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Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel compounds that are useful for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies.
• This invention also relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising these compounds and methods of using them for inhibition and prevention of cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents. They are particularly well-suited for treatment of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
• Cell adhesion is a process by which cells associate with each other, migrate towards a specific target or localize within the extra-cellular matrix. As such, cell adhesion constitutes one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying numerous biological phenomena. For example, cell adhesion is responsible for the adhesion of hematopoietic cells to endothelial cells and the subsequent migration of those hemopoietic cells out of blood vessels and to the site of injury. As such, cell adhesion plays a role in pathologies such as inflammation and immune reactions in mammals.
• cell adhesion molecules include cell adhesion molecules or receptors.
• proteins of the superfamily called “integrins” are key mediators in adhesive interactions between hematopoietic cells and their microenvironment (M. E. Hemler, “VLA Proteins in the Integrin Family: Structures, Functions, and Their Role on Leukocytes.”, Ann. Rev. Immunol ., 8, p. 365 (1990)).
• Integrins are non-covalent heterodimeric complexes consisting of two subunits called ⁇ and ⁇ .
• each integrin molecule is categorized into a subfamily.
• ⁇ 4 ⁇ 1 integrin also known as very late antigen-4 (“VLA-4”) or CD49d/CD29
• VLA-4 very late antigen-4
• CD49d/CD29 is a leukocyte cell surface receptor that participates in a wide variety of both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive interactions (M. E. Hemler, Ann. Rev. Immunol ., 8, p. 365 (1990)). It serves as a receptor for the cytokine-inducible endothelial cell surface protein, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (“VCAM-1”), as well as to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (“FN”) (Ruegg et al., J. Cell Biol ., 177, p. 179 (1991); Wayner et al., J.
• VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
• FN extracellular matrix protein fibronectin
• Anti-VLA4 monoclonal antibodies (“mAb's”) have been shown to inhibit VLA4-dependent adhesive interactions both in vitro and in vivo (Ferguson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ., 88, p. 8072 (1991); Ferguson et al., J. Immunol ., 150, p. 1172 (1993)).
• the present invention solves this problem by providing novel semi-peptidic compounds that inhibit the binding of ligands to VLA-4. These compounds are useful for inhibition, prevention and suppression of VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion and pathologies associated with that adhesion, such as inflammation and immune reactions.
• the compounds of this invention may be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic or prophylactic agents to inhibit, prevent or suppress cell adhesion.
• This invention also provides pharmaceutical formulations containing these VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion inhibitors and methods of using the compounds and compositions of the invention for inhibition of cell adhesion.
• these novel compounds, compositions and methods are advantageously used to treat inflammatory and immune diseases.
• the present invention also provides methods for preparing the compounds of this invention and intermediates useful in those methods.
• alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 6 and more preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms.
• examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, decyl and the like.
• alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkenyl radical containing from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6 and more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms.
• alkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, E- and Z-propenyl, isopropenyl, E- and Z-butenyl, E- and Z-isobutenyl, E- and Z-pentenyl, decenyl and the like.
• alkynyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl radical containing from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6 and more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms.
• examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (acetylenyl), propynyl, propargyl, butynyl, hexynyl, decynyl and the like.
• cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic alkyl radical containing from 3 to 8, preferably from 3 to 6, carbon atoms.
• examples of such cycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
• cycloalkenyl refers to a cyclic carbocycle containing from 4 to 8, preferably 5 or 6, carbon atoms and one or more double bonds.
• examples of such cycloalkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentadienyl and the like.
• aryl refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heterocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyly, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-
• Aryl”, “cycloalkyl” and “cycloalkenyl” groups, as defined in this application may independently contain up to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkyl, Ar′-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, 1,2-dioxymethylene, 1,2-dioxyethylene, alkoxy, alkenoxy or alkynoxy, Ar′-substituted alkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylamino, Ar′-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted carbon
• aralkyl refers to an aryl substituted alkyl radical, wherein the term “alkyl” and “aryl” are as defined above.
• suitable aralkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylmethyl, phenethyl, phenylhexyl, diphenylmethyl, pyridylmethyl, tetrazolylmethyl, furylmethyl, imidazolylmethyl, indolylmethyl, thienylpropyl and the like.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
• suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
• alkenoxy refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-O—, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above provided that the radical is not an enol ether.
• suitable alkenoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, allyloxy, E- and Z-3-methyl-2-propenoxy and the like.
• alkynyloxy refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-O—, wherein the term “alkynyl” is as defined above provided that the radical is not an ynol ether.
• suitable alkynoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, propargyloxy, 2-butynyloxy and the like.
• thioalkoxy refers to a thioether radical of formula alkyl-S—, wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• alkylamino refers to a mono- or di-alkyl-substituted amino radical (i.e., a radical of formula alkyl-NH— or (alkyl) 2 -N—), wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
• suitable alkylamino radicals include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, t-butylamino, N,N-diethylamino and the like.
• alkenylamino refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-NH— or (alkenyl) 2 N—, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an enamine.
• alkenylamino radicals is the allylamino radical.
• alkynylamino refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-NH— or (alkynyl) 2 N—, wherein the term “alkynyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an ynamine.
• alkynylamino radicals is the propargyl amino radical.
• aryloxyl refers to a radical of formula aryl-O—, wherein aryl is as defined above.
• aryloxy radicals include, but are not limited to, phenoxy, naphthoxy, pyridyloxy and the like.
• arylamino refers to a radical of formula aryl-NH—, wherein aryl is as defined above.
• arylamino radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylamino (anilido), naphthylamino, 2-, 3- and 4-pyridylamino and the like.
• biasing refers to a radical of formula aryl-aryl-, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.
• thioaryl refers to a radical of formula aryl-S—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.
• aryl is as defined above.
• An example of a thioaryl radical is the thiophenyl radical.
• aryl-fused cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl radical which shares two adjacent atoms with an aryl radical, wherein the terms “cycloalkyl” and “aryl” are as defined above.
• An example of an aryl-fused cycloalkyl radical is the benzo-fused cyclobutyl radical.
• aliphatic acyl refers to radicals of formula alkyl-CO—, alkenyl-CO— and alkynyl-CO-derived from an alkane-, alkene- or alkyncarboxylic acid, wherein the terms “alkyl”, “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” are as defined above.
• alkyl alkenyl
• alkynyl alkynyl radicals
• examples of such aliphatic acyl radicals include, but are not limited to, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, 4-methylvaleryl, acryloyl, crotyl, propiolyl, methylpropiolyl and the like.
• aromatic acyl or “aroyl”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-CO—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.
• suitable aromatic acyl radicals include, but are not limited to, benzoyl, 4-halobenzoyl, 4-carboxybenzoyl, naphthoyl, pyridylcarbonyl and the like.
• heterocycloyl refers to radicals of formula heterocycle-CO—, wherein the term “heterocycle” is as defined below.
• suitable heterocycloyl radicals include but are not limited to, tetrahydrofuranylcarbonyl, piperidinylcarbonyl, tetrahydrothiophenecarbonyl and the like.
• morpholinocarbonyl and “thiomorpholinocarbonyl”, alone or in combination with other terms, refer to an N-carbonylated morpholino and an N-carbonylated thiomorpholino radical, respectively.
• alkylcarbonylamino refers to a radical of formula alkyl-CONH, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
• alkoxycarbonylamino alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-OCONH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
• alkylsulfonylamino refers to a radical of formula alkyl-SO 2 NH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
• arylsulfonylamino refers to a radical of formula aryl-SO 2 NH—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.
• N-alkylurea refers to a radical of formula alkyl-NH—CO—NH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
• N-arylureal refers to a radical of formula aryl-NH—CO—NH—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.
• halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• heterocycle and “heterocyclic ring”, alone or in combination, refer to a non-aromatic 3- to 8-membered ring containing at least one endocyclic N, O or S atom.
• the heterocycle may optionally be aryl-fused.
• the heterocycle may also be optionally substituted with one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkyl, Ar′-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, 1,2-dioxymethylene, 1,2-dioxyethylene, alkoxy, alkenoxy or alkynoxy, Ar′-substituted alkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylamino, Ar′-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted carbonyloxy, alky
• leaving group generally refers to groups readily displaceable by a nucleophile, such as an amine, and alcohol or a thiol nucleophile.
• a nucleophile such as an amine, and alcohol or a thiol nucleophile.
• Such leaving groups are well known and include carboxylates, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxybenzotriazole, halogen (halides), triflates, tosylates, mesylates, alkoxy, thioalkoxy and the like.
• hydrophobic group refers to a group which is resistant to uniting with or absorbing water.
• hydrophobic groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propy, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, N-benzylimidazolyl, methylthioethyl and the like.
• acidic functional group refers to a group which has an acidic hydrogen within it.
• examples of such groups include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acid, tetrazole, imidazole, hydroxyl, mercapto, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, phosphoric acid and phosphonic acid.
• activated derivative of a suitably protected ⁇ -amino acid and “activated substituted-phenylacetic acid derivative” refer to derivatives of carboxylic acids wherein the -OH group is replaced by a superior leaving group.
• activated acid derivatives include, but are not limited to, the corresponding acyl halides (e.g. acid fluoride, acid chloride and acid bromide), corresponding activated esters (e.g. nitrophenyl ester, the ester of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, HOBT, or the ester of hydroxysuccinimide, HOSu), and other conventional derivatives within the skill of the art.
• protected refers to a suitable chemical group which may be attached to a functional group of a molecule, then removed at a later stage to reveal the intact functional group and molecule.
• suitable protecting groups for various functional groups are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieaer and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons (1994); L. Paquette, ed. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis , John Wiley and Sons (1995).
• the compounds of this invention contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention.
• Each stereogenic carbon may be of the R or S configuration.
• the specific compounds exemplified in this application may be depicted in a particular stereochemical configuration, compounds having either the opposite stereochemistry at any given chiral center or mixtures thereof are envisioned as part of the invention.
• amino acids and amino acid side chains may be depicted in a particular configuration, both natural and unnatural forms are envisioned as part of the invention.
• This invention provides compounds which are capable of inhibiting VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion by inhibiting the binding of ligands to that receptor. These compounds are represented by formula (I):
• Z is selected from the group consisting of alkyl; aliphatic acyl optionally substituted with N-alkyl- or N-arylamido; aroyl; heterocycloyl; alkyl- or arylsulfonyl; aralkylcarbonyl optionally substituted with aryl; heterocycloalkylcarbonyl; alkoxycarbonyl; aralkyloxycarbonyl; cycloalkylcarbonyl optionally fused with aryl; heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl; alkylaminocarbonyl; arylamino carbonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl optionally substituted with bis(alkylsulfonyl)amino, alkoxycarbonylamino or alkenyl;
• Y 1 is —N(R 1 )—C(R 2 )(A 1 )—C(O)—;
• Y 2 is —N(R 1 )—C(R 2 )(A 2 )—C(O)—;
• each Y 3 is represented by the formula —N(R 1 )—C(R 2 )(A 3 )—C(O)—;
• each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aralkyl
• a 1 is selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle;
• a 2 is selected from the group consisting of acidic functional groups and alkyl optionally substituted with an acidic functional group, protected acidic functional group or aryl;
• each A 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; aryl; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle;
• R 1 and any A are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a 3- to 6-membered ring heterocycle;
• each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl
• n is an integer from 0 to 8.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” denotes any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of such ester, amide or salt of such amide of a compound of this invention.
• the invention also includes any other compound which, upon administration to a patient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention (e.g. a prodrug).
• the invention also includes metabolites or residues of a compound of this invention characterized by the ability to inhibit, prevent or suppress cell adhesion and cell adhesion-mediated pathologies.
• a 1 is selected from the group consisting of cycloalkyl; heterocyclic ring (when A 1 and R 1 are taken together); and alkyl optionally substituted with amino, acylamino, amino-substituted acylamino, aryl, carboxy, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, (alkyl)(aralkyl)aminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, diaralkylaminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, mercapto, thioalkoxy or heterocycle.
• a 1 is selected from the group consisting of aminocarbonylethyl, benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, carboxyethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, 1-methylpropyl, methylthioethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, methoxycarbonylaminobutyl, 6-aminohexanoylaminobutyl and (when A 1 and R 1 are taken together) azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine.
• a 1 is selected from the group consisting of benzyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, methylthioethyl, cyclohexyl, 1-methylpropyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl.
• a 2 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, aryl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; aralkyl optionally substituted with amino, aminocarbonyl, carboxy, NH-containing heterocycle, hydroxy, or mercapto; and heterocyclic ring (when A 2 and R 1 are taken together).
• a 2 is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl, imidazolylmethyl, N-Bn-imidazolylmethyl, phenyl, carbomethoxymethyl, carbobenzyloxymethyl, and (when A 2 and R 1 are taken together) azetidine, aziridine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine.
• a 2 is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl, 2-carboxyethyl, 1-carboxyethyl, hydroxylaminocarbonylmethyl, hydroxymethyl, mercaptomethyl and imidazolylmethyl.
• a 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cycloalkyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with aryl, cycloalkyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, alkoxy, aralkyloxy, mercapto, N-containing heterocycle, carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl or amino-substituted acylamino.
• a 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acid side chains and corresponding protected derivatives; cyclohexyl; and alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, cyclohexyl, carboxy, hydroxylaminocarbonyl, methoxy, benzyloxy, mercapto, N-benzylimidazolyl, biotinyl, tetrazolyl, valinyl-N-carbonyl or 6-aminohexanoylamino.
• each Y 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of amino acids and corresponding protected derivatives.
• X is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; mono- and dialkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, N-alkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; cycloalkylalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; N-containing heterocycle; bis-carboxylic acid-substituted alkylamine and (mono- or bis-carboxy)methylaminocarbonyl-substituted-N-containing heterocycle.
• X is selected from the group consisting of amino, methylamino, isopropylamino, isobutylamino, n-butylamino, t-butylamino, isoamylamino, isopentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, cyclohexylmethylamino, methylphenylamino, phenylmethylamino, phenylamino, 4-methoxyphenylmethylamino, dimethylamino, diisopropylamino, diisobutylamino, hydroxy, methoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, benzyloxy, 2-piperidinecarboxylic acid, N′-( ⁇ , ⁇ ′-bis-carboxymethyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide, N′-carboxymethyl-2-piperidinecarboxamide, 1-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpropylamino, 1-N′-methyl
• Z is selected from the group consisting of aliphatic acyl, aroyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl and heterocycloalkylcarbonyl. More preferably, Z is a (N—Ar′-urea)-para-substituted aralkylcarbonyl group and even more preferably, Z is a (N—Ar′-urea)-para-substituted phenylmethylcarbonyl group or (N—Ar′-urea)-para-substituted pyridylmethylcarbonyl group.
• Z is a (N-ortho-substituted-Ar′urea)-para-substituted phenylmethylcarbonyl group or (N-meta-substituted-Ar′urea)-para-substituted phenylmethylcarbonyl group.
• a capital letter indicates the L-amino acid while a small letter (e.g., a) indicates the D-amino acid.
• R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen.
• the more preferred compounds of formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 1, 2, 4, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 206, 315, 316, 317, 337, 338, 345, 346, 347 and 357.
• the most preferred compounds of formula (I) are selected from the group consisting of compound numbers 1, 206 and 316.
• K is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aliphatic acyl, aroyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloyl, sulfonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, heterocycloalkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aralkyloxycarbonyl, heterocycloalkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl and aralkylaminocarbonyl;
• J is selected from the group consisting of alkoxy; aryloxy; aralkyloxy; hydroxyl; amino; alkylamino optionally substituted with hydroxy, aminocarbonyl, N-alkylaminocarbonyl, carboxy or alkoxycarbonyl; dialkylamino; cycloalkylamino; dicycloalkylamino; (alkyl)(aryl)amino; aralkylamino optionally substituted with carboxy; diaralkylamino; arylamino; and (mono- or bis-carboxylic acid) -substituted alkylamine; and
• each Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , R 1 , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , R 2 , and n is independently as defined in formula I above.
• Compounds of this invention may be synthesized using any conventional technique.
• these compounds are chemically synthesized from readily available starting materials, such as ⁇ -amino acids and their functional equivalents. Modular and convergent methods for the synthesis of these compounds are also preferred. In a convergent approach, for example, large sections of the final product are brought together in the last stages of the synthesis, rather than by incremental addition of small pieces to a growing molecular chain.
• compounds of the present invention may be synthesized in the following manner.
• a protected amino acid or functional equivalent is coupled to an appropriate activated ester moiety.
• the coupled product if suitably functionalized, may be further reacted with yet another activated ester moiety.
• This material can be further manipulated to give the desired compounds of the invention.
• the ester can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid to give another compound of the invention.
• This acid may also be converted to a corresponding acid derivative by standard methods.
• the activated ester moieties mentioned above can be attached together first, then the resulting compound can be attached to additional amino acids or their functional group equivalents. At this point the final manipulations and/or necessary deprotection steps can be performed.
• the desired functionalities can be incorporated (protected or unprotected) in one of the activated ester moieties. That ester is then coupled with an amino acid derivative or a moiety consisting of an amino acid derivative previously coupled to an activated ester. The resulting product can then be subjected to any deprotection steps, if necessary, to give compounds of the invention.
• the compounds of this invention may be synthesized using solid support techniques.[cite] The core amino acid or their functional equivalent groups are assembled using standard reiterative coupling methodology on a resin. When the desired core is complete, the resulting fragment can be coupled with an activated ester moiety and/or the tethered end of the fragment may be further derivatized to give the desired product. Appropiate protection/deprotection methods may be used at any point during the synthetic sequence.
• the compounds of this invention may also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties.
• modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion. Examples of these modifications include, but are not limited to, esterification with polyethylene glycols, derivatization with pivolates or fatty acid substituents, conversion to carbamates, hydroxylation of aromatic rings, and heteroatom-substitution in aromatic rings.
• the term “patient” refers to mammals, including humans.
• the term “cell” refers to mammalian cells, including human cells.
• the activities and VLA-4 specificities of the compounds according to this invention may be determined using in vitro and in vivo assays.
• the cell adhesion inhibitory activity of these compounds may be measured by determining the concentration of inhibitor required to block the binding of VLA-4-expressing cells to fibronectin- or CS1-coated plates.
• microtiter wells are coated with either fibronectin (containing the CS-1 sequence) or CS-1. If CS-1 is used, it must be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, in order to bind to the wells.
• varying concentrations of the test compound are then added together with appropriately labelled, VLA-4-expressing cells.
• the test compound may be added first and allowed to incubate with the coated wells prior to the addition of the cells.
• the cells are allowed to incubate in the wells for at least 30 minutes. Following incubation, the wells are emptied and washed. Inhibition of binding is measured by quantitating the fluorescence or radioactivity bound to the plate for each of the various concentrations of test compound, as well as for controls containing no test compound.
• VLA-4-expressing cells that may be utilized in this assay include Ramos cells, Jurkat cells, A375 melanoma cells, as well as human peripheral blood lymophocytes (PBLs).
• the cells used in this assay may be fluorescently or radioactively labelled.
• a direct binding assay may also be employed to quantitate the inhibitory activity of the compounds of this invention.
• a VCAM-IgG fusion protein containing the first two immunoglobulin domains of VCAM (D1D2) attached above the hinge region of an IgG1 molecule (“VCAM 2D-IgG”), is conjugated to a marker enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase (“AP”).
• AP alkaline phosphatase
• VCAM-IgG enzyme conjugate is then placed in the wells of a multi-well filtration plate, such as that contained in the Millipore Multiscreen Assay System (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.). Varying concentrations of the test inhibitory compound are then added to the wells followed by addition of VLA-4-expressing cells. The cells, compound and VCAM-IgG enzyme conjugate are mixed together and allowed to incubate at room temperature.
• VCAM-IgG Quantitation of bound VCAM is determined by adding an appropriate calorimetric substrate for the enzyme conjugated to VCAM-IgG and determining the amount of reaction product. Decreased reaction product indicates increased binding inhibitory activity.
• assays for other major groups of integrins i.e., ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3, as well as other ⁇ 1 integrins, such as VLA-5, VLA-6 and ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 are performed.
• these assays may be similar to the adhesion inhibition and direct binding assays described above, substituting the appropriate integrin-expressing cell and corresponding ligand.
• polymorphonuclear cells PMNs express ⁇ 2 integrins on their surface and bind to ICAM.
• ⁇ 3 integrins are involved in platelet aggregation and inhibition may be measured in a standard platelet aggregation assay.
• VLA-5 binds specifically to Arg-Gly-Asp sequences, while VLA-6 binds to laminin.
• ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 is a recently discovered homologue of VLA-4, which also binds fibronectin and VCAM. Specificity with respect to ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7 is determined in a binding assay that utilizes the above-described VCAM-IgG-enzyme marker conjugate and a cell line that expresses ⁇ 4 ⁇ 7, but not VLA-4, such as RPMI-8866 cells.
• VLA-4-specific inhibitors may be further characterized in in vivo assays.
• One such assay tests the inhibition of contact hypersensitivity in an animal, such as described by P. L. Chisholm et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies to the Integrin ⁇ -4 Subunit Inhibit the Murine Contact Hypersensitivity Response”, Eur. J. Immunol ., 23, pp. 682-688 (1993) and in “Current Protocols in Immunology”, J. E. Coligan, et al., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.5 (1991), the disclosures of which is herein incorporated by reference.
• the skin of the animal is sensitized by exposure to an irritant, such as dinitrofluorobenzene, followed by light physical irritation, such as scratching the skin lightly with a sharp edge. Following a recovery period, the animals are re-sensitized following the same procedure.
• an irritant such as dinitrofluorobenzene
• the animals are re-sensitized following the same procedure.
• one ear of the animal is exposed to the chemical irritant, while the other ear is treated with a non-irritant control solution.
• the animals are given various doses of the VLA-4 inhibitor by subcutaneous injection.
• In vivo inhibition of cell adhesion-associated inflammation is assessed by measuring the ear swelling response of the animal in the treated versus untreated ear. Swelling is measured using calipers or other suitable instrument to measure ear thickness. In this manner, one may identify those inhibitors of this invention which are best suited for inhibiting inflammation.
• sheep asthma assay Another in vivo assay that may be employed to test the inhibitors of this invention is the sheep asthma assay. This assay is performed essentially as described in W. M. Abraham et al., “ ⁇ -Integrins Mediate Antigen-induced Late Bronchial Responses and Prolonged Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Sheep”, J. Clin. Invest ., 93, pp. 776-87 (1994), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. This assay measures inhibition of Ascaris antigen-induced late phase airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic sheep.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases. Included among such acid salts are the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate
• Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
• the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.
• lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates
• long chain halides such
• the compounds of the present invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions that may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• compositions of this invention comprise any of the compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, together with any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• carrier as used herein includes acceptable adjuvants and vehicles.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
• This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as do natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv or similar alcohol.
• compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
• carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
• aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
• compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
• suppositories for rectal administration.
• suppositories can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
• Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable-ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation through the use of a nebulizer, a dry powder inhaler or a metered dose inhaler.
• a nebulizer a dry powder inhaler or a metered dose inhaler.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
• the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, and the particular mode of administration. It should be understood, however, that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of active ingredient may also depend upon the therapeutic or prophylactic agent, if any, with which the ingredient is co-administered.
• the dosage and dose rate of the compounds of this invention effective to prevent, suppress or inhibit cell adhesion will depend on a variety of factors, such as the nature of the inhibitor, the size of the patient, the goal of the treatment, the nature of the pathology to be treated, the specific pharmaceutical composition used, and the judgment of the treating physician. Dosage levels of between about 0.001 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 0.1 and about 10 mg/kg body weight per day of the active ingredient compound are useful.
• compositions containing a compound of this invention may also comprise an additional agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antiasthmatics (mast cell stabilizers), antiinflammatories, antirheumatics, immunosuppressants, antimetabolites, immunonodulators, antipsoriatics and antidiabetics.
• additional agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antiasthmatics (mast cell stabilizers), antiinflammatories, antirheumatics, immunosuppressants, antimetabolites, immunonodulators, antipsoriatics and antidiabetics.
• Specific compounds within each of these classes may be selected from any of those listed under the appropriate group headings in “Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry”, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, pp. 970-986 (1990), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
• Also included within this group are compounds such as theophylline, sulfasalazine and aminosalicylates (antiinflammatories); cyclosporin, FK-506, and rapamycin (immunosuppressants); cyclophosphamide and methotrexate (antimetabolites); and interferons (immunomodulators).
• the invention provides methods for preventing, inhibiting or suppressing cell adhesion-associated inflammation and cell adhesion-associated immune or autoimmune responses.
• VLA4-associated cell adhesion plays a central role in a variety of inflammation, immune and autoimmune diseases.
• inhibition of cell adhesion by the compounds of this invention may be utilized in methods of treating or preventing inflammatory, immune and autoimmune diseases.
• the diseases to be treated with the methods of this invention are selected from asthma, arthritis, psoriasis, transplantation rejection, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.
• These methods may employ the compounds of this invention in a monotherapy or in combination with an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent.
• combination therapies include administration of the agents in a single dosage form or in multiple dosage forms administered at the same time or at different times.
• the protected product was treated with HF at ⁇ 10 to 0° C. for over 1.5 h in the presence of anisole or thioanisole as scavenger.
• the HF was removed with a stream of N 2 at 0° C.
• H-LD(OBn)V-NHCH 3 was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and methylamine, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.
• H-LD(OBn)V-OCH 3 was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu and H-Val-OMe, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.
• H-LD(OBn)V-OBn was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu and H-Val-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.
• H-LD(OBn)VP-OBn was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.
• H-LD(OBn)VP-OMe was prepared by sequentially using procedure A with BOC-Val-OH and H-Pro-OMe, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.
• H-LDVP-OH was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, procedure F, then procedure D.
• H-MD(OBn)VP-OBn was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro-OBn, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Met-OSu, then procedure D.
• H-LD(OBn)VP-NH 2 was prepared by sequentially using procedure B with BOC-Val-OSu and H-Pro-NH 2 , procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OSu, procedure D, procedure B with BOC-Leu-OSu, then procedure D.
• Modified resin MBC1 (0.437 mmol/g) was synthesized according to the literature procedure (see: Richter, L. S., et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 35, p. 5547 (1994)). MBC1 was treated with 50% TFA/CH 2 Cl 2 and triethylsilane for 2 h at RT then washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ ), isopropanol (1 ⁇ ), and CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ ) before use.
• MBC2 was prepared by sequentially using procedure G with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Leu-OH, procedure I, then procedure G with 4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid.
• MBC3 was prepared by sequentially using procedure G with BOC-Val-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Leu-OH, procedure I, then procedure G with 4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid.
• MBC4 was prepared by sequentially using procedure G with BOC-Pro-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Val-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Asp(OBn)-OH, procedure I, procedure G with BOC-Leu-OH, procedure I, then procedure G with 4-phenylureidophenylacetic acid.
• Compound 148 was prepared by using procedure A with 4-o-tolylureidophenylacetic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-NH 2 then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave the title compound: m/z 708, 26.0 min (gradient 8).
• Compound 39 was prepared by using procedure A with 3-(-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and H-LD(OBn)VP-OMe then procedure F. Purification by HPLC gave Compound 39: m/z 591, 21.5 min (gradient 8).
• Compound 214 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and morpholine then procedure J: m/z 568.
• Compound 215 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and isopropylamine then procedure J: m/z 540.
• Compound 216 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC2 and cyclohexylamine then procedure J: m/z 580.
• Compound 319 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and isopropylamine then procedure J: m/z 640.
• Compound 320 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and cyclohexylamine then procedure J: m/z 679.
• Compound 322 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC3 and piperidine then procedure J: m/z 665.
• Compound 324 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and cyclohexylamine then procedure J: m/z 777.
• Compound 325 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and piperdine then procedure J: m/z 763.
• Compound 328 was prepared by using procedure H with MBC4 and isobutylamine then procedure J: m/z 750.
• Ramos cells are grown, maintained and labelled in RPMI 1640 culture medium containing 1% BSA. Just prior to running the assay, we added 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and -6)carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (“BCECF-AM”; Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg.; catalog #B-1150) to a final concentration of 2 ⁇ M to a culture of Ramos cells (4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL). We incubated the cells for 20 minutes at 37° C.
• BCECF-AM 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and -6)carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester
• the cells were washed twice in assay buffer (24 mM TRIS, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4, containing 0.1% BSA and 2mM glucose) to remove any cations originating from the culture medium.
• assay buffer 24 mM TRIS, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, pH 7.4, containing 0.1% BSA and 2mM glucose
• the cells were then resuspended in assay buffer to 4 ⁇ 10 6 cells/mL and 2mM MnCl 2 was added to upregulate VLA4 on the surface of the cells.
• Binding of the Ramos cells to the CS1 peptide-coated wells was measured by adding 100 ⁇ L of assay buffer to each well and quantitating fluorescence in a Millipore Cytofluor 2300 System plate reader set at 485 nm excitation and 530 nm emission. Binding was expressed as an ICSO—the concentration of inhibitor at which 50% of control binding occurs. Percent binding is calculated by the formula:
• F TB is total fluorescence bound to CS1-containing wells without added inhibitor
• F NS is fluorescence bound in wells lacking CS1
• F I is fluorescence bound in wells containing an inhibitor of this invention.
• VCAM 2D-IgG expression vectors The construction of VCAM 2D-IgG expression vectors, transfection of CHO cells with those constructs and purification of the resulting expression product is described in PCT publication WO 90/13300, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
• VCAM 2D-IgG 5 mg/ml in 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5
• Traut's reagent 2-iminothiolane, 20 mg/ml in water; Pierce Chemical, Rockford, Ill.
• the sameple was desalted on a 15 ml Sephadex G-25 column equilibrated with 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MES, pH 5.0.
• One ml fractions were collected and absorbance at 280 nm was determined. The two peak fractions were pooled.
• alkaline phosphatase-SMCC and VCAM 2D-IgG-iminothilane adducts were cross-linked at a molar ratio of 2:1in Tris-HCL, pH 7.5 by incubation at room temperature for 30 minutes. Extent of cross-linking was determined by SDS-PAGE. The cross-linked products were stabilized by the addition of 2 mM MgCl 2 and 0.25 mM ZnCl 2 and stored at 4° C.
• VCAM-IgG-AP 4 ⁇ g/mL in assay buffer
• filtered it through a 0.2 ⁇ low protein binding syringe filter (Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mich. #4454).
• This solution was then diluted 1:10 in assay buffer and 25 ⁇ L was added to every well of the washed plate.
• Jurkat cells were washed once in assay buffer to remove growth medium and resuspended at 8 ⁇ 10 6 /mL in assay buffer containing 2 mM MnCl 2 .
• the contents of the 96-well filtration plate was then transferred directly into a 96-well flat bottom plate using the vacuum manifold.
• the plate was read at a wavelength of 405 nm to determine the amount of VCAM conjugate bound to the cells. Percent binding is calculated by the formula:
• a TB is the absorbance at 405 nm of CS1-containing wells without added inhibitor
• a NS is the absorbance at 405 nm in wells lacking CS1
• a I is absorbance at 405 nm in wells containing an inhibitor of this invention
• IC50 values are comparable to those derived from the CS1 binding assay described in the previous example, although certain compounds demonstrated up to 10-fold greater binding in this assay than in the previous assay.
• mice We anesthetized 20-g female Balb/c mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me.) with sodium pentobarbital (90 mg/kg, i.p.). A 3 cm 2 patch of abdominal skin was then exposed by closely shaving the fur. The skin was then scrubbed with 70% ethanol, followed by application of 25 ⁇ L of 0.5% DNFB in 4:1 v/v acetone:olive oil onto the bare abdominal skin. We then lightly scratched the skin with the applying pipet tip to encourage mild inflammation. Twenty four hours after the initial sensitization we again sensitized the mouse with 25 ⁇ L of 0.5% DNFB at same abdominal skin location, again followed by light scratching with the pipet tip. The second sensitization was performed while restraining the unanesthetized mouse.
• mice On Day 5 (120 hours after the initial sensitization), we anesthetized the mice with 90:10 mg/kg ketamine:xylazine, i.p. and applied a sub-irritant dose of 10 ⁇ L of 0.2% DNFB to the dorsal surface of the left ear.
• the right ear received a similar-application of the 4:1 v/v acetone:olive oil vehicle.
• mice Four hours after challenging the immune response, we administered various concentrations of the inhibitors of this invention to the mice in 100 ⁇ L 0.5% sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.8, and 3% v/v DMSO by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Less soluble inhibitors occasionally required up to 30% DMSO addition the highest concentrations tested. Groups of 8 mice were used for each treatment tested. Positive (PS2 anti-mouse VLA-4 antibody, 8 mg/kg, i.v.), and negative control (phosphate-buffered physiological saline, PBS, 100 ⁇ L i.v.; DMSO in PBS, 100 ⁇ L s.c.) groups were routinely tested for comparison as part of the assay of test compounds.
• PS2 anti-mouse VLA-4 antibody 8 mg/kg, i.v.
• DMSO phosphate-buffered physiological saline
• mice Twenty four hours after challenge mice were again anesthetized with ketamine:xylazine and the ear thickness of both ears measured with an engineer's micrometer to an accuracy of 10 ⁇ 4 inches.
• the ear swelling response for each mouse was the difference between its control- and DNFB-challenged ear-thickness. Typical uninhibited ear swelling responses were 65-75 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 in. Inhibition of the ear swelling response was judged by comparison of treated groups with their negative control group.
• Percent inhibition was calculated as: [ ( mean ⁇ ⁇ negative ⁇ ⁇ control ⁇ ⁇ group ⁇ ⁇ ear ⁇ ⁇ swelling ) - ( mean ⁇ ⁇ test ⁇ ⁇ group ⁇ ⁇ ear ⁇ ⁇ swelling ) ( mean ⁇ ⁇ negative ⁇ ⁇ control ⁇ ⁇ group ⁇ ⁇ ear ⁇ ⁇ swelling ) ⁇ 100 ]
• the inhibitors of this invention cause a statistically significant reduction in the ear swelling response of DNFB-treated mice as compared to uninhibited control animals.

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