WO2013069197A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極材及び負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極材及び負極、並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013069197A1 WO2013069197A1 PCT/JP2012/006350 JP2012006350W WO2013069197A1 WO 2013069197 A1 WO2013069197 A1 WO 2013069197A1 JP 2012006350 W JP2012006350 W JP 2012006350W WO 2013069197 A1 WO2013069197 A1 WO 2013069197A1
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode material and a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery capable of inserting and extracting Li ions, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are small and have a large capacity, so they are used in a wide range of fields such as mobile phones and notebook computers. In recent years, it is also being used for hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator.
- the positive electrode is coated with a positive electrode active material made of a metal composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal, such as lithium / manganese composite oxide, lithium / cobalt composite oxide, lithium / nickel composite oxide, and the like.
- Current collector is composed of a metal composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal, such as lithium / manganese composite oxide, lithium / cobalt composite oxide, lithium / nickel composite oxide, and the like.
- the negative electrode is formed by covering a current collector with a negative electrode material made of a negative electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material particles are made of a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- silicon (Si), tin (Sn), or compounds containing these elements has been studied.
- Negative electrode active material particles made of silicon and tin or a compound containing these expand and contract in volume due to insertion and extraction of Li ions.
- a film is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles during charging to prevent the electrolytic solution from coming into direct contact with the negative electrode active material, thereby suppressing deterioration of the electrolytic solution.
- this coating film may crack due to a volume change of the negative electrode active material particles.
- the electrolytic solution directly contacts the negative electrode active material, the electrolytic solution is deteriorated, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics may be deteriorated.
- Patent Documents 1, 2, and 3 disclose that the cycle characteristics and charge / discharge characteristics of the battery are improved by adjusting the BET specific surface area of the silicon composite powder as the negative electrode active material to a predetermined range. ing.
- Patent Document 4 discloses that the ratio of fine particles having a particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or less contained in the negative electrode active material powder is 20% or less, so that the contact between the conductive additive powder and the negative electrode active material powder is appropriately maintained, and the discharge capacity and It is described that the initial charge / discharge capacity is improved.
- Patent Documents 5, 6, and 7 disclose that the discharge capacity and cycle characteristics are improved by adjusting the average particle diameter (D50) of the silicon oxide powder to a predetermined range.
- Patent Document 8 discloses that silicon oxide is used as the negative electrode active material, the median diameter of the negative electrode active material particles is 5 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is added to the electrolytic solution.
- Patent Document 9 shows that classification may be performed in order to set the average particle size of the negative electrode material to 5 to 40 ⁇ m.
- Patent Document 10 shows that SiO, which is a negative electrode active material, has an average particle size of 15 ⁇ m and does not contain 10% or more of particles having a particle size of 5 ⁇ m or less.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that SiO is pulverized and classified, and a powder having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m and a particle size distribution of 1 to 10 ⁇ m is used.
- Patent Document 11 describes that particles containing a silicon compound do not substantially contain particles having an average particle size of 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- Patent Documents 12, 13, 14, and 15 show that FEC is added to an electrolytic solution.
- JP 2004-323284 A (paragraph “0013”) Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2008-166013 (paragraph “0018”) JP 2001-118568 A (paragraphs “0021” and “0025”) Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2005-116389 (paragraph “0026”) JP 2003-160328 A (paragraph “0015”) JP2009-301937A (paragraph “0013”) JP 2002-373653 A (paragraph “0011”) JP 2009-252579 A (paragraphs 266 and 278) JP-A-10-074504 (paragraph 19) JP 2001-148242 A (paragraphs 22 and 41) JP 2004-178922 A (Claim 11) Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2007-200882 (paragraph 63) JP2011-049114 (paragraph 45) JP 2008-098053 A (paragraph 103) Japanese Patent No. 4715848 (Claim 1)
- the present inventor has further eagerly investigated the particle size of the negative electrode active material in order to improve the cycle characteristics and discharge capacity of the battery.
- the present inventor has repeatedly eagerly investigated the particle size of the negative electrode active material and the configuration of the negative electrode in order to improve and stabilize the battery characteristics when using negative electrode active material particles that change in volume during charge and discharge. It was.
- the present inventor has made various studies on the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles and the components of the electrolytic solution in order to improve the battery characteristics by a method different from the conventional one.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and a first problem is to provide a negative electrode material that improves the cycle characteristics of the battery, a negative electrode using the negative electrode material, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the second problem is to provide a negative electrode material capable of increasing the discharge capacity, a negative electrode using the negative electrode material, a lithium ion secondary battery, and a vehicle.
- the third problem is a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery and a lithium ion secondary battery that can improve and stabilize battery characteristics.
- the fourth problem is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent battery characteristics.
- the present inventor has found that the charge / discharge cycle characteristics and discharge capacity of the battery are increased by controlling the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles.
- the total volume of negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode material is 100% by volume, cracks occur in the coating formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles when 85% by volume or more has a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more. This prevents the electrolyte solution from coming into contact with the negative electrode active material constituting the negative electrode active material particles, thereby preventing the electrolyte solution from deteriorating and improving the cycle characteristics.
- D 50 refers to a particle diameter corresponding to an integrated volume distribution value of 50% in particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction. That is, the D 50, it refers to the median diameter measured by volume.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the first aspect of the present invention is an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium and / or an element capable of being alloyed with lithium.
- a negative electrode material comprising negative electrode active material particles made of a compound, wherein the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when 85% by volume or more is 100% by volume, and a BET specific surface area is It is 6 m 2 / g or less, and D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is 4.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by having the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the negative electrode, a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and an electrolyte.
- the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the second aspect of the present invention is an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium and / or an element capable of being alloyed with lithium.
- a negative electrode material comprising negative electrode active material particles made of a compound, wherein the negative electrode active material particles have a BET specific surface area of 6 m 2 / g or less, and the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is 4.5 ⁇ m or more and 8.0 ⁇ m or less,
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle size range of 0.4 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by having the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes the negative electrode, a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and an electrolyte.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the third aspect of the present invention is a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the current collector and having negative electrode active material particles.
- the negative electrode active material particle is composed of an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium and / or an element compound capable of being alloyed with lithium, and the negative electrode active material. 85% by volume or more of the particles have a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more, and the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is 1.4 times or more of D90 of the negative electrode active material particles. It is characterized by that.
- Elements that can be alloyed with lithium include Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Ti, Ag, Zn, Cd, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi are mentioned.
- a lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is characterized by having the above-described negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and an electrolyte.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the fourth aspect of the present invention is composed of an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium or / and an element compound having an element capable of being alloyed with lithium.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising: a negative electrode including negative electrode active material particles; a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing Li ions; and an electrolyte obtained by dissolving an electrolyte in a solvent, When the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode is 100% by volume, 85% by volume or more thereof has a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more, and the solvent of the electrolytic solution has fluorinated ethylene carbonate.
- the first aspect of the present invention it is possible to provide a negative electrode material capable of improving the cycle characteristics of the battery, a negative electrode using the negative electrode material, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material particles have the above-mentioned particle size characteristics, and the negative electrode active material layer has a thickness of the negative electrode active material particles Since it has the above relationship with the diameter characteristic, the battery characteristic can be improved and stabilized. Moreover, since the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention uses the said negative electrode, the improvement and stabilization of a battery characteristic are realizable. Furthermore, according to the vehicle of the present invention, since the lithium ion secondary battery is used, high output can be stably exhibited for a long time.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the fourth aspect of the present invention when the total amount of negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode is 100% by volume, 85% by volume or more thereof has a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more, And since the solvent of electrolyte solution has fluorinated ethylene carbonate, it is excellent in a battery characteristic. Further, since the vehicle of the present invention is equipped with a lithium ion secondary battery having excellent battery characteristics, it can exhibit high output for a long period of time.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the particle size distribution of samples 1 to 4.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the BET specific surface area of Samples 1 to 4 and the 150th cycle discharge capacity retention rate. It is a diagram showing the relationship between the D 10 of the sample 1, 3 and 4 the 100th cycle discharge capacity retention ratio.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the BET specific surface area of samples 1 to 4 and the initial discharge capacity.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing reaction resistance of samples 1 to 4; It is sectional explanatory drawing of the negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries of this invention. It is a figure which shows the particle size distribution of the negative electrode active material particle used for the batteries 1 and 2.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the results of a charge / discharge cycle evaluation test for batteries 1 to 6; It is a figure which shows the result of the charging / discharging cycle stability test of the negative electrodes 1 and 2.
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a particle size distribution of negative electrode active material particles used in lithium ion secondary batteries of batteries 7 and 9. It is a figure which shows the result of the charging / discharging cycle evaluation test of the lithium ion secondary battery of the batteries 7-13.
- the negative electrode material of the embodiment of the first aspect includes negative electrode active material particles made of an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium and / or an element compound capable of being alloyed with lithium.
- a negative electrode material, wherein the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more and a BET specific surface area of 6 m 2 / g or less, when 85% by volume or more is 100% by volume as a whole.
- the negative electrode active material particles are composed of an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium or / and an element compound capable of being alloyed with lithium, and are expanded and expanded by occluding and releasing Li ions. Shrink.
- the coating on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles is relatively thin, so the stress applied to the outer surface of the coating is reduced, and cracks and defects are prevented from occurring on the outer surface of the coating. Can do. Therefore, the negative electrode active material particles are unlikely to come into contact with the electrolytic solution, and the elution of Li ions present in the negative electrode active material particles can be suppressed, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when 85% by volume or more is 100% by volume as a whole.
- the particle diameter is an effective diameter calculated by fitting a theoretical diffraction pattern obtained by assuming a spherical shape by a laser diffraction / scattering method and an actually measured diffraction pattern.
- the BET specific surface area of the entire negative electrode active material particles is increased, and charging is performed.
- the film thickness of the film formed increases. A film having a large thickness is less likely to follow the volume change of the negative electrode active material particles, and is likely to crack. For this reason, the negative electrode active material particles may come into direct contact with the electrolyte, and the electrolyte may be decomposed. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the battery may be deteriorated.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume.
- the amount of fine particles of less than 1 ⁇ m is further reduced in the negative electrode active material particles, the negative electrode active material particles having a thin film thickness are increased, and cracking of the film is less likely to occur due to the volume change of the negative electrode active material particles. Further, deterioration of the electrolytic solution can be further suppressed.
- all of the negative electrode active material particles have a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more. In this case, cracks in the coating are less likely to occur and deterioration of the electrolyte can be effectively suppressed.
- the negative electrode active material particles it is preferable that 85% by volume or more of the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 2 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume. In this case, the thickness of the coating is further reduced, the coating is hard to crack, and the decomposition of the electrolyte can be effectively suppressed.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is 6 m 2 / g or less. When the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles exceeds 6 m 2 / g, the discharge capacity retention ratio may decrease.
- the “BET specific surface area” is a method in which molecules having a known adsorption occupation area are adsorbed on the particle surface and the specific surface area of the particle is determined from the amount.
- BET specific surface area of the anode active material particles may be less than or equal to 5 m 2 / g, more preferably not more than 4m 2 / g, it is preferably not more than 3.3 m 2 / g. In this case, the discharge capacity maintenance rate is further improved.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 2.0 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more, and preferably 2.8 m 2 / g or more. .
- the contact area between the negative electrode active material particles can be made relatively large, there are many electron conductive paths, and a large initial discharge capacity can be exhibited.
- D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is less than 4.5 ⁇ m, there is a risk that the cycle characteristics of the battery is reduced.
- D 50 refers to the particle diameter at which the integrated value of the volume distribution in the particle size distribution measurement by the laser diffraction method corresponds to 50%.
- D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is 5.5 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably not smaller than 5.7 .mu.m. In this case, the cycle characteristics of the battery are further improved.
- the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 8.0 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 7.5 ⁇ m or less. If D 50 of the anode active material particle is excessive, there is a possibility that the reaction resistance of the anode active material particles (diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material inside of the Li-ion) increases.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably in the range of 0.4 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- “Particle size range” refers to the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles. “The particle size range is in the range of 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less” means that the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles is in the range of 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m. When the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume, the proportion of the negative electrode active material particles having a particle size in the above particle size range is preferably 95% by volume or more.
- the “particle diameter” is an effective diameter calculated by adapting a theoretical diffraction pattern obtained by assuming a spherical shape by a laser diffraction / scattering method and an actually measured diffraction pattern.
- the negative electrode active material particles having a particle diameter of less than 0.4 ⁇ m When the negative electrode active material particles having a particle diameter of less than 0.4 ⁇ m are included, the fine particles of the negative electrode active material particles increase, and the coating film generated during charging may be thick. For this reason, since the film resistance increases, the cycle characteristics of the battery may be deteriorated.
- the negative electrode active material particles having a particle size exceeding 30 ⁇ m are excessively included, the Li ion diffusion resistance into the particles increases, and the capacity may be reduced.
- the degree of expansion / contraction in the particles differs during the battery reaction, cracks in the particles, and the capacity retention rate decreases There is a risk.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably from 0.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, preferably from 1.0 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and preferably from 1.37 ⁇ m to 18.5 ⁇ m. In this case, the cycle characteristics are further improved.
- D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more.
- the cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the negative electrode active material particle D 10 is 3 ⁇ m or more, the fine particles of the negative electrode active material particle are further reduced.
- the coating on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles becomes relatively thin, the stress applied to the outer surface of the coating is reduced, and the occurrence of cracks and defects on the outer surface of the coating can be suppressed. Therefore, the negative electrode active material particles are unlikely to come into contact with the electrolytic solution, and the elution of Li ions present in the negative electrode active material particles can be suppressed, and the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- “D 10 ” refers to a particle size corresponding to an integrated value of volume distribution of 10% in particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction.
- D 10 of the anode active material particles is not less than 3.4 .mu.m, and further preferably not smaller than 4.0 .mu.m. In this case, the cycle characteristics of the battery are further improved.
- the D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 6.0 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 5.5 ⁇ m or less. If D 10 of the anode active material particle is excessive, there is a possibility that the reaction resistance of the anode active material particles (diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material inside of the Li-ion) increases.
- the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably larger than 8.0 ⁇ m. In this case, the cycle characteristics are further improved. The reason is that when the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is larger than 8.0 ⁇ m, the negative electrode active material particles having a large particle diameter increase. For this reason, the coating on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles becomes relatively thin, and it is possible to suppress the occurrence of cracks and defects on the outer surface of the coating, and to effectively suppress the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution. Therefore, the cycle characteristics of the battery can be improved. “D 90 ” indicates a particle diameter corresponding to 90% of the integrated value of the volume distribution in the particle size distribution measurement by the laser diffraction method.
- the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 8.5 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 9.0 ⁇ m or more. In this case, the cycle characteristics of the battery are further improved.
- the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 12 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 10.5 ⁇ m or less. If D 90 of the anode active material particle is excessive, there is a risk that the internal resistance of the anode active material particles (diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material inside of the Li-ion) increases.
- a film may be formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles.
- the coating is preferably a solid electrolyte interface coating (SEI: Solid Electrolyte Interphase) formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles during charging.
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphase
- the negative electrode active material particles are prevented from coming into direct contact with the electrolyte, and the decomposition of the electrolyte can be suppressed.
- the negative electrode active material particles have the above-mentioned particle size characteristics, there are few fine particles, and the ratio of the volume of the coating film to the unit volume of the negative electrode active material particles can be kept low.
- the stress applied to the coating film due to the volume change of the negative electrode active material particles can be reduced, and the occurrence of defects such as cracks in the coating film can be suppressed. Therefore, direct contact of the negative electrode active material particles with the electrolyte can be suppressed, the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte can be suppressed, and the cycle characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is 5 m 2 / g or less, the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is 5.0 ⁇ m or more and 8.0 ⁇ m or less, and the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. It is preferable that In this case, the initial discharge capacity is increased.
- the reason is considered as follows.
- the reaction resistance of the negative electrode active material particles indicates the film resistance of the negative electrode active material particles and the Li ion diffusion resistance into the particles at the particle interface. The reaction resistance decreases as the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles decreases.
- the film resistance of the negative electrode active material particles decreases as the film at the particle interface becomes thinner.
- the smaller the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles the thicker the coating is formed.
- the negative electrode reaction resistance can be reduced and the discharge capacity can be increased by making the particle size in a well-balanced range, which is the thin particle size of the coating, without increasing the Li ion diffusion inside the particle. Can do.
- the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 5.7 ⁇ m or more and 7.2 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size can be balanced in order to reduce the reaction resistance of the negative electrode active material particles, and the battery capacity can be further increased.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 5.0 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 4.0 m 2 / g or less. .7m 2 / g or more 3.3 m 2 / g is preferably less.
- the negative electrode active material particles can be made to have a balanced particle size that results in a thin particle size of the coating without increasing the Li ion diffusion resistance into the particles, and the discharge capacity can be further increased. growing.
- the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably larger than 8.0 ⁇ m, more preferably 8.5 ⁇ m or more and 9.0 ⁇ m or more. In this case, the discharge capacity is further increased.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 18.5 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 1.37 ⁇ m or more and 18.5 ⁇ m or less. In this case, the discharge capacity is further increased.
- a negative electrode material comprising negative electrode active material particles comprising an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium and / or an element compound capable of being alloyed with lithium.
- 85% by volume or more of the particles may have a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more and a BET specific surface area of 6 m 2 / g or less, assuming that the entire particle is 100% by volume. Also in this case, since the number of fine negative electrode active material particles is small, cycle characteristics are improved.
- cyclone classification dry classification (weight classification, inertia classification, centrifugal classification), wet classification (sediment classification, mechanical classification, hydraulic classification, centrifugal classification), sieving classification, etc.
- dry classification weight classification, inertia classification, centrifugal classification
- wet classification sediment classification, mechanical classification, hydraulic classification, centrifugal classification
- sieving classification etc.
- the cyclone classification is preferably performed using a forced vortex centrifugal precision air classifier.
- a forced vortex centrifugal precision air classifier particles are swirled, and large particles and small particles are separated by balancing the centrifugal force acting on the particles and the resistance to the centrifugal force.
- a classification rotor with classification blades is rotated at high speed in the casing, and centrifugal force is generated by the rotation of the classification rotor to the powder charged from the top of the classification rotor, and air is introduced from the periphery of the classification rotor toward the center.
- the powder with a large particle size that receives a large centrifugal force from the classification rotor flows out of the classification rotor, while the powder with a small particle size that is greatly influenced by the air flow than the centrifugal force moves with the air toward the center. And classifying the powder.
- the rotation speed of the machine is preferably 3000 rpm or more and 10,000 rpm or less.
- the supply rate of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 0.5 kg / h or more and 2.0 kg / h or less, and the air volume is 1.5 m 3 / min or more and 3.5 m 3 / min or less. preferable.
- the negative electrode active material particles are composed of an element that can occlude / release lithium ions and can be alloyed with lithium or / and an element compound that can be alloyed with lithium.
- the element capable of alloying with lithium is preferably silicon (Si) or tin (Sn).
- the elemental compound capable of alloying with lithium is preferably a silicon compound or a tin compound.
- the silicon compound is preferably SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5).
- Examples of the tin compound include tin alloys (Cu—Sn alloy, Co—Sn alloy, etc.).
- the negative electrode active material particles preferably include silicon (Si), and further preferably include SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5). Silicon has a large theoretical capacity. On the other hand, since the volume change during charging / discharging is large, the volume change can be reduced by using SiOx.
- the negative electrode active material particles preferably have a Si phase and a SiO 2 phase.
- the Si phase is composed of simple silicon, and is a phase that can occlude and release Li ions, and expands and contracts as Li ions are occluded and released.
- the SiO 2 phase is made of SiO 2 and absorbs expansion and contraction of the Si phase.
- Si phase is covered by SiO 2 phase, it may form a negative electrode active material particles composed of the Si phase and SiO 2 phase.
- a plurality of refined Si phases are covered with a SiO 2 phase and integrated to form one particle, that is, a negative electrode active material particle. In this case, the volume change of the whole negative electrode active material particle can be suppressed effectively.
- the mass ratio of the SiO 2 phase to the Si phase in the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 1 to 3.
- the mass ratio is less than 1, the negative electrode active material particles are greatly expanded and contracted, and there is a possibility that cracks may occur in the negative electrode active material layer composed of the negative electrode active material particles.
- the mass ratio exceeds 3, the amount of insertion / extraction of Li ions in the negative electrode active material particles is small, and the discharge capacity may be lowered.
- the negative electrode active material particles may be composed only of the Si phase and the SiO 2 phase. Further, the negative electrode active material particles are mainly composed of a Si phase and a SiO 2 phase, but in addition, a known active material may be included as a component of the negative electrode active material particles, specifically, Me. At least one of x Si y O z (Me is Li, Ca, etc.) may be mixed.
- a raw material powder containing silicon monoxide may be used as a raw material for the negative electrode active material particles.
- silicon monoxide in the raw material powder is disproportionated into two phases of SiO 2 phase and Si phase.
- silicon monoxide SiOn: n is 0.5 ⁇ n ⁇ 1.5
- SiO 2 phase a homogeneous solid having an atomic ratio of Si to O of approximately 1: 1
- the silicon oxide powder obtained by disproportionation includes a SiO 2 phase and a Si phase.
- Disproportionation of silicon monoxide in the raw powder proceeds by applying energy to the raw powder.
- energy for example, a method of heating or milling the raw material powder can be mentioned.
- a raw material powder containing amorphous silicon monoxide powder is subjected to heat treatment at 800 to 1200 ° C. for 1 to 5 hours in an inert atmosphere such as vacuum or in an inert gas.
- a silicon oxide powder containing two phases of an amorphous SiO 2 phase and a crystalline Si phase is obtained.
- the raw material powder When milling the raw material powder, a part of the mechanical energy of the milling contributes to chemical atomic diffusion at the solid phase interface of the raw material powder, and generates an oxide phase and a silicon phase.
- the raw material powder may be mixed using a V-type mixer, a ball mill, an attritor, a jet mill, a vibration mill, a high energy ball mill or the like in an inert gas atmosphere such as vacuum or argon gas. Further heat treatment may be performed after milling to further promote disproportionation of silicon monoxide.
- the negative electrode active material particles constitute a negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material is applied to the current collector surface to form a negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode material may be used by adding the above-described negative electrode active material particles as a main negative electrode active material and adding another known negative electrode active material (for example, graphite, Sn, Si, etc.).
- the negative electrode material may contain a binder, a conductive additive, and the like in addition to the negative electrode active material particles.
- the binder is not particularly limited, and a known one may be used.
- a resin that does not decompose even at a high potential such as a fluorine-containing resin such as polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride, can be used.
- a material generally used for an electrode of a lithium secondary battery may be used.
- conductive carbon materials such as carbon black (carbonaceous fine particles) such as acetylene black and ketjen black, and carbon fibers.
- known conductive materials such as conductive organic compounds are also used.
- An auxiliary agent may be used. One of these may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material layer made of the above negative electrode material, a positive electrode made of a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and an electrolyte.
- the negative electrode material generally constitutes the negative electrode by being pressure-bonded to a current collector as a negative electrode active material layer.
- a current collector for example, a metal mesh or metal foil such as copper or copper alloy may be used.
- the positive electrode may be composed of a current collector and a positive electrode material that has positive electrode active material particles and covers the surface of the current collector.
- the positive electrode material includes a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions, and preferably further includes a binder and / or a conductive aid.
- the conductive aid and the binder There are no particular limitations on the conductive aid and the binder, and any conductive aid and binder can be used as long as they can be used in lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the positive electrode active material for example, a metal composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal such as a lithium / manganese composite oxide, a lithium / cobalt composite oxide, or a lithium / nickel composite oxide is used. Specific examples include LiCoO 2 , LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , Li 2 MnO 3 , and S.
- the positive electrode active material simple sulfur, a sulfur-modified compound, or the like can also be used. However, when both the positive electrode and the negative electrode do not contain lithium, it is necessary to pre-dope lithium.
- the current collector may be any material generally used for a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, such as aluminum, nickel, and stainless steel.
- the current collector may be in the form of a mesh or metal foil.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and holds the non-aqueous electrolyte, and a thin microporous film such as polyethylene or polypropylene can be used.
- the electrolyte may be contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving a fluoride salt as an electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- the electrolyte fluoride salt is preferably an alkali metal fluoride salt soluble in an organic solvent.
- the alkali metal fluoride salt e.g., LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, NaPF 6, NaBF 4, and may be used at least one selected from the group of NaAsF 6.
- the organic solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably an aprotic organic solvent, such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate ( One or more selected from EMC) and the like can be used.
- PC propylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- a separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode body.
- Lithium ion secondary battery in which a non-aqueous electrolyte is impregnated in the electrode body after connecting between the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector to the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal leading to the outside using a current collecting lead or the like It is good to do.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited, and various shapes such as a cylindrical shape, a laminated shape, a coin shape, and a laminated shape can be adopted.
- the lithium ion secondary battery may be mounted on a vehicle. By driving the traveling motor with a lithium ion secondary battery using negative electrode active material particles having the above particle size characteristics, it can be used for a long time with a large capacity and a large output.
- the vehicle may be a vehicle that uses electric energy from a lithium ion secondary battery for all or a part of its power source, and may be, for example, an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is mounted on a vehicle, a plurality of lithium ion secondary batteries may be connected in series to form an assembled battery.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries include various home electric appliances, office equipment, and industrial equipment driven by batteries, such as personal computers and portable communication devices, in addition to vehicles.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a BET specific surface area of 6 m 2 / g or less, the negative electrode active material particles have a D 50 of 4.5 ⁇ m or more and 8.0 ⁇ m or less, The particle size range is 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less. In this case, the discharge capacity can be increased. The reason is considered as follows.
- the impedance of the negative electrode active material particles indicates the resistance inside the negative electrode active material particles and at the particle interface.
- the film resistance of the negative electrode active material particles becomes smaller as the film at the particle interface becomes thinner.
- the “BET specific surface area” is a method in which molecules having a known adsorption occupation area are adsorbed on the particle surface and the specific surface area of the particle is determined from the amount.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 5.0 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 4.0 m 2 / g or less, 2.7 m 2 / g or more 3.3 m 2 / g is preferably less.
- the negative electrode active material particles can be made to have a balanced particle size that results in a thin particle size of the coating without increasing the Li ion diffusion resistance into the particles, and the discharge capacity can be further increased. improves.
- D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is 4.5 ⁇ m or more and 8.0 ⁇ m or less.
- D 50 refers to the particle size cumulative value of the volume distribution in the particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction method is equivalent to 50% and D 50. That is, the D 50, it refers to the median diameter measured by volume.
- the discharge capacity may be reduced.
- D 50 is preferably 5.0 ⁇ m or more and 7.2 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 5.7 ⁇ m or more and 7.2 ⁇ m or less.
- the particle size can be balanced in order to reduce the reaction resistance of the negative electrode active material particles, and the discharge capacity is further improved.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is in the range of 0.4 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- “Particle size range” refers to the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles.
- “The particle size range is in the range of 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less” means that the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles is in the range of 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m.
- the “particle size” in which the ratio of the negative electrode active material particles having a particle size in the above particle size range is 95% by volume or more is determined by laser diffraction / The effective diameter is calculated by fitting a theoretical diffraction pattern obtained by assuming a spherical shape by a scattering method and an actually measured diffraction pattern.
- the negative electrode active material particles having a particle size of less than 0.4 ⁇ m are included, the fine particles of the negative electrode active material particles are increased, the coating film formed during charging is thickened, and the discharge capacity may be reduced.
- negative electrode active material particles having an excessively large particle size exceeding 30 ⁇ m are included, the diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material particles is increased, and the initial discharge capacity may be reduced.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably from 0.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably from 1.0 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, from 1.0 ⁇ m to 18.5 ⁇ m, and from 1.37 ⁇ m to 18. It is desirable that it is 5 ⁇ m or less. In this case, the discharge capacity is further increased.
- D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 3.0 ⁇ m or more. In this case, the discharge capacity is further increased. This is because, by D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles is 3.0 ⁇ m or more, the fine particles is further reduced in the anode active material particles. For this reason, it is considered that the discharge capacity was increased because the coating on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles was relatively thin and the coating resistance of the particles was reduced. “D 10 ” refers to a particle diameter corresponding to an integrated value of volume distribution in the particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction method of 10%.
- D 10 of the anode active material particles may be at least 3.4 .mu.m, and further preferably not smaller than 4.0 .mu.m. In this case, the discharge capacity is further improved.
- D 10 of the anode active material particles may be less than or equal to 6.0 .mu.m, and further preferably not 5.5 ⁇ m or less. If D 10 of the anode active material particle is excessive, there is a possibility that the reaction resistance of the anode active material particles (diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material inside of the Li-ion) increases.
- the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably larger than 8.0 ⁇ m and preferably 10.0 ⁇ m or less. In this case, the initial discharge capacity is further increased. The reason for this is that the coating on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles is relatively thin, the coating resistance of the particles is suppressed, and the particle diameter of the particles is relatively small, so that the reaction resistance of the negative electrode can be lowered, resulting in an increase in discharge capacity. Can be considered.
- D 90 indicates a particle diameter corresponding to 90% of the integrated value of the volume distribution in the particle size distribution measurement by the laser diffraction method.
- D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 8.5 ⁇ m or more and 11 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 8.8 ⁇ m or more and 10.0 ⁇ m or less. In this case, the discharge capacity is further increased.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume.
- the particle diameter is an effective diameter calculated by fitting a theoretical diffraction pattern obtained by assuming a spherical shape by a laser diffraction / scattering method and an actually measured diffraction pattern.
- the total amount of negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume, and the amount of negative electrode active material particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more is less than 85% by volume, the BET specific surface area of the entire negative electrode active material particles is increased, and charging is performed.
- the film thickness of the film formed increases. A film with a large film thickness increases the film resistance of the negative electrode active material particles. For this reason, there exists a possibility that discharge capacity may fall. It is preferable that 95% by volume or more of the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle size in the range of 1 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less, assuming that the whole is 100% by volume. In this case, the diffusion resistance of the particles and the film resistance at the particle interface can be suppressed in a balanced manner, and the battery resistance can be effectively suppressed.
- a film may be formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles as in the first aspect.
- cyclone classification using a centrifuge, dry classification, wet classification, sieving classification, or the like may be performed.
- other points (components of the negative electrode active material particles, manufacturing method, structure of the negative electrode material, structure of the lithium ion secondary battery, etc.) may be the same as those in the first aspect.
- the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery when the total amount of negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode active material layer is 100% by volume, 85% by volume or more thereof has a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more. , and the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is more than 1.4 times the D 90 of the anode active material particle. For this reason, battery characteristics can be improved and stabilized. The reason is considered as follows.
- Li ions are inserted and desorbed between the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material through the electrolytic solution.
- a part of the electrolyte contained in the electrolytic solution is reductively decomposed, and the decomposition product covers the surface of the negative electrode active material particles to form a film.
- This film is a film that allows Li ions to pass but not electrons, and is called a solid electrolyte interface film (SEI: Solid Electrolyte Interphase).
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphase
- the film thickness of the coating formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles tends to increase.
- the film thickness is large, it cannot follow the volume change of Si or Sn due to the charge / discharge reaction, stress concentrates on the film surface, and cracks and defects are likely to occur.
- the electrolytic solution easily enters the negative electrode active material particles through the damaged portion of the coating, and the electrolytic solution is easily decomposed when the electrolytic solution comes into contact with the negative electrode active material. The cycle characteristics of discharge will deteriorate.
- the negative electrode active material particles are fine particles, the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is increased, so that the coating film formed on the surface is increased, resulting in resistance to the entry and exit of Li ions, and the discharge capacity may be reduced. is there.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume. For this reason, the anode active material particles have very few fine particles having a particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m. Since the amount of fine particles contained in the negative electrode active material particles is reduced, the number of negative electrode active material particles coated with a thick film that is easily damaged is extremely small, and deterioration of the electrolyte can be suppressed, improving cycle characteristics. Can be made. In addition, when the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles increases, the specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles decreases, so the amount of coating formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles decreases and the resistance of the negative electrode active material particles decreases. The discharge capacity increases.
- the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material layer 1 made of negative electrode active material particles formed on the surface of a current collector 2.
- the ratio of the negative electrode active material particles having a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more in the whole negative electrode active material particle is The unevenness is formed between the relatively large large particles 11 of the negative electrode active material particles existing on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer 1, and the concave and convex portions 10 of the unevenness are not filled with the fine particles 12 of the negative electrode active material particles, The surface roughness of the negative electrode active material layer 1 is increased.
- the electrolytic solution In the thin part of the negative electrode active material layer 1, the electrolytic solution easily penetrates into the inside. In this case, if the coating film formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles is cracked, the negative electrode active material constituting the negative electrode active material particles and the electrolytic solution are likely to be in contact with each other, and the cycle characteristics are likely to deteriorate. On the other hand, in the thick part of the negative electrode active material layer 1, the electrolytic solution hardly penetrates into the inside. For this reason, even if the coating is cracked, the electrolytic solution and the negative electrode active material are less likely to come into contact with each other than the thin portion, and the cycle characteristics are unlikely to deteriorate. In addition, the thin portion of the negative electrode active material layer 1 has a small capacity, and the thick portion has a large capacity. Thus, variations in battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics and discharge capacity are likely to occur.
- the thickness of the anode active material layer and 1.4 times more than D 90 of the anode active material particle.
- 1.4 or more negative electrode active material particles are arranged in the thickness direction of the negative electrode active material layer, and there is variation in the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the charge / discharge cycle characteristics are stabilized.
- the variation in discharge capacity is reduced. Therefore, battery characteristics such as cycle characteristics and discharge capacity can be stabilized.
- the negative electrode active material particles have the above particle size characteristics and the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer has the above relationship with the particle size characteristics of the negative electrode active material particles, the battery characteristics are improved and stabilized. Can do.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer if it is less than 1.4 times the D 90 of the anode active material particles has a large variation in the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer, unevenness is likely to occur in battery characteristics.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 2 times or more D 90 of the anode active material particle. In this case, the variation in the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is further reduced, and the battery characteristics are further stabilized.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably not more than 5 times the D 90 of the anode active material particle. In this case, the electrolyte sufficiently penetrates into the negative electrode active material layer, Li ions diffuse into the negative electrode active material layer quickly, and the discharge capacity and rate characteristics are good.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 3 times or more D 10 of the anode active material particle.
- the fine particles 12 having a small relative size of the negative electrode active material particles with respect to the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer increase in the entire negative electrode active material particles, and the concave portions 10 on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer 1 A large amount of fine particles 12 enter and the surface can be flattened. For this reason, the battery characteristics can be further stabilized.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably more than four times the D 10 of the anode active material particle.
- the surface of the negative electrode active material layer can be further flattened, and the battery characteristics can be further stabilized.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably not more than 10 times the D 10 of the anode active material particle. In this case, the electrolyte sufficiently penetrates into the negative electrode active material layer, Li ions diffuse into the negative electrode active material layer quickly, and the discharge capacity and rate characteristics are good.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is desirably at least twice more of D 50 of the anode active material particles is 2.5 times or more.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is more than twice the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is sufficiently large relative to the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles, The variation in the thickness of the material layer is reduced, and the battery characteristics can be further stabilized.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably not more than 7 times the D 50 of the anode active material particle. In this case, the electrolyte sufficiently penetrates into the negative electrode active material layer, Li ions diffuse into the negative electrode active material layer quickly, and the discharge capacity and rate characteristics are good.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is too small, the stability of the charge / discharge cycle characteristics may be lowered.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is excessive, the electrolytic solution does not easily penetrate into the inside, the electrolytic solution and the negative electrode active material are difficult to contact, and charge / discharge characteristics may be deteriorated.
- the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer is 100% by volume
- the particle size is 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 85% by volume
- 1 ⁇ m in the negative electrode active material particles A relatively large amount of fine particles of less than that will be contained. For this reason, the specific surface area of negative electrode active material particles becomes large, and many coating films are produced
- the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer may have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when 95% by volume or more is 100% by volume. In this case, fine particles of less than 1 ⁇ m are further reduced in the negative electrode active material particles, and the coating amount is reduced. Therefore, the resistance of the negative electrode active material particles is kept low, and the charge / discharge characteristics are improved.
- the whole negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer have a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more.
- fine particles having a particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m are not present in the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer, the coating amount is further reduced, and the resistance of the negative electrode active material particles can be kept low.
- the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer is 100% by volume, it is preferable that 85% by volume or more thereof has a particle size of 2.0 ⁇ m or more. In this case, relatively small particles having a particle size of less than 2.0 ⁇ m can be suppressed, and the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles can be further increased. Therefore, the coating amount on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles can be further reduced, and the resistance of the negative electrode active material particles can be further reduced. Furthermore, when the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer is 100% by volume, it is preferable that 95% by volume or more has a particle size of 2.0 ⁇ m or more. Furthermore, deterioration of the electrolytic solution can be effectively suppressed.
- the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer is 100% by volume, it is preferable that 85% by volume or more thereof has a particle size of 30 ⁇ m or less. Since the negative electrode active material containing Si has a high conductive resistance, when the number of large particles having a particle size exceeding 30 ⁇ m increases, the internal resistance of the negative electrode active material particles increases and the battery capacity may be reduced. Furthermore, when the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer is 100% by volume, it is preferable that 95% by volume or more thereof has a particle size of 30 ⁇ m or less. In this case, the battery capacity can be increased.
- Negative electrode active material D 50 of the particles often is 5.5 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably not smaller than 5.7 .mu.m. In this case, the cycle characteristics of the battery are further improved.
- the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 8.0 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 7.5 ⁇ m or less. If D 50 of the anode active material particle is excessive, there is a possibility that the reaction resistance of the anode active material particles (diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material inside of the Li-ion) increases.
- the anode active material particles D 10 of may be at 3.0 ⁇ m or more, more than 3.4 .mu.m, it is preferably not less than 4.0 .mu.m. In this case, the number of small particles having a particle size of less than 3.0 ⁇ m is reduced in the negative electrode active material particles, and decomposition of the electrolytic solution due to film damage can be effectively suppressed.
- the D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 6.0 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 5.5 ⁇ m or less. If D 10 of the anode active material particle is excessive, there is a possibility that the reaction resistance of the anode active material particles (diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material inside of the Li-ion) increases.
- the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably larger than 7.5 ⁇ m, and more preferably 8.5 ⁇ m or more and 9.0 ⁇ m or more. In this case, the ratio of the negative electrode active material particles having a large particle size increases, and the coating amount decreases. For this reason, the resistance of the negative electrode active material particles is reduced, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the upper limit of D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 12 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 10.5 ⁇ m or less. If D 90 of the anode active material particle is excessive, there is a risk that the internal resistance of the anode active material particles (diffusion resistance of the negative electrode active material inside of the Li-ion) increases.
- the ratio of D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles to D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 0.5 or more and 0.8 or less, more preferably 0.65 or more and 0.8 or less. If the ratio of D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is less than 0.5 for the D 90 of the anode active material particles, there is a possibility that decomposition products of the electrolyte increases, if it exceeds 0.8, the negative electrode The thickness of the active material layer is likely to vary, and the stability of battery characteristics may be reduced.
- the ratio of D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles to D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 0.1 or more and 0.6 or less, more preferably 0.4 or more and 0.6 or less. If the ratio of D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles is less than 0.1 for the D 90 of the anode active material particles, there is a possibility that decomposition products of the electrolyte increases, if it exceeds 0.6, the negative electrode The thickness of the active material layer is likely to vary, and the stability of battery characteristics may be reduced.
- D 50 means a particle diameter corresponding to an integrated value of volume distribution in particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction method corresponding to 50%, and is also referred to as median diameter.
- D 10 represent respectively the particle diameters refers to a value of 10% diameter in cumulative fraction of the volume standard for determining the integrated volume from the smaller particle size distribution.
- D 90 is a value of 90% diameter in the volume-based integrated fraction when the integrated volume is obtained from particles having a small particle size distribution.
- D 50 , D 10 and D 90 are all measured by a particle size distribution measuring device.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably within a range of 0.4 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- “Particle size range” refers to the range of the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode. When the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume, the proportion of the negative electrode active material particles having a particle size in the above particle size range is preferably 95% by volume or more.
- the “particle diameter” is an effective diameter calculated by fitting a theoretical diffraction pattern obtained by assuming a spherical shape by a laser diffraction / scattering method and an actually measured diffraction pattern.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is less than 0.4 ⁇ m, the fine particles of the negative electrode active material particles increase, the coating film generated during charging increases, and the coating resistance increases. May decrease.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles includes a range exceeding 30 ⁇ m, the diffusion resistance of Li into the negative electrode active material particles increases, and the capacity may decrease.
- the anode active material particles there are portions that may or may not contribute to the battery reaction, the degree of expansion / contraction in the particles differs during the battery reaction, cracks occur in the particles, and cycle characteristics May decrease.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably from 0.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, preferably from 1.0 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and preferably from 1.37 ⁇ m to 18.5 ⁇ m. In this case, the cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 6 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 5 m 2 / g or less, 4 m 2 / g or less, and 3.3 m 2 / g or less. In this case, cycle characteristics at the time of charge / discharge are further improved.
- “BET specific surface area” is a method for obtaining a specific surface area of a particle from the amount of a molecule whose adsorption occupation area is known on the particle surface, and is measured by an adsorption / desorption measuring device.
- BET specific surface area of the anode active material particles may be at 2m 2 / g or more, and further preferably not 2.5 m 2 / g or more. In this case, the contact area between the negative electrode active material particles can be made relatively large, the number of electron conductive paths can be increased, and a large initial discharge capacity can be exhibited.
- the above negative electrode active material particles constitute a negative electrode active material layer covering at least the surface of the current collector.
- the volume ratio of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 20% or more and 90% or less.
- the volume ratio of the negative electrode active material particles is less than 20%, not only the discharge capacity decreases, but also the negative electrode active material particles are likely to be unevenly distributed depending on the portion of the negative electrode active material layer, which may cause variations in battery characteristics. is there.
- the volume ratio of the negative electrode active material particles exceeds 90%, the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer become overcrowded, the conduction path of Li ions decreases, and the conductivity may decrease. is there.
- a film may be formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles.
- cyclone classification using a centrifuge, dry classification, wet classification, sieving classification, or the like may be performed.
- the components of the negative electrode active material particles and the production method of the negative electrode active material particles are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the negative electrode active material layer has negative electrode active material particles having the above characteristics. Other points (components, production method, etc.) of the negative electrode active material particles may be the same as those in the first and second embodiments.
- the negative electrode active material layer may contain a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent, and the like in addition to the negative electrode active material particles, similarly to the negative electrode material of the first aspect.
- the negative electrode is composed of a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the current collector surface.
- the method for forming the negative electrode active material layer on the surface of the current collector include a method of forming a slurry containing negative electrode active material particles on the surface of the current collector using a doctor blade, and a slurry containing negative electrode active material particles And a sheet method in which the sheet is disposed on the surface of the current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer is preferably bonded to the surface of the current collector.
- Examples of the pressure bonding method include a roll press method, and the roll press method is preferable for surface flattening.
- the current collector for negative electrode in the first embodiment is preferably used.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes the above-described negative electrode, and includes a positive electrode and an electrolyte.
- the positive electrode is preferably the same as the positive electrode in the first embodiment.
- the separator may be used as necessary as in the first embodiment.
- the electrolyte may be contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving an electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- the electrolyte is preferably a fluoride salt, and is preferably an alkali metal fluoride salt that is soluble in an organic solvent.
- the alkali metal fluoride salt e.g., LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, NaPF 6, NaBF 4, and may be used at least one selected from the group of NaAsF 6.
- the organic solvent of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is preferably an aprotic organic solvent, and for example, a cyclic carbonate or a chain molecule may be used.
- the solvent of the electrolytic solution preferably has both a cyclic carbonate and a chain molecule. Since the cyclic carbonate has a high dielectric constant and the chain molecule has a low viscosity, the movement of Li ions is not hindered, and the battery capacity can be improved.
- the cyclic carbonate is preferably 30 to 50% by volume or less, and the chain molecule is preferably 50 to 70% by volume.
- the cyclic carbonate increases the dielectric constant of the electrolytic solution, while having a high viscosity. As the dielectric constant increases, the conductivity of the electrolyte improves. If the viscosity is high, the movement of Li ions is hindered, resulting in poor conductivity. Chain molecules have a low dielectric constant but a low viscosity. By blending them in a well-balanced range within the above blending ratio, it is possible to adjust the solvent dielectric constant to a certain degree and also reduce the viscosity, adjust the solvent with good conductivity, and improve the battery capacity.
- the cyclic carbonate may contain one or more selected from the group of fluorinated ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate (PC), and ethylene carbonate (EC).
- Fluorinated ethylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having at least one fluorine group in the molecule, and this fluorine group becomes a constituent element of the film formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles, and makes the film stable and strong. is there.
- fluorinated ethylene carbonate it is preferable to use fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), difluoroethylene carbonate, or the like.
- the fluorinated ethylene carbonate is preferably 1% by volume or more and 30% by volume or less.
- the cycle characteristics of charging / discharging can be effectively improved, and the battery capacity can be further improved by suppressing the viscosity of the electrolytic solution to facilitate the movement of Li ions.
- the chain molecule used in the organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a chain.
- at least one selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and the like can be used.
- the first aspect may be the same as the first aspect except for the above features.
- the solvent of the electrolytic solution is Has fluorinated ethylene carbonate.
- Li ions are inserted / extracted between the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material through the electrolytic solution.
- a part of the electrolyte contained in the electrolytic solution is reductively decomposed, and the decomposition product covers the surface of the negative electrode active material particles to form a film.
- This film is a film that allows Li ions to pass but not electrons, and is called a solid electrolyte interface film (SEI: Solid Electrolyte Interphase).
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interphase
- the film thickness of the coating formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles tends to increase.
- the film thickness is large, it cannot follow the volume change of Si due to charge / discharge reaction, stress concentrates on the film surface, and cracks and defects are likely to occur.
- the electrolytic solution easily enters the negative electrode active material particles through the damaged portion of the coating, and the electrolytic solution is easily decomposed when the electrolytic solution comes into contact with the negative electrode active material. The cycle characteristics of discharge will deteriorate.
- the negative electrode active material particles are fine particles, active points such as cracks and defects of the negative electrode active material particles due to pulverization and the like increase, and the coating film formed on the surface becomes dense, and the resistance to the entry and exit of Li ions It becomes.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume. For this reason, the anode active material particles have very few fine particles having a particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m. Since the amount of fine particles contained in the negative electrode active material particles is reduced, the number of negative electrode active material particles coated with a thick film that is easily damaged is extremely small, and deterioration of the electrolyte can be suppressed, improving cycle characteristics. Can be made. Further, when the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles is increased, the negative electrode active material particles react uniformly on the surface, so that the structure of the coating film formed on the surface becomes rough and Li ions can pass smoothly.
- the electrolytic solution has fluorinated ethylene carbonate.
- Many of the fluorine atoms introduced into the fluorinated ethylene carbonate are constituents of LiF in the SEI film.
- fluorinated ethylene carbonate by including fluorinated ethylene carbonate in the electrolytic solution, a stable and strong SEI film is generated, and the negative electrode active material is suppressed from coming into direct contact with the electrolytic solution, and decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.
- the negative electrode active material has a very small amount of fine particles of 1 ⁇ m or less, and the electrolyte contains fluorinated ethylene carbonate, so that a stable and strong SEI coating is thin on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles. It is formed with a thickness. Therefore, the number of negative electrode active material particles coated with a thick film that is easily damaged is extremely small, deterioration of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed, and cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the negative electrode active material particles when the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume, when the particle size is 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 85% by volume, the negative electrode active material particles have relatively many fine particles of less than 1 ⁇ m. Will be included. For this reason, the negative electrode active material particles that cause damage to the SEI coating during charging / discharging increase, and the electrolytic solution may directly contact the negative electrode active material, leading to deterioration of the electrolytic solution, which may reduce the charge / discharge cycle characteristics. is there.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume.
- the deterioration of the electrolytic solution is further suppressed, the cycle characteristics are further improved, and the passage resistance of Li ions passing through the coating formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles is further reduced.
- the whole of the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode has a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more.
- fine particles having a particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m are not present in the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode, and SEI coating damage can be effectively suppressed and deterioration of the electrolyte can be effectively suppressed.
- the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode is 100% by volume, 85% by volume or more preferably has a particle size of 1.5 ⁇ m or more, and more than 95% by volume has a particle size of 1 It is desirable that it is 5 ⁇ m or more. In this case, relatively small particles having a particle size of less than 1.5 ⁇ m can be suppressed, and the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles can be further increased. Therefore, the film thickness of the SEI film on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles can be further reduced, and the film sufficiently follows the volume change at the time of charging / discharging, thereby effectively suppressing the occurrence of cracks in the film.
- the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode is 100% by volume, it is preferable that 95% by volume or more has a particle size of 30 ⁇ m or less, and more than 95% by volume has a particle size of 30 ⁇ m or less. Is desirable. Since the negative electrode active material containing Si has a high conductive resistance, when the number of large particles having a particle size exceeding 30 ⁇ m increases, the internal resistance of the negative electrode active material particles increases and the battery capacity may be reduced.
- the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 5.5 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less. In this case, the charge / discharge cycle characteristics are further improved.
- D 10 of the anode active material particles may be at 3 ⁇ m or more, more than 3.4 .mu.m, is preferably not less than 4.0 .mu.m. In this case, there are fewer small particles having a particle size of less than 3 ⁇ m in the negative electrode active material particles, and decomposition of the electrolyte due to SEI coating damage can be effectively suppressed.
- the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably larger than 8.0 ⁇ m, and more preferably 8.5 ⁇ m or more and 9.0 ⁇ m or more.
- the ratio of the negative electrode active material particles having a large particle size increases, and the number of negative electrode active material particles having a thin film increases.
- the thin film can flexibly follow the volume change of the negative electrode active material particles. For this reason, there is little damage to a film, the direct contact with a negative electrode active material and electrolyte solution is suppressed, degradation of electrolyte solution can be suppressed effectively, and the cycle characteristic of charging / discharging further improves.
- the upper limit of D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 30 ⁇ m, and more preferably 25 ⁇ m. This is because the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles becomes excessive, the internal resistance of the negative electrode active material particles increases, and the battery capacity may be reduced.
- D 50 refers to a 50% diameter value in the volume-based integrated fraction when the integrated volume is obtained from particles having a small particle size distribution, and is also referred to as a median diameter.
- D 10 represent respectively the particle diameters refers to a value of 10% diameter in cumulative fraction of the volume standard for determining the integrated volume from the smaller particle size distribution.
- D 90 is a value of 90% diameter in the volume-based integrated fraction when the integrated volume is obtained from particles having a small particle size distribution.
- D 50 , D 10 and D 90 are all measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring device.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably within a range of 0.4 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m. “Particle size range” refers to the range of the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode. When the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume, the proportion of the negative electrode active material particles having a particle size in the above particle size range is preferably 95% by volume or more.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles includes less than 0.4 ⁇ m, the fine particles of the negative electrode active material particles increase, the SEI film generated during charging becomes thick, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics may deteriorate. . Since the conductivity of the negative electrode active material is low, when the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles includes a range exceeding 30 ⁇ m, the internal resistance of the negative electrode active material particles increases and the capacity may decrease. Also, in the anode active material particles, there are portions that may or may not contribute to the battery reaction, the degree of expansion / contraction in the particles differs during the battery reaction, cracks occur in the particles, and cycle characteristics May decrease.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably from 0.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, preferably from 1.0 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and preferably from 1.37 ⁇ m to 18.5 ⁇ m. In this case, the cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 6 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 5 m 2 / g or less, 4 m 2 / g or less, and 3.3 m 2 / g or less. In this case, cycle characteristics at the time of charge / discharge are further improved.
- the “BET specific surface area” is a method in which a molecule whose adsorption occupation area is known is adsorbed on the particle surface, and the specific surface area of the particle is obtained from the amount.
- the contact area between the negative electrode active material particles can be made relatively large, the number of electron conduction paths can be increased, and a large initial discharge capacity can be exhibited.
- the negative electrode active material particles are preferably composed of large particles among particles obtained by classifying negative electrode active material particles made of Si-containing negative electrode active material into particles having a large particle size and small particles by cyclone classification.
- the negative electrode active material particles contained in the negative electrode are not limited to those having the particle size adjusted by the cyclone classification, and the particle size is adjusted by a method such as a classification method using a sieve, a flotation separation method, a wet centrifugation method, or a dry classification method. It may be a thing.
- a dry classification method it is preferable to use a dry classifier developed based on the latest classification theory different from the conventional airflow classifier.
- the negative electrode active material particles are made of a negative electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions.
- a negative electrode active material consists of an element compound which has an element which can be alloyed with lithium, and / or an element which can be alloyed with lithium.
- the elements that can be alloyed with lithium are Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Ti, Ag, Zn, Cd, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, It is good to consist of at least 1 sort (s) chosen from the group of Sn, Pb, Sb, and Bi.
- silicon (Si) or tin (Sn) is preferable.
- the elemental compound having an element that can be alloyed with lithium is preferably a silicon compound or a tin compound.
- the silicon compound is preferably SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5).
- Examples of the tin compound include tin alloys (Cu—Sn alloy, Co—Sn alloy, etc.).
- the negative electrode active material particles may have Si (silicon).
- the negative electrode active material having Si can occlude / release lithium ions and is preferably made of silicon or / and a silicon compound.
- the negative electrode active material may have SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5). Silicon has a large theoretical discharge capacity.
- the volume change during charging / discharging is large, the volume change can be reduced by using SiOx.
- the components and manufacturing method of the fourth negative electrode active material particles may be the same as the components and manufacturing method of the negative electrode active material particles of the first aspect.
- a film may be formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles.
- cyclone classification using a centrifuge, dry classification, wet classification, sieving classification, or the like may be performed.
- the components of the negative electrode active material particles and the production method of the negative electrode active material particles are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the negative electrode active material particles having the above characteristics constitute a negative electrode material that covers at least the surface of the current collector.
- the negative electrode is configured by pressing the negative electrode material as a negative electrode active material layer onto a current collector.
- a current collector for example, a metal mesh or metal foil such as copper or copper alloy may be used.
- the negative electrode active material particles described above may be used as the main negative electrode active material, and other negative electrode active materials (for example, graphite, Sn, Si, etc.) already added may be used.
- the negative electrode material may contain a binder, a conductive additive, and the like in addition to the negative electrode active material particles.
- the positive electrode used in the lithium ion secondary battery is composed of a current collector and a positive electrode material having positive electrode active material particles and covering the surface of the current collector, as in the first aspect. Good. Moreover, a separator is good also as needed like the 1st aspect.
- the electrolyte may be contained in the nonaqueous electrolytic solution.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving an electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- the electrolyte is preferably a fluoride salt, and is preferably an alkali metal fluoride salt that is soluble in an organic solvent.
- the alkali metal fluoride salt e.g., LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiAsF 6, NaPF 6, NaBF 4, and may be used at least one selected from the group of NaAsF 6.
- the organic solvent of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution is preferably an aprotic organic solvent, and for example, cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, ethers, and the like may be used.
- the solvent of the electrolytic solution preferably has a cyclic carbonate containing cyclic ethylene carbonate and a chain carbonate. Since the cyclic carbonate has a high dielectric constant and the chain carbonate has a low viscosity, the movement of Li ions is not hindered, and the battery capacity can be improved.
- the cyclic carbonate is preferably 30 to 50% by volume or less, and the chain carbonate is preferably 50 to 70% by volume.
- the cyclic carbonate increases the dielectric constant of the electrolytic solution, while having a high viscosity. As the dielectric constant increases, the conductivity of the electrolyte improves. If the viscosity is high, the movement of Li ions is hindered, resulting in poor conductivity. Chain carbonate has a low dielectric constant but low viscosity. By blending them in a well-balanced range within the above blending ratio, it is possible to adjust the solvent dielectric constant to a certain degree and also reduce the viscosity, adjust the solvent with good conductivity, and improve the battery capacity.
- the cyclic carbonate contains fluorinated ethylene carbonate as an essential component, and in addition, propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate, gamma butyrolactone, vinylene carbonate, 2-methyl-gamma butyrolactone, acetyl-gamma butyrolactone, and gamma
- PC propylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- butylene carbonate gamma butyrolactone
- vinylene carbonate 2-methyl-gamma butyrolactone
- 2-methyl-gamma butyrolactone acetyl-gamma butyrolactone
- gamma gamma
- valerolactone gamma
- One or more selected from the group of valerolactone may be included.
- Fluorinated ethylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate having at least one fluorine group in the molecule, and this fluorine group becomes a constituent element of the film formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles, and makes the film stable and strong. is there.
- the fluorinated ethylene carbonate it is preferable to use fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), difluoroethylene carbonate, trifluoroethylene carbonate, or the like. In view of acid resistance, it is particularly preferable to use FEC.
- the fluorinated ethylene carbonate is preferably 1% by volume or more and 30% by volume or less.
- the cycle characteristics of charging / discharging can be effectively improved, and the battery capacity can be further improved by suppressing the viscosity of the electrolytic solution to facilitate the movement of Li ions.
- the fluorinated ethylene carbonate is less than 1% by volume, the degree of improvement in cycle characteristics may be reduced.
- the amount of fluorinated ethylene carbonate exceeds 30% by volume, the high temperature characteristics of the electrolytic solution are deteriorated, the fluorinated ethylene carbonate is decomposed at a high temperature, and the decomposition product causes the internal resistance of the battery to increase.
- the chain carbonate used for the organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it is a chain.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- dibutyl carbonate dipropyl carbonate
- propionic acid alkyl ester malonic acid dialkyl ester
- acetic acid alkyl ester Can do.
- ethers used in organic solvents include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, and the like. Can be used.
- the other points may be the same as those in the first to third aspects.
- a negative electrode material comprising negative electrode active material particles made of an element capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and capable of being alloyed with lithium or / and an element compound capable of being alloyed with lithium.
- the negative electrode active material particles are 85% by volume or more of the negative electrode active material particles having a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the current collector, wherein the negative electrode active material layer is any of a) to g) Kano are composed of negative electrode material, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer, the negative active material negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery is 1.4 times the D 90 of the particles.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery comprising a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the current collector, wherein the negative electrode active material layer is any one of the above a) to g) Kano are composed of negative electrode material, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer, the negative active material negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery is three times more D 10 of the particles.
- an anode comprising the anode active material particles, a cathode having a cathode active material capable of occluding and releasing Li ions, and an electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving an electrolyte in a solvent
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising: The solvent of the electrolytic solution is a lithium ion secondary battery having fluorinated ethylene carbonate.
- a lithium ion secondary battery, wherein the solvent of the electrolytic solution includes fluorinated ethylene carbonate.
- Each of the prepared negative electrode active material particles of Samples 1 to 4, natural graphite powder as a conductive additive, ketjen black, and polyamideimide as a binder are mixed, and a solvent is added to form a slurry mixture. Obtained.
- the solvent was N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the slurry-like mixture was formed into a film on one side of a copper foil as a current collector using a doctor blade, pressed at a predetermined pressure, heated at 200 ° C. for 2 hours, and allowed to cool. Thereby, the negative electrode formed by fixing the negative electrode active material layer on the current collector surface was formed.
- a lithium / nickel composite oxide LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder are mixed to form a slurry.
- This slurry was applied to one side of an aluminum foil as a current collector, pressed and fired.
- a polypropylene porous membrane as a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a plurality of electrode bodies composed of the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode were stacked.
- the periphery of the two aluminum films was sealed by heat-welding except for a part to make a bag shape.
- the laminated electrode body was put in a bag-like aluminum film, and an electrolytic solution was further put.
- the electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 as an electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- the concentration of LiPF 6 in the electrolyte was 1 mol / dm 3 .
- the opening portion of the aluminum film was completely hermetically sealed while evacuating.
- the tips of the current collectors on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side were projected from the edge of the film to enable connection to external terminals, and a lithium ion battery was obtained.
- the lithium ion battery was conditioned.
- the conditioning treatment was performed by repeating charging and discharging three times at 25 ° C.
- the first time the charging conditions were set to CC (constant current) charging at 0.2 C and 4.1 V, and the discharging conditions were set to CC discharging at 0.2 C, 3 V, and cutoff.
- the second time the charging condition was set to 0.2C, 4.1V CC-CV (constant current constant voltage) charging, and the discharging condition was set to 0.1C, 3V, cut-off CC discharge.
- the charging conditions were 1C, 4.2V CC-CV charging, and the discharging conditions were 1C, 3V, cutoff CC discharging.
- ⁇ Discharge capacity maintenance rate> A cycle test of a lithium ion secondary battery was performed. The cycle test was performed at 25 ° C., the charging condition was 1 C, 4.2 V CC (constant current) charging, and the discharging condition was 1 C, 2.5 V CC (constant current) discharging. The first charge / discharge test after the conditioning treatment was taken as the first cycle, and the same charge / discharge was repeated until the 150th cycle. During the charge and discharge of the first cycle and 150th cycle, the discharge capacity was measured, and the 150th cycle discharge capacity retention rate was calculated.
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate at the 150th cycle is obtained as a percentage of the value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity at the 150th cycle by the initial discharge capacity ((discharge capacity at the 150th cycle) / (discharge capacity at the first cycle) ⁇ 100). Value.
- the discharge capacity retention ratio at the 150th cycle is shown in FIG.
- the batteries using the negative electrode active material particles of Samples 2 to 4 had an extremely high discharge capacity maintenance ratio at the 150th cycle than the battery using the negative electrode active material particles of Sample 1. Further, among the samples 2 to 4, when the negative electrode active material particles of sample 4 were used, the discharge capacity retention rate was even higher.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the negative electrode active D 10 of material particles and the 100th cycle discharge capacity retention ratio of the sample 1,3,4. Secondary batteries similar to those described above were prepared for each sample, and the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle was measured.
- the discharge capacity maintenance rate at the 100th cycle is obtained as a percentage of the value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity at the 100th cycle by the initial discharge capacity ((discharge capacity at the 100th cycle) / (discharge capacity at the first cycle) ⁇ 100). Value.
- the batteries produced using the negative electrode active material particles of Samples 3 and 4 had a significantly higher discharge capacity maintenance rate at the 100th cycle than that of Sample 1.
- the negative electrode active material particles had a BET specific surface area of 6 m 2 / g or less and the negative electrode active material particles had a D 50 of 4.5 ⁇ m or more, thereby improving the cycle characteristics of the battery. . Further, it was found that when the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, or D 10 is 3 ⁇ m or more, the cycle characteristics of the battery are further improved. D 90 of the active material particles may be larger than the 8.0 .mu.m, further it was found that good that D 90 of not less than 8.5 .mu.m.
- the negative electrode active material particles had a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole was taken as 100% by volume. Furthermore, it has also been found that 95% by volume or more of the negative electrode active material particles preferably have a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more when the whole is 100% by volume.
- the initial discharge capacity is the capacity at the time of the first discharge performed after the conditioning process.
- the batteries using the negative electrode active material particles of Samples 2 to 4 had a higher initial discharge capacity than the battery using the negative electrode active material particles of Sample 1.
- the initial discharge capacities of the samples 2 and 3 and the sample 3 were high.
- the negative electrode active material particles are 100% by volume as a whole, 95% by volume or more thereof has a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more, and the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is 5 m 2 / g or less.
- D 50 of the anode active material particles by not more than 8.0 ⁇ m or 5.0 .mu.m, it was found that the initial discharge capacity is increased.
- the particle size range of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 20.0 ⁇ m or less, and the D 50 of the negative electrode active material particles is 5.7 ⁇ m or more and 7.2 ⁇ m or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 5.0 m 2 / g or less, and the D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is larger than 8.0 ⁇ m. I found out that it was good.
- the negative electrode active material particles have a BET specific surface area of 6 m 2 / g or less, the negative electrode active material particles have a D 50 of 4.5 ⁇ m or more and 8.0 ⁇ m or less, and the negative electrode active material particles have a particle size range of 0.4 ⁇ m. It was found that the initial discharge capacity is increased when the thickness is 30 ⁇ m or less. Further, D 10 of the negative electrode active material particles is preferably 3.0 ⁇ m or more, D 50 is preferably 5.7 ⁇ m or more and 7.2 ⁇ m or less, and the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material particles is 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 5.
- the initial discharge capacity was further increased.
- the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume, 85% by volume or more preferably has a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more, and further, the negative electrode active material particles have a total amount of 100% by volume. It was found that 95% by volume or more preferably had a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more.
- reaction resistance of negative electrode The reaction resistance of the negative electrodes prepared using the negative electrode active material particles of Samples 1 to 4 was measured.
- AC impedance measurement was performed on the secondary battery produced using the negative electrode.
- the frequency of the current was 1 M to 0.05 Hz, and the battery was charged to 4.2 V with a constant current and constant voltage (CCCV) under the conditions of 1 C and 25 ° C.
- An AC impedance measurement was performed on the charged secondary battery under the condition of a frequency of 1 M to 0.05 Hz.
- the measurement results are shown in FIG. In FIG. 5, the horizontal axis indicates the real part of the resistance, and the vertical axis indicates the imaginary part of the resistance. In the line portion shown in FIG.
- the width between both ends of the arc-shaped portion indicates the coating resistance of the negative electrode active material particles and the Li ion diffusion resistance into the particles at the particle interface, and the real part is larger than the arc-shaped portion.
- the resistance portion indicates Li ion diffusion resistance in the negative electrode active material particles.
- the reaction resistance of the negative electrode using the negative electrode active material particles of Samples 2 to 4 was smaller than that of Sample 1.
- sample 3 had the lowest reaction resistance. This is a factor in maximizing the initial discharge capacity of the negative electrode active material particles of Sample 3.
- the reaction resistance of the negative electrode indicates a value obtained by combining the film resistance of the negative electrode active material particles and the Li ion diffusion resistance into the particles at the particle interface.
- the film resistance of the negative electrode active material particles decreases as the film on the particle surface becomes thinner.
- the smaller the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles the thicker the coating is formed. It is possible to increase the initial discharge capacity of the battery by reducing the impedance within a well-balanced range of the particle size of the SEI film without increasing the Li ion diffusion resistance inside the particle. It is thought that it was made.
- Batteries 1-6 are examples of the present invention.
- the particle size distribution of the disproportionated negative electrode active material particles was measured, and the results are shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode active material particles had a BET specific surface area of 6.6 m 2 / g, D 10 of 1.4 ⁇ m, D 50 of 4.4 ⁇ m, and D 90 of 8.0 ⁇ m. .
- the particle size range was 0.34 to 18.5 ⁇ m.
- Each of the prepared negative electrode active material particles, natural graphite powder and ketjen black as a conductive additive, and polyamideimide as a binder were mixed, and a solvent was added to obtain a slurry mixture.
- the solvent was N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the slurry-like mixture was formed into a film on one side of a copper foil as a current collector using a doctor blade, pressed by a roll press method, heated at 200 ° C. for 2 hours, and allowed to cool.
- the negative electrode formed by fixing the negative electrode active material layer on the current collector surface was formed.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer was 15 ⁇ m, and the ratio of the negative electrode active material particles was 42% by mass when the total mass of the negative electrode active material layer was 100 mass.
- a lithium-nickel composite oxide LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder are mixed to form a slurry.
- This slurry was applied to one side of an aluminum foil as a current collector, pressed and fired.
- a polypropylene porous membrane as a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a plurality of electrode bodies composed of the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode were stacked.
- the periphery of the two aluminum films was sealed by heat-welding except for a part to make a bag shape.
- the laminated electrode body was put in a bag-like aluminum film, and an electrolytic solution was further put.
- the electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 as an electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- the concentration of LiPF 6 in the electrolytic solution was 1 mol / L (M).
- the opening portion of the aluminum film was completely hermetically sealed while evacuating.
- the tips of the positive electrode side and negative electrode side current collectors were projected from the edge portions of the film to be connectable to external terminals to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a conditioning treatment was performed on the lithium ion secondary battery.
- charging / discharging was repeated three times at 25 ° C.
- Cyclone classification was performed on the negative electrode active material particles of the battery 1 to prepare negative electrode active material particles of the battery 2.
- a cyclone classification is performed using a powder classifier (turbo classifier: manufactured by Nisshin Engineering), a rotational speed of 10,000 rpm, a total air amount of 3.0 m 2 / min, and a negative electrode active material particle supply rate of 1.5 kg / hour. It went on condition of.
- the negative electrode active material particles put into the classification rotor are subjected to a centrifugal force due to the rotation of the classification and a drag force due to the air flowing in the radial center direction.
- coarse particles satisfying the relationship of centrifugal force> drag force are blown outward of the classifying rotor, and fine particles satisfying the relationship of centrifugal force ⁇ drag force are moved in the radial center direction together with air.
- the coarse particles blown outward were designated as battery 2.
- the BET specific surface area of the coarse particles of Battery 2 was 2.8 m 2 / g, D10 was 4.4 ⁇ m, D50 was 6.4 ⁇ m, D90 was 9.2 ⁇ m, and the particle size range was 2.31 to 18.5 ⁇ m. .
- the entire negative electrode active material particles of the collected battery 2 were taken as 100% by volume, those having a particle diameter of 2 ⁇ m or more were 100% by volume.
- the particle size distribution of the battery 2 is shown in FIG. Other points of the battery 2 are the same as those of the battery 1.
- a battery 4 was produced using the negative electrode active material particles of the battery 1.
- a battery 5 was produced using the negative electrode active material particles of the battery 2.
- Battery 6 A battery 6 was produced using the negative electrode active material particles of the battery 3.
- ⁇ Cycle test of charge / discharge> The batteries 1 to 6 were subjected to a charge / discharge cycle test at 25 ° C.
- the charge condition of the cycle test was 1 C, 4.2 V CC (constant current) charge
- the discharge condition was 1 C, 2.5 V CC (constant current) discharge.
- the first charge / discharge test after the conditioning treatment was taken as the first cycle, and the same charge / discharge was repeated until the 500th cycle.
- the battery 4 in which FEC was added to the organic solvent of the electrolytic solution showed significantly improved cycle characteristics than the batteries 1 to 3 without FEC. This is because FEC becomes a constituent component of LiF in the coating, a stable and strong coating is generated, and the negative electrode active material is suppressed from coming into direct contact with the electrolytic solution, and the decomposition of the electrolytic solution is suppressed. it is conceivable that.
- the batteries 5 and 6 have significantly improved cycle characteristics compared to the battery 4. This is because FEC is added to the electrolytic solution, and in the battery 5, the whole of the negative electrode active material particles is 2 ⁇ m or more, and in the battery 6, when the whole of the negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume, It is 99.3% by volume and contains almost no relatively small fine particles.
- the fine-particle negative electrode active material particles tend to have a thick film formed on the surface, and the surface of the film tends to crack due to a volume change of the negative electrode active material particles. Since the negative electrode active material particles of the batteries 5 and 6 contain almost no such fine particles, the number of the negative electrode active material particles that damage the coating is extremely small, and deterioration of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the batteries 5 and 6 is excellent in cycling characteristics.
- a negative electrode active material layer for a predetermined area is cut out from two different positions in the planar direction of each negative electrode 1, 2, and a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material layer having the same mass as the cut-out portion of each negative electrode active material layer
- a secondary battery was assembled in combination.
- the charge / discharge cycle test was performed at 25 ° C., the charge condition was 1 C, 4.2 V CC (constant current) charge, and the discharge condition was 2 C, 3 V CC (constant current) discharge.
- the first charge / discharge test after the conditioning treatment was taken as the first cycle, and the same charge / discharge was repeated until the 500th cycle.
- the two cut pieces of the negative electrode 1 had different discharge capacity retention rates.
- One of the negative electrodes 1 exhibited a discharge capacity retention rate comparable to that of the negative electrode 2, and the other was lower than the discharge capacity retention rate of the negative electrode 2.
- the difference between the discharge capacity retention rates of the two cut pieces of the negative electrode 1 increased as the number of charge / discharge cycles increased.
- the two cut pieces of the negative electrode 2 (outlined linear portions in FIG. 9) showed the same discharge capacity retention rate. From this, it was found that the battery using the negative electrode 2 was excellent in cycle stability, and the battery using the negative electrode 2 was not good in cycle stability. The reason is considered as follows.
- Both the negative electrodes 1 and 2 use the same negative electrode active material particles, and the entire negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer have a particle size of 2 ⁇ m or more.
- the total particle size of the negative electrode active material particles in the negative electrode active material layer 1 is 2 ⁇ m or more, and the large particles of the negative electrode active material particles present on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer 1 are relatively large.
- Concavities and convexities are formed between 11, and the concave and convex portions 10 are not filled with the fine particles of the negative electrode active material particles, and the surface roughness of the negative electrode active material layer 1 is increased.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer with respect to D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles was 1.4 times or more, and thus the cycle characteristics were relatively stable.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer with respect to D 90 of the negative electrode active material particles is less than 2.0 times as in the negative electrode 1, the thickness tends to vary depending on the portion of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the electrolytic solution easily penetrates into the inside.
- the coating film formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material particles is cracked, the negative electrode active material constituting the negative electrode active material particles and the electrolytic solution are likely to be in contact with each other, and the cycle characteristics are likely to deteriorate.
- the electrolytic solution hardly penetrates into the inside.
- the negative electrode 1 is more likely to have variations in cycle characteristics than the negative electrode 2.
- the negative electrode 2 since the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer to the D 90 of the anode active material particles is 2.0 times or more, the difference in thickness is less likely to occur due to part of the negative electrode active material layer. For this reason, it becomes difficult to form large irregularities on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer 1. For this reason, the negative electrode 2 has less variation in the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer than the negative electrode 1, and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics are stabilized.
- the batteries 7 to 13 of the lithium ion secondary battery according to the fourth aspect of the present invention were fabricated as follows, and a charge / discharge cycle evaluation test was performed.
- the batteries 7 to 11 are reference examples of the present invention, and the batteries 12 and 13 are examples of the present invention.
- the particle size distribution of the disproportionated negative electrode active material particles was measured, and the results are shown in FIG. Further, as shown in Table 6, the negative electrode active material particles had a BET specific surface area of 6.6 m 2 / g, D 10 of 1.4 ⁇ m, D 50 of 4.4 ⁇ m, and D 90 of 8.0 ⁇ m. . The particle size range was 0.34 to 18.5 ⁇ m. When the total amount of the negative electrode active material particles was 100% by volume, the particles having a particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or more was 93.3% by volume.
- Each of the prepared negative electrode active material particles, natural graphite powder and ketjen black as a conductive additive, and polyamideimide as a binder were mixed, and a solvent was added to obtain a slurry mixture.
- the solvent was N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the slurry-like mixture was formed into a film on one side of a copper foil as a current collector using a doctor blade, pressed at a predetermined pressure, heated at 200 ° C. for 2 hours, and allowed to cool. Thereby, the negative electrode formed by fixing the negative electrode active material layer on the current collector surface was formed.
- a lithium / nickel composite oxide LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder are mixed to form a slurry.
- This slurry was applied to one side of an aluminum foil as a current collector, pressed and fired.
- a polypropylene porous membrane as a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a plurality of electrode bodies composed of the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode were stacked.
- the periphery of the two aluminum films was sealed by heat welding except for a part to make a bag shape.
- a laminated electrode body was put in a bag-like aluminum film, and an electrolytic solution was further put.
- the electrolytic solution is obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 as an electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- the concentration of LiPF 6 in the electrolytic solution was 1 mol / L (M).
- the opening portion of the aluminum film was completely hermetically sealed while evacuating.
- the tips of the positive electrode side and negative electrode side current collectors were projected from the edge portions of the film to be connectable to external terminals to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a conditioning treatment was performed on the lithium ion secondary battery.
- charging / discharging was repeated three times.
- the first time the charging condition was set to CC-CV (constant current constant voltage) of 0.2C, 4.1V, and the discharging condition was set to CC discharge of 0.2C, 3V, cut-off.
- the charging condition was set to CC-CV charging of 0.2C and 4.1V, and the discharging condition was set to CC discharge of 0.1C, 3V and cut-off.
- the charging condition was 1C, 4.2V CC-CV charging, and the discharging condition was 1C, 3V, cut-off CC discharge.
- the lithium secondary battery was returned to room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the negative electrode active material particles used in the battery 7 were subjected to cyclone classification.
- a cyclone classification is performed using a powder classifier (turbo classifier: manufactured by Nisshin Engineering), a classification rotor diameter of 300 mm, a rotation speed of 7000 rpm, a total air amount of 2.0 m 3 / min, and a supply amount of negative electrode active material particles
- the test was performed under the condition of 1 kg / hour.
- the negative electrode active material particles put into the classification rotor are subjected to a centrifugal force due to the rotation of the classification and a drag force due to the air flowing in the radial center direction.
- coarse particles satisfying the relationship of centrifugal force ⁇ drag force are blown outward of the classifying rotor, and fine particles satisfying the relationship of centrifugal force> drag force are moved together with air in the radial center direction.
- the fine particles moved toward the center of the classification rotor were used in the battery 8 as negative electrode active material particles.
- Coarse particles blown outward were used in the battery 9 as negative electrode active material particles.
- the fine particles used in the battery 8 have a BET specific surface area of 9.5 m 2 / g, D 10 of 0.8 ⁇ m, D 50 of 2.7 ⁇ m, D 90 of 5.0 ⁇ m, and a particle size range of 0.37 to 11 0.0 ⁇ m.
- D 10 of 0.8 ⁇ m
- D 50 of 2.7 ⁇ m
- D 90 of 5.0 ⁇ m
- a particle size range of 0.37 to 11 0.0 ⁇ m.
- the coarse particles used in Battery 9 had a BET specific surface area of 2.8 m 2 / g, D 10 of 4.4 ⁇ m, D 50 of 6.4 ⁇ m, and D 90 of 9.2 ⁇ m. The range was 2.31 to 18.5 ⁇ m.
- the volume of particles having a particle size of 2 ⁇ m or more was 100% by volume.
- the particle size distribution of the particles used in the battery 9 is shown in FIG.
- the other points of the lithium ion secondary battery of the batteries 8 and 9 are the same as the lithium ion secondary battery of the battery 7.
- Cyclone classification was performed on the negative electrode active material particles of the battery 7 to prepare negative electrode active material particles of the battery 10.
- the same equipment as when the batteries 8 and 9 were classified was used, and the conditions of a classification rotor diameter of 300 mm, a rotation speed of 4000 rpm, a total air amount of 2.0 m 3 / min, and a negative electrode active material particle supply rate of 1 kg ton / hour I went there.
- the negative electrode active material particles of the collected battery 10 had a BET specific surface area of 2.7 m 2 / g, D 10 of 5.4 ⁇ m, D 50 of 7.2 ⁇ m, and D 90 of 10.0 ⁇ m.
- the particle size range was 3.27 to 18.5 ⁇ m.
- the particles having a particle diameter of 4 ⁇ m or more were 99.3% by volume.
- Others are the same as the lithium ion secondary battery of the battery 7.
- Battery 12 Using the negative electrode active material particles of the battery 9, a lithium ion secondary battery of the battery 12 was produced.
- the battery 11 in which FEC was added to the organic solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte had significantly improved cycle characteristics than the batteries 7 to 10 without FEC. This is because FEC becomes a component of LiF in the SEI film, a stable and strong SEI film is generated, the negative electrode active material is prevented from coming into direct contact with the electrolyte, and the decomposition of the electrolyte is suppressed. It is thought that.
- Batteries 11 and 12 have significantly improved cycle characteristics as compared with battery 10. This is because FEC is added to the non-aqueous electrolyte. Further, in the battery 12, the whole of the negative electrode active material particles is 2 ⁇ m or more, and in the battery 13, 4 ⁇ m when the whole of the negative electrode active material particles is 100% by volume. The above is 99.3% by volume and contains almost no relatively small fine particles. The fine-particle negative electrode active material particles tend to have a thick film formed on the surface, and the surface of the film tends to crack due to a volume change of the negative electrode active material particles.
- the negative electrode active material particles used in the batteries 12 and 13 contain almost no such fine particles, the number of negative electrode active material particles that damage the SEI film is extremely small, and deterioration of the electrolyte can be suppressed. Further, when the particle size of the negative electrode active material particles is increased, the structure of the SEI film formed on the surface becomes rough, and Li ions can pass smoothly. For this reason, it is thought that the lithium ion secondary battery of the batteries 12 and 13 is excellent in cycling characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
リチウムイオン二次電池は、上記の負極材からなる負極活物質層を有する負極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出し得る正極活物質からなる正極と、電解質とを備えている。
リチウムイオン二次電池は、車両に搭載してもよい。上記の粒径特性をもつ負極活物質粒子を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池で走行用モータを駆動することにより、大容量、大出力で、長時間使用することができる。車両は、その動力源の全部あるいは一部にリチウムイオン二次電池による電気エネルギーを使用している車両であれば良く,例えば、電気車両、ハイブリッド車両などであるとよい。車両にリチウムイオン二次電池を搭載する場合には、リチウムイオン二次電池を複数直列に接続して組電池とするとよい。
上記の第1~第4の態様の中から、好ましい態様を抽出して結合することができる。例えば、以下の態様が挙げられる。
・a)リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能であってリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素又は/及びリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物からなる負極活物質粒子を含む負極材。
・b)前記a)において、前記負極活物質粒子は、全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径1μm以上である負極材。
・c)前記a)又はb)において、前記負極活物質粒子のBET比表面積が6m2/g以下である負極材。
d)前記a)~c)のいずれかにおいて、前記負極活物質粒子のD50が4.5μm以上である負極材。
・e)前記a)からd)のいずれかにおいて、前記負極活物質粒子の粒度範囲が0.4μm以上30μm以下である負極材。
・f)前記a)からe)のいずれかにおいて、前記負極活物質粒子のD10は3μm以上である負極材。
・g)前記a)からf)のいずれかにおいて、前記負極活物質粒子のD90が8.0μmを超えて大きい負極材。
・h)集電体と、集電体の表面に形成された負極活物質層とからなるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極であって、前記負極活物質層は、前記a)~g)のいずれかの負極材から構成されており、前記負極活物質層の厚みは、前記負極活物質粒子のD90の1.4倍以上であるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
・i)集電体と、集電体の表面に形成された負極活物質層とからなるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極であって、前記負極活物質層は、前記a)~g)のいずれかの負極材から構成されており、前記負極活物質層の厚みは、前記負極活物質粒子のD10の3倍以上であるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
・j)前記a)~g)のいずれかにおいて、前記負極活物質粒子を含む負極と、Liイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る正極活物質をもつ正極と、電解質を溶媒に溶解してなる電解液と、を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記電解液の前記溶媒は、フッ素化エチレンカーボネートを有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
・k)前記h)又はi)のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、Liイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る正極活物質をもつ正極と、電解質を溶媒に溶解してなる電解液と、を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、前記電解液の前記溶媒は、フッ素化エチレンカーボネートを有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
調製された試料1~4の各負極活物質粒子と、導電助材としての天然黒鉛粉末とケッチェンブラックと、結着剤としてのポリアミドイミドとを混合し、溶媒を加えてスラリー状の混合物を得た。溶媒は、N‐メチル‐2‐ピロリドン(NMP)であった。負極活物質粒子と、天然黒鉛粒子と、ケッチェンブラックと、ポリアミドイミドとの質量比は、百分率で、負極活物質粒子/天然黒鉛粒子/ケッチェンブラック/ポリアミドイミド=42/40/2/3/15であった。
リチウムイオン二次電池のサイクル試験を行った。サイクル試験は、25℃で行い、充電条件を1C、4.2VのCC(定電流)充電とし、放電条件を1C、2.5VのCC(定電流)放電とした。コンディショニング処理後の最初の充放電試験を1サイクル目とし、150サイクル目まで同様の充放電を繰り返し行った。1サイクル目及び150サイクル目の充放電の際に、放電容量を測定し、150サイクル目放電容量維持率を算出した。150サイクル目放電容量維持率は、150サイクル目の放電容量を初回の放電容量で除した値の百分率((150サイクル目の放電容量)/(1サイクル目の放電容量)×100)で求められる値である。150サイクル目放電容量維持率を図2及び表2に示した。
次に、試料1~4の負極活物質粒子を用いた電池の初回放電容量を測定した。初回放電容量は、コンディショニング処理後に行う第1回目の放電時の容量である。図4及び表2に示すように、試料2~4の負極活物質粒子を用いた電池は、試料1の負極活物質粒子を用いた電池よりも初回放電容量が高かった。試料2~4の中でも、試料2,3の場合、更には試料3の場合の初回放電容量が高かった。
試料1~4の負極活物質粒子を用いて作製した負極の反応抵抗を測定した。負極の反応抵抗を測定するために、負極を用いて作製した上記二次電池について交流インピーダンス測定を行った。電流の周波数は1M~0.05Hzであり、1C、25℃の条件で定電流定電圧(CCCV)で4.2Vまで充電した。充電した状態の二次電池を周波数1M~0.05Hzの条件で交流インピーダンス測定を行った。測定結果を図5に示した。図5において、横軸は、抵抗の実数部を示し、縦軸は抵抗の虚数部を示す。図5に示す線部において、円弧状部の両端部間の幅は負極活物質粒子の被膜抵抗及び粒子界面での粒子内部へのLiイオン拡散抵抗を示し、円弧状部よりも実数部の大きい抵抗部分は負極活物質粒子内でのLiイオン拡散抵抗を示す。
まず、市販のSiO粉末を、不活性ガス雰囲気中で、900℃の温度下で、2時間加熱処理を行った。これにより、SiO粉末が不均化されて、負極活物質粒子が得られた。この負極活物質粒子について、CuKαを使用したX線回折(XRD)測定を行ったところ、単体珪素と二酸化珪素とに由来する特有のピークが確認された。このことから、負極活物質粒子には、単体珪素と二酸化珪素が生成していることがわかった。
電池1の負極活物質粒子にサイクロン分級を行って、電池2の負極活物質粒子を調製した。サイクロン分級では、サイクロン分級は、粉体分級機(ターボクラシファイア:日清エンジニアリング製)を用い、回転数10000rpm、総空気量3.0m2/分、負極活物質粒子の供給量1.5kg/時の条件で行った。分級ロータに投入された負極活物質粒子は、分級の回転による遠心力と、半径中心方向に流れる空気による抗力を受ける。これらの粒子のうち遠心力>抗力の関係が成り立つ粗い粒子は、分級ロータの外方向に飛ばされ、遠心力<抗力の関係が成り立つ細かい粒子は空気とともに半径中心方向に移動される。外方向に飛ばされた粗い粒子を電池2とした。
電池1の負極活物質粒子にサイクロン分級を行って、電池3の負極活物質粒子を調製した。サイクロン分級では、電池2を分級したときと同じ装置を用い、回転数4000rpm、総空気量2.0m3/分、負極活物質粒子の供給量1kg/時の条件で行った。表3に示すように、回収した電池3の負極活物質粒子のBET比表面積は2.7m2/g、D10は5.4μm、D50は7.2μm、D90は10.0μmであり、粒度範囲は3.27~18.5μmであった。回収した電池3の負極活物質粒子全体を100体積%としたときに、粒径4μm以上のものが99.3体積%であった。その他は、電池1と同様である。
電池1の負極活物質粒子を用いて、電池4を作製した。電池4の電解液の有機溶媒は、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)とエチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、体積%でFEC/EC/EMC/DMC=4/26/30/40の配合比で混合して調製した。その他は、電池1と同様である。
電池2の負極活物質粒子を用いて、電池5を作製した。電池5の電解液の有機溶媒は、電池4と同様に、体積%でFEC/EC/EMC/DMC=4/26/30/40の配合比で混合して調製した。その他は、電池1と同様である。
電池3の負極活物質粒子を用いて、電池6を作製した。電池6の電解液の有機溶媒は、電池4と同様に、体積%でFEC/EC/EMC/DMC=4/26/30/40の配合比で混合して調製した。その他は、電池1と同様である。
電池1~6について、充放電のサイクル試験を25℃で行った。サイクル試験の充電条件を1C、4.2VのCC(定電流)充電とし、放電条件を1C、2.5VのCC(定電流)放電とした。コンディショニング処理後の最初の充放電試験を1サイクル目とし、500サイクル目まで同様の充放電を繰り返し行った。
電池5の負極活物質を用いて, 負極活物質粒子と、天然黒鉛粒子と、ケッチェンブラックと、ポリアミドイミドとの質量比が、百分率で、負極活物質粒子/天然黒鉛粒子/アセチレンブラック/ポリアミドイミド=32/50/8/10の電極を作製し、層の厚みを変更した場合の充放電サイクルの安定性試験を行った。表5に示すように、負極活物質層の厚みを14.7μmとした場合を負極1、負極活物質層の厚みを19μmとした場合を負極2とした。負極1、2は実施例である。
まず、市販のSiO粉末をボールミルに入れて、Ar雰囲気下で、回転数450rpmで20時間ミリングし、その後、不活性ガス雰囲気中で、900℃の温度下で、2時間加熱処理を行った。これにより、SiO粉末が不均化されて、負極活物質粒子が得られた。この負極活物質粒子について、CuKαを使用したX線回折(XRD)測定を行ったところ、単体珪素と二酸化珪素とに由来する特有のピークが確認された。このことから、負極活物質粒子には、単体珪素と二酸化珪素が生成していることがわかった。
電池7で用いた負極活物質粒子にサイクロン分級を行った。サイクロン分級では、サイクロン分級は、粉体分級機(ターボクラシファイア:日清エンジニアリング製)を用い、分級ロータ径300mm、回転数7000rpm、総空気量2.0m3/分、負極活物質粒子の供給量1kg/時の条件で行った。分級ロータに投入された負極活物質粒子は、分級の回転による遠心力と、半径中心方向に流れる空気による抗力を受ける。これらの粒子のうち遠心力<抗力の関係が成り立つ粗い粒子は、分級ロータの外方向に飛ばされ、遠心力>抗力の関係が成り立つ細かい粒子は空気とともに半径中心方向に移動される。分級ロータの中心方向に移動された細かい粒子は、負極活物質粒子として電池8で用いた。外方向に飛ばされた粗い粒子は、負極活物質粒子として電池9で用いた。
電池7の負極活物質粒子にサイクロン分級を行って電池10の負極活物質粒子を調製した。サイクロン分級では、電池8,9を分級したときと同じ装置を用い、分級ロータ径300mm、回転数4000rpm、総空気量2.0m3/分、負極活物質粒子の供給量1kgトン/時の条件で行った。表6に示すように、回収した電池10の負極活物質粒子のBET比表面積は2.7m2/g、D10は5.4μm、D50は7.2μm、D90は10.0μmであり、粒度範囲は3.27~18.5μmであった。回収した電池10の負極活物質粒子全体を100体積%としたときに、粒径4μm以上のものが99.3体積%であった。その他は、電池7のリチウムイオン二次電池と同様である。
電池7の負極活物質粒子を用いて、電池11のリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。電池11のリチウムイオン二次電池の非水電解液の有機溶媒は、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)とエチレンカーボネート(EC)とエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、体積%でFEC/EC/EMC/DMC=4/26/30/40の配合比で混合して調製した。その他は、電池7のリチウムイオン二次電池と同様である。
電池9の負極活物質粒子を用いて、電池12のリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。電池12のリチウムイオン二次電池の非水電解液の有機溶媒は、電池11と同様に、体積%でFEC/EC/EMC/DMC=4/26/30/40の配合比で混合して調製した。その他は、電池7のリチウムイオン二次電池と同様である。
電池10の負極活物質粒子を用いて、電池13のリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。電池13のリチウムイオン二次電池の非水電解液の有機溶媒は、電池11と同様に、体積%でFEC/EC/EMC/DMC=4/26/30/40の配合比で混合して調製した。その他は、電池7のリチウムイオン二次電池と同様である。
電池7~13のリチウムイオン二次電池について、充放電のサイクル試験を行った。試験条件は、電池1~6と同様とした。
Claims (46)
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能であってリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素又は/及びリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物からなる負極活物質粒子を含む負極材であって、
前記負極活物質粒子は、全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径1μm以上であり、且つBET比表面積が6m2/g以下で、前記負極活物質粒子のD50が4.5μm以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。 - 前記リチウムと合金化反応可能な元素は珪素または錫であり、前記リチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物は珪素化合物または錫化合物である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子の粒度範囲が0.4μm以上30μm以下である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のD10は3μm以上である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子の表面には被膜が形成されている請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のBET比表面積が5m2/g以下で、前記負極活物質粒子のD50が5.0μm以上8.0μm以下、前記負極活物質粒子の粒度範囲が0.4μm以上20μm以下である請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のD50が5.7μm以上7.2μm以下である請求項6記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のBET比表面積が2.5m2/g以上5.0m2/g以下である請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のD90が8.0μmを超えて大きい請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子は、SiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)を有する請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能であってリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素又は/及びリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物からなる負極活物質粒子を含む負極材であって、
前記負極活物質粒子は、全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径1μm以上であり、且つBET比表面積が6m2/g以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。 - 請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項11に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項12記載の負極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出し得る正極活物質を有する正極と、電解質とを備えていることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項13記載の負極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出し得る正極活物質を有する正極と、電解質とを備えていることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能であってリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素又は/及びリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物からなる負極活物質粒子を含む負極材であって、
前記負極活物質粒子のBET比表面積が6m2/g以下で、前記負極活物質粒子のD50が4.5μm以上8.0μm以下、前記負極活物質粒子の粒度範囲が0.4μm以上30μm以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。 - 前記リチウムと合金化反応可能な元素は珪素または錫であり、前記リチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物は珪素化合物または錫化合物であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のD10が3.0μm以上である請求項16に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のD50が5.7μm以上7.2μm以下である請求項16記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のBET比表面積が2.5m2/g以上5.0m2/g以下である請求項16記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のD90が8.0μmを超えて大きい請求項16記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子は、全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径1μm以上である請求項16記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- 前記負極活物質粒子は、SiOx(0.5≦x≦1.5)を有する請求項16記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能であってリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素又は/及びリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物からなる負極活物質粒子を含む負極材であって、
前記負極活物質粒子のD50が4.5μm以上8.0μm以下、前記負極活物質粒子の粒度範囲が0.4μm以上30μm以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。 - 請求項16記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項24記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項25記載の負極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出し得る正極活物質を有する正極と、電解質とを備えていることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項26記載の負極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出し得る正極活物質を有する正極と、電解質とを備えていることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 集電体と、該集電体の表面に形成され負極活物質粒子を有する負極活物質層とからなるリチウムイオン二次電池用負極であって、
前記負極活物質粒子は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能であってリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素又は/及びリチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物からなり、
前記負極活物質粒子は、全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径1μm以上であり、
前記負極活物質層の厚みは、前記負極活物質粒子のD90の1.4倍以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。 - 前記負極活物質層の厚みは、前記負極活物質粒子のD10の3倍以上である請求項29記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極活物質粒子のD90に対する前記負極活物質粒子のD50の比率は、0.5以上0.8以下である請求項29記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極活物質層の全体の質量を100としたとき、前記負極活物質粒子の質量の比率は、20%以上90%以下である請求項29記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記リチウムと合金化反応可能な元素は珪素または錫であり、前記リチウムと合金化反応可能な元素化合物は珪素化合物または錫化合物である請求項29記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項29に記載されたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出し得る正極活物質を有する正極と、電解質とを有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能であってリチウムと合金化可能な元素又は/及びリチウムと合金化可能な元素を有する元素化合物からなる負極活物質粒子を含む負極と、Liイオンを吸蔵、放出し得る正極活物質をもつ正極と、電解質を溶媒に溶解してなる電解液と、を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記負極に含まれる前記負極活物質粒子の全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径1μm以上であり、
前記電解液の前記溶媒は、フッ素化エチレンカーボネートを有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記リチウムと合金化可能な元素は、Na、K、Rb、Cs、Fr、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ra、Ti、Ag、Zn、Cd、Al、Ga、In、Si、Ge、Sn、Pb、Sb、及びBiの群から選ばれる少なくとも1種からなる請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記リチウムと合金化可能な元素はSiである請求項36に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記負極に含まれる前記負極活物質粒子の全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径1.5μm以上である請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記負極に含まれる前記負極活物質粒子の全体を100体積%としたときに、その85体積%以上が粒径30μm以下である請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質粒子の平均粒径D50は5μm以上10μm以下である請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記負極に含まれる前記負極活物質粒子は、前記負極活物質粒子をサイクロン分級で粒径の大きい粒子と小さい粒子とに分級した粒子のうち、該大きい粒子からなる請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記フッ素化エチレンカーボネートは、フルオロエチレンカーボネート及びジフルオロエチレンカーボネートの群から選ばれる1種以上からなる請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記電解液の前記溶媒全体を100体積%としたときに、前記フッ素化エチレンカーボネートは、1体積%以上30体積%以下である請求項35に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記電解液の前記溶媒は、前記フッ素化エチレンカーボネートを含む環状カーボネートと、鎖状カーボネートを有する請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記電解液の前記溶媒全体を100体積%としたとき、前記環状カーボネートは30~50体積%以下であり、前記鎖状カーボネートは50~70体積%である請求項44記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 前記負極活物質粒子の表面には被膜が形成されている請求項35記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
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JP2018125086A (ja) * | 2017-01-30 | 2018-08-09 | 京セラ株式会社 | 蓄電池用負極材料、蓄電池用負極および蓄電池 |
JP2018190746A (ja) * | 2018-09-11 | 2018-11-29 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材及びその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 |
WO2021127991A1 (zh) * | 2019-12-24 | 2021-07-01 | 东莞新能源科技有限公司 | 电化学装置和电子装置 |
US11837698B2 (en) | 2019-12-24 | 2023-12-05 | Dongguan Amperex Technology Limited | Electrochemical device and electronic device |
JP2021118149A (ja) * | 2020-01-29 | 2021-08-10 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用負極材、及び、リチウムイオン二次電池 |
JP7388936B2 (ja) | 2020-01-29 | 2023-11-29 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質、非水電解質二次電池用負極材、及び、リチウムイオン二次電池 |
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DE112012004702T5 (de) | 2014-08-21 |
US9819007B2 (en) | 2017-11-14 |
JP5942999B2 (ja) | 2016-06-29 |
JP2015167145A (ja) | 2015-09-24 |
JP6061159B2 (ja) | 2017-01-18 |
US20140308588A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
US9819009B2 (en) | 2017-11-14 |
US20170084905A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
US9819008B2 (en) | 2017-11-14 |
JP6269713B2 (ja) | 2018-01-31 |
US20170084906A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
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JP2016164884A (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
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