JP7025083B2 - 撥水性多孔質膜を備えた水溶液供給装置 - Google Patents
撥水性多孔質膜を備えた水溶液供給装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7025083B2 JP7025083B2 JP2021170074A JP2021170074A JP7025083B2 JP 7025083 B2 JP7025083 B2 JP 7025083B2 JP 2021170074 A JP2021170074 A JP 2021170074A JP 2021170074 A JP2021170074 A JP 2021170074A JP 7025083 B2 JP7025083 B2 JP 7025083B2
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- water
- electrode
- repellent porous
- aqueous solution
- negative electrode
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- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 title claims description 319
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 title claims description 241
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title description 140
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 351
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000033764 rhythmic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 291
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 279
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 188
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 152
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 139
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 139
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 138
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 128
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 124
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 124
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 122
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 109
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 105
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 104
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 95
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 92
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 90
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 87
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 58
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 51
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 51
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 49
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 48
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 44
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- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 43
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 42
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 41
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 40
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 39
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- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
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- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 33
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 33
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 27
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 23
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- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 19
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 16
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 14
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical compound BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 12
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 12
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000011027 product recovery Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 9
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 8
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 235000011148 calcium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminium flouride Chemical compound F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 6
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052795 boron group element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 5
- WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ba+2] WDIHJSXYQDMJHN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
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- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 5
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- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 4
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
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- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 4
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- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229910001631 strontium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- AHBGXTDRMVNFER-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sr+2] AHBGXTDRMVNFER-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- UAYWVJHJZHQCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc iodide Chemical compound I[Zn]I UAYWVJHJZHQCIE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910021584 Cobalt(II) iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- KPWJBEFBFLRCLH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium bromide Chemical compound Br[Cd]Br KPWJBEFBFLRCLH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- OKIIEJOIXGHUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium iodide Chemical compound [Cd+2].[I-].[I-] OKIIEJOIXGHUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- AVWLPUQJODERGA-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);diiodide Chemical compound [Co+2].[I-].[I-] AVWLPUQJODERGA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
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- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- RJYMRRJVDRJMJW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dibromomanganese Chemical compound Br[Mn]Br RJYMRRJVDRJMJW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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Description
周期表第1族、第2族および第13族に属する卑金属元素は、水に触れると、イオン化し、即座に自己放電を起こし、水素を発生する。このため、これら金属にとって水との接触は厳禁で、これらの金属を析出させる電解精製として溶融塩電気分解以外製造方法は無い。実用電池においても、水との反応が著しい周期表第1族元素および第2族のCa、Ba、Srについては、電解質水溶液を用いた一次および二次電池は存在しない。また、周期表第2族元素のうちのBeおよびMgあるいは第13族元素であるAlについては、一次電池はあるが、二次電池はない。二次電池としては、第1族元素を用いたリチウムイオン電池やナトリウムイオン電池には非水電解質溶液(有機電解質)や固体電解質が開発され、さらに第1族元素であるナトリウムを用いる電池には、それを溶融塩電解質として用いた、300℃以上の高温で動作するナトリウム硫黄電池(NS電池)が開発されている。
従来、水溶液電気化学反応では電解質水溶液の中に正負電極を設置していた。このため電気化学反応時には、電解質水溶液と電極との境界面で発生するガスによる絶縁現象を回避することが難しかった。そこで本発明では電解質水溶液に挟まれた正極および負極をそれぞれ撥水性多孔質膜で電気的に絶縁隔離し、電気化学反応を起こさせる時のみ電解質水溶液を加圧して、撥水性多孔質膜内部の細孔に電解質水溶液を充填させ、その加圧時のみ、絶縁体である隔離膜を導電体に変化させる電気回路のスイッチとしての役割を持たせることができる。とくに実用電池においては電解質水溶液を撥水性多孔質膜製袋に密閉し、該撥水性多孔質膜製袋を加圧しているときに充放電を行い、蓄電時は加圧を解除する。この加圧解除により、電極と電解質は絶縁され、自己放電や内部抵抗の増大は回避される。また電気分解(電解精製)においても電極全体が電解質水溶液と接触していないため、夫々の電極での生成物が再度電解質に溶け出す確率は少なく、かつ電極生成ガスが電極と電解質水溶液との間で起こす絶縁現象を回避することができる。また、撥水性多孔質膜によって隔離された電解質水溶液と油との境界面に網状の負電極を備え、電解質水溶液を加圧した状態で電解質水溶液を電気分解すれば、網電極の背面の油の中に負極生成物が析出する。ここで電解質に卑金属塩水溶液を用いれば、嫌水金属(水と激しく反応する周期表第1族および第2族元素)である卑金属元素を油の中で析出でき、しかも重液選別(比重選鉱)することができる。
Bi3+=+0.28、Cu=Cu2+=+0.345、Hg=Hg2+=+0.793、Ag=Ag+=+0.808、Hg=Hg3+=+0.86、あるいは酸化気体または液体としてO2=OH-=+0.4V、Br2=Br-=+1.08V、Cl2=Cl-=+1.36V、F2=F-=+2.87、過マンガン酸塩、クロム酸類、硝酸類、ハロゲン、過酸化物、酸化物、金属塩類、酸素類、硫酸類などが相応しい。それらの比重は、Sb:6.69、Bi:8.8、Cu:8.93、Hg:13.59、Ag:10.5、O2:1.429、Br2(液体):3.14、Cl2:3.21、F2:1.696である。そこで理論上の発電効率を、正極のイオン化電位(V)、電流密度=電子価(I)、比重(g/cm3)として、VI/gが高い順に列挙すると、F2=+2.87×1÷1.696=+1.692、Cl2=+1.36×1÷3.21=+0.424、Br2=+1.08×1÷3.14=+0.344、O2=+0.4×1÷1.429=+0.28、Hg(3価)=+0.86×3÷13.59=+0.19、Hg=+0.793×2÷13.59=+0.117、Bi=+0.28×3÷8.8=+0.095、Sb=+0.2×3÷6.69=+0.09、Cu=+0.345×2÷8.93=+0.077、Ag=+0.808×1÷10.5=+0.077である。したがって、最高起電力が得られる理想的な電極の組み合わせは、負極にLi、正極にF2を用いることであり、その起電力は5.915V(=+2.87-(-3.045))である。かくして、正極で最も起電力が得られるのはフッ素ガス(F2=-2.87V)であるが、毒性が強いため、一般的には、酸素ガス(O2=-0.4V)が使われている。しかも、酸素(空気)/卑金属電池は、正極が空気なので、容量は無限である。しかし、この酸素/卑金属電池でも、負極材料に使われるマグネシウム(Mg)、アルミニウム(Al)、亜鉛(Zn)などは電極面が酸化して、負極表面に電気絶縁膜が形成され、電子の流れが阻止される。ところが、本発明の撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜を用いれば、自己放電を抑制できるため、これら電極面の酸化を防止することができる。
これに対し、図2(B)に示すように電解質水溶液14に圧力印加具6により圧力をかけると撥水性多孔質膜11の細孔内に電解質水溶液が入り電圧計VMがプラス側に振れて起電力を示す。
図22(A)は単層電池の概念図、図22(B)は積層電池の概念図である。
> BaCl2である。そこで本発明では空気中で使える負極板としてZn、Mg、Al、Ni、Pbを推奨するが、第1族金属および第2族金属も使える。この場合は負極が1,2族元素の中実電極あるいは炭素製空隙電極板内部や表面の空隙に第1,2族元素を負極生成物として吸着させた電極であり、かつ該負電極の周囲を樹脂フィルムで包囲するか、あるいは該負電極内部に油を含ませた状態にすることにより外界と遮蔽することが必要である。
この封筒型密閉容器55は電池の電解質水溶液貯留容器としての用途が非常に多い。そこで、この封筒型密閉容器55に電解質水溶液14,102を抑留するのが電解質水溶液抑留装置98である。封筒型密閉容器55の両面には図39(A),(B)に示すように、撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜100および撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜101を有している。
これら撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜100,101の耐水圧は図28に示すように電解質水溶液の塩濃度により異なる。ここで図39(B)に示すように、圧力印加具6で加圧する抑留用電解質水溶液102の水圧を(WP102)、封筒型密閉容器55内の電解質水溶液の水圧を(WP55)とし、抑留用電解質水溶液102側の撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜100の耐水圧を(WP100)、吸引口99側の撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜101の耐水圧を(WP101)、吸引口99の空気圧を(P99)とすると、抑留用電解質水溶液102を撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜100の細孔を通過させて封筒型密閉容器55内部に封入する条件は、WP102≧WP55+WP100であり、封筒型密閉容器55内の電解質水溶液を抑留させるための吸引口99で吸引する負圧条件はWP101≧P99≧-WP101である。ここで2面に用いる撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜100,101を同一材質とすれば、WP100=WP101である。したがって、先ず図39(B)に示す電解質水溶液抑留装置98の吸引口99側で、撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜101の耐水圧(-WP101)以上の負圧を維持した状態で、圧力印加具6により抑留用電解質水溶液102の加圧を開始し、同時に吸引口99の圧力を(+WP101)に変換して、封筒型密閉容器55に抑留用電解質水溶液102を封入する装置である。
苛性ソーダ水溶液は図18に示すように水との溶解度が高く、室温で50%である。先ず撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜11からなる封筒型密閉容器55の内部に50%の苛性ソーダ水溶液を封入し、負極電極室52,57は周囲を樹脂フィルム61で包囲し、かつ油を含芯させた炭素製空隙電極からなる外気遮蔽型負極電極室57であり、正極は周囲を樹脂フィルム61で包囲し、かつ空気が出入りする空気取り入れ口105が備えられた活性炭による炭素製該空隙板電極58であり、かつ撥水性多孔質膜11と活性炭による炭素製該空隙板電極58との間に網状の充電用補助正電極56を備えた正極電極室53であり、これら該外気遮蔽型負極電極室57と該正極電極室53は、撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜11からなる封筒型密閉容器55に挟まれている構造を有している。ここで先ず予備実験として苛性ソーダ電池106上部に撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜11の耐水圧に匹敵する錘104で加圧し、この状態で充電用補助正電極56と外気遮蔽型負極電極室57内の炭素製該空隙板電極との間に10Aで60分の充電を行った後、錘104を取り除き、充電を終えた。この時点での封筒型密閉容器55内部の苛性ソーダ水溶液の濃度は43%であり、原理的には10%まで充電可能である。ここで外気遮蔽型負極電極室57内の炭素製該空隙板電極と銅板からなる集電極板64との間に電気的負荷をかけ、再度錘104で加重すると、放電が始まり起電力は3Vであった。ここで錘104を取り除いたまま放置して、1ヵ月後、再度錘104で加圧すると、3Vの起電力を示し、錘104を取り除くと電圧値は0Vを示した。この錘104の付加と解除を繰り返しても、封筒型密閉容器55内部の苛性ソーダ水溶液の濃度の変化は無く、内部で自己放電が起こらないことが実証できた。
そこで洋上に洋上工場110を浮かべ、真下の海水を原料として使い、その処理の電力は洋上風力発電や太陽光発電、あるいは、特許文献19,20で本願発明者が開示している浮力重力発電装置113を海底と海面の間を往復させて風力の約1000倍の発電量が得られる浮力重力発をなどの自然エネルギーを用い、図31に示す水素製造装置86を海面下の水圧を利用して水素を製造し、図33あるいは図34に示す苛性ソーダ製造装置90,91で苛性ソーダおよび塩酸または塩素を製造する。電力は自然エネルギー発電のほか、臨海火力発電所や原子力発電所などの余剰電力や深夜電力を使って臨海工場111においても水素や苛性ソーダが作られる。この苛性ソーダは図16で示すように融点が318℃と低いため、水素化卑金属製造装置97でヒータ加熱された苛性ソーダ溶融に正負電極を備え、かつ水素ガスに逆電圧を与え、生成された水素の負イオンとナトリウムの正でイオンとを反応させて水素化ナトリウム49を製造する。しかも、水素化ナトリウムをイオン反応で製造するため電力消費が少なく、しかも図16に示すように水素化ナトリウムの比重は0.92と苛性ソーダ溶融塩の比重の2.13より小さく、かつ水素化ナトリウムの融点は800℃と苛性ソーダの融点318℃より高いため水素化ナトリウムを上滓として浮上させて簡単に比重選別できる。ここで製造した水素化ナトリウム49を水素発生装置112に挿入して水を注ぐと金属ナトリウムによる加水分解反応よりも2倍の水素を生成する。ここで製造した水素は火力発電所や水素ステーションにパイプラインで送られる。一方水素発生装置112でできた廃棄物(副産物)の苛性ソーダ31は水素化卑金属製造装置97の原料として使われ、再度水素化ナトリウム49が作られる。これは正に核燃料サイクルでは無く苛性ソーダ燃料サイクルに他ならない。一方苛性ソーダ製造装置90,91で作られた苛性ソーダの一部は図41で示した積層型苛性ソーダ電池として車載バッテリーや電力貯蔵用バッテリーとして使われる。また水素化ナトリウムを油に浸し水素発生装置112の小型装置を車載すれば、水素ボンベを積載しない水素自動車ができるなど、化石燃料に頼らない水素社会を構築するための苛性ソーダ燃料サイクルシステムである。
2…開放容器
3…負極電極室
4…正極電極室
5…連通管
6…圧力印加具(シリンダ)
7…スポイトゴム、ピペター
8…ラチェット付電動加圧装置
9…貯水槽
10…位置水頭(h)
11…撥液(水)性多孔質膜(隔離膜、)
12…生成ガス回収ホース
13…アルコール
14…電解質水溶液
15…溶質(薬品)
16…油充填電極室、
17…正極板(油槽内)
18…中間電極板(油槽内)
19…仮想負電極面(油と電解質の界面)
20…電荷(電圧)
21…電解質内の正極板
22…油
23…油(比重1以下)
24…油(比重1以上)
25…酸(塩化物の場合は塩酸)
26…陰極生成物回収口
27…撥液水性多孔質膜(淡水浸透用)
28…水道(水圧の利用)
29 大型密閉容、
30…水素製造装置
31…卑金属水酸化物(苛性ソーダ)
32…卑金属塩化物水溶液(塩化ナトリウム水溶液)
33…濃酸(塩酸)
34…水供給口
35…負極生成物回収口
36…負電極板
37…正電極(炭素繊維、炭素粒、多孔質炭素)
38…正電極板
39…卑金属塩水溶液供給槽
40…水充填電極室
41…気体透過電極室
42…正極生成物回収口(濃酸取り出し口)
43…網状負電極(炭素繊維、金属網)
44…多孔質炭素負極板兼隔離膜
45…水素ガス
46…卑金属水酸化物溶融塩(苛性ソーダ)
47…水素ガス圧入口
48…溶融塩加熱ヒータ
49…水素化卑金属(水素化ナトリウム)
50…水素マイナスイオン
51…水素化卑金属回収口
52…負極電極室(電池用、キャパシタ用)
53…正極電極室(電池用、キャパシタ用)
55…封筒型密閉容器
56…充電用補助正電極(網状金属)
57…外気遮蔽型負極電極室
58…炭素製空隙板電極(活性炭)
59…金属酸化膜(電池正極用)(CuO,AlO3,ZnO2)
60…金属板(電池用)(Cu,Al)
61…樹脂フィルム
62…負電極板(電池用)(Al,Mg,Ca,Zn,Ni,Pb)
63…金属塩化物膜(電池正極用)(ZnCl2)
64…集電極板(電池用)(Cu,Al)
65…負極電極板(Al,Mg,Zn)
66…正極(負極で用いた金属の塩化物)
67…活性炭粒または炭素繊維
68…臭素液
69…沃素粒
70…グラファイト板
71…アルミニウム(Al)負極電極板
72…誘電性溶液(油系、水系)
73…板電極(キャパシタ)
74…電気二重層電極(キャパシタ)
75…レドックスキャパシタ電極
76…ハイブリッドキャパシタ電極
77…包囲点線部
78…含空隙導電材料(金属繊維、炭素繊維、活性炭)
79…電気化学キャパシタ用電解質水溶液(希硫酸)
80…希苛性ソーダ(電気化学キャパシタ用電解質水溶液)
81…ステンレス繊維
82…炭素繊維
83…電極間距離(d)
84…海面下水素製造装置
85…多段型海面下水素製造装置
86…湖面下(海面下)水素製造装置
87…四角柱型密閉容器
88…淡水(水)
89…水道圧利用簡易水素製造装置
90…塩化ナトリウム水溶液から苛性ソーダと塩素ガスを直接製造する装置
91…塩化ナトリウム水溶液から苛性ソーダと塩酸を直接製造する装置
92…卑金属製造装置
93…1次圧力調整弁(気体透過用電極室)
94…吸引口(真空ポンプで耐水圧以下まで)
95…卑金属元素と塩酸を直接製造する装置
96…仮想負電極を利用した卑金属製造装置
97…水素化卑金属製造装置
98…電解質水溶液抑留装置
99…吸引口(真空ポンプ)
100…撥水性多孔質膜(11a)
101…撥水性多孔質膜(11b)
102…抑留用電解質水溶液
103…電解質加圧型二次電池
104…錘
105…空気取り入れ口
106…積層型苛性ソーダ電池
107…レドックスキャパシタ
108…レドックスキャパシタ用金属板
109…レドックスキャパシタ用金属酸化被膜
110…洋上工場
111…臨海工場(臨海発電所)
112…水素発生装置
113…浮力重力発電装置
114…加水分解反応制御装置
115…撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂密閉袋
116…薬品
117…気体
118…水溶液補給用パイプ(ホース)
119…植物(野菜、果樹)
120…薬品散布ジョウロ(撥水性多孔質樹脂製袋やチューブ)
121…補給用栄養分(野菜工場)
122…制御室
123…カテーテル(管)
124…発熱剤(CaO)
125…カプセル
Claims (1)
- 臓器内の患部に薬品や栄養から成る薬品水溶液を補給する内視鏡型医療装置であって、
臓器内部にカテーテルを介して撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜製袋から成る容器を備え、かつ該撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜製袋から該薬品水溶液供給源までの間を該カテーテルで繋ぎ、該薬品水溶液供給源からシリンダやスポイトゴムやピペターで手動加圧をするか、または電動で、あるいはラチェット付加圧装置から成る圧力印加具で必要に応じ連続または間欠的に該薬品水溶液に該撥水性多孔質フッ素樹脂膜の耐水圧以上の陽圧を加え、前記患部に該薬品水溶液を与え、生活リズムに合わせて効率よく投与することを特徴とする内視鏡型医療装。
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