was changed to a coating resin solution BS (resin solid content concentration of 30% by weight) containing sodium alginate (coating resin B) as a coating resin. Negative electrode active material particles PB were obtained. In addition, the liquid absorption rate of the used sodium alginate (coating resin B) was 4%, and the tensile elongation at break was 3%.
- a raw material slurry 3 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the coated negative electrode active material particles PA were changed to the coated negative electrode active material particles PB.
- An aramid separator (manufactured by Nippon Vilene Co., Ltd.) is prepared as a membrane, and the raw slurry 3 is applied to the aramid separator, suction filtered (reduced pressure), and pressurized at a pressure of 1.5 kg / cm 2 , thereby covering a negative electrode active material Particle PB was fixed on an aramid separator to prepare a negative electrode 3 for precharging.
- the prepared preliminary charging negative electrode 3 was punched out to 15 mm in diameter, and arranged at both ends in the 2032 type coin cell together with the positive charging positive electrode made of 15 mm diameter Li metal.
- a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used, and the aramid separator of the negative electrode 3 for precharging was disposed on the separator side (positive electrode side).
- Two separators (Celguard 3501) were inserted between the electrodes to prepare a precharging cell.
- the electrolyte solution was injected and sealed in the cell, and a precharge battery 3 was produced.
- CC-CV charging was performed at a current of 0.1 C and a lower limit potential of 0 V, and after a pause of 10 minutes, a current of 0.1 C and an upper limit potential of Pre-charging was performed by CC discharge at 1.5V.
- the preliminary charging battery 3 was disassembled and the preliminary charging positive electrode and separator were removed.
- a paste-like slurry containing a coated negative electrode active material HCB for a lithium ion battery in which lithium and / or lithium ions were doped on the coated negative electrode active material particles PB and an electrolytic solution was adhered.
- the produced negative electrode for a lithium ion battery was disposed at both ends in a 2032 type coin cell together with a positive electrode for a lithium ion battery punched to 15 mm.
- a 20 ⁇ m thick copper foil was used, and an aramid separator was disposed on the separator side (positive electrode side).
- Two separators (Celguard 3501) were inserted between the electrodes to produce an irreversible capacity evaluation cell. The cell was injected and sealed with the above electrolytic solution, and a battery for irreversible capacity evaluation was produced.
- CC-CV charging was performed at a current of 0.1 C and an upper limit potential of 4.0 V, and after a pause of 10 minutes, a current of 0.1 C was obtained.
- CC discharge was performed at the lower limit potential of 1.5V.
- the charge capacity after charging (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) and the discharge capacity after discharge (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) were measured, and the irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was determined by subtracting the discharge capacity from the charge capacity. From this irreversible capacity, the irreversible capacity (mAh / g) per weight of the active material was determined.
- Non-graphitizable carbon as negative electrode active material particles [Carbotron (registered trademark) PS (F)] manufactured by Kureha Battery Materials Japan Co., Ltd., acetylene black [Denka Black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.] (Registered Trademark) 5 parts by weight was mixed with an N-methylpyrrolidone (hereinafter referred to as NMP) solution containing 5 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich) to prepare a solvent slurry 1 ′.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the solvent slurry 1 ′ was applied on one side of a 20 ⁇ m thick copper foil using a coater in argon and dried at 100 ° C. for 15 minutes to produce a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery. From the weight change before and after drying, the basis weight was 6.0 mg / cm 2 . Thereafter, a battery for evaluating irreversible capacity was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and the irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was determined by performing charge / discharge under the same conditions as in Example 1, and the irreversible capacity per weight of the active material ( mAh / g) was determined.
- a solvent slurry 2 ′ was prepared by mixing with an N-methylpyrrolidone (hereinafter referred to as NMP) solution.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the basis weight was 6.0 mg / cm 2 .
- a battery for evaluating irreversible capacity was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and the irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was determined by performing charge / discharge under the same conditions as in Example 1, and the irreversible capacity per weight of the active material ( mAh / g) was determined.
- ⁇ Comparative Example 3> Using the negative electrode for lithium ion batteries prepared in Comparative Example 1 as a negative electrode for preliminary charging, a preliminary charging battery was prepared and precharged in the same manner as in Example 1. Similarly to Example 1, the battery for precharging was disassembled, and a slurry containing negative electrode active material particles doped with lithium and / or lithium ions was taken out, and a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery was produced using this slurry. did.
- An irreversible capacity evaluation battery was prepared using the prepared negative electrode for a lithium ion battery, and the irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was determined by charging and discharging under the same conditions as in Example 1, and the irreversible capacity per weight of the active material. (MAh / g) was determined.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery was produced by suction filtration (reduced pressure) on an aramid separator in the same manner as in Example 2 using 100 parts by weight of coated negative electrode active material particles PA as negative electrode active material particles. From the weight change before and after drying, the basis weight was 6.0 mg / cm 2 . Thereafter, a battery for evaluating irreversible capacity was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, and the irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was obtained by charging and discharging under the same conditions as in Example 2, and the irreversible capacity per weight of the active material ( mAh / g) was determined.
- ⁇ Comparative Example 6> Using the negative electrode for lithium ion batteries prepared in Comparative Example 5 as a negative electrode for preliminary charging, a preliminary charging battery was prepared and precharged in the same manner as in Example 2. Similarly to Example 2, the battery for precharging was disassembled, and a slurry containing negative electrode active material particles doped with lithium and / or lithium ions was taken out, and a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery was produced using this slurry. did. A battery for evaluation of irreversible capacity was prepared using the prepared negative electrode for lithium ion battery, and irreversible capacity (mAh / ⁇ 15 mm) was obtained by charging and discharging under the same conditions as in Example 2, and irreversible capacity per weight of active material. (MAh / g) was determined.
- the irreversible capacity should be made relatively small by pre-charging. However, it can be seen that charging takes time (input characteristics are poor).
- the coated negative electrode active material for lithium ion batteries of the present invention is particularly useful as a negative electrode active material for bipolar secondary batteries and lithium ion secondary batteries used for mobile phones, personal computers and hybrid vehicles, and electric vehicles. It is.
- Coated negative electrode active material 20 Negative electrode active material particles 24 Coating agent 25 Conductive aid 26 Separator 30
- Current collector 50 Precharge negative electrode 210 First main surface 221 of negative electrode for precharging Second main surface of negative electrode for precharging 222 Slurry layer 225 Membrane 470
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Abstract
Description
なお、本明細書において、リチウムイオン電池と記載する場合、リチウムイオン二次電池も含む概念とする。
本発明のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質は、粒子状のリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部が被覆剤で被覆され、リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンがドープされてなることを特徴とする。
具体的には、被覆負極活物質が、電気化学的処理によりリチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンがドープされている。
リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンは、金属リチウム及び/又は正極活物質からドープされていることが好ましく、金属リチウムからドープされていることがより好ましい。
例えば、製品であるリチウムイオン電池を作製する前に、被覆負極活物質を有する負極と金属リチウム極とを用いて予備充電用電池を作製し、予備充電用電池に対して予備充電を行うことによって、被覆負極活物質にリチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンをドープすることができる。また、製品であるリチウムイオン電池を作製する前に、被覆負極活物質を有する負極と正極活物質を有する正極とを用いて予備充電用電池を作製し、予備充電用電池に対して予備充電を行うことによっても、被覆負極活物質にリチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンをドープすることができる。
また、本発明のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質は、リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンがドープされているものであるが、リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンは、少なくとも活物質にドープされてなることが好ましい。
吸液率(%)=[(電解液浸漬後の被覆用樹脂の重量-電解液浸漬前の被覆用樹脂の重量)/電解液浸漬前の被覆用樹脂の重量]×100
吸液率を求めるための電解液としては、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)を体積割合でEC:DEC=3:7で混合した混合溶媒に、電解質としてLiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解した電解液を用いる。
吸液率を求める際の電解液への浸漬は、50℃、3日間行う。50℃、3日間の浸漬を行うことにより被覆用樹脂が飽和吸液状態となる。なお、飽和吸液状態とは、それ以上電解液に浸漬しても被覆用樹脂の重量が増えない状態をいう。
なお、リチウムイオン電池を製造する際に使用する電解液は、上記電解液に限定されるものではなく、他の電解液を使用してもよい。
吸液率は20%以上であることが好ましく、30%以上であることがより好ましい。
また、吸液率の好ましい上限値としては、400%であり、より好ましい上限値としては300%である。
上記方法で測定されるリチウムイオンの伝導性は、1.0~10.0mS/cmであることが好ましく、上記範囲であればリチウムイオン電池としての性能が充分に発揮される。
引張破断伸び率(%)=[(破断時試験片長さ-試験前試験片長さ)/試験前試験片長さ]×100
引張破断伸び率は20%以上であることが好ましく、30%以上であることがより好ましい。
また、引張破断伸び率の好ましい上限値としては、400%であり、より好ましい上限値としては300%である。
特に、重合体(A1)は、ビニルモノマー(a)としてカルボキシル基又は酸無水物基を有するビニルモノマー(a1)及び下記一般式(1)で表されるビニルモノマー(a2)を含むことが好ましい。
CH2=C(R1)COOR2 (1)
[式(1)中、R1は水素原子又はメチル基であり、R2は炭素数4~36の分岐アルキル基である。]
R2は炭素数4~36の分岐アルキル基であり、R2の具体例としては、1-アルキルアルキル基[1-メチルプロピル基(sec-ブチル基)、1,1-ジメチルエチル基(tert-ブチル基)、1-メチルブチル基、1-エチルプロピル基、1,1-ジメチルプロピル基、1-メチルペンチル基、1-エチルブチル基、1-メチルヘキシル基、1-エチルペンチル基、1-メチルヘプチル基、1-エチルヘキシル基、1-メチルオクチル基、1-エチルヘプチル基、1-メチルノニル基、1-エチルオクチル基、1-メチルデシル基、1-エチルノニル基、1-ブチルエイコシル基、1-ヘキシルオクタデシル基、1-オクチルヘキサデシル基、1-デシルテトラデシル基、1-ウンデシルトリデシル基等]、2-アルキルアルキル基[2-メチルプロピル基(iso-ブチル基)、2-メチルブチル基、2-エチルプロピル基、2,2-ジメチルプロピル基、2-メチルペンチル基、2-エチルブチル基、2-メチルヘキシル基、2-エチルペンチル基、2-メチルヘプチル基、2-エチルヘキシル基、2-メチルオクチル基、2-エチルヘプチル基、2-メチルノニル基、2-エチルオクチル基、2-メチルデシル基、2-エチルノニル基、2-ヘキシルオクタデシル基、2-オクチルヘキサデシル基、2-デシルテトラデシル基、2-ウンデシルトリデシル基、2-ドデシルヘキサデシル基、2-トリデシルペンタデシル基、2-デシルオクタデシル基、2-テトラデシルオクタデシル基、2-ヘキサデシルオクタデシル基、2-テトラデシルエイコシル基、2-ヘキサデシルエイコシル基等]、3~34-アルキルアルキル基(3-アルキルアルキル基、4-アルキルアルキル基、5-アルキルアルキル基、32-アルキルアルキル基、33-アルキルアルキル基及び34-アルキルアルキル基等)、並びに、プロピレンオリゴマー(7~11量体)、エチレン/プロピレン(モル比16/1~1/11)オリゴマー、イソブチレンオリゴマー(7~8量体)及びα-オレフィン(炭素数5~20)オリゴマー(4~8量体)等から得られるオキソアルコールから水酸基を除いた残基のような1又はそれ以上の分岐アルキル基を含有する混合アルキル基等が挙げられる。
これらのうち、好ましいのは2-アルキルアルキル基であり、より好ましいのは2-エチルヘキシル基及び2-デシルテトラデシル基である。
活性水素を含有しない共重合性ビニルモノマー(a3)としては、下記(a31)~(a38)が挙げられる。
(a31)炭素数1~20のモノオールと(メタ)アクリル酸から形成されるハイドロカルビル(メタ)アクリレート
上記モノオールとしては、(i)脂肪族モノオール(メタノール、エタノール、n-又はi-プロピルアルコール、n-ブチルアルコール、n-ペンチルアルコール、n-オクチルアルコール、ノニルアルコール、デシルアルコール、ラウリルアルコール、トリデシルアルコール、ミリスチルアルコール、セチルアルコール、ステアリルアルコール等)、(ii)脂環式モノオール(シクロヘキシルアルコール等)、(iii)芳香脂肪族モノオール(ベンジルアルコール等)及びこれらの2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。
(a33-1)アミド基含有ビニル化合物
(i)炭素数3~30の(メタ)アクリルアミド化合物、例えばN,N-ジアルキル(炭素数1~6)又はジアラルキル(炭素数7~15)(メタ)アクリルアミド(N,N-ジメチルアクリルアミド、N,N-ジベンジルアクリルアミド等)、ジアセトンアクリルアミド
(ii)上記(メタ)アクリルアミド化合物を除く、炭素数4~20のアミド基含有ビニル化合物、例えばN-メチル-N-ビニルアセトアミド、環状アミド(ピロリドン化合物(炭素数6~13、例えば、N-ビニルピロリドン等))
(i)ジアルキル(炭素数1~4)アミノアルキル(炭素数1~4)(メタ)アクリレート[N,N-ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、N,N-ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、t-ブチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、モルホリノエチル(メタ)アクリレート等]
(ii)4級アンモニウム基含有(メタ)アクリレート{3級アミノ基含有(メタ)アクリレート[N,N-ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、N,N-ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート等]の4級化物(メチルクロライド、ジメチル硫酸、ベンジルクロライド、ジメチルカーボネート等の4級化剤を用いて4級化したもの)等}
ピリジン化合物(炭素数7~14、例えば2-又は4-ビニルピリジン)、イミダゾール化合物(炭素数5~12、例えばN-ビニルイミダゾール)、ピロール化合物(炭素数6~13、例えばN-ビニルピロール)、ピロリドン化合物(炭素数6~13、例えばN-ビニル-2-ピロリドン)
炭素数3~15のニトリル基含有ビニル化合物、例えば(メタ)アクリロニトリル、シアノスチレン、シアノアルキル(炭素数1~4)アクリレート
ニトロ基含有ビニル化合物(炭素数8~16、例えばニトロスチレン)等
(a34-1)脂肪族ビニル炭化水素
炭素数2~18又はそれ以上のオレフィン(エチレン、プロピレン、ブテン、イソブチレン、ペンテン、ヘプテン、ジイソブチレン、オクテン、ドデセン、オクタデセン等)、炭素数4~10又はそれ以上のジエン(ブタジエン、イソプレン、1,4-ペンタジエン、1,5-ヘキサジエン、1,7-オクタジエン等)等
炭素数4~18又はそれ以上の環状不飽和化合物、例えばシクロアルケン(例えばシクロヘキセン)、(ジ)シクロアルカジエン[例えば(ジ)シクロペンタジエン]、テルペン(例えばピネン及びリモネン)、インデン
炭素数8~20又はそれ以上の芳香族不飽和化合物、例えばスチレン、α-メチルスチレン、ビニルトルエン、2,4-ジメチルスチレン、エチルスチレン、イソプロピルスチレン、ブチルスチレン、フェニルスチレン、シクロヘキシルスチレン、ベンジルスチレン
脂肪族ビニルエステル[炭素数4~15、例えば脂肪族カルボン酸(モノ-又はジカルボン酸)のアルケニルエステル(例えば酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、酪酸ビニル、ジアリルアジペート、イソプロペニルアセテート、ビニルメトキシアセテート)]
芳香族ビニルエステル[炭素数9~20、例えば芳香族カルボン酸(モノ-又はジカルボン酸)のアルケニルエステル(例えばビニルベンゾエート、ジアリルフタレート、メチル-4-ビニルベンゾエート)、脂肪族カルボン酸の芳香環含有エステル(例えばアセトキシスチレン)]
脂肪族ビニルエーテル[炭素数3~15、例えばビニルアルキル(炭素数1~10)エーテル(ビニルメチルエーテル、ビニルブチルエーテル、ビニル2-エチルヘキシルエーテル等)、ビニルアルコキシ(炭素数1~6)アルキル(炭素数1~4)エーテル(ビニル-2-メトキシエチルエーテル、メトキシブタジエン、3,4-ジヒドロ-1,2-ピラン、2-ブトキシ-2’-ビニロキシジエチルエーテル、ビニル-2-エチルメルカプトエチルエーテル等)、ポリ(2~4)(メタ)アリロキシアルカン(炭素数2~6)(ジアリロキシエタン、トリアリロキシエタン、テトラアリロキシブタン、テトラメタアリロキシエタン等)]
芳香族ビニルエーテル(炭素数8~20、例えばビニルフェニルエーテル、フェノキシスチレン)
脂肪族ビニルケトン(炭素数4~25、例えばビニルメチルケトン、ビニルエチルケトン)
芳香族ビニルケトン(炭素数9~21、例えばビニルフェニルケトン)
炭素数4~34の不飽和ジカルボン酸ジエステル、例えばジアルキルフマレート(2個のアルキル基は、炭素数1~22の、直鎖、分岐鎖又は脂環式の基)、ジアルキルマレエート(2個のアルキル基は、炭素数1~22の、直鎖、分岐鎖又は脂環式の基)
モノマーの含有量が上記範囲内であると、電解液への吸液性が良好となる。
より好ましい含有量は、(a1)が15~60重量%、(a2)が5~60重量%、(a3)が5~80重量%であり、さらに好ましい含有量は、(a1)が25~50重量%、(a2)が15~45重量%、(a3)が20~60重量%である。
装置:Alliance GPC V2000(Waters社製)
溶媒:オルトジクロロベンゼン
標準物質:ポリスチレン
検出器:RI
サンプル濃度:3mg/ml
カラム固定相:PLgel 10μm、MIXED-B 2本直列(ポリマーラボラトリーズ社製)
カラム温度:135℃
SP値は、Fedors法によって計算される。SP値は、次式で表せる。
SP値(δ)=(ΔH/V)1/2
但し、式中、ΔHはモル蒸発熱(cal)を、Vはモル体積(cm3)を表す。
また、ΔH及びVは、「POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE,1974,Vol.14,No.2,ROBERT F.FEDORS.(151~153頁)」に記載の原子団のモル蒸発熱の合計(ΔH)とモル体積の合計(V)を用いることができる。
SP値は、この数値が近いもの同士はお互いに混ざりやすく(相溶性が高い)、この数値が離れているものは混ざりにくいことを表す指標である。
重合に際しては、公知の重合開始剤{アゾ系開始剤[2,2’-アゾビス(2-メチルプロピオニトリル)、2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル等)]、パーオキサイド系開始剤(ベンゾイルパーオキサイド、ジ-t-ブチルパーオキサイド、ラウリルパーオキサイド等))等}を使用して行なうことができる。
重合開始剤の使用量は、モノマーの全重量に基づいて好ましくは0.01~5重量%、より好ましくは0.05~2重量%、さらに好ましくは0.1~1.5重量%である。
溶液又は分散液のモノマー濃度は通常5~95重量%、好ましくは10~90重量%、より好ましくは15~85重量%であり、重合開始剤の使用量は、モノマーの全重量に基づいて通常0.01~5重量%、好ましくは0.05~2重量%である。
重合に際しては、公知の連鎖移動剤、例えばメルカプト化合物(ドデシルメルカプタン、n-ブチルメルカプタン等)及び/又はハロゲン化炭化水素(四塩化炭素、四臭化炭素、塩化ベンジル等)を使用することができる。使用量はモノマーの全重量に基づいて通常2重量%以下、好ましくは0.5重量%以下、より好ましくは0.3重量%以下である。
架橋重合体においては、重合体(A1)中のカルボキシル基等の活性水素と反応する反応性官能基を有する架橋剤(A’)を用いて重合体(A1)を架橋することが好ましく、架橋剤(A’)としてポリエポキシ化合物(a’1)及び/又はポリオール化合物(a’2)を用いることが好ましい。
加熱温度は、架橋剤としてポリエポキシ化合物(a’1)を用いる場合は70℃以上とすることが好ましく、ポリオール化合物(a’2)を用いる場合は120℃以上とすることが好ましい。
ポリエーテルジオール中にオキシエチレン単位が含まれる場合、オキシエチレン単位の含有量は好ましくは20重量%以上、より好ましくは30重量%以上、さらに好ましくは40重量%以上である。
また、ポリオキシプロピレングリコール、ポリオキシテトラメチレングリコール(以下PTMGと略記)、ポリオキシプロピレンオキシテトラメチレンブロック共重合ジオール等も挙げられる。
これらのうち、好ましくはPEG、ポリオキシエチレンオキシプロピレンブロック共重合ジオール及びポリオキシエチレンオキシテトラメチレンブロック共重合ジオールであり、より好ましくはPEGである。
また、ポリエーテルジオールを1種のみ用いてもよいし、これらの2種以上の混合物を用いてもよい。
高分子ジオール(b11)は、数平均分子量が2,500~15,000であるとウレタン樹脂(B)の硬さが適度に柔らかく、また、活物質上に形成した被膜の強度が強くなるため好ましい。
また、高分子ジオール(b11)の数平均分子量が3,000~12,500であることがより好ましく、4,000~10,000であることがさらに好ましい。
高分子ジオール(b11)の数平均分子量は、高分子ジオールの水酸基価から算出することができる。
また、水酸基価は、JIS K1557-1の記載に準じて測定できる。
高分子ジオール(b11)の含有量が20~80重量%であると、ウレタン樹脂(B)の電解液の吸液の点で好ましい。
鎖伸長剤(b13)としては、例えば炭素数2~10の低分子ジオール(例えばEG、プロピレングリコール、14BG、DEG、1,6-ヘキサメチレングリコール等);ジアミン類[炭素数2~6の脂肪族ジアミン(例えばエチレンジアミン、1,2-プロピレンジアミン等)、炭素数6~15の脂環式ジアミン(例えばイソホロンジアミン、4,4’-ジアミノジシクロヘキシルメタン等)、炭素数6~15の芳香族ジアミン(例えば4,4’-ジアミノジフェニルメタン等)等];モノアルカノールアミン(例えばモノエタノールアミン等);ヒドラジン又はその誘導体(例えばアジピン酸ジヒドラジド等)及びこれらの2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。これらのうち好ましいものは低分子ジオールであり、さらに好ましいものはEG、DEG及び14BGである。
高分子ジオール(b11)及び鎖伸長剤(b13)の組み合わせとしては、高分子ジオール(b11)としてのPEGと鎖伸長剤(b13)としてのEGの組み合わせ、又は、高分子ジオール(b11)としてのポリカーボネートジオールと鎖伸長剤(b13)としてのEGの組み合わせが好ましい。
なお、(b11)と(b12)との当量比[(b11)/(b12)]はより好ましくは13/1~25/1であり、さらに好ましくは15/1~20/1である。
ジオールの種類としては、上述したポリエーテルジオール、ポリカーボネートジオール及びポリエステルジオール等が挙げられる。
また、ウレタン樹脂(B)が高分子ジオール(b11)、鎖伸長剤(b13)及びイソシアネート成分(b2)を含む場合、(b2)/[(b11)+(b13)]の当量比は通常0.9/1~1.1/1、好ましくは0.95/1~1.05/1である。この範囲外の場合ではウレタン樹脂が充分に高分子量にならないことがある。
例えば、活性水素成分(b1)として高分子ジオール(b11)と鎖伸長剤(b13)を用い、イソシアネート成分(b2)と高分子ジオール(b11)と鎖伸長剤(b13)とを同時に反応させるワンショット法や、高分子ジオール(b11)とイソシアネート成分(b2)とを先に反応させた後に鎖伸長剤(b13)を続けて反応させるプレポリマー法が挙げられる。
また、ウレタン樹脂(B)の製造は、イソシアネート基に対して不活性な溶媒の存在下又は非存在下で行うことができる。溶媒の存在下で行う場合の適当な溶媒としては、アミド系溶媒[DMF、ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(以下NMPと略記)等]、スルホキシド系溶媒(ジメチルスルホキシド等)、ケトン系溶媒(メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン等)、芳香族系溶媒(トルエン、キシレン等)、エーテル系溶媒(ジオキサン、テトラヒドロフラン等)、エステル系溶媒(酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等)及びこれらの2種以上の混合物が挙げられる。これらのうち好ましいものはアミド系溶媒、ケトン系溶媒、芳香族系溶媒及びこれらの2種以上の混合物である。
具体的には、金属[アルミニウム、ステンレス(SUS)、銀、金、銅及びチタン等]、カーボン[グラファイト及びカーボンブラック(アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、ファーネスブラック、チャンネルブラック、サーマルランプブラック等)等]、及びこれらの混合物等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるわけではない。
これらの導電助剤は1種単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上併用してもよい。また、これらの合金又は金属酸化物を用いてもよい。電気的安定性の観点から、好ましくはアルミニウム、ステンレス、カーボン、銀、金、銅、チタン及びこれらの混合物であり、より好ましくは銀、金、アルミニウム、ステンレス及びカーボンであり、さらに好ましくはカーボンである。またこれらの導電助剤としては、粒子系セラミック材料や樹脂材料の周りに導電性材料(上記した導電助剤の材料のうち金属のもの)をめっき等でコーティングしたものでもよい。
被覆剤の導電率は、四端子法によって求めることができる。
被覆剤の導電率が0.001mS/cm以上であることで、活物質への電子抵抗が高くなく、充放電が可能となる。
導電化処理された被覆剤としては、金属膜等が挙げられる。
金属膜を形成する方法としては、金属めっき処理、蒸着処理、スパッタリング処理等が挙げられる。
本発明のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の製造方法は、粒子状のリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部が被覆剤で被覆されてなる被覆負極活物質を準備する工程と、上記被覆負極活物質と分散媒とを混合し、原料スラリーを得る工程と、上記原料スラリー中の上記被覆負極活物質にリチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンをドープする工程とを含むことを特徴とする。
被覆負極活物質は、例えば、リチウムイオン電池用負極活物質の粒子を万能混合機に入れて30~500rpmで撹拌した状態で、被覆用樹脂を含む樹脂溶液を1~90分かけて滴下混合し、さらに必要に応じて導電助剤を混合し、撹拌したまま50~200℃に昇温し、0.007~0.04MPaまで減圧した後に10~150分保持することにより得ることができる。
このとき、粒子状の被覆負極活物質を、リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンがドープされていない状態で分散媒中に分散させる。
これらの中では、電解液が好ましい。すなわち、原料スラリーは、粒子状の被覆負極活物質及び電解液を含む電解液スラリーであることが好ましい。
非水溶媒は1種を単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
まず、予備充電用電池に対して予備充電を行う方法の一例について、以下の(3-1)~(3-3)で説明する。
膜としては、その後の加圧又は減圧において被覆負極活物質と分散媒とを分離できるものが好ましい。また、膜が導電性の高い材料(導電性材料)からなると、集電体の代わりに膜を用いることができ、また、集電体と膜を接触させても導電性が阻害されないため好ましい。例えば、電気伝導度が100mS/cm以上である材料を好適に用いることができる。
このような特性を有する材料の例としては、炭素繊維等の導電性繊維を配合した濾紙、金属メッシュ等が挙げられる。
金属メッシュとしては、ステンレス製メッシュを用いることが好ましく、例えばSUS316製の綾畳織金網(サンネット工業製)等が挙げられる。金属メッシュの目開きは、活物質粒子及び導電部材が通過しない程度とすることが好ましく、例えば2300メッシュのものを用いることが好ましい。
加圧操作の方法としては、原料スラリーの塗布面の上からプレス機を用いてプレスする方法が挙げられる。また、減圧操作の方法としては、膜に原料スラリーが塗布されていない側の面に濾紙やメッシュ等を当てて、真空ポンプにより吸引する方法が挙げられる。加圧又は減圧により原料スラリーから分散媒が除去されて、負極活物質が膜の上に定着される。
図1(b)には、被覆負極活物質20が膜470上で定着されてなる予備充電用負極210を示している。
また、膜が導電性を有さない材料であるときは、膜をセパレータ側に配置するようにするとよい。また、膜をセパレータとしてもよい。導電性を有さない材料からなる膜の例としては、アラミドセパレータ(日本バイリーン株式会社製)等が挙げられる。
この工程(プレス工程ともいう)は、前述の加圧又は減圧工程よりも、さらに圧力差を大きくして負極活物質の密度を向上させる工程である。プレス工程は、減圧工程の後に加圧するという態様と、加圧工程の後に加圧する圧力をさらに高くするという態様の両方を含む。
この場合、予備充電用負極の主面のうち、膜と反対側の主面を集電体又はセパレータの主面に接触させて転写することが好ましい。
すなわち、原料スラリーを集電体上に塗布して集電体上にスラリー層を形成する工程と、
上記スラリー層の上にセパレータを載置して、セパレータの上面側から吸液して、被覆負極活物質を上記集電体と上記セパレータの間に定着する工程とを含むことを特徴とする方法である。
集電体としては、アルミ、銅、アルミニウム、チタン、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、焼成炭素、導電性高分子及び導電性ガラス等が挙げられる。
スラリーとしては、上記(2)で説明した原料スラリーと同様のスラリーを用いることができる。スラリーにさらに導電部材としての導電性繊維を加えてスラリー中に導電性繊維を分散させてもよい。
スラリーは、電解液を含む電解液スラリーであることが好ましい。電解液としては上述した電解液スラリーと同様のものを用いることができる。また、スラリーは溶剤を含む溶剤スラリーであってもよい。
図2(a)には集電体50上にスラリーを塗布してスラリー層225を形成した様子を模式的に示しており、集電体50上に、負極活物質粒子24が被覆剤25で被覆された被覆負極活物質20を含むスラリーが塗布されており、スラリー層225が形成されている。
図2(a)に示す形態では、負極活物質粒子24の周囲が被覆剤25で被覆されて被覆負極活物質20となっており、スラリーには導電助剤26が含まれている。また、被覆剤25にも導電助剤26が含まれていてもよい。
セパレータとしては、アラミドセパレータ(日本バイリーン株式会社製)、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン製フィルムの微多孔膜、多孔性のポリエチレンフィルムとポリプロピレンとの多層フィルム、ポリエステル繊維、アラミド繊維、ガラス繊維等からなる不織布、及びそれらの表面にシリカ、アルミナ、チタニア等のセラミック微粒子を付着させたもの等が挙げられる。
吸液性材料としては、タオル等の吸液性布、紙、吸液性樹脂等を使用することができる。
吸液によりスラリーから電解液又は溶剤が除去されて、被覆負極活物質が集電体とセパレータの間に定着されて、流動しない程度に緩くその形状が維持された状態となる。
加圧の方法は特に限定されないが、種々の方法で実施できる。たとえば、公知のプレス機を用いる方法及び重量物等を重りとして載置して加圧する方法が挙げられ、加圧は超音波振動機等で加振しながら行っても良い。セパレータの上面側又は下面側から加圧する場合の圧力は、0.8~41kg/cm2が好ましく、0.9~10kg/cm2がより好ましい。圧力がこの範囲にあると電池をより高容量化でき好ましい。
予備充電用負極220においては、予備充電用負極の第1主面221がセパレータ30と接しており、予備充電用負極の第2主面222が集電体50と接している。
このような予備充電用負極の製造方法であると、電極がセパレータと集電体で挟まれた状態で製造される。そのため、電極の両側にセパレータと集電体を配置する工程を別途行う必要がなく、双極型電極として好ましい形態の電極が少ない工程で得られるため好ましい。
例えば、予備充電用負極を、対極となる予備充電用正極を組み合わせて、セパレータとともにセル容器に収納し、電解液を注入し、セル容器を密封することで予備充電用電池を得ることができる。また、集電体の一方の面に予備充電用正極を形成し、もう一方の面に予備充電用負極を形成して双極型電極を作製し、双極型電極をセパレータと積層してセル容器に収納し、電解液を注入し、セル容器を密封することでも予備充電用電池を得ることができる。
正極活物質としては、リチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物(例えばLiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2及びLiMn2O4)、リチウムと遷移金属とのリン酸塩(例えばLiFePO4)等が挙げられる。
バインダとしては、デンプン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリビニルアルコール、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリビニルピロリドン、テトラフルオロエチレン、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム、ポリエチレン及びポリプロピレン等の高分子化合物が挙げられる。
集電体としては、銅、アルミニウム、チタン、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、焼成炭素、導電性高分子及び導電性ガラス等が挙げられる。
これにより、被覆負極活物質にリチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンをドープすることができる。
予備充電の方法は特に限定されないが、予備充電用電池に対して1サイクルの充放電を行う方法が好ましい。
被覆負極活物質とリチウム金属を混練混合する際には、溶媒として、通常の電解液に用いられている溶媒を使用することができ、例えば、ラクトン化合物、環状又は鎖状炭酸エステル、鎖状カルボン酸エステル、環状又は鎖状エーテル、リン酸エステル、ニトリル化合物、アミド化合物、スルホン、スルホラン等及びこれらの混合物を用いることができる。非水溶媒は1種を単独で用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
また、被覆負極活物質とリチウム金属を混練混合するための装置としては、実験的には乳鉢等、製造ではロール混練機、プラネタリーミキサー、自公転ミキサー等を用いることができる。また、ボールを用いたボールミル、遊星型ボールミル、ビーズミル等の混練混合機、あるいは、自公転ミキサーにボールを入れ、混練混合することも可能である。
なお、後述するように、製造されたリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質を用いてリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製する場合、予備充電用電池を解体する必要がある。
導電助剤としては、被覆剤に含まれるもの導電助剤と同じものを用いることができる。
また、本発明のリチウムイオン電池用スラリーにおいて、分散媒は、リチウムイオン電池用スラリー全体の重量に対して20~75重量%含まれていることが好ましく、35~60重量%含まれていることがより好ましい。
本発明のリチウムイオン電池用負極は、上述した本発明のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質を有することを特徴とする。
バインダ及び集電体としては、予備充電用正極を作製する際に使用するものと同じものを使用することができる。
さらに、予備充電用電池を解体して予備充電用負極を取り外した後、予備充電用負極に定着したスラリーに分散媒を加えて再びスラリー化し、予備充電用負極を作製する方法と同様の方法により本発明のリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製することもできる。この場合、得られたスラリーを原料スラリーとして、予備充電用負極を作製する方法の例として示した(3-1-a)の方法又は(3-1-b)の方法に基づき、原料スラリーを膜又は集電体の上に塗布し、(3-1-b)の方法の場合はセパレータをさらに載置して、加圧又は減圧して、リチウムイオン電池用負極活物質を膜又は集電体の上に定着させることにより、本発明のリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製することができる。
使用する分散媒や膜の種類、加圧・減圧操作の方法等については、予備充電用負極を作製する場合と同様であるため、その詳細な説明を省略する。
本発明のリチウムイオン電池は、上述した本発明のリチウムイオン電池用負極を用いたことを特徴とする。
正極活物質としては、リチウムと遷移金属との複合酸化物(例えばLiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2及びLiMn2O4)、リチウムと遷移金属とのリン酸塩(例えばLiFePO4)、遷移金属酸化物(例えばMnO2及びV2O5)、遷移金属硫化物(例えばMoS2及びTiS2)及び導電性高分子(例えばポリアニリン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリピロール、ポリチオフェン、ポリアセチレン、ポリ-p-フェニレン及びポリカルバゾール)等が挙げられる。
バインダ及び集電体としては、予備充電用正極を作製する際に使用するものと同じものを使用することができる。
本発明のリチウムイオン電池は、リチウムイオン二次電池として使用することができる。本発明のリチウムイオン電池は本発明のリチウムイオン電池用スラリーに含まれるリチウムイオンを有する負極を備えるため、不可逆容量を小さくすることができる。
すなわち、上述した本発明のリチウムイオン電池用負極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、不可逆容量が0.1~50mAh/gであることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池もまた、本発明の1つである。
リチウムイオン二次電池の不可逆容量は、実施例に記載する方法で充放電を行い、充放電の1サイクル目の充電容量から放電容量を差し引くことにより求めることができる。なお、上記の不可逆容量は、活物質の重量当たりの不可逆容量である。
[被覆用樹脂溶液の作製]
撹拌機、温度計、還流冷却管、滴下ロート及び窒素ガス導入管を付した4つ口フラスコに、酢酸エチル83部とメタノール17部とを仕込み68℃に昇温した。次いで、メタクリル酸242.8部、メチルメタクリレート97.1部、2-エチルヘキシルメタクリレート242.8部、酢酸エチル52.1部及びメタノール10.7部を配合したモノマー配合液と、2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)0.263部を酢酸エチル34.2部に溶解した開始剤溶液とを4つ口フラスコ内に窒素を吹き込みながら、撹拌下、滴下ロートで4時間かけて連続的に滴下してラジカル重合を行った。滴下終了後、2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)0.583部を酢酸エチル26部に溶解した開始剤溶液を滴下ロートを用いて2時間かけて連続的に追加した。さらに、沸点で重合を4時間継続した。溶媒を除去し、樹脂582部を得た後、イソプロパノールを1,360部加えて、樹脂固形分濃度30重量%で被覆用樹脂Aを含む被覆用樹脂溶液ASを得た。
難黒鉛化性炭素[(株)クレハ・バッテリー・マテリアルズ・ジャパン製 カーボトロン(登録商標)PS(F)]90重量部を万能混合機に入れ、室温、150rpmで撹拌した状態で、上記被覆用樹脂溶液AS(樹脂固形分濃度30重量%)を樹脂固形分として5重量部になるように60分かけて滴下混合し、さらに30分撹拌した。
次いで、撹拌した状態でアセチレンブラック[電気化学工業(株)製 デンカブラック(登録商標)]5重量部を3回に分けて混合し、30分撹拌したままで70℃に昇温し、0.01MPaまで減圧し30分保持した。上記操作により被覆負極活物質粒子PAを得た。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の混合溶媒(体積比率1:1)に、LiPF6を1mol/Lの割合で溶解させてリチウムイオン電池用電解液を作製した。
作製したビニル樹脂からなる被覆用樹脂溶液ASを、室温、大気圧下で乾燥させた後、重量を測定した。得られた乾燥被膜を前記の電解液に、50℃で3日間浸漬した。その後、被膜を取り出して表面に付着した電解液をガーゼで軽くふき取って重量を測定した。浸漬前後の重量変化から被覆用樹脂Aの吸液率は20%であった。
被覆用樹脂の吸液率の測定と同じ条件で電解液に浸漬した被覆用樹脂Aをダンベル状に打ち抜き、引張破断伸び率を測定したところ、20%であった。
正極活物質粒子としてのLiFePO4粉末(中国製 SLFP-ES01)85重量部、アセチレンブラック[電気化学工業(株)製 デンカブラック(登録商標)]10重量部を、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(シグマアルドリッチ社製)5重量部を含むN-メチルピロリドン(以下、NMP)溶液と混合して溶剤スラリーを作製した。
上記溶剤スラリーを、大気中でコーターを用いて厚さ20μmのアルミニウム電解箔上の片面に塗布し、100℃で15分間乾燥させてリチウムイオン電池用正極を作製した。乾燥前後における重量変化量から、目付量は10.5mg/cm2であった。
負極活物質粒子としての被覆負極活物質粒子PA100重量部を、電解液に対する含有量が55重量%となるように上記電解液と混合して、遊星式混合機で撹拌することにより、原料スラリー1を作製した。
負極側の集電体としては厚さ20μmの銅箔を用い、予備充電用負極のアラミドセパレータをセパレータ側(正極側)に配置した。
電極間にセパレータ(セルガード3501)を2枚挿入し、予備充電用セルを作製した。セルに上記電解液を注液密封し、予備充電用電池1を作製した。
得られたリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質HCA90重量部、アセチレンブラック[電気化学工業(株)製 デンカブラック(登録商標)]5重量部を、水分を除去したポリフッ化ビニリデン(シグマアルドリッチ社製)5重量部を含むN-メチルピロリドン(以下、NMP)溶液と混合して溶剤スラリーを作製した。
上記溶剤スラリーを、アルゴン中でコーターを用いて厚さ20μmの銅箔上の片面に塗布し、100℃で15分間乾燥させてリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。乾燥前後における重量変化量から、目付量は6.0mg/cm2であった。
作製したリチウムイオン電池用負極を、φ15mmに打ち抜いたリチウムイオン電池用正極と共に2032型コインセル内の両端に集電体がコインセルの外側となるように配置した。
電極間にセパレータ(セルガード3501)を2枚挿入し、さらにセパレータとリチウムイオン電池用負極との間にアラミドセパレータを挿入し、不可逆容量評価用セルを作製した。セルに上記電解液を注液密封し、不可逆容量評価用電池を作製した。
[リチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の作製]
実施例1と同様に負極活物質粒子としての被覆負極活物質粒子PA100重量部を、電解液に対する含有量が55重量%となるように上記電解液と混合して、遊星式混合機で撹拌することにより、原料スラリー2を作製した。
負極側の集電体としては厚さ20μmの銅箔を用い、予備充電用負極2のアラミドセパレータをセパレータ側(正極側)に配置した。
電極間にセパレータ(セルガード3501)を2枚挿入し、予備充電用セルを作製した。セルに上記電解液を注液密封し、予備充電用電池2を作製した。
予備充電用電池2から取り外したアラミドセパレータ上のスラリーにDECを加えてスラリーを取り出した後、取り出したスラリー(スラリーにはリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質HCA100重量部が含まれる)を用いて、予備充電用負極2と同様に、アラミドセパレータ上に吸引濾過(減圧)することによりリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。乾燥前後における重量変化量から、目付量は6.0mg/cm2であった。
作製したリチウムイオン電池用負極を、φ15mmに打ち抜いたリチウムイオン電池用正極と共に2032型コインセル内の両端に配置した。
負極側の集電体としては厚さ20μmの銅箔を用い、アラミドセパレータをセパレータ側(正極側)に配置した。
電極間にセパレータ(セルガード3501)を2枚挿入し、不可逆容量評価用セルを作製した。セルに上記電解液を注液密封し、不可逆容量評価用電池を作製した。
[被覆負極活物質粒子の作製]
被覆用樹脂溶液ASを被覆用樹脂としてのアルギン酸ナトリウム(被覆用樹脂B)を含む被覆用樹脂溶液BS(樹脂固形分濃度30重量%)に変えたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、被覆負極活物質粒子PBを得た。
尚、用いたアルギン酸ナトリウム(被覆用樹脂B)の吸液率は4%、引張破断伸び率は3%であった。
被覆負極活物質粒子PAを被覆負極活物質粒子PBに変えたこと以外は実施例2と同様にし、原料スラリー3を作製した。
負極側の集電体としては厚さ20μmの銅箔を用い、予備充電用負極3のアラミドセパレータをセパレータ側(正極側)に配置した。
電極間にセパレータ(セルガード3501)を2枚挿入し、予備充電用セルを作製した。セルに上記電解液を注液密封し、予備充電用電池3を作製した。
予備充電用電池3から取り外したアラミドセパレータ上のスラリーにDECを加えてスラリーを取り出した後、取り出したスラリー(スラリーにはリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質HCB100重量部が含まれる)を用いて、予備充電用負極3と同様に、アラミドセパレータ上に吸引濾過(減圧)することによりリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。乾燥前後における重量変化量から、目付量は6.0mg/cm2であった。
作製したリチウムイオン電池用負極を、φ15mmに打ち抜いたリチウムイオン電池用正極と共に2032型コインセル内の両端に配置した。
負極側の集電体としては厚さ20μmの銅箔を用い、アラミドセパレータをセパレータ側(正極側)に配置した。
電極間にセパレータ(セルガード3501)を2枚挿入し、不可逆容量評価用セルを作製した。セルに上記電解液を注液密封し、不可逆容量評価用電池を作製した。
負極活物質粒子としての難黒鉛化性炭素[(株)クレハ・バッテリー・マテリアルズ・ジャパン製 カーボトロン(登録商標)PS(F)]90重量部、アセチレンブラック[電気化学工業(株)製 デンカブラック(登録商標)]5重量部を、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(シグマアルドリッチ社製)5重量部を含むN-メチルピロリドン(以下、NMP)溶液と混合して溶剤スラリー1’を作製した。
上記溶剤スラリー1’を、アルゴン中でコーターを用いて厚さ20μmの銅箔上の片面に塗布し、100℃で15分間乾燥させてリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。乾燥前後における重量変化量から、目付量は6.0mg/cm2であった。
その後、実施例1と同様に、不可逆容量評価用電池を作製し、実施例1と同じ条件で充放電を行うことにより不可逆容量(mAh/φ15mm)を求め、活物質の重量当たりの不可逆容量(mAh/g)を求めた。
負極活物質粒子としての被覆負極活物質粒子PA90重量部、アセチレンブラック[電気化学工業(株)製 デンカブラック(登録商標)]5重量部を、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(シグマアルドリッチ社製)5重量部を含むN-メチルピロリドン(以下、NMP)溶液と混合して溶剤スラリー2’を作製した。
上記溶剤スラリー2’を、アルゴン中でコーターを用いて厚さ20μmの銅箔上の片面に塗布し、100℃で15分間乾燥させてリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。乾燥前後における重量変化量から、目付量は6.0mg/cm2であった。
その後、実施例1と同様に、不可逆容量評価用電池を作製し、実施例1と同じ条件で充放電を行うことにより不可逆容量(mAh/φ15mm)を求め、活物質の重量当たりの不可逆容量(mAh/g)を求めた。
比較例1で作製したリチウムイオン電池用負極を予備充電用負極として、実施例1と同様に予備充電用電池を作製して予備充電を行った。実施例1と同様に、予備充電用電池を解体して、リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンがドープされている負極活物質粒子を含むスラリーを取り出し、このスラリーを使用してリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。作製したリチウムイオン電池用負極を用いて不可逆容量評価用電池を作製し、実施例1と同じ条件で充放電を行うことにより不可逆容量(mAh/φ15mm)を求め、活物質の重量当たりの不可逆容量(mAh/g)を求めた。
負極活物質粒子としての被覆負極活物質粒子PA100重量部を用いて実施例2と同様にアラミドセパレータ上に吸引濾過(減圧)することによりリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。乾燥前後における重量変化量から、目付量は6.0mg/cm2であった。
その後、実施例2と同様に、不可逆容量評価用電池を作製し、実施例2と同じ条件で充放電を行うことにより不可逆容量(mAh/φ15mm)を求め、活物質の重量当たりの不可逆容量(mAh/g)を求めた。
実施例2の被覆負極活物質粒子PAの代わりに、負極活物質粒子として難黒鉛化性炭素((株)クレハ・バッテリー・マテリアルズ・ジャパン製 カーボトロン(登録商標)PS(F))としてリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。その後、実施例2と同様に、不可逆容量評価用電池を作製し、実施例2と同じ条件で充放電を行うことにより不可逆容量(mAh/φ15mm)を求め、活物質の重量当たりの不可逆容量(mAh/g)を求めた。
比較例5で作製したリチウムイオン電池用負極を予備充電用負極として、実施例2と同様に予備充電用電池を作製して予備充電を行った。実施例2と同様に、予備充電用電池を解体して、リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンがドープされている負極活物質粒子を含むスラリーを取り出し、このスラリーを使用してリチウムイオン電池用負極を作製した。作製したリチウムイオン電池用負極を用いて不可逆容量評価用電池を作製し、実施例2と同じ条件で充放電を行うことにより不可逆容量(mAh/φ15mm)を求め、活物質の重量当たりの不可逆容量(mAh/g)を求めた。
一方で、比較例1、2、4、5のように、予備充電をしていないものは不可逆容量が大きくなっている。また、比較例3、6のように、被覆用樹脂で負極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する処理していないものについては、予備充電をすることで、不可逆容量は比較的小さくすることができるが、充電に時間がかかる(入力特性が悪い)ことがわかる。
負極活物質粒子 24
被覆剤 25
導電助剤 26
セパレータ 30
集電体 50
予備充電用負極 210
予備充電用負極の第1主面 221
予備充電用負極の第2主面 222
スラリー層 225
膜 470
Claims (15)
- 粒子状のリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部が被覆剤で被覆され、
リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンがドープされてなることを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質。 - 前記リチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンが、金属リチウム及び/又は正極活物質からドープされてなる請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質。
- 前記リチウムイオン電池用負極活物質の体積平均粒子径が、0.01~100μmである請求項1又は2に記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質。
- 前記被覆剤の導電率が0.001~10mS/cmである請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質。
- 前記被覆剤が被覆用樹脂及び導電助剤を含む請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質。
- 前記被覆用樹脂の、電解液に浸漬した際の吸液率が10%以上であり、飽和吸液状態での引張破断伸び率が10%以上である請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質及び分散媒を含むことを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池用スラリー。
- 前記分散媒が電解液である請求項7に記載のリチウムイオン電池用スラリー。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質又は請求項7若しくは8に記載のリチウムイオン電池用スラリーに含まれるリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池用負極。
- 請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極を用いたことを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池。
- 請求項9に記載のリチウムイオン電池用負極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、不可逆容量が0.1~50mAh/gであることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 粒子状のリチウムイオン電池用負極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部が被覆剤で被覆されてなる被覆負極活物質を準備する工程と、
前記被覆負極活物質と分散媒とを混合し、原料スラリーを得る工程と、
前記原料スラリー中の前記被覆負極活物質にリチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンをドープする工程とを含むことを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記分散媒が電解液である請求項12に記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記原料スラリー中の前記被覆負極活物質にリチウム及び/又はリチウムイオンをドープする工程は、
原料スラリーを用いて予備充電用負極を作製し、予備充電用負極と予備充電用正極とを備える予備充電用電池を作製した後、予備充電用電池に対して予備充電を行うことによって行う請求項12又は13に記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記予備充電用負極の作製工程は、
前記原料スラリーを集電体上に塗布して集電体上にスラリー層を形成する工程と、
前記スラリー層の上にセパレータを載置して、セパレータの上面側から吸液して、前記被覆負極活物質を前記集電体と前記セパレータの間に定着する工程とを含む請求項14に記載のリチウムイオン電池用被覆負極活物質の製造方法。
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EP3118915B1 (en) | 2019-04-10 |
CN105993088A (zh) | 2016-10-05 |
US11283066B2 (en) | 2022-03-22 |
KR20160113199A (ko) | 2016-09-28 |
CN105993088B (zh) | 2020-08-14 |
KR101933288B1 (ko) | 2018-12-27 |
EP3118915A1 (en) | 2017-01-18 |
US20170012283A1 (en) | 2017-01-12 |
EP3118915A4 (en) | 2017-08-02 |
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