TW497152B - A process for forming a semiconductor structure - Google Patents
A process for forming a semiconductor structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW497152B TW497152B TW090102846A TW90102846A TW497152B TW 497152 B TW497152 B TW 497152B TW 090102846 A TW090102846 A TW 090102846A TW 90102846 A TW90102846 A TW 90102846A TW 497152 B TW497152 B TW 497152B
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- Prior art keywords
- single crystal
- layer
- compound semiconductor
- group
- film
- Prior art date
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 207
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 113
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 160
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 132
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 95
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 427
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 233
- 210000002816 gill Anatomy 0.000 claims description 36
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910000530 Gallium indium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 alkaline earth metal titanate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000980 Aluminium gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 4
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 235000005206 Hibiscus Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000007185 Hibiscus lunariifolius Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 241001075721 Hibiscus trionum Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000407 epitaxy Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 38
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 19
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 20
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 10
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- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KXNLCSXBJCPWGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ga].[As].[In] Chemical compound [Ga].[As].[In] KXNLCSXBJCPWGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000001451 molecular beam epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 7
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- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 5
- GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indium phosphide Chemical compound [In]#P GPXJNWSHGFTCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 4
- AUCDRFABNLOFRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;indium Chemical compound [AlH3].[In] AUCDRFABNLOFRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FTWRSWRBSVXQPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynearsane;gallanylidynearsane Chemical compound [As]#[Al].[As]#[Ga] FTWRSWRBSVXQPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PFNQVRZLDWYSCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (fluoren-9-ylideneamino) n-naphthalen-1-ylcarbamate Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2C1=NOC(=O)NC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 PFNQVRZLDWYSCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium titanate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[Ba+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])([O-])[O-] JRPBQTZRNDNNOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002113 barium titanate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(oxolan-2-yl)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC1CCCO1 WUPHOULIZUERAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910005540 GaP Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000661 Mercury cadmium telluride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000577 Silicon-germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si].[Ge] Chemical compound [Si].[Ge] LEVVHYCKPQWKOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MDPILPRLPQYEEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium arsenide Chemical compound [As]#[Al] MDPILPRLPQYEEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003877 atomic layer epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- DQBAOWPVHRWLJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);dioxido(oxo)zirconium Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][Zr]([O-])=O DQBAOWPVHRWLJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052980 cadmium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004211 migration-enhanced epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003452 thorium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin Chemical compound O1C2=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=C2OC2=C1C=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C2 HGUFODBRKLSHSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002929 BaSnO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000219112 Cucumis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000015510 Cucumis melo subsp melo Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910002601 GaN Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,6-bis(cyanoamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CNC1=NC(NC#N)=NC(NC#N)=N1 FJJCIZWZNKZHII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NADDYNUVLPNTIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [As].[Ti] Chemical compound [As].[Ti] NADDYNUVLPNTIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKOQXLNCVUMHFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Hf].[Ba] Chemical compound [Hf].[Ba] RKOQXLNCVUMHFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFCIMSXHQSIHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[P] Chemical compound [O].[P] AFCIMSXHQSIHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEQFKZKZXRNGKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[P].[Ba] Chemical compound [O].[P].[Ba] KEQFKZKZXRNGKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PLNYWLWCDOBUQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Se]=[Se].[Zn] Chemical compound [Se]=[Se].[Zn] PLNYWLWCDOBUQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IPCGGVKCDVFDQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Zn].[Se]=S Chemical compound [Zn].[Se]=S IPCGGVKCDVFDQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- BOGASOWHESMEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium;oxotin Chemical compound [Ba].[Sn]=O BOGASOWHESMEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005842 biochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- MCMSPRNYOJJPIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium;mercury;tellurium Chemical compound [Cd]=[Te]=[Hg] MCMSPRNYOJJPIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);methylsulfanylmethane;bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu].CSC PMHQVHHXPFUNSP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002259 gallium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HZXMRANICFIONG-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium phosphide Chemical compound [Ga]#P HZXMRANICFIONG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZPPUVHMHXRANPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Ge] ZPPUVHMHXRANPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002907 osmium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- DNNLEMIRRGUGOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);thorium(4+) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[Th+4] DNNLEMIRRGUGOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VQYKQHDWCVUGBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphanylidynezirconium Chemical compound [Zr]#P VQYKQHDWCVUGBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000012688 phosphorus precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium atom Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004508 polar body Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003362 semiconductor superlattice Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010671 solid-state reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012536 storage buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N thorium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Th]=O ZCUFMDLYAMJYST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(II) oxide Chemical compound [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
- H01S5/026—Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers
- H01S5/0261—Non-optical elements, e.g. laser driver components, heaters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B25/00—Single-crystal growth by chemical reaction of reactive gases, e.g. chemical vapour-deposition growth
- C30B25/02—Epitaxial-layer growth
- C30B25/18—Epitaxial-layer growth characterised by the substrate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02367—Substrates
- H01L21/0237—Materials
- H01L21/02373—Group 14 semiconducting materials
- H01L21/02381—Silicon, silicon germanium, germanium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02367—Substrates
- H01L21/02433—Crystal orientation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02439—Materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02439—Materials
- H01L21/02469—Group 12/16 materials
- H01L21/02472—Oxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02439—Materials
- H01L21/02488—Insulating materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02494—Structure
- H01L21/02496—Layer structure
- H01L21/02505—Layer structure consisting of more than two layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02104—Forming layers
- H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
- H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
- H01L21/02494—Structure
- H01L21/02496—Layer structure
- H01L21/02505—Layer structure consisting of more than two layers
- H01L21/02507—Alternating layers, e.g. superlattice
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Description
497152 A7 · B7 五、發明説明(1 ) 發明範疇 本發明通常與一種用以形成半導體結構之方法有關,尤 其,本發明與一種用以形成化合物半導體結構之方法有關 ,並且與包含一單晶化合物半導體材料之半導體結構的使 用有關。 發明背景 絕大部分的半導體離散裝置及積體電路都是以矽為材 料所製造而成,至少在某種程度上是因為低成本、高品質 單晶矽基材的可用性所致。諸如所謂的化合物半導體材料 之類的其他半導體材料具有物理屬性包括比矽更寬的帶 隙及/或更高的遷移率,或是使這些材料非常適用於特定半 導體裝置的直接帶隙。可惜,化合物半導體材料的成本通 常高於矽,並且在大型晶圓中,不如矽那樣容易取得。晶 圓中可取得的坤化鎵(Gallium arsenide ; GaAs)(最容易取得 的化合物半導體材料)的直徑最大只有大約1 5 0微米(mm) 。.相反地,可取得的矽晶圓具有最大大約300毫米(mm)的 直徑,並且最廣泛使用的是200 mm。1 50 mm GaAs晶圓的 成本高於對應的矽晶圓許多倍。其他的化合物半導體材料 晶圓更不容易取得,並且成本比GaAs更高。 因為希望有化合物半導體材料的特性,並且因為通常目 前其成本高及較無法取得整塊形式,所以許多年來已嘗試 在異質基材上生長化合物半導體材料薄膜。然而,為了實 現最佳的化合物半導體材料特性,需要高結晶品質的單晶 膜。例如,已嘗試在鍺、矽及各種絕緣體上生長單晶化合 -4- 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝 訂
497152
物半導體材料層。 間的晶格不匹配, 結晶品質不佳。 這些嘗試尚未成功,因為主晶與生長晶 導致所產生的彳b合物半導體材料薄膜的 如果以低成本取得大面積高品質單晶化合物半導髀材 料薄膜,則有助於以低成本在該薄膜上製造各種半導=裝 置’其成本低於在化合物半導體材料的大容積晶圓上=造 此類裝置的成本,或是低於在化合物半導體材料之大容積 晶圓上此類材料的磊晶膜中製造此類裝置的成本。此外,、 如果能夠在諸如矽晶圓的大容積晶圓上體現高品質單晶 化合物半導體材料的薄膜,則可利用矽及化合物半導體材 料的特性來實現積體裝置結構。 因此,需要有一種製造半導體結構的方法,該半導體結 構能夠提供優於另一種單晶材料的高品質單晶化合物半 導體膜。 圖式簡單說明 .本發明將藉由範例及附圖來進行解說,但本發明未限定 在故些範例及附圖内,其中相似的參照代表相似的元件, 並且其中: 圖1、2、4、5顯示根據本發明各種具體實施例之裝置結 構的斷面圖; 圖3以圖表顯示可獲得的最大膜厚度與主晶和生長結晶 覆蓋層間晶格不匹配間的關係; 圖6顯示通信裝置一部分的方塊圖; 圖7到11顯示包括化合物半導體部分、雙極性部分及 -5 · 本紙狀度適用甲國國家標準(CNS)A4·規格(摩297公爱)_ 497152 A7 •_B7_.___ 五、發明説明(3 ) MOS部分之積體電路一部分的斷面圖;以及 圖12到18顯示包括半導體雷射及MOS電晶體之另一積 體電路一部分的斷面圖。 熟知技藝人士應明白,圖中的元件是簡化的圖解,並且 不需要按比例繪製。例如,相對於其他元件,圖中部分元 件的尺寸可能過度放大,以利於更容易暸解本發明的具體 實施例。 圖式詳細說明 圖1顯示根據本發明一項具體實施例之半導體結構20之 一部分的斷面圖。半導體結構20包括單晶基材22、包含單 晶材料的容納缓衝層24以及單晶化合物半導體材料層26 。在此上下文中,術語「單晶」應具有半導體產業内常用 的意義。術語「單晶」應代表屬於單晶或實質上屬於單晶 的材料,並且應包含具有相當少量缺陷(諸如矽或鍺或混 合物之基材中常發現的位錯等等)的材料,以及半導體產 業中常發現之此類材料的磊晶層。 根據本發明一項具體實施例,結構20還包括位於基材22 與容納緩衝層24之間的非結晶中間層28。結構20還可包括 位於容納緩衝層與化合物半導體層26之間的模板層30。如 下文中詳細的說明,模板層有助於在容納緩衝層上開始生 長化合物半導體層。非結晶中間層有助於減緩容納缓衝層 應變’並藉此協助生長南結晶品質容納緩衝層。 根據本發明一項具體實施例,基材22是單晶矽晶圓,最 好是大尺寸單晶矽晶圓。晶圓可能屬於周期表第IV族材料 -6 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(4 ) ,並且最好是第IVA族材料。第卩族半導體材料的範例包 括矽、鍺、混合碎與鍺、混合矽與碳、混合矽、鍺與碳等 等。基材22最好是包含矽或鍺的晶圓,並且最好是如半導 體業產中使用的高品質單晶矽晶圓。容納緩衝層24最好是 基礎基材上磊晶生長的單晶氧化物或氮化物材料。根據本 發明一項具體實施例,非結晶中間層28係在基材22上生長 ,並位於基材22與生長的容納緩衝層之間,其方式是在生 長容納緩衝層24期間氧化基材22。非結晶中間層係用來減 緩由於基材與緩衝層間晶格常數差異而導致容納緩衝層 可能會發生的應變。在本文中,晶格常數代表在表面平面 上所測量之細胞原子間的距離。如果非結晶中間層未減緩 此類的應變,則應變會導致容納緩衝層中結晶結構中的缺 1¾。接著’容納緩衝層中結晶結構中的缺陷將導致難以實 現單晶化合物半導體層26中的高品質結晶結構。 各納緩衝層24最好是選用與基礎基材結晶相容及與覆 蓋化合物半導體材料結晶相容的單晶氧化物或氮化物材 料。例如’此類的材料可能是具有與基材匹配且與後續供 應的半導體材料匹配之晶格結構的氧化物或氮化物。容納 緩衝層所適用的材料包括金屬氧化物,諸如鹼土金屬鈦酸 鹽、驗土金屬錯酸鹽、驗土金屬給酸鹽、驗土金屬备酸鹽 、驗土金屬銜酸鹽、驗土金屬說酸鹽、驗土金屬訊酸鹽、 驗土金屬錫基鈣鈦礦(alkaline earth metal tin-based perovskites)、鑭鋁酸鹽、氧化鑭銳及氧化釓。另外,容納 緩衝層也可使用諸如氮化鎵、氮化鋁及氮化硼之類的氮化
497152 A7 B7 ' 五、發明説明(5 ) 物。這些材料大部分是絕緣體,雖然(例如)起、釕是導體 。一般而言,這些材料是氧化金屬或氮化金屬,尤其,這 些氧化金屬或氮化金屬包括至少兩個不同的金屬元素。在 某些特定應用中,氧化金屬或氮化金屬包括至少三個或三 個以上不同的金屬元素。 非結晶中間層28最好是藉由將基材22表面氧化所形成 的氧化物,尤其是由氧化矽所組成。非結晶中間層28的厚 度足以減緩因基材22與容納緩衝層24的晶格常數間不匹 配所導致的應變。通常,非結晶中間層28的厚度大約是0.5 到5毫微米(nm)。 可按照特定半導體結構的需求,從第ΠΙΑ與VA族元素 (III-V半導體化合物)' 混合III-V化合物、第ΙΙ(Α與Β)與VIA 族元素(II-VI半導體化合物),以及混合II-VI化合物中選用 單晶化合物半導體層26的化合物半導體材料。範例包括砷 化鎵(GaAs)、珅化鎵銦(GalnAs)、砷化鎵鋁(GaAlAs)、磷 化銦(InP)、硫化鎘(CdS)、碲化鎘汞(CdHgTe)、硒化鋅(ZnSe) 、硒化鋅硫(ZnSSe)等等。適合的模板材料以化學方式鍵合 在容納缓衝層24表面上的選取部位,並提供後續化合物半 導體層26悬晶生長集結(nucleation)的部位。下文中將說明 適用於模板層30的材料。 圖2顯示根據本發明另一項具體實施例之半導體結構40 之一部分的斷面圖。結構40類似於前文說明的半導體結構 20,除了介於容納緩衝層24與單結構化合物半導體材料層 26間的額外緩衝層32以外。具體而言,額外緩衝層位於模 -8- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝 訂
497152 A7 B7 . 6 五、發明説明( ΐ =覆ί化合物半導體材料層之間。當容納缓衝層-法通s匹配覆蓋單晶化合物半導體材料層時,^ :物半導體材料所形成的額外緩衝層係用來提供^格補 下列非限制性、作例證的範例說明根據本發明各種 具,實施例之結構20與結構40中可用的各種材料組合^言 =全是用來說明’並且本發明不限定於這些作例證的= 範例1 裝 根據本發明一項具體實施例,單晶基材22係以(刚)方向 為目的之矽基材。矽基材可能是(例如)用來製造直徑大約 為200到30。mm之互補金屬氧化物半導體(cm〇s)積體電 路中常用的矽基材。根據本發明的此項具體實施例,容納 缓衝層24是SrzBai.zTi〇3單晶層,其中z介於㈣旧圍内, 而非結晶中間層是在介於矽基材與容納緩衝層間之界面 上形成的氧化矽(以〇,)層。所選用的z值是為了獲得緊密匹 配對應之後續形成層26之晶格常數的一個或一個以上晶 格常數。例如’容納緩衝層的厚度大約在2n_i〇〇nm: I巳圍内,並且最好是大約10 nm的厚度。一般而言,希望 容納緩衝層的厚度足以隔離化合物半導體層與基材,以獲 得所希望的電子及光學特性。厚度低於100n_層通常: 供較少的額外優點,並增加不必要的成本;然而,若需要 ’可製造較厚的層。氧切非結A中間層厚度大约在0 5㈣ 到5 nm的範圍内,並且最好是大約15 nm到2·5⑽的厚度 -9- 本紙張用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X2^^· 497152
根據本發明的此項具體實施例,化合物半導體材料層26 是砷化鎵(GaAs)或砷化鋁鎵(AlGaAs)層,其厚度大約是1 nm到大約100微米(μχη),並且最好是大約〇 5卞瓜到1〇 ^^的 厚度。厚度通常視所準備之層的應用而定。為了促進在單 曰日氧化物上羞晶生長神化嫁或神化链嫁,將藉由覆蓋氧化 層來形成模板層。模板層最好是Ti_As、Sr-〇-As、δ卜Ga_〇 或8卜八1-〇的1到1〇層單分子層(111〇11〇1&3^)。藉由較佳範例 已拉見Ti-As或Sr-Ga-Ο的1到2層單分子層可成功生長 GaAs 層。 範例2 根據本發明進一步具體實施例,單晶基材22是如上文所 述的矽基材。容納緩衝層24是立體或斜方晶相之鳃或鋇锆 酸鹽或銓酸鹽的單晶氧化物,而非結晶中間層是在介於矽 基材與容納緩衝層間之界面上形成的氧化矽層。容納緩衝 層的厚度大約在2 nm到100 nm的範圍内,並且最好是至少 5 nm的厚度,以確保足夠的結晶及表面品質,並且是由單 晶 srZr〇3、BaZr〇3、SrHf〇3、BaSn〇3或BaHf〇3所組成。例 如,可在大約70(TC的溫度下生長BaZr〇3單晶氧化層。所 產生足結晶氧化物的晶格結構呈現相對於基材矽晶格結 構的45度旋轉。 ^ 由這些鋇錘酸鹽或銓酸鹽材料所形成的容納緩衝層適 合在轉化銦(ΙηΡ)系統中生長化合物半導體材料。化合物半 導體材料可能是(例如)厚度大約是u _到1() μπι的鱗化 -10- t紙張尺度適财S S家㈣(CNS)域別⑽·公复) 497152 A7
銦σηΡ)或神化錮鎵(InGaAs)。適用於此結構的模板層是鍺_ 坤(Zr-AS)、锆-磷(Zr外給 1 (Hf-As)、給-磷(Hf-P)、趣. 乳-坤(Sr-0-As)、鐵…氧·磷(Snp)、鋇 _氧_绅(Ba_〇_As)、 銦-總-氧(In-Sr-O)或鋇-氧·磷(Ba_〇-p)的i到丨〇層單分子層 (m〇n〇1町6Γ),並且最好是這些材料其中一個的丨到2層單分 子層。藉由範例,就鋇锆酸鹽容納緩衝層而言,表面係以 t的1到2層單分子層終止,之後接著沈積砰# }到2層單分 子層、,以形成Zr-As模板。然後,在模板層上生長以磷化銦 系統為材料的化合物半導體材料的單晶層。所產生之化合 物半導體材料的晶格結構呈現相對於容納緩衝層晶格結 構的45度旋轉,並且不匹配〇〇〇)Inp的晶格小於2·5%,並 且最好小於大約1. 〇 %。 範例3 根據本發明進一步具體實施例,假設結構適合生長π_νι 材料庙日日膜,以覆盖珍基材。如上文所述,基材最好是石夕 晶圓。適合的容納緩衝層材料是SrxBaixTi〇3,其中χ介於〇 到1範圍内’厚度大約在2 nm到1 〇〇 nm的範圍内,並且最 好是大約5 nm到15 nm的厚度^ Π-νΐ化合物半導體材料可 月匕疋(例如)¾化鋅(ZnSe)或硫ί西化鋅(ZnSSe)。適用於此材 料系統的模板層包括鋅-氧(Zn-O)的1到1〇層單分子層,之 後接著過量的鋅的1到2層單分子層,之後接著位於表面上 的硒化鋅。或者,模板層可能是(例如)鳃_硫(8卜3),之後 接著ZnSeS。 範例4 -11 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝 訂
線 B7 五、發明説明(9 本發衝匕項具體實施例是圖2所示之結構侧範例。 基材22、單,氧化層24及單晶化合物半導體材料層%可能 類似於範例丨中所說明對應項。此外,額外緩衝層32係用 來減緩應變,纟巾應變是由於容納緩衝層晶格與單晶半導 體材料間不匹配所3文。緩衝層32可能是砷磷化鎵 (GaAsxPl.x)或磷化錮鎵(InyGaiyPm變補償超晶格。在砷 磷化鎵超晶格中,x值介於…範圍内,而在磷化姻嫁超 晶格中,y值介於0到丨範圍内。藉由看情況來改變χ值或y 值三晶格常數會隨之橫跨超晶格從下到上變改,以產生基 礎氧化物與覆蓋化合物半導體材料之晶格常數間的匹配 。超晶格的厚度大約在50 nn^,j 500 範圍内,並且最 好是大約200 11111到100 nm的厚度。此結構的模板可能與範 例1中說明的模板相同。或者,缓衝層可能是厚度為丨 到50 nm的的單晶鍺,並且最好是大約2 ^㈤到2〇 nm的厚度 。在使用鍺緩衝層的過程中,可使用厚度大約一個單分子 層的鍺-鳃(Ge-Sr)或鍺-鈦(Ge_Ti)的模板層。形成氧化層的 方式是覆盍單分子層鳃或單分子層鈦,以作為後續沈積單 晶鍺的集結部位。單分子層鳃或單分子層鈦提供第一單分 子層鍺可鍵合的集結部位。 範例5 此範例返說明圖2所示之結構4〇中使用的材料。基材材 料22、容納緩衝層24及單晶化合物半導體材料層26及模板 層3 0 了把與範例2中所說明對應項相同。此外,會在容納 緩衝層與覆蓋單晶化合物半導體材料層之間插入緩衝層 -12- 本紙張尺度適财a @家標準(CNS) M規格(灿χ 297公爱) 497152 A7 __B7_._ 五、發明説明(10 ) 32。緩衝層(進一步的單晶半導體材料)可能是(例如)砷化銦 鎵(InGaAs)的徐徐變化層(graded layer),其中銦成份大約 從0到47%間變化。緩衝層的厚度最好大約是10到30 nm。 將緩衝層成份從GaAs變化成InGaAs,以提供基礎單晶氧化 材料與單晶化合物半導體材料覆蓋層間的晶格匹配。如果 容納緩衝層24與單晶化合物半導體材料層26間晶格不匹 配,則此類的緩衝層特別有利。 請重新參考圖1及2,基材22是諸如單晶矽基材之類的單 晶基材。早晶基材結晶結構的特徵在於晶格常數及晶格方 向。在類似的方法中,容納緩衝層24也是單晶材料,並且 單晶材料晶格的特徵在於晶格常數及晶體方向。容納緩衝 層與單晶基材的必須緊密匹配,或者,必須某一晶體方向 係對著另一晶體方向旋轉,才能達成實質上晶格常數匹配 。在此上下文中,「實質上等於」及「實質上匹配」表示 晶格常數間有充足的相似點’而能夠在基礎層上生長1¾品 質結晶層。 圖3顯不可達成之南結晶品質生長晶體層厚度的關係’ 作為主晶與生長晶的晶格常數之間不匹配的函數。曲線42 高結晶品質材料的界限。曲線42右方的區域代表愈來愈晶 格匹配的多晶體’因此能夠在主晶上生長無限厚度、南品 質磊晶層。由於晶格常數不匹配遞增,所以可達成、高品 質結晶層的厚度迅速遞減。例如,作為參考點,如果主晶 與生長層間的晶格常數不匹配超過大約2%,則無法達成超 過大約20 nm的單晶磊晶層。 -13- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 497152 A7 B7五、發明説明(11 ) 根據本發明一項具體實施例,基材22是以(100)或(111) 為方向的單晶矽晶圓,而容納緩衝層24是鳃鋇鈦酸鹽層。 達成這兩種材料之晶格常數實質上匹配的方式為,將鈥酸 鹽材料晶體方向往相對於矽基材晶圓晶體方向45°旋轉。在 此範例中,非結晶中間層24結構中所包含的氧化矽層係用 來降低鈥酸鹽單晶層應變,因為鈇酸鹽單晶層應變會導致 主矽晶圓與生長鈦酸鹽層的晶格常數不匹配。結果,根據 本發明一項具體實施例,可達成高品質、更厚的單晶層鈦 酸鹽層。 請重新參考圖1及2,層26是磊晶生長單晶化合物半導體 材料層5並且該結晶材料的特徵在於晶格常數及晶體方向 。為了達成南結晶品質的羞晶生長層’容納緩衝層必須具 有向結晶品質。此外’為了達成南結晶品質的層26’希望 主晶(在此情況下,主晶是單晶容納緩衝層)與生長晶體的 晶格常數之間實質上匹配。配合正確選用的材料,由於生 長晶體的晶體方向會相對於主晶方向旋轉,所以可達成晶 格常數實質上匹配。如果生長晶體是砷化鎵、砷化鋁鎵、 硒化鋅或硫硒化鋅,而容納缓衝層是單晶SrxBa^xTiC^,則 可達成這兩種材料的晶格常數貫質上匹配^其中會將生長 層的晶體方向往相對於主單晶氧化物方向旋轉45。。同樣地 ,如果主晶材料是鳃或鋇錘酸鹽或锶或鋇銓或鋇錫氧化物 ,而化合物半導體層是磷化姻或绅化嫁姻或坤化铭姻,則 可達成晶格常數實質上匹配,其方式是將生長晶體層的方 向往相對於主氧化物晶體方向旋轉45°。在某些情況中,主 -14- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
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線 497152 A7 __B7__ 五、發明説明(12 ) 晶氧化物與生長化合物半導體層之間的結晶半導體緩衝 層可用來降低生長單晶化合物半導體層的應變,因為應變 會導致晶格常數的微幅差異。藉此可達成最佳的生長單晶 化合物半導體層結晶品質。 下例說明根據本發明一項具體實施例之製造諸如圖1與 2所示之結構之半導體結構的方法。方法的開始步驟是提 供一種包括矽或鍺的單晶半導體基材。根據本發明較佳具 體實施例,半導體晶基材是具有(100)方向的矽晶圓。基材 最好是以軸線為方向,最多偏離軸線大約0.5°。半導體基 材的至少一部分具有裸面,然而基材的其他部分可能圍繞 著其他結構,如下文所述。在此上下文中,術語「裸」表 示已清除基材的部分表面,以去除氧化物、污染物或其他 異質材料。眾所皆知,裸矽具有高度反應性,並且很容易 形成天然氧化物。術語「裸」包含此類的天然氧化物。還 可能故意在半導體基材上生長薄型氧化矽,然而此類的生 長氧化物不是根據本發明之方法的必要項。為了磊晶生長 單晶氧化層以覆蓋單晶基材,必須先去除天然氧化層,以 暴露基礎基材的結晶結構。下列的方法最好是藉由分子束 蟲晶生長(molecular beam epitaxy ; MBE)方法來實現。藉 由先在MBE裝置中熱沈積薄型锶層,以去除天然氧化物。 然後,將基材加熱到大約750°C,使鳃與天然矽氧化層產 生化學反應。鳃係用來分解氧化矽,而留下無氧化矽表面 。所產生的表面包括鳃、氧及矽,並呈現整齊的2x1結構 。整齊的2x1結構形成模板,用以有序生長單晶氧化物的 -15- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝 訂
497152 A7
覆盍層。模板提供必要的化學及物理特性,以集結結晶生 長的覆蓋層。 根據本發明替代具體實施例,可轉換天然氧化矽並準備 基材表面,以生長單晶氧化層,其方式是在低溫下藉由 MBf在基材表面上沈積氧化鳃,接著將結構加熱到大約 75〇°C。在此溫度下,氧化鳃與天然氧化矽間發生的固態 反應導致天然氧化矽還原,並在基材表面上留下具有鳃、 氧及矽的整齊2xl結構。再次,以此方式形成模板,用以 接著生長有序單晶氧化物層。 根據本發明一項具體實施例,在去除基材表面上的氧化 矽後,將基材冷卻到大約4〇〇到60(TC範圍内的溫度,並且 藉由分子束磊晶生長在模板層上生長鳃鈦酸鹽層。mbe方 法從MBE裝置中的開孔擋板(〇pening shuUer)開始,以暴露 鳃、鈦及氧來源。鳃與鈦的比率大約是丨:丨。部分壓力之 氧氣最初設定在最小值,以利於以每分鐘大約〇 3到〇 . 5打爪 έΚΐ .生長速度來生長推測的鳃鈦酸鹽。在初步生長鳃鈦酸鹽 後,將部分墨力之氧氣遞增到大約最初的最小值。氧氣過 壓會導致在基礎基材與生長中之鳃鈦酸鹽層之間的界面 上生長非結晶氧化矽。生長氧化矽層起因於氧氣會通過生 長中之鳃鈦酸鹽層擴散到位於基礎基材表面上氧氣與矽 產生化學反應的表面。鳃鈦酸鹽生長成為有序單晶,並且 具有相對於整齊2 X1結晶結構之基礎基材旋轉* 5。的、纟 士晶方 向。否則,鳃鈦酸鹽層可能存在應變,這是因為矽基材與 生長晶體之間晶格常數微幅不匹配所致,而在非結晶氧化 -16- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) Α4規格(210X297公爱)
矽中間層可減緩此類的應變。 在鳃鈦酸鹽生長到所希望的厚度後,接著藉由模板層來 覆蓋單晶鳃鈦酸鹽,以促進後續生長所希望的化合物半導 體材料磊晶層。就後續生長砷化鎵層而言,覆蓋MBE生長 的鳃鈦酸鹽單晶層的方式為,以丨到2層單分子層鈦、丨到2 層單分子層鈦-氧或1到2層單分子層鳃_氧來終止生長。在 形成此覆盖層後,接著沈積砷,以形成Ti-As鍵合、Ti_〇_As 鍵合或Sr-0-As。這些的任一種都可形成適合沈積及形成砷 化鎵單晶層的模板。在形成模板後,接著導入鎵,以與坤 產生化學反應,並形成坤化鎵。或者,可在覆蓋層上沈積 鎵,以形成Sr-0-Ga鍵合,並且導入與鎵反應的坤,以形成 GaAs 〇 藉由如上文所述的方法並加上額外緩衝層沈積步驟,即 :形成如圖2所示的結構。在沈積單晶化合物半導體層之 岫,會先形成覆盍模板層的緩衝層。如果緩衝層是化合物 半導體超晶格,則可在如上文所述的模板上藉由(例如 )mbe來沈積此類的超晶格。如果用鍺層來取代緩衝層,則 會修改上述的方法,以最後的鳃層或鈦層來覆蓋鳃鈦酸鹽 單晶層,然後藉由沈積鍺,以利於與鳃或鈦產生化學反應 。然後,可在此模板上直接沈積鍺緩衝層。 如上文所述的方法說明一種藉由分子束磊晶生長方法 來形成半導體結構的方法’纟中該半導體結構包含一石夕基 材、一單晶鳃鈦酸鹽容納緩衝層及一單晶砷化鎵化合物半 導體層。然而,還可能藉由化學蒸汽化沈積(chemical vapor _17_ 本紙張尺度適用中國@家標準(CNS) A4規格(21G x 297>^· 497152 A7 ____ B7_ 五、發明説明(15 ) deposition; CVD)、金屬有機化學蒸汽沈積(metal 〇rganic chemical vapor deposition ; MOCVD)、遷移率增強型磊晶 生長(migration enhanced epitaxy ; MEE)、原子層嘉晶生長 (atomic layer epitaxy ; ALE)等等來實現此項方法。另外, 藉由類似的方法’還可生長其他的單晶容納緩衝層,諸如 ,鹼土金屬鈦酸鹽、鹼土金屬锆酸鹽、鹼土金屬鈐酸鹽、 驗土金屬輕酸鹽、鹼土金屬釩酸鹽、鹼土金屬釕酸鹽、驗 土金屬鈮酸鹽、鹼土金屬錫基鈣鈦礦(alkaline earth metal tin-based perovskites)、鑭鋁酸鹽、氧化鑭銳及氧化釓。另 外’藉由諸如MBE的類似方法,還可沈積其他的第ΙΠ_ν& Π-VI族單晶化合物半導體層,以覆蓋單晶氧化物容納緩衝 層。 化合物半導體材料與單晶氧化物容納緩衝層的每種變 化都是使用適當的模板層,以利於開始生長化合物半導體 層。例如,如果容納緩衝層是鹼土金屬锆酸鹽,則可藉由 薄型錯層來覆蓋氧化物。沈積锆之後,接著沈積要與锆產 生化學反應的砷或磷,作為分別沈積砷化銦鎵、砷化銦鋁 或磷化銦的前導。同樣地,如果單晶氧化物容納緩衝層是 鹼土金屬銓酸鹽,則可藉由薄型銓層來覆蓋氧化層。沈積 給之後’接著沈積要與給產生化學反應的砰或磷,作為分 別生長砷化銦鎵、坤化銦鋁或磷化銦層的前導。在類似的 方法中,可用鳃或鳃暨氧層來覆蓋鳃鈦酸鹽,並且用鋇或 鋇暨氧層來覆蓋鋇鈦酸鹽。沈積前述各項之後,接著沈積 要與覆蓋材料產生化學反應的砷或磷,以形成用來沈積化 -18 . 本紙張尺度適财關家標準(CNS) Α4規格(210X297公爱) ' --- 497152 五、發明説明(彳6 ) t物半導體材料層的模板,其+化合物半導體材 砷化銦鎵、砷化銦鋁或磷化銦層。 匕括 m根據本發明進—步具體實施例之裝置結構5〇的 斷面圖。裝置結構50包括單晶半導體基材52,立最 晶珍晶圓。單晶半導體基材52包括似如個區域。虛^ 56所指4電子半導體组件通常是在區域^形成。 、且件56可把疋私阻备、電容器、諸如二極體或電晶體之類 的王動式半導體組件,或者諸如互補金屬氧化物俨 (C刪)積體電路之類的積體電路。例如,電子半導體2 =能是CMOS積體電路’用來執行數位信號處理,或用 知且半導…1: 種功能。可藉由眾所皆 實施的傳統半導體處理來形成區 5 ,电子半導體組件。諸如二氧切層之_的絕喙材 料層对覆以子何_件56。 表材 =域:4的表面上會移除半導體組件“處理期間在區域 .中形成或沈積的隔離材料58或任何其 表面。眾所皆知,表面具有高= ,且裸表面上可迅速形成天然氧化矽層。合 面上的天絲化物層上沈積鋇或㈣氧層,;:氧= =生化學反應,以形成第一模板層(圖中未顯示、广= 項具體實施例,會藉由分子束羞晶生長方法來形 相:m,以覆蓋模板層。在模板層上沈積包括 共鈇差乳的反應物,以形成單晶氧化物層。首先,於沈 積期間’將部分壓力之氧氣維持在接近與鋇及鈥完全反應 本紙張 訂 線 -19- 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(17 ) 所須的最小限度,以形成單晶鋇鈦酸鹽層60。然後,遞增 部分壓力之氧氣以提供氧氣過壓,並允許氧氣通常生長中 的單晶氧化物層擴散。通過鐵鈥酸鹽層擴散的氧氣會與位 於區域54表面上的矽產生化學反應,用以在第二區域上形 成氧化矽非結晶層62,非結晶層62位於矽基材與單晶氧化 物之間的界面。 根據本發明一項具體實施例,終止沈積單晶氧化物層60 的方式是沈積第二模板層64,該第二模板層64可能是1到 10層單分子層鈦、鋇、鋇暨氧或鈦暨氧。然後,藉由分子 束磊晶生長方法來沈積單晶化合物半導體材料層66,以覆 蓋第二模板層。沈積層66的第一步驟是在模板層上沈積珅 層。第一步驟之後,接著沈積鎵及砷,以形成單晶砷化鎵 。或者,在上面的範例中,可用總來取代鎖。 .根據本發明進一步具體實施例,通常會在化合物半導體 層66上形成虛線68所指示的半導體組件。可藉由製造砷化 鎵或其他第III-V族化合物半導體材料裝置中使用的傳統 處理步驟來形成半導體組件68。半導體組件68可能是任何 的主動型或被動型組件,並且最好是利用化合物半導體材 料物理特性的半導體雷射、發光二極體、光檢測器、異質 結雙極性電晶體(heterojunction bipolar transistor ; HBT) 、高頻金半場效電晶體MESFET或其他的組件。可形成線 條70所指示的金屬導體,以利於電耦合裝置68及裝置56, 以此方式建置積體電路,該積體電路包括至少矽基材中形 成的一個組件及單晶化合物半導體材料層中形成的一個 -20- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝 訂
線 497152 A7 __B7_._ 五、發明説明(18 ) 裝置。雖然已說明之作為例證的結構50是在矽基材52上形 成的結構,並且具有鋇(或鳃)鈦酸鹽層60及珅化鎵層66, 但是可使用本發表中他處所說明的其他基材、單晶氧化層 及其他化合物半導體層來製造類似的裝置。 圖5顯示根據本發明另一項具體實施例之半導體結構72 的圖式。結構72包括單晶半導體基材74,諸如包含區域75 及區域76的單晶矽晶圓。將使用半導體產業中常用的傳統 矽裝置處理技術,在區域75中形成虛線78所指示的電子組 件。使用類似於如上文所述的方法步驟,來形成單晶氧化 層80及中間非結晶氧化矽層82,以覆蓋基材74的區域76。 接著形成模板層84及其後的單晶半導體層86,以覆蓋單晶 氧化物層80。根據本發明進一步具體實施例,藉由類似於 形成層80的方法步驟來形成額外單晶氧化物層88,以覆蓋 層8 6,並且,藉由類似於形成層8 6的方法步驟來形成額外 單晶半導體層90,以覆蓋單晶氧化物層88。根據本發明一 項具體實施例,會從化合物半導體材料來形成層86及90的 至少其中一層。 通常會在單晶半導體層86的至少一部分上形成虛線92 所指示的半導體部分。根據本發明一項具體實施例,半導 體組件92可包含場效電晶體,在某種程度上,該場效電晶 體的閘電介質係由單晶氧化物層88所形。此外,可使用單 晶半導體層92來建置該場效電晶體的閘電極。根據本發明 一項具體實施例,會從第III-V族化合物來形成單晶半導體 層86,並且半導體組件92是利用第III-V族化合物材料物理 -21 - 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐) 497152 A7 __B7__._ 五、發明説明(19 ) 特性的射頻(RF)放大器。根據本發明更進一步具體實施例 ,線條94所指示的電子交接以電子方式交接組件78及組件 92。以此方式,結構72集成利用兩種單晶半導體材料唯一 特性的組件。 藉由更多的特定範例,圖6到18顯示其他的積體電路及 系統。圖6顯示用以說明通信裝置100之一部分的簡化方塊 圖,該通信裝置100具有信號收發裝置101、積體電路102 、輸出單元103及輸入單元104。信號收發裝置的範例包括 天線、數據機或任何其他的裝置,這些裝置可用來將資訊 或資料傳送至或自外部裝置。在本文中,收發功能係用來 表示可能只能夠傳輸、只能夠接收或可接收暨傳輸信號至 通信裝置或來自於通信裝置之信號的信號收發裝置。輸出 單元103可包括顯示器、監視器、揚聲器等等。輸入單元 104可包括麥克風、鍵盤等等。請注意,在替代具體實施 例中,可用諸如記憶體等等的單一單元來取代輸出單元 1 03及輸入單元1 04。記憶體可包括隨機存取記憶體或非揮 發性記憶體,諸如硬碟、快閃記憶卡或模組等等。 積體電路通常是連續基材上或内不能分離組合的至少 兩個電路元件(例如,電晶體、二極體、電阻器、電容器等 等)的組合。積體電路102包括化合物半導體部分1022、雙 極性部分1024及金屬氧化物半導體(MOS)部分1026。化合 物半導體部分1022包括化合物半導體材料内至少部分形 成的電子組件。化合物半導體部分1 022内的電晶體及其他 電子組件能夠處理至少大約0.8 GHz的射頻信號。在其他具 -22- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(20 ) 體實施例,信號可能是較低或較高的頻率。例如,在諸如 砷化銦鎵之類的某些材料能夠處理大約27 GHz的射頻信 號。 化合物半導體部分1022進一步包括雙工器10222、射頻 轉基頻帶轉換器10224 (解調變裝置或解調變電路)、基頻 帶轉射頻轉換器10226 (調變裝置或調變電路)、功率放大 器10228及隔離器10229。雙極性部分1024及MOS部分1026 通常係以IV族半導體材料所形成。雙極性部分1024包括接 收放大器10242、類比到數位轉換器10244、數位到類比轉 換器10246及傳輸放大器10248。MOS部分1026包括數位信 號處理裝置10262。此類裝置的範例包括市場上通常可購 買到的數位訊號處理DSP核心,諸如Motorola DSP 566xx (Motorola, Incorporated of Schaumburg, Illinois 銷售)及 Texas Instruments TMS 320C54x (Texas Instruments of Dallas, Texas銷售)系列數位信號處理器。數位信號處理裝置10262 通常包括互補金屬氧化物半導體(CMOS)電晶體及類比到 數位暨數位到類比轉換器。顯然地,積體電路1 02中會出 現其他的電子組件。 在某一操作模式中,通信裝置100自天線接收信號,其 中天線屬於信號收發裝置101的一部分。信號通過雙工器 10227傳送到射頻轉基頻帶轉換器10224。類比資料或其他 資訊經過接收放大器10224放大後,即傳輸到數位信號處 理裝置10262。數位信號處理裝置10262處理資訊或其他資 料後,將經過處理的資訊或其他資料傳輸到輸出單元103 -23- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 裝 訂
497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(21 ) 。如果通信裝置是傳呼機,則輸出單元可能是顯示器。如 果通信裝置是行動電話,則輸出箪元103可包含揚聲器、 顯示器或兩項皆有。 通信裝置100可將資料或其他資訊進行反方向傳送。資 料或其他資訊將通過輸入單元104。在行動電話中,輸入 單元104可包括麥克風或鍵盤。然後,會使用數位信號處 理裝置10262來處理資訊或其他資料。經過處理後,然後 使用數位到類比轉換器10246來轉換信號。傳輸放大器 1 0248負責放大已轉換的信號。已放大的信號經過基頻帶 轉射頻轉換器10226調變後,由功率放大器10228負責進一 步放大。已放大的射頻信號通過隔離器10229及雙工器 10222傳送到天線。 通信裝置1 〇〇的先前技藝具體實施例將具有至少兩個分 開的積體電路:其中一個是化合物半導體部分1022,而另 一個是MOS部分1026。雙極性部分1024可能位於與MOS部 分1026相同的積體電路上,或可能位於另一個積體電路上 。現在,運用本發明具體實施例,可在單一積體電路内形 成這三個部分。因為所有的電晶體都可駐存於單一積體電 路上,所以可大幅小型化通信裝置,並且更方便攜帶通信 裝置。 現在,將說明如圖7到1 1所示之一種用以形成示範性積 體電路102部分的方法。於圖7中,所提供的p型摻雜式單 晶矽基材11 〇具有化合物半導體部分1 022、雙極性部分 1024及MOS部分1026。在雙極性部分内摻雜單晶矽基材, -24- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 五、發明説明(22 以形成N+埋置區域1102。然後,在埋置區域11〇2與基材ΐι〇 上面形成輕微p型摻雜式磊晶單晶矽層1104。然後,實行 接雜步驟,以便在N+埋置區域11〇2上產生輕微η型摻雜式 漂移區1117。摻雜步驟將雙極性區域1〇24部分内的輕微ρ 型系晶層的摻雜物類型轉換成輕微η型單晶矽區域。然後 ,在雙極性部分1〇24與MOS部分1026間形成場隔離區域 1 106。在MOS部分1026内的磊晶層1104部分上形成閘電介 %層1110,然後,在閘電介質層丨丨丨〇上形成閘電極1112。 沿著閘電極1112與閘電介質層111〇的垂直面形成例辟 隔1115 。 土 將p型摻雜物導入漂移區域1117 ,以形成活性或本質基 極區域1114。然後,在雙極性部分1024内形成11型、深^ 集極區域1108,以允許電子連接到埋置區域ιι〇2。實行可 有選擇性η型摻雜,以形成矿摻雜區域1116及射極區域 112〇。Ν+摻雜區域1116係在沿著閘電極⑴]鄰接側的層 1104^+形成’並且是咖電晶體的源極、汲極或源/沒極區 域二接雜區域1116及發射極區域⑽㈣雜濃度為每立 原广以允許形成歐姆接觸點。形成Ρ型 = = 換雜區域的非活性或非本糊 (夂雜/辰度為每立方公分至少1〇19個原子)。 有在::明的具體實施例中’已實行數項處理步驟,但是 ,效植入驟典圖解或進一步說明’諸如形成井區域、臨限 為:道穿通阻植入、場穿通阻植入及各種遮罩層 』為止,万法中使用傳統步驟來形成裝置。如上文 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(23 ) 所述,MOS區域1026内已形成標準N通道MOS電晶體,並 且雙極性部分1 024内已形成垂直式NPN雙極性電晶體。到 目前為止,化合物半導體部分1022内尚未形成任何電路元 件。 現在,從化合物半導體部分1022的表面移除於積體電路 之雙極性及MOS部分方法期間已形成的所有層。以此方式 提供裸矽表面,以利於進行部分的後續處理,例如,用如 上文所述的方法。 然後,在基材110上形成容納緩衝層124,如圖8所示。 所形成的容納緩衝層將作為部分1022中適當準備之裸矽 表面上的單晶層。然而,在部分1024及1026上形成的層124 部分可能是多晶體或非結晶,這是因為這是在非單晶材料 上形成,因此,不會集結單晶生長所致。容納緩衝層124 通常是單晶氧化金屬或氮化金屬層,並且其厚度大約在2 nm到100毫微米(nm)的範圍内。在一項特定具體實施例中 ,.容納緩衝層厚度大約是5到1 5 nm。於形成容納緩衝層期 間,會沿著積體電路1 02最上面的矽表面上形成非結晶中 間層122。非結晶中間層122通常包括氧化矽,並且其厚度 大約是1到5 nm。在一項特定具體實施例中,非結晶中間 層厚度大約是2 nm。在形成容納緩衝層124及非結晶中間 層122後,然後形成模板層126,模板層的厚度大約在材料 的1到10層單分子層範圍内。在一項特定具體實施例中, 材料包括鈦-砷、鳃-氧-砷,或是如上文參考圖1到5所述的 其他類似材料。 -26- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(24 ) 然後’系晶生長單晶化合物半導體材料層丨3 2,以覆蓋 答納緩衝層124的單晶部分,如圖9所示。在非單晶層又24 部分上生長的層132部分可能是多晶體或非結晶。可藉由 數種方式來形成單晶化合物半導體層,並且通常包括諸如 砷化鎵、砷化銦鋁、磷化錮或如上文所述的其他化合物半 導體材料。層的厚度大約在1 nm到5,000 nm的範圍内,並 且最好是大約100 nm到500 nm的厚度。在此項特定具體實 犯例中’模板層内的每個元件也會出現在容納緩衝層i 24 、單晶化合物半導體材料丨32 ,或兩者中。因此,於處理 期間,模板層126與其兩層緊鄰層之間輪廓消失。因此, ▲拍知11牙透式電子顯微鏡(transmission electron microscopy , TEM)照片時,可能看到介於容納緩衝層124 與單晶化合物半導體材料層丨32間的界面。 此時將移除位於覆盖雙極性部分1024與MOS部分1026 之部分的化合物半導體層132及容納緩衝層124的區段,如 圖.10所示。移除此區段後,接著在基材11〇上形成隔離層 142。隔離層142可包含一些材料,諸如,氧化物、氮化物 、氮氧化物、低k電介質等等。在本文中,低k是具有低於 大、3.5¾介質常數的材料。沈積隔離層後,接著拋光 移除覆盖單晶化合物半導體層132的隔離層142部分。 然後,在單晶化合物半導體部分1022内形成電晶體144 :然後,在單晶化合物半導體層132内形成閘電極丨48。然 ^且晶化合物半導體層m内形成摻雜區域146。在此 頁具姐貫施例中,電晶體144,是金屬半導體場效電晶體 -27-
497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(25 ) (metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor; MESFET)。如 果MESFET是η型MESFET,則摻雜區域146及單晶化合物半 導體層132也是η型摻雜式。如果要形成?型MESFET,則摻 雜區域146及單晶化合物半導體層132是相反的摻雜型。重 摻雜(Ν+)區域146允許製作單晶化合物半導體層部分132的 歐姆接觸點。此類,已形成積體電路内的主動裝置。此項 特定具體實施例包括η型MESFET、垂直式ΝΡΝ雙極性電晶 體及平面N通道MOS電晶體。可使用許多其他類型的電晶 體,包括P通道MOS電晶體、p型垂直式雙極性電晶體、p 型MESFET及垂直式暨平面電晶體的組合。再次,一個或 一個以上的部分1022、1024及1026中可形成其他的電子組 件,諸如電阻器、電容器、二極體等等。 繼續處理’以形成實質上完整的積體電路丨〇2,如圖i i 所示。在基材110上形成隔離層丨52。隔離層152可包括蝕 刻終止或拋光終止區域,圖丨丨中未顯示。然後,在第一隔 離層152上形成第二隔離層154。移除層154、152、142、 124及122部分,以確定接觸點開孔的界限,用以交接裝置 。在隔離層1 54内形成交接溝槽,以提供接觸點間的橫向 連接。如圖11所示,交接1562將部分1022内的η型MESFET 源極或沒極區域連接到雙極性部分1 024内之ΝΡΝ電晶體的 深層集極區域1108。將ΝΡΝ電晶體的射極區域1120連接到 MOS部分1026内之ν通道m〇S電晶體之摻雜區域1116的其 中一區。將其他的摻雜區域丨i丨6電子連接到圖中未顯示之 積體電路的其他部分。 -28- 本紙張尺度適用中Wi^^(CNS) A4規格(210Χ2_ϋ釐) 497152 A7 __B7__ 五、發明説明(26 ) 在交接1562、1564暨1566及隔離層154上形成鈍化層156 。製作如圖所示之電晶體的其他連接,並製作積體電路1 02 内其他的電氣或電子組件,但圖中未顯示。另外,若需要 ,可形成額外隔離層及交接,以形成積體電路102内各種 組件間的適當交接。 從前面的具體實施例可得知,可將化合物半導體及第IV 半導體材料的主動裝置集成到單一積體電路中。因為在同 一積體電路内併入雙極性電晶體及MOS電晶體存在一些 困難,所以可將雙極性部分内的某些組件移到化合物半導 體部分1022或MOS部分1024中。具體而言,請重新參考圖 6所示的具體實施例,可將放大器10248及10242移到化合 物半導體部分1022中,而將轉換器10244及10246移到MOS 部分1 026中。因此,需要特殊的製造步驟,以排除雙極性 電晶體。因此,積體電路内只有化合物半導體部分及MO S 部分。 .在還有另一項具體實施例中,可形成一種積體電路,該 積體電路包含位於化合物半導體部分中的光雷射,以及光 交接(波導),以連接到同一積體電路之第IV族半導體區域 内的MOS部分。圖12到18顯示一項具體實施例的圖式。 圖12顯示包括單晶矽晶圓161之積體電路160—部分的 斷面圖。晶圓161上已形成非結晶中間層162及容納緩衝層 1 64,類似於上文所述。在此項特定具體實施例中,會先 形成要形成光雷射所需的層,之後形成要形成MOS電晶體 所需的層。在圖12中,上半部面鏡層166包含化合物半導 -29- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 裝 訂
體材料的間隔層。例如,光雷射内的第一、 —p , 不二及弟五膜: 可包含諸如砷化鎵之類的材料, …一 τ阳卜牛邵面鏡層166内的 弟二、第四及第六膜可包含砷化鋁鎵,反之亦然。層168 包含用來產生光子的活性區域。形成上半部面鏡層二〇的 万法類似於形成下半部面鏡層166的方法,並且包含化合 物半導體材料的間隔膜。在—項特定具體實施例中,上二 邵面鏡層170可能是ρ型摻雜化合物半導體材料,而下半部 面鏡層166可能是η型摻雜化合物半導體材料。 口 在上半部面鏡層17〇上形成另一層容納緩衝層Ρ],其類 似於容納緩衝層164。在一項替代具體實施例中,容納緩 衝層164及172可能包含不同的材料。“,容納緩衝層⑹ 及172的功能實質上相同,因為都是用來製作化合物半 體層與單晶第IV族半導體層間的轉換。在容納緩衝層⑺ 上形j單晶第族半導體層174。在—項特定具體實^例 中,單晶第IV族半導體層174包含鍺、矽鍺、碳化矽鍺等 等0 ~在圖13中,將處理M0S部分,以形成位於此上半部單晶 第IV族半導體層174内的電子組件。如圖13所示,從層1Μ 的部分形成場隔離區域171。層174上形成閘電介質^ 173 ,在閘電介質層173上形閘電極175。摻雜區域177是@電晶 體181的源極、汲極或源/汲極區域,如圖所示。在鄰:: 電極175的垂直面形成側壁間隔179。可在層174的至少一 部分内製作其他的組件。這些其他的組件包括其他的電晶 體(η通道或ρ通道)、電容器、電晶體、二極體等等。兒印 -30 - 本纸張尺度適财S @家鮮(CNS) Μ規格(·Χ297公爱) / υζ 發明説明( -在摻雜區域177的其中一區上磊晶生長單晶第W族半導 把層汗上半部分184*P +摻雜,而下半部分182實質上維持 本,(未掺雜),如圖13所示。可使用選擇性蟲晶方法式形 成3層。在一項具體實施例中,在電晶骨畫丄8工及場隔離區 或17 1上开y成隔離層(圖中未顯示卜製作隔離層的圖樣,以 j足用來暴露摻雜區域m之其中_區的開孔界限。至少 一開始,先形成不含接雜物的選擇性暴晶層。整個選擇性 痴曰曰層可牝疋本負’或是在選擇性磊晶層形成接近結束時 加入P型摻雜物。如果選擇性磊晶層是本質,當形成時, 可精由植入或藉由熔爐摻雜來形成熔摻雜步驟。無論如何 形成p上半邵分184,接著都會移除隔離層,以形成如圖13 所示的結果結構。 執行下-組步驟’以確定光雷射18〇的界限,如圖"所 不。移除位於積體電路之化合物半導體部分上的場隔離區 域m及客納緩衝層172。執㈣外的步驟,以確定光雷射 副之上半部面鏡層m及活性層168的界限。上半部面鏡 層1 7〇及活性層1 68的側邊實質上相接。 形成接觸點186及188,以製作分別連接到上半部面鏡層 170及下半部面鏡層166的電子接觸點,如圖μ所示。接; 點⑻為環狀’以許光(光子)通過上半部面鏡層Μ
續形成的光波導。 X 然後形成並製作隔離層19G的圖樣,以確定延㈣㈣ 點層186及摻雜區域177之其中-區之光開孔的界限,如圖 15所示。隔離材料可能是任何不同的數種材料,包括氧化 裝 訂 線
497152 A7
物、氮化物、氮氧化物、低k電介質或任何组合。在確定 開孔m的界限後’接著在開孔内形成較高折射率材料2〇2 ,並將其填入並沈積於位於隔離層190上的層,如圖“所 示。關於較高折射率材料202’其中「較高」係相對於隔 離層19〇的材料(即’材料202的折射率高於隔離層19〇的折 射率)。視需要而足,在形成較高折射率材料2〇2之前,可 先形成相當薄的較低折射率膜(圖中未顯示p然後,在較 高折射率材料202上形成硬遮罩層2〇4。移除覆蓋開孔到= 近圖16側邊範圍之部分上的硬遮罩層2〇4部分及較高折射 率材料202。 完成作為光交接之光波導形成的平衡,如圖17所示。執 行沈積程序(可能是沈積-蝕刻方法),以有效建立側壁區段 2 1 2。在此項具體實施例,製成側壁區段2丨2所使用的材料 與材料202相同。然後,移除硬遮罩層2〇4,並在較高折射 率材料212及202上形成較低折射率材料214(相對於材料 2 〇2及層2 12的低折射率),並暴露隔離層19〇的部分。圖17 中的虛線描繪出較高折射率材料2 12及202間的邊界。此項 σΡ名是用來識別以相同材料所製成,但在不同時間形成。 繼續處理,以形成實質上完整的積體電路,如圖丨8所示 。然後,在光雷射180及MOSFET電晶體181上形成鈍化層 220。雖然圖中未顯示,但是可在積體電路内製作其他的 笔子或光學連接’而圖18中未顯示。這些連接可包括其他 的光波導或可包括金屬交接。 在其他具體實施例中,可形成其他類型的雷射。例如, -32- 本紙張τ因_標準(CNS) Μ規格(2ι〇 X 297公釐) 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(30 ) 另一種雷射類型可放射水平光(光子),而不是放射垂直光 。如果放射水平光,則可在基材161内形成MOSFET電晶體 ,並將重新配置光波導,使雷射能夠適當耦合(光連接)到 電晶體。在一項特定具體實施例中,光波導可包括容納緩 衝層的至少一部分。可能使用其他的組態配置。 顯然地,這些具有化合物半導體部分及第IV族半導體部 分的積體電路具體實施例都是用來解說本發明具體實施 例,而不是用來限制本發明。尚有其他組合的多樣性及本 發明的其他具體實施例。例如,化合物半導體部分可包括 發光二極體、光檢測器、二極體等等,而第IV族半導體可 包括數位邏輯、記憶體陣列以及可在傳統MOS積體電路上 形成的大部分結構。藉由運用本發明的具體實施例,現在 更容易合併適合用化合物半導體材料運作的裝置與適合 用第IV族半導體材料運作的其他組件。如此可縮小裝置、 降低製造成本並增加良率及可靠度。 .雖然未說明,但是在晶圓上只形成化合物半導體電子組 •件的過程中’可使用早晶弟IV族晶圓。在此方法中’晶圓 實質上是在製造用來覆蓋晶圓之單晶化合物半導體層内 的化合物半導體電子組件的期間所使用的「處理」晶圓。 因此,可在直徑至少約200毫米且可能是至少約300毫米之 晶圓上的第III-V或II-VI族半導體材料内形成電子組件。 藉由使用此類型基材,相當低價的「處理」晶圓克服化 合物半導體晶圓的易碎性質,其方式是將此類晶圓放置在 相對更耐用且容易製造的基礎材料上。因此,可形成一種 -33- 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐) • j 裝 訂
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積體電路’以便能夠在化合物半導體材科内形成所有的兩 子㈣、’尤其是所有的主動式電子組件,即使基材本可^ 括弟IV族半導體材料。與相對小型且更易彳、傳統的化合 物半導體晶圓相比,因為能夠以更經濟且更容易的方式: 處理大型基材,所以可降低化合物半導體裝置的製造成本 於前面的說明書中,已參考特定具體實施例來說明本發 明。然而,熟知技藝人士應明白本發明的各種修改並且容 易修=,而不會脫離如下文中申請專利範例所提供之本發 明的範疇與精神。因此,說明書暨附圖應視為解說,而不 應視為限制,並且所有此類的修改皆屬本發明範疇内。 已說明關於特定具體實施例的優勢、其他優點及問題解 決方案。但是,可導致任何優勢、優點及解決方案發生或 更員著的優勢、優點、問題解決方案及任何元件不應被理 解為任何或所有申請專利範例的關鍵、必要項或基本功能 或元件。本文中所使用的術語「包括」、「包含」或其任 何其他的變化都是用來涵蓋非專有内含項,使得包括元件 清單的方法、方法、物品或裝置不僅包括這些元件,而且 還包括未明確列出或此類方法、方法、物品或裝置原有的 其他元件。 圖式元件符號說明 -34- 本紙張尺度適财g g家標準(CNS) A4規格(⑽χ撕公爱) 20 半導體結構 22 單晶基材 24 容納緩衝層 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(32 ) 26 單晶化合物半導體材料層 28 非結晶中間層 30 模板層 32 額外缓衝層 40 半導體結構 42 曲線 50 裝置結構 52 單晶半導體基材 53 區域 54 區域 56 虛線 58 絕緣材料 60 單晶氧化物層 62 非結晶層 64 第二模板層 66 單晶化合物半導體材料層 68 虛線 70 線條 72 半導體結構 74 單晶半導體基材 75 區域 76 區域 78 虛線 80 單晶氧化物層 -35- 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(33 ) 82 中間非結晶矽氧化物層 84 模板層 86 單晶半導體層 88 額外單晶氧化物層 90 額外單晶半導體層 92 虛線 94 線條 100 通信裝置 101 信號收發裝置 102 積體電路 103 輸出單元 104 輸入單元 110 單晶矽基材 1022 化合物半導體部分 1024 雙極性部分 1026 金屬氧化物半導體部分 1102 矿埋置區域 1104 輕微p型摻雜式磊晶單晶矽層 1106 場隔離區域 1110 閘電介質層 1112 閘電極 1114 本質基極區域 1115 側壁間隔物 1117 輕微η型摻雜漂移區域 -36- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) Α4規格(210 X 297公釐) 497152 A7 B7 五、發明説明(34 ) 10222 雙工器 10224 射頻轉基頻帶轉換器 10226 基頻帶轉射頻轉換器 10228 功率放大器 10229 隔離器 10242 接收放大器 10244 類比到數位轉換器 10246 數位到類比轉換器 10248 傳輸放大器 10262 數位信號處理裝置 10227 雙工器 -37- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
Claims (1)
- 六、申請專利範圍 1. 一種製造半導體結構之方法,該方法包括: 提供一具有一第一晶格常數的單晶矽基材; 選用一具有一第二晶格常數及結晶結構的材料,當 正確導向時,能夠沈積該材料而成為一覆蓋該單晶矽 基材的早晶膜’其中該第二晶格常數不同於該第一晶 格常數; 沈積覆蓋該單晶矽基材之材料的一單晶膜,該膜的 厚度小於將導致應變謗導(Strain-induced)缺陷之材料 的厚度,因為該第一晶格常數不同於該第二晶格常數 ,所以該單晶膜會應變; 在介於該單晶膜與該單晶矽基材間的界面上形成一 非晶系界面層,該非晶系界面層的厚度足以減缓該單 晶膜中的應變; 選用一化合物半導體材料,該化合物半導體材料具 有一不同於該第一晶格常數的第三晶格常數,並且, 當正確導向時,能夠在該單晶膜上沈積該化合物半導 體材料而成為一單晶化合物半導體層;以及 以磊晶方式沈積該化合物半導體材料的一單晶層, 以覆蓋該單晶膜; 其中該第二晶格常數係選自下列其中一個值:(a)介 於該第一與該第三晶格常數之間的中間值(b)等於該第 三晶格常數。 2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該單晶矽基材係以 (100)方向定位。 -38- 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐) ^/1523· 4. 如申請專利範圍第丨項之方法,, ^ 、、 在形成孩非晶系界面層 後,该万法進一步包括繼續沈 ^ ^ ^ Η, ^ ^ 1躓碌材料的單晶膜,以覆 盍琢早晶矽基材。 如申請專利範圍第1項之方法,診 , Μ方法進一步包括形成 一覆蓋該單晶矽基材的第一槿 镇板層,以集結(nucleate) 沈積該單晶膜。 5. 如申請專利範圍第4項之方法, 一覆蓋該單晶膜的第一模板層, 層。 遠方法進一步包括形成 以集結磊晶沈積該單晶6·如申請專利範圍第!項之方法,其中該單晶膜的材料係 選自由下列所组成的群組:鹼土金屬鈦酸鹽、鹼土金屬 锆酸鹽及驗土金屬铃酸鹽。 7·如申明專利範圍第1項之方法,其中該沈積一單晶膜之 步騍包括磊晶生長一晶格匹配該單晶矽基材的單晶氧 化物層。8·如申請專利範圍第7項之方法,其中該磊晶生長步驟包 括生長該單晶氧化物層到大約2到1 〇 nm的厚度。 9·如申請專利範圍第7項之方法,其中該磊晶生長步驟包 括生長該單晶氧化物層到大約5到6 nm的厚度。 10. 如申請專利範圍第7項之方法,其中該生長一單晶氧化 物層的步驟包括提供一包含SrxBai_xTi〇3的氧化物層, 其中X值介於0到1範圍内。 11. 如申請專利範圍第5項之方法,其中該形成一第一模板 層的步驟包括以一材料的1到10層單分子層來覆蓋 -39- 本纸張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐)(cappmg)孩單晶碎基材,其中該材料係選自ι、欽暨氧 、鳃及鳃暨氧^ 一 •如申叫專利範圍第1 1項之方法,其中該化合物半導體係 選自由下列所組成的群組:GaAs、AlGaAs、GaAsP及 GalnP。 13.如申請專利範圍第丨丨項之方法,該方法進一步包括沈積 一緩衝層,以覆蓋該第二模板層。 14·如申凊專利範圍第1 3項之方法,其中該沈積一緩衝層之 步驟包括羞晶沈積一材料的超晶格層,其中該材料係選 自由下列所組成的群組:GaAsxP^x,其中X值介於〇到1 範圍内’以及InyGa_lyP,其中y值介於〇到1範圍内。 15·如申請專利範圍第14項之方法,其中該化合物半導體係 選自由下列所組成的群組:GaAs、AlGaAs、GaAsP、 GalnAs、InP及 GalnP。 16.如申請專利範圍第丨丨項之方法,其中該形成一第二模板 層的步騾包括以一材料的1到10層單分子層來覆蓋該單 晶膜,其中該材料係選_|-Sr及Ge-Ti。 17·如申請專利範圍第16項法,該方法進一步包括在該 弟一模板層上蟲晶沈積^層。 18·如申請專利範圍第11項法,其中該形成一第二模板 層的步驟包括: 以ΖηΟ的1到1〇層單分子層來覆蓋該單晶膜;以及 沈積富鋅Ζη〇的1到3層單分子層,以覆蓋該等ΖηΟ單 分子層。 -40- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) Α4規格(210X 297公釐) 497152 A8 B8 C8 ----- D8 六、申請專利範圍 19.如申請專利範圍第18項之方法,其中該化合物半導體係 選自由下列所組成的群組:ZnSe&ZnSeS。 20·如申請專利範圍第丨i項之方法,其中該形成一第二模板 層的步驟包括以一 SrS的1到2層單分子層來覆蓋該單晶 膜。 21·如申請專利範圍第2〇項之方法,其中該化合物半導體層 是 ZnS®S 〇 22_如申請專利範圍第}項之方法,其中該沈積一單晶膜之 步驟包括提供一單晶氧化物層,該單晶氧化物層包含一 選自由下列所組成之群組的材料:鹼土金屬锆酸鹽及鹼 土金屬給酸鹽。 23.如申#專利範圍第22項之方法,方法進一步包括以材料 M-N或Μ-0-Ν的大約2到10層單分子層來覆蓋該單晶氧 化物層其中Μ係選自由下列所組成的群組·· zr、Hf、 Sr及Ba,而N係選自由下列所組成的群組:&、p、以 、A1 及 In 〇 24·如申叫專利範圍第23項之方法,其中該化合物半導體係 選自由下列所組成的群組:InP&InGaAs。 25·如申叫專利範圍第24項之方法,該方法進一步包括形成 一包含一超晶格的緩衝層,該超晶格包含覆蓋該等工到 1〇層單分子層的InGaAs。 26. —種製造半導體結構之方法,該方法包括: 提供一單晶矽基材; 沈積一覆蓋該單晶矽基材之單晶鈣鈦礦氧化物膜,該 -41 -497152 A8 B8 C8 D8 六、申請專利範圍 膜的厚度小於將導致應變誘導⑻^丨卜以如“幻缺陷之材 料的厚度; 在介於該單晶#5鈇礦氧化物膜與該單晶碎基材之間 的界面形成一非晶系氧化物界面層,該非晶系氧化物界 面層包含至少矽及氧;以及 蟲晶形成一單晶化合物半導體層,以覆蓋該單晶鈣鈦 礦氧化物膜。 27·如申請專利範圍第26項之方法,其中該單晶矽基材係以 (100)方向定位。 28.如申請專利範圍第26項之方法,在形成該非晶系氧化物 界面層後,該方法進一步包括繼續沈積該該單晶鈣鈦礦 氧化物膜,以覆蓋該單晶矽基材。 29·如申凊專利範圍第2 6項之方法,該方法進一步包括形成 一覆盖該單晶碎基材的第一溫度,以集結沈積該單晶妈 欽礦氧化物膜。 30·如申請專利範圍第29項之方法,該方法進一步包括形成 一覆盖該單晶#5鈥礦氧化物膜的第二模板層,以集結蟲 晶沈積該單晶化合物半導體層。 31.如申請專利範圍第26項之方法,其中該單晶鈣鈦礦氧化 物膜係選自由下列所組成的群組:鹼土金屬鈦酸鹽、鹼 土金屬錐酸鹽及鹼土金屬銓酸鹽。 32·如申請專利範圍第26項之方法,其中該提供一單晶鈣鈦 礦氧化物膜之步驟包括磊晶生長一晶格匹配該單晶矽 基材的單晶躬鈇礦氧化物膜。 -42- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格公釐) 49715233·如申請專利範圍第32項之方法,其中該磊晶生長步驟包 括生長該單晶鈣鈇礦氧化物膜到大約2到10 nm的厚度。 34·如申請專利範圍第32項之方法,其中該磊晶生長步驟包 括生長邊單晶舞鈥礦氧化物膜到大約5到6 ηπι的厚度。 35_如申請專利範圍第2〇項之方法,其中該單晶鈣鈦礦氧化 物膜包括SrxBa1-xTi〇3,其中X值介於〇到1範圍内。 36·如申請專利範圍第3 〇項之方法,其中該形成一第一模板 層的步驟包括以一材料的1到1〇層單分子層來覆蓋該單 晶石夕基材’其中該材料係選自由下列所組成的群組:鈦 、鈦暨氧、鳃及鳃暨氧。 37·如申請專利範圍第3 6項之方法,其中該單晶化合物半導 體層係選自由下列所組成的群組:GaAs、AlGaAs、GaAsP 及 GalnP 〇 38.如申請專利範圍第36項之方法,該方法進一步包括沈積 一緩衝層,以覆蓋該第二模板層。 39·如申請專利範圍第3 8項之方法,其中該沈積一緩衝層之 步驟包括磊晶沈積一材料的超晶格層,其中該材料係選 自由下列所組成的群組:GaAsxP^x,其中X值介於0到1 範圍内’以及InyGa^P,其中y值介於〇到1範圍内。 40·如申凊專利範圍第3 9項之方法,其中該單晶化合物半導 體層係選自由下列所組成的群組:GaAs、AlGaAs、GaAsP 、GalnAs、InP及 GalnP。 41·如申請專利範圍第36項之方法,其中該形成一第二模板 層的步驟包括以一材料的1到1〇層單分子層來覆蓋該單 -43- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) Α4規格(21〇 ^<297公釐) W/152 A8 B8 C8 D8 六、申請專利範圍 晶每欽礦氧化物膜,其中該材料係選自由下列所組成的 群組:Ge-Sr及 Ge-Ti。 42·如申請專利範圍第41項之方法,該方法進一步包括磊晶 沈積一鍺的緩衝層,以覆蓋該第二模板層。 43.如申凊專利範圍第3 6項之方法,其中該形成一第二模板 層的步驟、包括: 以ZnO的1到1〇層單分子層來覆蓋該單晶鈣鈦礦氧化物 膜;以及 沈積冨鋅ZnO的1到3層單分子層,以覆蓋該等Zn〇單分 子層。 44·如申請專利範圍第43項之方法,其中該單晶化合物半導 體層係選自由下列所組成的群組:ZnSe&ZnSeS。 45·如申請專利範圍第36項之方法,其中該形成一第二模板 層的步驟包括以一 SrS的1到2層單分子層來覆蓋該單晶 鈣鈦礦氧化物膜。 46·如申請專利範圍第45項之方法,其中該單晶化合物半導 體層包含ZnSeS。 47·如申請專利範圍第26項之方法,其中該單晶鈣鈦礦氧化 物膜係選自由下列所組成的群組:驗土金屬锆酸鹽及驗 土金屬鈴酸鹽。 48.如申請專利範圍第47項之方法,方法進一步包括以材料 M-N或Μ-0-Ν的大約1到10層單分子層來覆蓋該單晶鈣 鈦礦氧化物膜,其中Μ係選自由下列所組成的群組:汾 、Hf、Sr及Ba,而N係選自由下列所組成的群組:As、 -44- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 497152 8 8 8 8 A B c D 六、申請專利範圍 P、Ga、A1 及 In。 49. 如申請專利範圍第48項之方法,其中該單晶化合物半導 體層係選自由下列所組成的群組:InP及InGaAs。 50. 如申請專利範圍第49項之方法,該方法進一步包括形成 一包含一超晶格的緩衝層。 45 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X 297公釐)
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